| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | |
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1 | Title | Family Scientific Name | Family Common Name | Scientific Names | Scientific Genus | Scientific Species | Scientific Authority | Scientific Classification | Scientific SubSpecies | Scientific SubAuthority | Genus | Species | Species Authority | Synonym Classification | Synonym SubSpecies | Synonym SubAuthority | Species Code | Ecotype | General Distribution | Known Invasiveness | Propagation Goal | Propagation Method | Product Type | Stock Type | Grow Time | Grow Time Units | Target Specifications | Common Name | Propagation Collection | Pre-Planting Propagule Treatments | Growing Area Preparation / Annual Practices for Perennial Crops | Establishment Phase | Length of Establishment Phase | Active Growth Phase | Length of Active Growth Phase | Hardening Phase | Length of Hardening Phase | Harvesting, Storage and Shipping | Length of Storage | Guidelines for Outplanting / Performance on Typical Sites | References | Citation |
2 | Krascheninnikovia (lanata) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot Family | Krascheninnikovia | lanata | (Pursh) A. Meeuse & Smit | Madrean Archipelago | Found on slopes and plains, sometimes on alkaline soils from 2,000–7,000 ft (500-2100m) (Ogle et al., Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+). Does not tolerate excessive moisture or acidic soils (Ogle et al.). Important forage for both livestock and wildlife (Ogle et al.). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Winterfat | Collect by hand when seeds are easily separated from plant. Bracts surrounding seeds should be brownish and slightly crumbly. If they are green and flexible, the seeds are not ready.
| Germination rates rely heavily on the age of the seed. Fresh (1-2 years old) seed germination rates are typically 85-95% but seed 3 years old or older has germination rates of 0-15%, even under optimal storage conditions (Ogle et al., Majerus 2003). Seed should be sowed on soil surface or up to ¼ inch deep, but no deeper (Ogle et al.). It is unknown if removing the bracts has any effect on germination rates, so this may be something to test (Majerus 2003).
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+.
Majerus, Mark. "Production and Conditioning of Winterfat Seeds (Krascheninnikovia lanata)." Native Plants Journal 4.1 (2003): 10-15. Ogle, Daniel G. et al. “Plant Guide for winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit).” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho State Office. Boise, ID. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_krla2.pdf [2017, January 3]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i> Krascheninnikovia lanata</i> (Pursh) A. Meeuse & Smit Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Abies (amabilis) | Pinaceae | Pine | Abies | amabilis | ABAM | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Abies amabilis is native to the Pacific Northwest, ranging from northern California to Alaska. A. amabilis grows at elevations of 300 to 2,100 m (1,000 to 7,000 ft) on coastal slopes of the Cascades. In the northern part of range, stands will be less than 300 m (1,000 ft) in elevation. A. amabilis usually occurs in uniform stands, growing approximately 30 to 70 m (100 to 230 ft) in height and is associated with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). The geographic range is characterized by maritime or submaritime climate. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific Silver fir | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is somewhat slow and uneven, and may take up to 3 to 4 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, seedlings are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 4 weeks | A. amabilis may take up to 2 years to fill a container and reach appropriate target height for outplanting. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring of the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. Seedlings can be extracted in early December and frozen until spring outplanting. | 3 to 4 months | Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p.
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Abies amabilis (Douglas ex Loudon) Douglas ex Forbes Pacific silver fir. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ABAM (accessed 5 Aug 2019). | Riley, Lee E.; Boudreaux, Tanja. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies amabilis</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
4 | Abies (amabilis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | amabilis | (Dougl.) Forbes | ABIAMA | <i>A. amabilis</i> is found from Washington to northern California and Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pacifc silver fir | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 28 days.
Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in dark than light. | Franklin, J. F. (1974). Abies Mill. Fir. Pp. 168-183. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br> Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies amabilis</i> (Dougl.) Forbes plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | Abies (balsamea) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | balsamea | (L.) Miller, Gard. | ABIBAL | A. balsamea is found from 0 to 1700 m elevation; across Canada and south through the eastern United States to Virginia, and the upper Midwest in Minnestoa, Michigan and Wisconsin. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Balsam fir | Seeds are cold moist stratified for 28 days and germinate under 30D/20N C alternating temperate cycle. | Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies balsamea</i> (L.) Miller, Gard. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | Abies (bifolia) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | bifolia | A. Murray | Abies | lasiocarpa | Nutt. | ABIBIF | Subalpine fir forest, Lunch Creek, 2038 m elev.ÿ | <i>A. bifolia</i> occurs from 800 m to treeline; from Alaska and the Yukon south to Oregon, east to central Idaho, Montana, and south to New Mexico and Arizona.<i>A.</i> <i>bifolia</i> is the Rocky Mountain segregate of <i>A.</i> <i>lasiocarpa</i> based on minor chemical and morphological features. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br>
Height: 3.5 cm.<br> Caliper: 5 mm.<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Subalpine fir | Cones are hand collected in early to mid September using cone picking poles when cones turn purple and begin to dehisce. Seed fill rates are usually low with this genus. Thus, large quantities of cones must be collected and carefully screened to obtain adequate amount of filled seeds.<br>
Fir seeds undergo 2 stages of ripening. The first involves movement of materials from the cone scale to the seed. The second involves after-ripening of the seeds. For this reason, seeds must not be extracted from the cones immediately after collection. Cones are kept in burlap bags for several weeks in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. During storage, burlap sacks of cones must be inspected and turned once per week to facilitate evening curing and drying. | 60 to 100 day naked cold, moist stratification.Glacier National Park seed sources are often collected at treeline, thus we use longer periods of cold , moist stratification than what is recommended for this species.<br> Running water soaks for 24 to 48 hours, or longer water soaks when water is changed daily, are often used to clean seeds of pathogens.<br> After fir seeds have been fully imbibed in water, they can be cold, moist stratified using naked stratification method. Naked stratification involves placing seeds in cheesecloth netting and suspending the cheesecloth bag inside a plastic bag with a small amount of water in the bottom. Bags are stratified at 1.6 to 2.7ø C (35 to 37ø F) for 38 to 60 days. Following stratification, seeds are sown at their fully imbibed state. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Light reduced germination of stratified seeds of subalpine fir, thus stratified seeds must be covered with thin layer of grit after sowing.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. <br>
Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. However, higher rates of germination are obtained with high elevation seed sources using lower greenhouse germination temperatures> If possible, set greenhouse temperatures at 10 to 16C during the day or plant germinants as they break dormancy at temperatures slightly above freezing during stratification in the refrigerator. The latter method will result in a non-uniform crop and requires that seeds are check for germinants daily and these are planted immediately. Under natural conditions, seeds of high elevation sources germinate during snow melt at temperatures slightly above freezing.<br>Seedlings are misted twice per day during germination and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination is very non-uniform and continues over a 30 day period. Germination to true leaf stage is 3 weeks. Seedlings are thinned and transplanted at this stage. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with Conifer Starter 7-40-17 liquid NPK at half the recommended rate for 2 months. Seedlings are very nonuniform in rate of development before bud set. The average seedling height of 3 seed lots collected at the upper limits of treeline was 1.5 cm at the end of the first growing season. Seedlings are moved from the greenhouse to the outdoor shadehouse in late May. Plants are fertilized with 20-7-19 liquid NPK for the next 3 months. | 20 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years<br>
Harvest Date: Fall of the 2nd year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p>
Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants of the U.S., Agriculture Handbook #450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies bifolia</i> A. Murray plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
7 | Abies (concolor) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | concolor | (G&G) Lindl. | ABICON | A. concolor is found from Idaho and Oregon south through California and in the southern Rocky mountains in New Mexico and Southern Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White fir | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 60 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Franklin, J. F. (1974). Abies Mill. Fir. Pp. 168-183. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies concolor</i> (G&G) Lindl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | Abies (concolor) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Abies | concolor | (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. | ABCO | White fir is widely distributed throughout the western United States, although its natural ranges are broadly disconnected. In New Mexico, white fir is confined to mountain ranges at elevations of greater than 5,500 to over 11,200 feet (1600 to 3400 m). White fir grows well on deep, moist and well-drained soils, but can survive on thin, rocky soils (Harlow and others 1996). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | White fir; concolor fir | Entire cones are harvested by hand from trees. Cones are harvested when they begin to turn tan or brown, prior to scale opening. The cones of this species break apart quite quickly while on the tree once the final stages, as indicated by the change in color to brown, begins. Throughout this species' range in New Mexico, this occurs typically in early to mid-September within its natural range and slightly later when grown at lower elevations. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. Seed is then placed in self-sealing, polyethylene baggies and placed in refrigerated conditions (2 to 4°C) for 28 days to satisfy stratification requirements. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early April and seedlings are moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between 15 and 20 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house irrigation is provided via standard fixed-area turf irrigation nozzles, spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 14 to 18 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 3 - 4 months | Harlow, W. M., and others. 1996. Textbook of dendrology, eighth edition. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. 534 pp.
<br><br> [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 8 December 2008). <br><br>Laacke, R. J. 2004. White Fir. In: (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_1/silvics_vol1.pdf (accessed 8 December 2008). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies concolor</i> (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
9 | Abies (fraseri) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | fraseri | (Pursh) Poiret | ABIFRA | A. fraseri is found at 1500 m elevation in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fraser fir | Seeds are stratified for 112 days and germinated under 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater under light than dark. | Franklin, J. F. (1974). Abies Mill. Fir. Pp. 168-183. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies fraseri</i> (Pursh) Poiret plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | Abies (grandis) | Pinaceae | Pine | Abies | grandis | ABGR | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Grows best in rich, consistently moist, slightly acidic, well-drained soils. It can handle part shade but prefers full sun. Grows best in deep alluvial soils in moist cool locations. Native to the Pacific Northwest from southwest British Columbia into northern California (var. grandis). There is also a disjunct population in the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia into central Idaho and northwestern Montana (var. idahoensis). It is planted as an ornamental in Hawaii and Europe. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Grand fir, lowland white fir, stinking fir | Seed cones emerge green in spring and mature into yellow-ish brown (usually between August and October) and are sometimes tinged blue-gray or purple. A year of heavy cone production are usually followed by several years of light production. | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 45 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is somewhat slow and uneven, and may take up to 3 to 4 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, seedlings are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 4 weeks | In this size container, A. grandis may take up to 2 years to fill a container and reach appropriate target height for outplanting. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 to 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. Seedlings can be extracted in early December and frozen until spring outplanting. | 3 to 4 months | Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p.
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. Gymnosperm Database. Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley. URL: https://www.conifers.org/pi/Abies_grandis.php (accessed 5 Aug 2019) Howard JL, Aleksoff KC. 2000. Abies grandis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abigra/all.html (accessed 5 Aug 2019). Missouri Botanical Garden. Abies grandis. URL: http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=284982&isprofile=0& (accessed 5 Aug 2019). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand fir. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ABGR (accessed 5 Aug 2019). | Riley, Lee E.; Kamakura, Renata. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies grandis</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
11 | Abies (grandis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | grandis | (Dougl.) Forbes | ABIGRA | A. grandis is found from southern British Columbia south to northern California and east to Idaho and western Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Grand fir | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 20 to 40 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Franklin, J. F. (1974). Abies Mill. Fir. Pp. 168-183. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br> Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies grandis</i> (Dougl.) Forbes plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | Abies (grandis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | grandis | (Dougl.) ex D. Don | ABIGRA | Spruce/ Fir forest, Sprague Creek, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>A. grandis</i> occurs from sea level to 2500melevation in the Rocky Mountains; from southern B.C. to Sonoma Co., California, east to southeast B.C., north and western Idaho and western Montana, to extreme southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 2 Years | Years | Height: 15 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a.<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Grand fir | Cones are collected in early September when cones turn dark brown but before they begin to dehisce. It is best to collect cones from the upper third of the tree crown because seed quality is usually higher. <i>Abies</i> seed fill rates are often low; less than 30%. Thus, it is necessary to collect as many good quality cones as possible to obtain an adequate amount of seeds. Mature seeds are firm and tan to brown in color. Fir seeds undergo 2 stages of ripening; the first involves movement of materials from the cone scale to the seed, the second involves metabolic changes in the seed. For this reason, seeds should not be extracted from the cones immediately. Cones are stored in burlap sacks for several weeks in well ventilated sheds. | This species is reported to be light requiring for germination. A 30 to 40 day cold, moist naked stratification is recommended.<br> Seeds are soaked in running water for 48 hours. Imbibed seeds are placed into a bridal mesh bag suspended in a plastic bag that is suspended in the refrigerator for 40 days at 1 to 3 C.<br> Seed bags are checked weekly for moisture and rinsed thorughly if mold develops during stratification. | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are set at 22C/15C day/night cycle for 12 hrs each during germination. Seeded containers are misted twice per day during germination to keep seeds evenly moist. | Germination is typically non uniform but usually complete in 4 weeks. Germinants shed the seed coats 15 days after emergence. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedlings should be protected from direct sun during cultivation. <i>A. grandis</i> develops at a moderate rate. Plants were fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season and were fully root tight 30 weeks after germination and averaged 5 cm in height. | 20 weeks | Tree seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm starting in mid August. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: September and October<br> Storage Conditions:Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<br> | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies grandis</i> (Dougl.) ex D. Don plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
13 | Abies (grandis) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Abies | grandis | (Douglas ex. D. Don.) Lindley | ABIGRA | Northern Idaho | Grand fir is found throughout British Columbia to California and west toIdaho and Montana. It occurs most frequently on deep, moist alluvial soils in gulches, along streams, and on gentle mountain slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers" | 9 Months | Months | Height = 15 cm<br>
Root-collar diameter = 2.3 to 2.8 mm<br> Firm root plug<br> | Grand fir | Single or small bunches of erect female cones occur in upper portions of the crown on the upper side of young branches. Dense clusters of smaller male cones occur lower on the crown on the underside of 1-year-old twigs. Ovulate cones are deep purple-brown, 5 to 10 cm long. Each cone contains numerous, angular, tan seeds that are 6 to 7 mm long with a broad wing 1 cm in length. Cones require 2 years to mature. Cones mature from mid-August at lower elevations to September and early October at higher elevations. Trees begin bearing cones at 20 years and produce a good seed crop every 2 to 4 years. Seed cones shatter at maturity. | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in running tap water for 48 hours to ensure imbibition.<p> Mesh bags are placed into plastic bags and seeds are stratified (cold, moist) for 14 to 42 days at 1 to 2øC (34 to 36øF). After stratification, seeds are soaked 24 hours in running tap water. <p> Based on cumulative germination at 21 days in a germination test, the total amount of seeds needed for the crop is determined to ensure 90% to 95% of the cells have at least one seedling. | Seedlings are grown in 2 fully-controlled greenhouses. Photoperiod is extended by 300 watt incandescent lamps (15 min on/off cycles) at an intensity of 500 lux. Irrigation is applied by an overhead traveling boom system, with nozzles spaced every 40 cm. Fertilizers are injected into irrigation water with a 1:100 injector.<p> Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium having a pH of 4.2.<p> Seeds are sown in late March and are immediately covered with a shallow layer of white grit or Forestry sand (6 mm deep) and immediately irrigated (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until the medium is saturated. Using a medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating reduces damping-off disease. Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF), and night-time temperatures aremaintained at 18øC (65øF). | Once seedcoats begin to fall off germinating seedlings, seedlings are thinned to 1 seedling per container. Germination is usually complete within 14 to 21 days and seedcoats are shed within 28 days. <p> Photoperiod lights remain activated. Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. During the establishment phase, seedlings are fertilized with Peters Professional Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and CAN-17 (liquid ammonium calcium nitrate [17N]) to supply 84 and 46 ppm N, respectively, along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4). Phosphoric acid is used to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Seedlings are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. At the end of week 8, medium is leached with irrigation water to remove salt build-up. Day greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF) and night temperatures around 18øC (65øF). | 8 weeks | During the active growth phase, day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 24øC (70 to 75øF) and night temperatures are maintained at 18øC (65øF). Photoperiod control is continued. <p> Nutrients are supplied about twice a week using Peters Professional Conifer Grower (20N:7P2O5:19K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and calcium nitrate (15.5:0:0:10) to supply 120 and 46 ppm N, respectively, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). Containers are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight, but this is slowly decreased so that by the time growers wish to initiate buds, containers are irrigated at about 70% saturated weight. Seedling heights are compared to those on a target growth curve, and if growth exceeds targets, nitrogen is reduced by decreasing the amount of calcium nitrate to 23 ppm N. Conversely, if growth is lagging, calcium nitrate can be applied at 69 ppm N. <p> Seedlings generally reach desired heights by week 12, and medium isleached with copious amounts of irrigation water. Medium is then allowed to dry down until it is just barely moist. | 5 weeks | When irrigation is necessary, Peters Professional Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) is applied at the rate of 24 ppm N every other irrigation. Calcium nitrate is applied at the rate of 24 ppm N every other irrigation. Micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) and phosphoric acid are supplied every irrigation. <p> Photoperiodic lighting is discontinued. <p> Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 18 to 21øC (65 to 70øF), and night-time temperatures are maintained at 17 to 20øC (62 to 68øF). <p> Beginning in mid-October, we allow air temperatures within the greenhouse to reach ambient levels. However, minimum greenhouse temperature allowed is -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are ready to be packed in January. From mid-September until pack-out, day temperatures are kept cool as possible and we prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are hardened for 18 to 22 weeks. | 18 weeks | Seedlings are extracted for storage in late November through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but foliage should be dry before packing. <p>
Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at 0.5øC (33 to 34øF). Seedlings are monitored for storage mold problems. Storage molds can be reduced by packing disease-free stock, storing them for the shortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing. | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947.<p> Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1987. A growing regime for containerized western larch seedlings. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. Bulletin 45. 8 p. | Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies grandis</i> (Douglas ex. D. Don.) Lindley plants 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers"; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
14 | Abies (grandis) | Pinaceae | Pine | Abies | grandis | Variety | grandis | ABIGRA | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 21 Months | Months | From northern Oregon to Washington, minimum height is 6 inches (15cm). Southern Oregon and Northern California minimum height is 4 inches (10cm). Caliper is 4mm. Root system must balance top growth. No mechanical damage on the main stem. Cranberry girdler damage is acceptable if it is less than 0.6cm (¬") long by ¬ the circumference of the stem. | Grand Fir | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series - Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) inch of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During the summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. The addition of sawdust, weed free fields and early sow of seed keeps the incidence of disease and weeds to a minimum and this is the reason we will not be fumigating our fields this year. We use a pre-emergence herbicide. Soils are formed into 1.2m (4ft) wide raised beds separated by a 0.6m (2ft) tractor path. There are six beds between irrigation pipelines. | Seeds are sown in late March to early April. The seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial density of 237 seedlings/m2 (22 seedlings/ft2). Attached to thefront of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | 3 Weeks | First Year:<p> Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigated to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.5 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateralroots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 134 kg/ha (120 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate and 12 weeks after emergence - 112 ka/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary.<p> Second Year:<p> Irrigation: Starting last week of March, irrigate soil profile when soil tension is -0.3 bars. Irrigate to cool seedlings when foliar temperatures reach 32C (90F) from April to mid June, 35C (95F) from mid June through July, 38C (100F) early August and 40C (105F) from late August on. Fertilizer: The first application of ammonium nitrate at 168 kg/ha (150 lbs/ac) is applied two weeks before bud break (end of March). Two weeks later 224 kg/ha (200 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate is applied and followed two weeks later with 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Hand weeding. If <i>Crysoteuchia topiaria</i> (cranberry girdler) exceeds threshold (which does not happen every year) then the bug vacuum is used to reduce the moth population. If the populations are still high, then pydrin at 5.3 oz/acre is used to control the moths. If high levels of seedling damage is detected in the summer months, then an application of Dursban will be considered.Prunes and wrenches: Vertically pruned in the spring to 15cm (6in) and immediately wrenched at 30cm (12in). 4 to 6 wrenches during the growing season. Top prune seedlings at 30cm (12 in) when 15 percent of the seedlings are at or above 30cm (12 in). Top prune a second time at 43cm (17in) when 10 percent of the seedlings are at or above 43cm (17 in). | First Year:<p> By the third week in August induce dormancy. Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: No fertilizations. IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: Seedlings are horizontally pruned at 15cm (6 in) in September and immediately wrenched at 30cm (12in).<p> Second Year:<p> When 80 percent of the seedlings reach 25cm (10 in), dormancy is induced. Irrigation: Starting in June irrigate soil profile when pre-dawn PMS is 12 bars. In mid September, the soil profile is irrigated. From that point forward, the profile is irrigated when tensiometers read -0.3 to -0.5 bars. Fertilizer: No fertilizations. IPM: Handweed beds of needed. Prunes and wrenches: Wrenched at 30cm (12in) in mid Sept for root growth. | Lifting window is January through early February. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | up to 5 months | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service.<p>Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual:Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Abies grandis</i> plants 2+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
15 | Abies (lasiocarpa) | Pinaceae | Pine | Abies | lasiocarpa | ABLA | Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington | Subalpine coniferous forests 600 - 3600 meters within southeastern Alaska south to California, and in the Rocky Mountains to northeastern Arizona and New Mexico. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Subalpine Fir | Collect cones early through mid September. Seeds can be damaged easily. | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is somewhat slow and uneven, and may take up to 3 to 4 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, seedlings are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 4 weeks | A. lasiocarpa may take up to 2 years to fill a container and reach appropriate target height for outplanting. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring of the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6- to 7-month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 g Apex per 444 ml container. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. Seedlings can be extracted in early December and frozen until spring outplanting. | 3 to 4 months | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ABLA (accessed 16 Oct 2019). Nesom G. 2000. Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, North Carolina Botanical Garden. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_abla.pdf (accessed 16 Oct 2019). Uchytil RJ. 1991. Abies lasiocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abilas/all.html (accessed 16 Oct 2019). University of Washington. nd. Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa. URL: https://depts.washington.edu/propplnt/Plants/Abies%20lasiocarpa.htm (accessed 16 Oct 2019). | Riley, Lee E.; Fisher, Leslie. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
16 | Abies (lasiocarpa) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | lasiocarpa | (Hooker) Nuttall | ABILAS | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Subalpine fir | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 28 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> Germination was greater in dark than light. | Franklin, J. F. (1974). Abies Mill. Fir. Pp. 168-183. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> (Hooker) Nuttall plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | Abies (magnifica) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | magnifica | A. Murray | ABIMAG | A. magnifica is found in mixed coniferous forests from 1400 to 2700 m elevation, in California, Oregon and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California red fir | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 28 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Franklin, J. F. (1974). Abies Mill. Fir. Pp. 168-183. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies magnifica</i> A. Murray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | Abies (procera) | Pinaceae | Pine | Abies | procera | ABPR | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Cascade range from Washington to Southern Oregon, and the Klamath Mountains in California. Scattered populations along the coast of southern WA and northern OR. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 24 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Noble, Red, or White Fir | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 g Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is somewhat slow, and may take up to 3 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, seedlings are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 4 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at a rate of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. Seedlings can be extracted in early December and frozen until spring outplanting. | 3 to 4 months | Cope AB. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abipro/all.html (accessed 16 Oct 2019). Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Abies procera. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ABPR (accessed 16 Oct 2019). University of Washington. nd. Subalpine fir Abies procera noble fir. URL: https://depts.washington.edu/propplnt/Plants/abies%20procera.htm (accessed 16 Oct 2019). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Abies procera Rehder noble fir. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ABPR (accessed 16 Oct 2019). Vance NC, Borsting M, Pilz D, Freed J. 2013. Part B. Abies procera Rehder. In: Special forests products: species information guide for the Pacific Northwest. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-513. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr513/gtr513b.pdf (accessed 16 Oct 2019). | Riley, Lee E.; Fisher, Leslie. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies procera</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
19 | Abies (procera) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Abies | procera | Rehd. | ABIPRO | A. procera is found from Washington to northern California in the Cascades. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Noble fir | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 42 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Franklin, J. F. (1974). Abies Mill. Fir. Pp. 168-183. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abies procera</i> Rehd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | Abronia (latifolia) | Nyctaginaceae | Four O Clock Family | Abronia | latifolia | Eschsch. | ABRLAT | Marin County, Calfornia | <i>A. latifolia</i> is found from Santa Barbara County, California to British Columbia in coastal plant communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: Compact growth<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System:Firm root plug with well developed tuber in container. | Coastal Sand Verbena | Seeds are collected from field plants between June 1st and September 1st.<br> Fruits are clusters of sand coloerd pods, 5 to 10 mm long. Ripe seeds are light to dark brown, shaped like rice and should be hard at maturity. | After cleaning, moist seed is placed in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of perlite for a cold stratification treatment in a refrigerator for 2 weeks. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Approximately 10 grams of seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Plug Aggregate Mix (peat moss,perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum and dolomitic lime) and are covered and watered with an automatic irrigation system until thoroughly leached.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st. | Seeds germinate in flats in 14 days.<br> Average germination percent is 60%.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 1 month after germination to 2" x 7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing a mix of 1:1 Perlite: Standard Potting Mix (Fir bark, peat, sand pelite).<br> Seedling survival after transplanting averages 60%.<br> Species thrive on low water regime. | Species thrive on low water regime and are fertilized with soluble fertilizer 2 months after transplanting.<br> Seedlings are moved to the shade house 2 months after transplanting.<br> Plants are pruned vigorously to maintain compact shape.<br> Species develops a large tuber quickly in the containers. | Plants should be kept pruned to a compact shape with no trailers prior to outplanting in the field. | A California Flora and Supplement,Munz,P. University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abronia latifolia</i> Eschsch. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
21 | Abronia (umbellata) | Nyctaginaceae | Four O'clock Family | Abronia | umbellata | Lam. | ABRUMB | Marin County, California | <i>A. umbellata</i> is found from Los Angeles County north to Sonoma County, California in coastal plant communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container.<br> | Pink Sand Verbena | Seeds are collected between June 15th and October 1st.<br> Fruits are dry, irregularly shaped pods that are borne in clusters.<br> | Seeds are soaked in water for 48 hours. Run in blender on high for 10 minutes. Seeds are placed in a 5% bleach solution for 2 minutes and rinsed thoroughly.<br> Seeds are placed in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of sterile peat or perlite (Do Not Use Potting Mix) for 2 to weeks in the refrigerator, unitl some seeds start germinating. Check seeds after 2 weeks. | Fully conrtolled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 6 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4-Plug Aggregate Mix (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum and dolomitic lime) and are watered in thoroughly with an automatic irrigation system. Seeds are lightly covered with media and are planted 2 times the diameter of seed to depth.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st. | % Germination: 75%<br> Seeds begin to germinate 3 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 6 days after germination to individual containers.<br> Potting Mix used is a blend of fir bark, peat, perlite, and sand.<br> Seedlings are watered in with automatic irrigation system.<br> Survival rate after transplanting averages 85%.<br> This species is easy to germinate. Germination may be better if pods are removed but further tests are needed.<br> Species is susceptible to fungus attack; minimal watering is required. | Species is a heavy feeder; fertilize with a soluble fertilizer NPK 15-15-18 at 100 ppm starting 2 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back vigorously, but always leave at least 2 fully developed leaves. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P. University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Abronia umbellata</i> Lam. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
22 | Acacia (greggii) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Acacia | greggii | Gray | ACAGRE | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Acacia greggii</i> is found in scrub and pinyon-juniper woodlands up to 2,000 m elevation from southern and lower California east to Texas and north to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 gal PVC pipe tall pots | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Cat's claw acacia | Seeds are hand collected in when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are scarified by clipping prior to 4 to 5 hour water soak. <br><br> Germinants are sown in open nursery flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite(v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of three greenhouses, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated in a germination chamber or under mist. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 to 8 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting,they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system. | 7 to 8 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 to 4 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable, depends on outplanting date | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acacia greggii</i> Gray plants 2 gal PVC pipe tall pots; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
23 | Acacia (koa) | Fabaceae | Legume | Acacia | koa | Gray | Koa is native to the Hawaiian Islands. Found on all six major Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, Oahu and Kauai. Original range: 300-7000 feet (90-2134 meters). Today, the largest and most thriving koa trees are found between 3000 and 6000 feet (915 and 1830 meters) elevation. Introduced pests and diseases limit their presence below 2000 feet. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 14 Weeks | Weeks | koa | Koa produces pods about 6 inches (15 cm) long and 1-1.5 inches (2-4 cm) wide. There are 6-12 seeds per pod. Pods are ready to pick when brown, and when opened the seeds inside are deep brown and full (not green, flat, or small). Seeds can also be collected from the ground. Koa can seed any time of year. Genetic quality is a crucial aspect of koa performance and yield, and source must be carefully considered and matched for the outplanting site before seeds are collected. | Scarification is required. Mechanical scarification (nicking with a nail clippers on the side opposite the point of attachment to the pod) is used for small lots. Hot water treatment (195 degrees F, 90 degrees C) in a volume ratio of at least 5 parts water to one part seed for 1-3 minutes. Sulfuric acid is another alternative, soaking time 10-60 minutes depending on seed size [this method is only recommended for trained laboratory technicians]. In all cases, scarified seeds are soaked overnight to allow water to penetrate into the seed. Seeds germinate in 2-7 days. | Koa seedlings can be grown in an uncovered growing area. If available, some cover (greenhouse or temporary cover) is ideal for the first 2 weeks after germination to protect sprouts from hard rains or seed-eating birds. Rodents also eat koa seeds, and should be controlled. Containers used are super stubby cells (Ray Leach system) distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Most well-drained media work fine for this hardy pioneer species. One example media is 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and triple super phosphate. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Scarified seeds will germinate in 2-7 days. Pregerminated seeds (sown on paper towels or in beds) are transplanted into tube containers that have been pre-filled with media at a rate of one seed per cell. Cover with potting mix shallowly (about 1/4 inch or 0.6 cm deep), followed by a thin mulch layer such as #2 poultry grit. Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Full sun is best. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. <p> After about six weeks, seedlings may be double-spaced in the Ray Leach trays to ensure each seedling receives full sunlight, and to facilitate good stem development. After one to two weeks of growth, seedlings should be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria selected for this species (available from commercial suppliers or from nodules collected from healthy forest trees). Select strains are best for optimum nodulation and nitrogen fixation. | 2-3 weeks | Seedlings are watered daily, usually in the morning. Especially hot, dry days may necessitate a second watering in the early afternoon. (Late afternoon and evening watering is not recommended, as it facilitates pest problems such as sooty molds.) The media should not be allowed to dry out. After about 6 weeks, seedlings may be double-spaced in the Ray Leach trays (from 98 trees per tray to 49 trees per tray) to ensure each seedling receives full sunlight, and to facilitate strong stem development. At the period, depending on seed lot, about 5-10% of the seedlings will be apparent poor performers, and these should be culled. Remaining seedlings are monitored for pests, but pests are generally not problematic in the nursery. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. No fertilizer application is necessary if seedlings were inoculated with rhizobia bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. No pruning should be done. | 7-10 weeks | Since seedlings are kept outside, exposed to full sunlight, not fertilized, and watered as necessary during most of their life, a separate hardening off phase is usually not apparent. Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings continue to receive full sun, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 4-6 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots and the viability of the rhizobia nodules. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in their trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | n/a | Dalla Rosa, Karl. 1994. Acacia koa-Hawaii's most valued native tree (NFTA 94-08). Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association, Morrilton, Arkansas. <p> Ferentinos, L. and D.O. Evans (Eds). 1997. Koa: A Decade of Growth. Proceedings of the 1996 Annual Symposium held by the Hawaii Forest Industry Association (HFIA), November 18-19, 1996. HFIA, Hilo.<p> Friday, J.B. 2000. Acacia koa. In: CAB International, Global Forestry Compendium, CAB International, Oxford, UK.<p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> Loudat, T.A. and R. Kanter. 1996. The Economics of Commercial Koa Culture in Hawaii. In: Koa: A Decade of Growth. Hawaii Forest Industry Association (HFIA), Hilo. <p> Skolmen, Roger G. 1986. "Where Can Koa Be Grown." In: Proceedings, Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D) Koa Conference. RC&D Forestry Committee with DLNR/DOFAW and USDA FS, Hilo.<p> Wagner W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H.Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, Revised edition. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.<p> Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Acacia koa A. Gray. In: Burns, R.M., and B. Honkala. Silvics of North America Vol. 2: Hardwoods. USDA Forest Service Handbook No. 654, 17-28.<p> Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. 2 volumes. 1854 pp.<p> Wilkinson, Kim M. and Craig R. Elevitch. 2003. Growing Koa: A Hawaiian Legacy Tree. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. | Elevitch, Craig Randall; Wilkinson, Kim Marie. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acacia koa</i> Gray plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
24 | Acacia (koaia) | Fabaceae | Legume | Acacia | koaia | Hillebr. | Native to lowland dry forests of the Hawaiian Islands | Koai`a is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands of Molokai, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. Now thought to be extinct on Maui and Molokai. An endangered species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 15-20 cm in height, stem diameter 6-8 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | koai`a, koai`e | Koai'a produces pods about 5 inches long. There are 6-12 seeds per pod. Pods are ready to pick when brown, and when opened the seeds inside are deep brown and full (not green, flat, or small). Seeds can be collected from the tree or from the ground. Koai`a can seed intermittently any time of year, although late summer tends to be the most abundant. | Scarification is required. Because the tree is endangered and seeds are precious, mechanical scarification is recommended for highest viablility. This is done by nicking with a nail clippers on the side opposite the point of attachment to the pod. Hot water treatment (195 degrees F, 90 degrees C) in a volume ratio of at least 5 parts water to one part seed for 1 minutes may be used on larger seed lots, but may also damage some seeds. In all cases, scarified seeds are soaked 12-24 hours to allow seeds to imbibe water. They may then be spread out on paper towels and covered with a single layer of paper towel until germination. Seeds germinate in 2-7 days. | Seedlings are grown in full sun in an uncovered growing area. Containers used are Ray Leach Super "Stubby" Cells 14 cm deep and 3.8 cm diameter (available from Stuewe & Sons). A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients, P and K is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. At planting time or within 2 weeks of planting, rhizobia inoculant should also be applied (see below). | Pregerminated seeds are placed in containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered with about 5mm of potting media and a thin layer of mulch (such as #2 poultry grit). Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. For the first 2-4 weeks, some cover (greenhouse or temporary cover) is best to protect sprouts from hard rains. The area should be protected from koai`a seed predators including rats, mice, and some birds including cardinals. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. At seedling time or within 2 weeks of germination, seedlings may be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria (a nitrogen-fixing bacteria). This may be available from commercial suppliers or homemade from nodules collected from healthy koai`a trees. The partnership with rhizobia bacteria is necessary for good nodulation and growth. | 2 weeks | Seedlings can be moved to full sun in an open area 2-4 weeks after sowing. After about ten weeks, seedlings are double-spaced to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. If seedlings were inoculated with rhizobia bacteria, no additional fertilization will be necessary. If inoculation was unsuccessful, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. Insect problems are usually minimal in the nursery, although older trees are susceptible to attack from twig borers. Coffee twig borers and black twig borers may be deterred (although not altogether eliminated) by twice-weekly foliar spray of neem oil (apply in aqueous solution according to product instructions). | 4 months | Since seedlings are kept outside, exposed to full sunlight, not fertilized, and watered as necessary during most of their life, a separate hardening off phase is usually not apparent. Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings continue to receive full sun, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 4 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping seedlings in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1990. Plant of the Month: Koaia. Hawaii Plant Conservation Center, NTBG, Lawai, HI. <p> Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association. 1990. Native Nitrogen Fixing Trees of Hawai`i. NFTA, Waimanalo, HI.<p> Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. 2 volumes. 1854 pp. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acacia koaia</i> Hillebr. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
25 | Acanthomintha (ilicifolia) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Acanthomintha | ilicifolia | (A. Gray) A. Gray | ACIL | Coastal Sage Scrub | Southern California & Baja California | None known | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Wild Collected Seeds | 6-8 months | To produce as many seeds as possible from available wild collected seeds for reintroduction purposes. | San Diego thornmint | We collected seeds along maternal lines from two wild populations of San Diego thornmint in San Diego County: Mission Trails Regional Park & Dennery Canyon. | Directly planted - no pretreatment | We directly planted seed in two 4 x 4 ft raised beds (~250 seeds per bed) with a string grid installed above the bed to track seed production by maternal lines.The grid divides each box into 56 cells, each of which is plant with 5 seeds. The beds contained native clay soil that we amended with one cup of organic fertilizer. We installed an 8" tall hardware cloth cage on top of the raised bed to prevent mammal herbivory. | Raised beds were watered daily until germination was observed, then seedlings were maintained evenly moist until established. Seeds germinated within two-three weeks, and seedlings were well-established by six weeks. | 6 weeks | Once plants were established, plants were watered about once a week (unless seasonal rain occurred). We allowed the top inch of soil media to dry between waterings. We maintained the beds weed free. We applied Sluggo to deter herbivory by slug pests. | 12-16 weeks | As plants begin to flower, watering is reduce to allow the medium to dry in between waterings. As plants begin fruiting, watering is reduced to once every two weeks. Pollinators were observed visiting the flowers so there was no need for hand pollination. | 8 weeks | Plants were allowed to dry down in the raised beds and seeds were harvested using scissors along maternal lines. Seeds are ready to harvest once plant have stopped flowering and plant biomass appears dry. The plants were fairly productive, producing 3-4,000 seeds per bed. Seeds were cleaned using sieves and the air winnower. Seeds were stored in a cool dry environment in our seed bank until the land manager picked them up a few months later. | 6 weeks | Land managers directly planted seed into a fenced area at Mission Trails Regional Park on a clay lens soil habitats. Land managers performed extensive weed management at the site before reintroduction of seed. From the first direct seeding, 50 plants were established at the site. | Anderson, Stacy; Weatherson, Tobin. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Acanthomintha ilicifolia</i> (A. Gray) A. Gray Seeds Wild Collected Seeds; San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
26 | Acer (circinatum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | circinatum | Pursh | ACCI | Three accessions were collected from Mount Rainier National Park along Highway 123 and Highway 410 on the east side of the park in elevations ranging from 2700 to 3800 feet. All 3 accessions behaved similarly during propagation. | Northwestern US, including Alaska and northern California, mostly west of the Cascade Mountain Range. At our collection sites at Mount Rainier; none were found above 3900 feet. Plants occur both in understory of mixed conifers as a small tree, or in openings and cut-over clearings as multistem shrubs. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-gallon 2-year seedlings | 2 Years | Years | One or more well-developed main stems; root mass filling container. Stems cut back to equal not more than 2x height of container at shipping | vine maple | Ripened samaras collected at fall color-change from late August to early September - seeds allowed to dry out on tree may be harder to germinate, though viable | Collected seeds with attached samaras immediately placed in damp peat moss for 150 + days of cold moist stratification; or sown directly into flats with a rich propagation medium (high in peat moss) and placed in lathhouse at Corvallis OR in September for natural stratification. | Germinated seedlings were transplanted after 1st true leaf developed, from March to April, into 10 cu inch RayLeach Cone-tainers with a medium-textured soil-less greenhouse mix amended with a balanced micronutrient mix (Micro-Max). In an earlier project; soil collected from the understory was added to the medium to provide myccorhizal inocula; however colonization was not known to occur, and the addition of micronutrients to a soil-less mix resulted in healthy plants. | Seedlings were fertilized with a balanced NPK greenhouse fertilizer (Peter's Triple-20) at 2 to 4 week intervals. Powdery Mildew and Pseudomonas leaf spot were both problems; chemical controls used were Benlate and Kocide drenches at label rates. Any diseased / decaying foliage should be removed immediately and good air circulation provided around plants. | 6 to 12 weeks | Transplanted into ribbed 1-gallon containers filled with soil-less greenhouse mix of Sunshine #1 (Fisons' Horticultural products) amended with peat moss and horticultural vermiculite, and Micromax micronutrient mix in late may / early June. Plants at this stage required little insect or disease control at Corvallis; 1-gallon pots were held outdoors in a shade hoop house with 40% shade; drip irrigation supplied to each pot kept foliage dry and healthy. Half-strength solutions of Peters Triple-20 NPK fertilizer was applied each 2 weeks in June and July to encourage vegetative growth. Stems were cut back to half their length in early to mid July to control height, encourage branching, and still allow formation of over wintering buds by early fall. | 4 months | As noted above; Fertilization ended in late July, and irrigation intervals were lengthened to encourage vegetative maturity and bud set. Plants remained in the outdoor shadehouse to acclimate to natural fall conditions. Shade was removed in October; leaf fall was generally complete by November. | 3 months | Plants did best when stored over the winter outdoors in an unheated poly greenhouse at Corvallis. When left out in shadehouse or lathhouse, soil became waterlogged from natural winter rains and soil surface was colonized by liverworts. Containerized plants can be shipped in early spring or fall in cool weather or in refrigerated van. Cool conditions are especially important for early fall shipping to avoid stimulating regrowth and bud break. | 7 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996.<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer circinatum</i> Pursh plants 1-gallon 2-year seedlings; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
27 | Acer (circinatum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | circinatum | Pursh | ACCI | USFS, Olympic National Forest, Pacific District South, Quinault, Washington | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Vine maple | Small lot, 1.7 pounds, hand collected into plastic zip-lock bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Acer circinatum</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | Acer (glabrum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | glabrum | Torr. | ACEGLA | A. glabrum is found from British Columbia and Alberta south to Wyoming and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rocky mountain maple | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 180 days. Germination occurs at 10 to 15 C. | Olsen and Gabriel,1974.Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer glabrum</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | Acer (glabrum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | glabrum | Torr. | ACEGLA | A. glabrum is found from Alaska south to New Mexico, California and Nebraska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rocky mountain maple | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 180 days. Germination occurs at 10 to 15 C. | Olson, D. F., Jr. and Gabriel, W. J. (1974). Acer L. Maple. Pp. 187-194. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer glabrum</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | Acer (glabrum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | glabrum | Torr | Variety | douglasii | (Hook.) Dippel | Acer | glabrum | Torr. | ACGLD4 | This accession was collected along highway 123 on the east side of Mount Rainier National Park at 3900 to 4,000 ft elevation | Northwestern coast and intermountain states; east to Montana and Wyoming; northern Nevada and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-gallon container | 0 | One or more well developed main stems with lateral shoots; fibrous, well-branched root systems | Douglas's Maple | Samaras were hand-stripped from trees in early September and placed directly into moist peat moss. | Samaras were stored in moist paper toweling in a cooler at 36 to 40 deg F for 3 months. In January they were warm-stratified in moist peat in a dark closet at room temperature until June (6 months "warm"); then cold stratified until February (6 months cold strat). | Stratified samaras were surface-sown onto flats containing a soil-less greenhouse mix (Sunshine #1; Fisons' Horticultural Products) And placed outdoors in lathhouse at Corvallis in February. | Germination was very slow; 18 seedlings were produced by the end of April and were at the 1st true leaf stage. Powdery mildew and leaf spot were noted and treated with Benlate and Kocide at labeled rates. Any dead or decaying foliagewas removed immediately. | 8 to 12 weeks | Seedlings were transplanted directly into ribbed 1-gallon containers in a mix of Sunshine #1 with added perlite to improve drainage, and Micromax trace element nutrients at the beginning of June and placed outdoors in the shadehouse (40% shade cloth) with drip irrigation over the summer. Fertilization was provided by one application of Slow-release Osmocote (SierraBlen Mfg). Shoots of some taller plants were trimmed back in early July to encourage lateral branching. | June to August | Fertilization is discontinued at the end of July, and intervals between irrigations are increased to encourage vegetative maturity. Plants remain outdoors with shadecloth removed in October to adapt to cooler temperatures; and moved to an unheated poly greenhouse during the wettest winter months. | August to October | Plants were overwintered outdoors in an unheated poly greenhouse at Corvallis. Containerized plants can be shipped in early spring or fall in cool weather or in refrigerated van. Cool conditions are especially important for early fall shipping to avoid stimulating regrowth and bud break. | see above | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> Kruckeberg, Aurthur R. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Guide. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer glabrum</i> Torr plants 1-gallon container; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
31 | Acer (glabrum) | Aceraceae | Maple Family | Acer | glabrum | Torr. | ACEGLA | <i> A. glabrum</i>is found from Alaska south through British Columbia and Alberta and througout the western United States. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height:12 in.<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Rocky Mountain Maple | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Mature fruit is a winged samara. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyonstream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September by hand at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 14 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Acer glabrum</i> Torr. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
32 | Acer (glabrum) | ACERACEAE | Maple Family | Acer | glabrum | Torr. | Variety | glabrum | Hook. | Acer | douglasii | Hook. | ACEGLA | Lake McDonald, 1000 m elevation | <i>Acer glabrum</i> occurs from Alaska to California, east to Alberta and south through the Rockies to New Mexico, also in Nebraska. It commonly occurs as an understory species in many coniferous forest types, upland deciduous and riparian forests and in a variety of mixed shrub vegetation on open mountain slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 10 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br>
Caliper: 1.7 cm<br> Root System: Firm plug in 3L containers. | Rocky Mountain Maple | Timing of seed collection plays an important role in germination success. The fruit is an indehiscent samara that is 2.5 to 3.0 cm (1.0 to 1.5 in) long with papery wings. Ripe samaras are greenish to light brown and still somewhat leathery. Mature samaras are firm with yellow cotyledons completely filling the seed cavity. Generally, seeds are at the optimum stage for collection in early August at moderate elevations and early September at higher elevations.<br>It is important to perform a cut test prior to collection. Samaras must be collected before the pericarp becomes withered, dry and hard. Samaras with hardened pericarps collected in late fall germinate poorly. <br>Seeds can be hand collected or by flailing branches over a tarp spread on the ground.
Seeds are collected in paper bags.<br> Collection Locality: Avalanche, Glacier National Park | It is important that seeds are placed in water immediately after collection for 3 days to 1 week. This prolonged soaking helps to soften and hydrate seeds with tough leathery pericarps prior to stratification. During soaking, water must be changed once or twice per day.<br>
Seeds are placed in a 90 day warm, moist stratification (23 to 25C) followed by 120 day cold, moist stratification at 1 to 3C. Imbibed seeds are sown in trays and lightly covered or placed in fine mesh bags buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers. | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>
Sowing Method: Planting Germinants. Germinated seeds are sown into 172 ml Ray Leach conetainers as soon as radicle emerges from the seed coat.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0 .1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocite and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Germination is non-uniform and is usually complete in 4 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow at a rapid rate after establishment. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants can be uppotted into 3L(1 gallon) containers 9 weeks after germination, and be root tight in 4 months. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK in liquid fertilizer at 200 ppm in the fall, pots are leached with clear water, one final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 6 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 10 months<br>
Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1985.<p>
Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Fire Effects Information System. Missoula, MT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer glabrum</i> Torr. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
33 | Acer (glabrum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | glabrum | Torr. | ACGL | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS, Boise National Forest, off Forest Road # 373, Jerusalem, Payette County, Idaho: 5320 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Rocky Mountain maple | Very small lot, 0.38 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Acer glabrum</i> Torr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | Acer (grandidentatum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | grandidentatum | Nutt. | ACEGRA | Utah | <i>A. grandidentatum</i> is found from Washington Idaho and Montana south through the Great Basin states to Arizona and western Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Big tooth maple | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Fruit is a winged samara. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September by hand at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Acer grandidentatum</i> Nutt. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
35 | Acer (grandidentatum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | grandidentatum | Nutt. | ACGR | A. grandidentatum is found from Washington Idaho and Montana south through the Great Basin states to Arizona and western Texas. Within New Mexico along the Rio Grande valley from the central portions of the state south, as well as the southeast corner, and west central and southwest corner. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height 30 to 40 cm; firm root plug. | Big tooth maple | Seeds were purchased from a commercial supplier. | Seeds are soaked overnight. Drain and rinse seed. The moistened seed is then placed in a self sealing plastic bag filled with moist vermiculite and stratified for 70 days from 2 to 40C. Seeds should be monitored during stratification for germination and sown once germination has begun. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). After 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 30 - 40 cm in height, the plants are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed, which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat moss: perlite: vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at a rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. The irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system; generally every 4-5 days. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2-5 mm layer of perlite is placed of the media/seed. The containers are misted 3-5 minutes 3-5 times a day to keep the surface of the media moist, and maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night temperatures range from 12 to 21oC and day temperatures range from 15 to 26oC. No supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. Seed lots we have used have highly variable germination rates so the establishment phase can be protracted. | 2 to 6 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26oC and during the night 18 to 22oC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J. L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Mimbres Publishing 464 pp. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov | Harrington, John T; Atencio, Lena E.. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer grandidentatum</i> Nutt. plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
36 | Acer (macrophyllum) | Aceraceae | Maples | Acer | macrophyllum | ACMA3 | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1,2,3,4 gallon containers | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | bigleaf maple | Seedlings are started from fresh seed collected in the fall. The seed is brought to the nursery in plastic bags to avoid having the seed dry out. It is put in cold storage conditions until stratification. | Seed is placed in open trays and stored in stratification rooms for 2 to 3 months prior to the anticipated sowing date. The rooms are set at 33oF and equipped with foggers to maintain a very high humidity (surface moisture can be seen on the seed coat). If the seed is dry it is placed into cold running water for 48 hours prior to stratification, otherwise seed is not soaked. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). Containers are filled with media prior to planting and lightly tamped to reduce large pores spaces, then filled to 1" below the top of the container. The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seed trays in the stratification rooms are regularly monitored for germination. When seeds begin to show a radical, they are removed from stratification and planted into large containers. One seed is planted in each container by placing the seed into the media and the directing the wing vertical position. This operation occurs from late winter through mid spring. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | one month | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 month | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> plants 1,2,3,4 gallon containers; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
37 | Acer (macrophyllum) | Aceraceae | Maple Family | Acer | macrophyllum | Pursh. | ACEMAC | Marin County, California | <i>A. macrophyllum</i> is found from Alaska to California, mostly west of the Cascade mountains. it is also found in west central Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A <br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Big Leaf Maple | Seeds are collected between October 1st and December 1st. Samaras are brown at maturity. Seeds are collected from trees using a long pole pruner. Seeds can also be collected from the ground as a last resort. | Seeds are soaked for 48 hours in water.<br>Seeds are placed in plastic ziplock bags with moist perlite in the refrigerator for 3 to 4 months.<br> Seeds are checked periodically for germination.Sowing Method: Direct Sowing.<br> Seeds are sown when seeds begin to germinate in the refrigerator. | Fully Controlled Greeenhouse.<br> Seeds are sown at the rate of 2 seeds per container in 2"x10" tube (Deepot 40).<br> Planting Depth is 2 times the diameter of seed.<br> Germination %: 40%<br> Potting mix used is a blend of peat moss, fir bark, perlite and sand.<br> Seedlings are watered in with an automatic irrigation system. | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Containers with more than one germinate are transplanted to separate containers. Average transplant survival is 65%. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock, C.,and Cronquist,A., University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> Pursh. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
38 | Acer (negundo) | Aceraceae | Maple Family | Acer | negundo | ACENEG | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Chiefly western U.S. but found in east also, Vermont to Florida. Found in moist alluvial soil, along streams. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bare root seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 6" - 4'.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Information not currently available. | box elder | Seed has been collected at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Sugar Run, from late September to late October. | Seed has embryo dormancy and low pericarp premeability (USDA, 1974)<b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seed is imbibed in water overnight. Seeds are dusted with fungicide prior to planting outdoors in the fall where they undergo natural stratification. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sowing seed in rows. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> December.<br> Seedlings emerge the following spring after fall sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows. Endo-mycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1/4 - 1/2 inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust. Screening against rodents may be necessary.<br> Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b>Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Two years from sowing in the woody beds to harvest as bare root seedlings.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Bundles are placed into plastic bins with drainage holes. The roots are covered with sawdust and the bins are placed into cold storage (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Dormant, gallon-sized container plants are stored outside under microfoam after leaf fall. Clean, well-containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric, and covered with a microfoam insulating blanket. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket before it is secured with rope and rebar.<br> | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | Brownand Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> USDA, Ag. Handbook 450.<p> USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished data. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Acer negundo</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
39 | Acer (negundo) | Aceraceae | Maple Family | Acer | negundo | L. | ACENEG | Woody, understory shrub or small tree. Broadleaf, deciduous. Flowers yellow to green. Swamp forests, shores, and banks, spreading aggressively. Small trees and shrubs common along fencerows, sidewalks, railroads, ditches, waste places. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Box Elder | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers in May. Male and female flowers are on separate plants. Double samara splitting to individual mericarps. Seed is harvested in late June. The fruits may stay on the plant wntil February. | Stratification: Mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a room temperature environment for 2-3 months followed by a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least 3-6 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow box elder seeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all the plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed, leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer negundo</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
40 | Acer (negundo) | Aceraceae | Maple Family | Acer | negundo | L. | ACENEG | <i>A. negundo</i> is found throughout North America and is a common component of riparian areas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Boxelder maple | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br>Mature fruit is a winged samara. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planting them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are hand sown in mid September at a depth of .5 to 1 inches and a density of 20 to 25 per row foot. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant or in the spring before bud break. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25.<br> They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy and store them in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Acer negundo</i> L. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
41 | Acer (pennsylvanicum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | pennsylvanicum | L. | ACEPEN | A. pennsylvanicum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Striped maple | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 to 180 days and germinate at 5 C. | In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer pennsylvanicum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Acer (rubrum) | Aceraceae | Maple Family | Acer | rubrum | ACERUB | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Oxon Run Parkway, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Grows under a wide variety of conditions, from dry mountain tops to moist woods and swamps. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bare root seedling, container saplings.<br> <b>Height:</b> <u>Bare root:</u> 4-24"; <u>3 gallon containers:</u> 72".<br> <b>Root System:</b> National Plant Materials Center containers are treated with Spin Out (a copper hydroxide compound used to prevent root spiraling and encourage feeder root development). Root balls fill containers without being pot-bound or extending through drainage holes. | Red maple | Collected at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, FHP, Little River Rd., 441 S, below Lower Alum Cave parking area by National Park Service staff in 6/94, 5/95 and 4/97; Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Old Wilderness Road, Sugar Run, Hensley Cemetery, LMU Campus (many collections were made since 1991) by J. Copeland yearly between 4/19 and 5/12; Shenandoah National Park, Jenkins Gap, Lands Run, Mile 3.4 Skyline Drive by National Plant Materials Center staff, yearly between 5/3 and 5/25; George Washington Memorial Parkway Southbound Parkway, Rte. 123 exit by J. Englert in 5/96, J. Kujawski. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seeds are germinated upon receipt from the National Park Service in the greenhouse on blotter paper and under mist.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ropak multipots, quarts, 1/2 gallon, 1,2,3 gallons for specimen and miscellaneous container plants.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germinated on desk blotter paper, transferred into Sunshine #5 plus 180 day Nutricote SR 18-6-8 at 20 oz. per batch or 0.15 lb. per cu. ft. mix. Larger container plants are potted in a woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. 270 day Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> May or June when seeds are collected.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Germination of seed has not been tracked since very large numbers are spread out on several sheets of desk blotter under mist and only the germinated seeds are planted. Germination starts in 3-5 days.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are spread out on blotter paper under mist in the greenhouse upon arrival from the park. Germinated seedlings can be picked out and planted in containers (Ropak multipots) with just enough media to cover. Planting depth appears important, as seedlings in one container were planted at about 3/4" to 1" deep never did catch up in size to those more shallowly sown.<br> In May, 2000, germinated seedlings were planted directly into the woody beds rather than into multipots. These had attained the same growth by harvest as greenhouse-started plugs that were lined out during the summer.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> <u>Greenhouse:</u> Seedlings spend about 2 months in the greenhouse or outdoors in a protected area prior to outplanting and are fertilized weekly to bi-weekly with a water soluble fertilizer. Slow release fertilizer is important as using water-soluble only has not promoted fast growth required for outplanting the same season. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Seedlings in multipots are transplanted to the National Plant Materials Center woody beds when they can be pulled from the containers (about 60 days from sowing). <u>Woody beds:</u> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, transplanted seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Seedlings in containers are hardened for about 2 weeks outdoors prior to outplanting in the woody beds. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 2 years to harvest as bare root seedlings; 3 additional years to reach 3 gallon container size.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of manageable size, and long roots are trimmed. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed is germinated or planted upon arrival at the National Plant Materials Center or very shortly after. If seed cannot be planted immediately, it is put into a cooler for short-term (only a few days) storage.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December toMarch. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished data. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Acer rubrum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
43 | Acer (rubrum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | rubrum | L. | ACERUB | A. rubrum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red maple | Seeds exhibit physiological dormancy. | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 days and germinate at 5 to 15 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. <br> In another study, Seeds are cold stratified for 42 to 56 days and germinate at 30/20 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | McDermott, R. E. (1953). Light as a factor in the germination of some bottomland hardwood seeds. J. For. 51, 203-204.<br> Farmer, R. E., Jr. and Cunningham, M. (1981). Seed dormancy of red maple in east Tennessee. For. Sci. 27, 446-448.<br>Wang, B. S. P. and Haddon, B. D. (1978). Germination of red maple seed. Seed Sci. Technol. 6, 785-790.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer rubrum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Acer (saccharinum) | Aceraceae | Maple Family | Acer | saccharinum | ACESAC | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | New Brunswick and Quebec to Minnesota and South Dakota to Florida, Tennessee and Oklahoma. Found in moist or wet soil, especially along river banks. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bare root seedlings, container sapling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 6-16" for bare root plants; up to 84" for 3 gallon container trees.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Root balls fill containers without being pot-bound or extending through drainage holes. | Silver maple | Collected at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, LMU Campus, Cumberland Mt. Research Center by J. Copeland on 4/25/97, 5/12/98, 5/5/99 and 4/19/00. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seeds are germinated upon receipt from National Park Service in the greenhouse on desk blotter paper and under mist.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ropak multipots, quarts, 1/2 gallon, 1,2,or 3 gallons for specimen and miscellaneous container plants.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germinated on desk blotter paper, transferred into Sunshine #5 plus 180 day Nutricote SR 18-6-8 at@ 20 oz. per batch or 0.15 lb. per cu. ft. mix. Larger container plants are potted in a woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. of 270 day Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> May or June when seeds are collected.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Percent germination of seed has not been trackedsince very large numbers are spread out on several sheets of desk blotter under mist and only the germinated seeds are planted. Germination starts in 3-5 days.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are spread out on blotter paper under mist in the greenhouse upon arrival from the park. Germinated seedlings can be picked out and planted in containers (Ropak multipots) with just enough media to cover.<br> In May, 2000, germinated seedlings were planted directly into the woody beds rather than into multipots. These had attained the same growth by harvest as greenhouse-started plugs which were lined out during the summer.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings spend about 2 months in the greenhouse or outdoors in a protected area prior to outplanting into the woody beds. They are fertilized weekly to bi-weekly with a water soluble fertilizer and treated for pests as needed. Slow release fertilizer is important since using water-soluble only has not promoted fast growth required for outplanting in the same season. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Seedlings in multipots are transplanted to the National Plant Materials Center woody beds when they can be pulled from the containers (about 60 days from sowing). | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Seedlings in containers are hardened for about 2 weeks outdoors prior to outplanting. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 2 years to harvest as bare root seedlings; 3 additional seasons to reach 3 gallon container size.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant, bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of manageable size, and long roots are trimmed. Bundles areplaced into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed is germinated or planted upon arrival at the National Plant Materials Center. If seeds cannot be planted immediately, they are stored up to a couple of days in our seed cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished data. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Acer saccharinum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
45 | Acer (saccharinum) | Aceraceae | Maple Family | Acer | saccharinum | L. | Acer | barbatum | Michx. | ACESAC | South Central Missouri | Silver maple is found from New Brunswick and southern Quebec, west to southwestern Ontario and northern Michigan south to Minnesota, the eastern edge of the Great Plains states and throughout the eastern United States; from Maine to Florida. Silver maple is a dominant canopy species in northern floodplain forests and wetland forests. It is absent from higher elevations of its range and otherwise, it is found only in streamside communities and lake margins, occasional swamps, gullies and depressions of slow drainage. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Silver maple | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The indehiscent fruit is two fused samaras that mature from April to June. | We sow seeds in May after processing by hand into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month | Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Zasada JC, Strong TF. 2004. The genus Acer. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Acer.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Acer saccharinum</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
46 | Acer (saccharum) | Aceraceae | Maple family | Acer | saccharum | Marsh | ACESAC | A. saccharum is found in temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sugar maple | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 72 days. Germination occurs at 5 C. | Webb, D. P. and Dumbroff, E. B. (1969). Factors influencing the stratification process in seeds of Acer saccharum. Can. J. Bot. 47, 1555-1563.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acer saccharum</i> Marsh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | Achillea (millefolium L. ) | Asteraceae | Aster | Achillea | millefolium L. | Yarrow | Common yarrow | ACHMIL | Grand Canyon National Park, within Pinyon-juniper woodlands, ponderosa pine, disturbed habitats, roadsides, meadows, 1000-3850 m (3200-12600 ft). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 4 weeks | Basal 6-10 cm. tall. D25-1 gallon container. | Common yarrow, western yarrow | Seeds are hand collected in late summer and fall (August - October). | No pre-treatments required, direct sow. | Growing Environment: Greenhouse. Temperatures are maintained at 60-75F during the day and 40-55F at night.
Growing Medium: 1:1:1 perlite, vermiculite, coconut husk Growing Container: Flat or SC10 cells Sowing Method: Sow 6 grams of clean seed per flat. Fill flat 80% full of growing medium. Spread seed evenly over growing medium and cover with 5-10 mm of growing medium. Water Specifications: Seedlings are hand watered and remain in the greenhouse until transplanted to larger container and moved to outside growing area. | Germination is uniform and is complete within 4 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow at a rapid rate after establishment. Plants are fertilized with 5N:4P:2K fertilizer with initial transplant to larger container. | Mature plants are moved to outside growing yard and fertilized with slow release fertilizer 14N:14P:14K during the growing season. | Overwinter in outside growing yard and insulated with wood chip mulch and snow. | Achillea millefolium had a 100% success rate with outplanting at South Rim
Village restoration sites in 2015. Planted in deep basins and top dressed with chip mulch to retain water. Soil moisture monitored once a week for the first year of planting. | Deno, N. 1993. Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA.
Jensen, Ahsa. 2016. Grand Canyon Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Springer, J.D., Daniels, M.L., Nazaire, M. 2009. Field Guide to Forest & Mountain Plants of Northern Arizona, Ecological Restoration Institute, Flagstaff, AZ. | 2019. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achillea millefolium L. </i> Plants Grand Canyon Native Plant Nursery Grand Canyon, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
48 | Achillea (millefolium) | Compositae | Achillea | millefolium | L. | ACMI2 | Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Western yarrow | Collected in Mesa Verde National Park by G. Noller on August 29 thru October 8, 1991. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environemnt:</b> Field grown. | <b>Sowing Date: May-June or September.<br> <b>Sowing/Plant Tecnique:</b> Planet Jr. 50-70 seed/ft. - 1/2" deep or less.<p> 3' spacing on rows. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Hand harvest or combine - August 13-October 29, 1992.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Cool and dry. | At least 7 years. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
49 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Achillea | millefolium | L. | (Nutt.) Piper | Achillea | lanulosa | Nutt. | ACHMIL | Subalpine meadow Logan Pass, Glacier National Park | <i>A. millefolium</i> is a circumboreal species found throughout North America, Europe and Asia. It grows from sealevel to the alpine zone in a variety of habitats. It has a very broad and diverse ecological amplitude, being a frequent colonizer of disturbed areas from sea level to the alpine zone.<br> It is an important pioneer, long-lived perennial forb that spread by rhizomes once established on outplanting sites. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 4 Months | Months | Height: 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer | Yarrow | Seeds are collected by cutting entire inflorescence and the disk achenes are brown. Seeds mature in late summer and early fall. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilayed greenhouse during the drying process and prior to cleaning.<br> Collection Locality: Logan Pass, Glacier National Park,MT | None | Outdoor nursery growing facility or Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall if grown outdoors in the nursery or just prior too sowing in the greenhouse. Conetainers are irrigated thoroughly after sowing. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination occurs at 22C. Germination is usually complete in 14 days. Seedlings are thinned at the true leaf stage. | 3 weeks | Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. Additional fertilizer was not required for plants to obtain root tightness in 3 to 4 weeks. Plants were flowering 6 weeks after germination. | 6 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 lquid NPK fertilizer once before winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:4 months<br> Harvest Date: June to July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination: Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<br> | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
50 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Achillea | millefolium | ACMI2 | See | Circumboreal distribution throughout North America, and in Asia and Europe; plains and mountain valleys. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 41.3 kg/ha (36.8 lb/ac). | Common yarrow | Wildland collection occurs mid August to mid September when the white inflorescence has turned almost completely brown and yet has a slight salt-and-pepper appearance. The flat achene is gray with white, narrow, papery wings, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal)from the cyme; easily hand-harvested by cutting the entire seedhead.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 138.3 grams (4.9 oz) clean seed (ranged 39 to 266 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b>Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period - approximately 3-4 light applications per week (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; PlateauT herbicide is recommended for control of broadleaf weeds and application must occur pre-emergence or post-emergence prior to bolting, budding, or bloomset of wildflower crop; soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup -no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs mid July to mid August, with a mean harvest date of August 1 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached on a John Deer swather for direct catchment to minimize seed loss.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic ziplock bags (seed is so small it may sneak out of paper containers), repeatedly punctured to prevent moisture buildup, placed in cloth or plastic seed sacks, and stored in a cool, dry environment.<p> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Seed is classified as nondormant. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
51 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Achillea | millefolium | L. | Variety | ACHMIL | A. millefolium is a circumboreal species found at all elevations in North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yarrow | Germination occurs at 20 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T.<br> Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Achillea | millefolium | L. | Variety | lanulosa | (Nutt) Piper | ACHMIL | A. millefoilum var. lanulosa is found throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yarrow | Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14.<br>.Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Achillea | millefolium | L. | Achillea | lanulosa | ACMI2 | Pullman area | Widespread circumboreal species, usually on dry, open sites. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container | Western Yarrow | Seeds are collected when they are a light tan in color and easily removed from the inflorescence. Heads are cut from the plants at this point and stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaning. | none | In January, seeds are sown directly into 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super Cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 planting media and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is used to prevent seed and media from floating during initial watering. | Media is kept moist during germination. Germination is usually begins in 6-7 days and is complete in two weeks. | 2 weeks | Plants grow quickly after germination. They are water deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer containing micronutirents. | 60 days | Plants are moved to a cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather. | 3-4 weeks | Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Hitchcock and Cronquist. University of Washington Press. 1973 | Skinner, David M,. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
54 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Achillea | millefolium | ACMI2 | See | Circumboreal distribution throughout North America, and in Asia and Europe: plains and mountain valleys. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 82 kg/ha (73 lb/ac). | Common yarrow | Wildland collection occurs mid August to late September when the white inflorescence has turned almost completely brown and yet has a slight salt-and-pepper appearance. The flat achene is gray with white, narrow, papery wings, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the cyme; easily hand-harvested by cutting the entire seedhead.<br> One collection hour/person will yield and average 35 grams (1.2 oz) clean seed (ranged 1 to 124 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience).<br> Cultivated harvest occurs mid July to early August, with a mean harvest date of July 27 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Seeding Date:</b>Spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period - approximately 3-4 light applications per week (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | Rapid Growth Phase: <u>Spring to fall;</u> PlateauT herbicide is recommended for control of broadleaf weeds and application must occur pre-emergence or post-emergence prior to bolting, budding, or bloomset of wildflower crop; soil moisture is critical curing budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - nor irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs. actual N/40 lbs. actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N.A. | A temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached on a John Deer swather for direct catchment to minimize seed loss.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic ziplock bags (seed is so small it may sneak out of paper containers), repeatedly punctured to prevent moisture buildup, placed in cloth or plastic seed sacks, and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Seed is classified as nondormant. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
55 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Achillea | millefolium | L. | ACMI2 | USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station - Eagle, Idaho; 3000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Common Yarrow | Small lot, 4.3 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Achillea | millefolium | L. | var. | occidentalis | DC | ACMIO | SI - Lincoln, WA | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | western yarrow | Purchased | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this source-identified seedlot from Lincoln, Washington germinated to 100% in all six treatments. The only treatment with less than 100% germination was treatment 5 (late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F)), where average germination was 90%. This suggests that seeding in warm conditions where the temperature does not drop below 50°F at night will lower the percent of seeds that will germinate. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGermACMI shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Foxx, Alicia; Kramer, Andrea T. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Achillea | millefolium | L. | ACHMIL | Marin County, California | <i>A. millefolium</i> is a circumboreal species, found throughout North America, Asia and Europe. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yarrow | Seeds are collected between June 20th and November 15th. Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is light gray at maturity, more or less 2 mm long, oblong to ovate, compressed. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an autmatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 40% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 4 weeks | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
58 | Achillea (millefolium) | Asteraceae | Achillea | millefolium | ACMI2 | Colorado, Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-038s), Sprague Lake (98-074s), Twin Sisters (98-076s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Yarrow | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds teased from seed head with tweezers. Seeds are very small and gray. The seed heads may appear empty, but used tweezers to determine whether seed is present as seed is not necessarily visible. Seed will be mixed with large quantities of miscellaneous plant material after cleaning.<br> Beaver Meadow Picnic collected 09/28/98, sowed 11/04/98, emerged 11/10/98.<br> Sprague Lake collected 09/16/98, sowed 11/12/98, emerged 11/17/98.<br> Twin Sisters collected 09/21/98, sowed 11/12/98, emerged 11/18/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in seed pack flat, 2-3 (?) seeds/slot, cover seed lightly with germination mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uniform and rapid. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achillea millefolium</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | Achnatherum (coronatum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | coronatum | (Thurb.) Barkworth | Stipa | coronata | Thurb. | ACHCOR | A. coronatum is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Giant ricegrass | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achnatherum coronatum</i> (Thurb.) Barkworth plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | Achnatherum (hymenoides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | hymenoides | (R&S) Buckworth | Oryzopsis | hymenoides | (R&S) | ACHHYE | A. hymenoides is found from Alberta south to New Mexico, Arizona and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Indian ricegrass | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 15D/5N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Clark, D. C. and Bass, L. N. (1970). Germination experiments with seeds of Indian ricegrass, Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. and Schult.) Ricker. Proc. Assoc. Offic. Seed Anal. 60, 226-239.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achnatherum hymenoides</i> (R&S) Buckworth plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | Achnatherum (hymenoides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | hymenoides | (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth | ACHY | BLM, Seeds of Success, Colorado State Office, San Miguel County, Lakewood, Colorado; 6747 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Indian ricegrass | Lot, 10.2 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum hymenoides</i> (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | Achnatherum (hymenoides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | hymenoides | (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth | ACHY | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Site 3, Notom Road (North), Garfield County, Utah: 5278 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Indian ricegrass | Small lot, 5.53 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum hymenoides</i> (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | Achnatherum (hymenoides) | Poaceae | Achnatherum | hymenoides | (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth | Stipa | hymenoides | Roem. & Schult. | ACHY | RIMROCK CULTIVAR | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | Indian ricegrass | Purchased | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Very few viable Achnatherum hymenoides Rimrock seeds germinated in this study, regardless of temperature treatment. We actually ran the same test on 3 different seedlots of this cultivar (purchased from 3 different vendors in the same year). Two of the seedlots had 0% germination in all treatments, while one seedlot showed low (5-7%) germination when exposed to winter conditions and early- or mid-spring temperatures. This suggests that very few seedlings should be expected during the first spring/early summer after seeding, regardless of seeding timing. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGermACHY shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment in the single seedlot that had germination. | Foxx, Alicia; Kramer, Andrea T. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum hymenoides</i> (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | Achnatherum (lemmonii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | lemmonii | (Vasey) Barkworth | ACLE8 | BLM, Klamath Falls Resource Area, Klamath Falls, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Lemmon's needlegrass | Small lot, 7.8 pounds, hand collected into woven bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum lemmonii</i> (Vasey) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | Achnatherum (lemmonii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | lemmonii | (Vasey) Barkworth | Variety | lemmonii | ACLEL | BLM, Burns District, Hines, Oregon; 8200 ft elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Lemmon's needlegrass | Very small lot, 0.09 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum lemmonii</i> (Vasey) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
66 | Achnatherum (lemmonii) | Poaceae | true grasses | Achnatherum | lemmonii | Stipa | lemmonii | ACLEP | Willamette Valley,Oregon | Lemmon’s needlegrass is found naturally in northern and western California, including the Sierra Nevada Mountains, north to southern British Columbia and east to Montana, Utah, and Arizona. Usually inhabits south slopes, upland prairies, savannas, and openings in pine woodlands in full sun. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 5 Months | Months | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Lemmon's needlegrass | Moderately difficult because plants mature seed unevenly, are low yielding, and can be sparse. Seeds can be stripped from the seedhead or the heads cut off and bagged.
Seeds per pound: 95,000 with awns removed | This species needs a period of cool/moist stratification in order to break dormancy. Highest germination occurred after 70 days of cold-moist stratification (38F). Seeds will begin to germinate in the cold-strat and more will germinate after they are removed from the cooler. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achnatherum lemmonii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | Achnatherum (nelsonii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | nelsonii | (Barkworth & Maze) Barkworth | Sub-species | dorei | (Barkworth & Maze) Barkworth | Stipa | columbiana | auct. non Macoun | ACHNEL | A. nelsonii ssp. dorei is found in interior sections of the Pacific northwest U.S. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Columbia needlegrass | Application of gibberellic acid resulted in 81% germination. | Young, J. A., Emmerich, F. L. and B. Patten, B. (1990). Germination of seeds of Columbia needlegrass. J. Seed Technol. 14, 94-100.<br>Table 10.23 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achnatherum nelsonii</i> (Barkworth & Maze) Barkworth plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
68 | Achnatherum (nelsonii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | nelsonii | (Scribn.) | Sub-species | dorei | (Barkworth & Maze) | ACNED | BLM, Burns District, Hines, Oregon; 8200 ft elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Dore's needlegrass | Very small lot, 0.05 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum nelsonii</i> (Scribn.) seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
69 | Achnatherum (nelsonii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | nelsonii | (Scribn.) Barkworth | Sub-species | nelsonii | ACNEN2 | USFS, Boise National Forest, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Columbia needlegrass | Small lot, 6 pounds, grown and harvested at USFS, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum nelsonii</i> (Scribn.) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | Achnatherum (nelsonii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | nelsonii | (Scribn.) Barkworth | ACNE9 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS, Fishlake National Forest, Site 2, Hunts Lakes, Sevier County, Utah: 9200 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nelson's or Columbia needlegrass | Very small lot, 0.48 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum nelsonii</i> (Scribn.) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | Achnatherum (occidentale) | Poaceae | Grass | Achnatherum | occidentale | (Thurb. ex S. Wats.) Barkworth | Sub-species | occidentale | Stipa | occidentalis | Thurb. ex S. Wats. | ACOCO | Crater Lake National Park, 6,500 to 7,000 ft. | Western US; South Dakota, in grasslands and sagebrush desert to ponderosa and sub alpine forests and ridges. Occurs at Crater Lake National Park in dry, open meadows or partially wooded areas near old roads, clearings | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 | 10 Months | Months | roots should fill container soil profile; healthy crown foliage | western needlegrass | hand-strip ripe seed heads; moderately slow collection process | Lab germinationtests showed 28% germ on a fresh seed lot after a 2 day prechill; however for adequate seedling establishment we found that seeds needed extensive prechilling; 20 weeks of cold/moist prechill resulted in 91% of the seeded cones rated "successful". | Seeds were directly sown into 10" Ray -Leach cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 potting medium. Cones were well-watered and placed into a large walk-in cooler at 35 - 40 F, with polyethylene sheeting laid loosely over the tops, for cold stratification. Cones were checked and rewatered if the soil surface became dry. | After 20 weeks in the cooler, a few seedlings were beginning to emerge and at that point the cones were moved outdoors to a shadehouse bench in April at Corvallis. Seedlings emerged quickly from there. | 4 weeks | Established plants were watched carefully for the first few months for signs of rust and leaf spot (which has been a severe problem in our seed field trials). Established plants were fertilized with Peters' Triple 20 NPK at 1/2 label rates, every 2 weeks; which produced a healthy crown of foliage without the tops becoming too lush and susceptible to disease problems. Top growth was trimmed in late June to encourage crown development, and to prevent top growth from falling over and interfering with watering. | April to July | Fertilizer discontinued after June; watering reduced in August, and shade cloth removed at end of August to allow full sun acclimation. | 4 weeks | Cones were watered well, shipped to Crater Lake in late August in refrigerated van to a holding facility at the park for outplanting a few weeks later . | Overwintered cones at Corvallis in the walk-in cooler fared well; seeds stored well for several years | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achnatherum occidentale</i> (Thurb. ex S. Wats.) Barkworth plants 10; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
72 | Achnatherum (occidentale) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | occidentale | (Thurb.) Barkworth | ACOC3 | Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, LaGrande Ranger District, Oregon; 4000-4300 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Western needlegrass | Small lot, 0.96 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum occidentale</i> (Thurb.) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | Achnatherum (occidentale) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | occidentale | (Thurb.) Barkworth | Sub-species | occidentale | ACOCO | BLM, Lakeview District, Klamath Falls Resource Area, Klamath Falls, Oregon; Seed grown at J. Herbert Stone Nusery, White City, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Western needlegrass | Large lot, 58 pounds, seed grown and collected at J. Herbert Stone Nusery. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum occidentale</i> (Thurb.) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
74 | Achnatherum (speciosum) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Achnatherum | speciosum | (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth | Stipa | speciosa | Trin. & Rupr. | ACHSPE | Zion National Park, Utah | <i>Achnatherum speciosum</i> is found from Oregon and California south through the Great Basin States to Arizona and east to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | D 40 containers | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Desert needlegrass | Seeds are hand collected from sites within the Park when fruits have fully matured. | Seeds are naturally stratified outdoors during fall months. Seeds are directly sown (3-5 per cell) into D40 cells containing a medium of 1.5 parts vermiculite, 1 part sterile sand, 1 part coarse turface, and 2 parts peat moss (v:v:v:v). Cells are watered thoroughly after sowing and are not allowed to dry out completely during stratification and germination. | Seedlings are grown in a shadehouse from March through October. | We sometimes incorporate 13:13:13 NPK Osmocote time release fertilizer into media. | Seedlings are hand watered throughout the growing season after they are well established. Throughout the active growth phase, we irrigate when containers are nearly dry as a method of hardening the plants while they are being grown. | Decker, Cheryl. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Achnatherum speciosum</i> (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth plants D 40 containers; USDI NPS - Zion National Park Springdale, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
75 | Achnatherum (thurberianum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Achnatherum | thurberianum | (Piper) Barkworth | ACTH7 | BLM, Lakeview District, Lakeview Resource Area, Green Mountain, Lakeview, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thurber's needlegrass | Small lot, 4.2 pounds, hand collected into leaf bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achnatherum thurberianum</i> (Piper) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | Achyrachaena (mollis) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Achyrachaena | mollis | Schauer | ACMO2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Medford District, upper Table Rock area, Medford, Oregon: 2032 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blow wives | Very small lot, 0.057 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Achyrachaena mollis</i> Schauer seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
77 | Acomastylis (rossii) | Rosaceae | Acomastylis | rossii | GEROR | Colorado, Alpine Visitor Center (98-212s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Alpine Avens | Alpine Visitor Center collected 08/12/98, sowing 01/20/99, emerged 01/26/99. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Acomastylis rossii</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
78 | Aconitum | Ranunculaceae | Aconitum | ACONI | Colorado, Green Mountain (98-144s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Monkshood | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Collected clean. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> 12/10/98.<br> <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> No germination. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aconitum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
79 | Acorus (americanus) | Acoraceae | Sweetflag Family | Acorus | americanus | (Raf.) Raf. | Acorus | calamus | L. | ACOAME | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sweetflag | Seeds were cold stratified for 210 days.<br>Seeds germinated at alternating temperatures of 19/15 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br> Muenscher 1936. Storage and Germination of Seeds of Aquatic Plants. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 652.<br> | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acorus americanus</i> (Raf.) Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | Acourtia (microcephala) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Acourtia | microcephala | DC. | Perezia | microcephala | (DC.) Gray | ACOMIC | A. microcephala is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sacapellote | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Acourtia microcephala</i> DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
81 | Acourtia (wrightii) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Acourtia | wrightii | (A. Gray) Reveal & King | ACWR5 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Horseshoe Dam area, 1.7 miles on Forest Service Road 205 from junction of Forest Service Road 19, Arizona; 2640 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Brownfoot | Very small lot, 0.58 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Acourtia wrightii</i> (A. Gray) Reveal & King seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | Actaea (pachypoda) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Actaea | pachypoda | Ell. | Actaea | alba | auct. non (L.) P. Mill. | ACTPAC | A. pacypoda is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White baneberry | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. (1988). Germination ecophysiology of herbaceous plant species in a temperate region. Amer. J. Bot. 75, 286-305.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Actaea pachypoda</i> Ell. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
83 | Actaea (rubra) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Actaea | rubra | (Ait.) Willd. | ACTRUB | A. rubra is found in moist coniferous forests from Alaska east across Canada to the Atlantic coast and south in the Cascades to California and through the Rocky mountains to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Baneberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 22D/17N C alternating temperature cycle. | McDonough, W. T. (1970). Germination of 21 species collected from high-elevation rangeland in Utah. Amer. Midl. Nat. 84, 551-554.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Actaea rubra</i> (Ait.) Willd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
84 | Actaea (rubra) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Actaea | rubra | (Aiton) Willd. | ACRU2 | Found in rich mixed and coniferous forests and swamps with aspen, oak, cedar, spruce, fir, hemlock or tamarack with average moisture. Rich, well drained loam. (ph 5-6). Light to medium shade. Height 1'-3'. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red baneberry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from late May to June. Berries on individual plants do not ripen simultaneously. Berries are harvested in August. Fruit a red, or rarely white, berry. Ruputed to be poisonous. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degree F) for at least five months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter)14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow red baneberry seeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degree F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From September to the end of December the greenhouse thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degree F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that arenot planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Actaea rubra</i> (Aiton) Willd. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
85 | Adenocaulon (bicolor) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Adenocaulon | bicolor | Hook | ADEBIC | Cedar/Devil's Club habitat, 1000 m, Glacier National Park | <i>A. bicolor</i> occurs in moist, shady forestss, from the Cascades to Montana. It is also found in the Lake Superior region. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | <br> Height: 4 to 6 leaves; 8 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 7 cu. inch container | Pathfinder | Seeds are collected in late August and are hand-stripped from the inflorescences. Seeds are dark brown at maturity and covered with viscid glands. Seeds are collected in paper bags and spread on a canvas tarp in a well ventilated greenhouse during the drying process.<br> Collection Locality: Avalanche, Glacier National Park, MT | 5 month cold, moist outdoor stratification. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br>Growing medium used is 50% milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Germination appears to be fairly uniform and rapid once temperatures of 22+C or above occur in the outdoor nursery or if set in the greenhouse. Some shade is required for the establishment and growth of this species during production. | 4 weeks | Growth following germination and thinning is rapid. Plants are root tight in containers in 4 weeks. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Containers are leached with water,and irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<br> | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Adenocaulon bicolor</i> Hook plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
86 | Adenocaulon (bicolor) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Adenocaulon | bicolor | Hook. | ADEBIC | Marin County, California | <i>A. bicolor</i> is found in moist woods from Alaska to California, and west to Montana, rare in South Dakota, and in the Lake Superior region. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pathfinder | Seeds are collected between September 1st and October 31st. Mature Seed is dark brown, long, thin and sticky. | Not required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an autmatic irrigation system.<br> | Seeds germinate 37 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 37 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. | 1 to 2 months | After establishment, transplants are moved to the shade house for continued growth.<br> Plants are watered with an automatic irrigation system as needed. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Adenocaulon bicolor</i> Hook. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
87 | Adiantum (aleuticum) | Pteridaceae | Maidenhair Fernfamily | Adiantum | aleuticum | (Rupr.) Paris | Adiantum | pedatum | L. | ADIALE | Subalpine seep spring,ÿGlacier National Park, MT. | <i>A. aleuticum</i> is now recognized as a distinct species from <i>A. pedatum</i>. It occurs in a variety of habitats throughout its range; from sea coastal cliffs, moist ravines and forests, to subalpine boulder fields, up to 10,400 ft elevation.<br>It ranges from Newfoundland, Quebec, British Columbia, Alberta, all of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, Maine, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico.<br>It is disjunct in wet rock fissures at high elevations in the Intermountain and Rocky Mountain States and in Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container sporophyte<br> Height: 15 cm, 5 to 7 mature fronds<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Fully developed rhizomatous root mass in container. | Western Maidenhair fern | Spore bearing fronds are collected in late August. An indusium is present> Collect fronds when indusium begins to lift and spore color is tan to brown. | Collect spores from the surface of paper and surface sow in sterilized flats filled with sterile, finely milled peat moss that has been moistened with distilled water.ÿWater spores with distilled water and seal flats with clear plastic wrap to seal in moisture and prevent fungal contamination.<P> Place flats under 60 watt soft incandescent lights set at 12 hour per day illumination. Maintain temperature at 20 to 23C. Germination of spores will occur after 15 days. The thread like germ filaments can be seen with the aid of a microscope and will appear as a fine green threads on the surface of the medium.ÿ | Sealed flats are grown under grow lights for 2 to 3 months.<br> Continued growth under greenhouse conditions at 20C to 25C for 2 to 3 months, followed by growth in the outdoor shadehouse for 6 months. | Germination of the spores occurs 10 to 15 days after sowing. The heart shaped prothalli continue to grow for 6 to 8 weeks. Examination of the prothalli under a microscope will reveal the presence of the reproductive structures; the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), located along the margins and notch of the prothalli.<br>At this stage, it is critical to maintain a thin film of water over the surface of the prothalli for fertilization to occur.It is critical to maintain sterile conditions during germination and establishment. Trays must be inspected for fungal contamination on a regular basis. If fungal contamination occurs, remove infected portions of the medium and treat trays with a highly diluted (1/4 recommended rate)fungicide drench. Treat with dilute fungicide only if prothalli are well developed. Reseal flats immediately and water only with distilled water.<br>Once sporophytes appear, clear plastic is removed from the trays and aseptic conditions are no longer necessary. | 4 months | Appearance of sporophytes occurred 4 months after spore germination. Individual plants are transplanted from flats to pots when they are 4 cm tall. After establishment in the greenhouse, they are moved to the outdoor shadehouse in late spring. Plants are fertilized with controlled release Osmocote 13-13-13 and Micromax micronutients mixed into medium. | 7 months | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK liquid fertlizer in September and October. Plants are watered before winterization. | 1 month | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Ferns to Know and Grow, Foster, F.G., Timber Press, 1984.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Flora of North America, Volume 2 Pteridophytes andGymnosperms, FNA Editorial Committee, Oxford University Press, 1993. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Adiantum aleuticum</i> (Rupr.) Paris plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
88 | Aesculus (californica) | Hippocastanaceae | Buckeye Family | Aesculus | californica | (Spach) Nutt. | Calothyrsus | californica | AESCAL | Marin County, California | <i>A. californica</i> is found in dry slopes and canyons below 4000 ft (1200 meters, in the Coast ranges and sirrea Nevada from Siskiyou and Shasta counties south to Los Angeles and Kern counties, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Buckeye | Seeds are collected between September 1st and December 1st. Seeds are brown round nuts and are collected from the trees or from fallen fruits on the ground. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours. place in a 5% bleach solution for 1 minute. Rinse well. Place seeds in sterile perlite in a plastic freezer bag. Keep in refrigerator for 6 to 8 weeks. Check seeds after 6 weeks. Sow each seed as radicle emerges. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Sowing Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in containers filled with standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are surface sown 1 time the diameter of seed to depth at the rate of 1 seed per container.<br>Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> % Germination:95% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aesculus californica</i> (Spach) Nutt. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
89 | Aesculus (glabra) | Hippocastanaceae | Buckeye family | Aesculus | glabra | Willd. | AESGLA | A. glabra is found in temperate deciduous forests of the United States; from Michigan and Ohio south and west to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ohio buckeye | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Rudolf, P. O. (1974a). Aesculus L. Buckeye, horsechestnut. Pp. 195-199. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aesculus glabra</i> Willd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | Aesculus (glabra) | Hippocastanaceae | Buckeye Family | Aesculus | glabra | Willd. | AESGLA | South Central Missouri | Ohio buckeye is found on moist, rich soils from Pennsylvania south to Nebraska and Oklahoma and east to Tennessee. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 to 20 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Ohio buckeye | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. | Seeds are either fall sown after processing or they are cold, moist stratified for 5 months and planted in the spring. We plant fresh seeds in late October or stratified seeds are sown in late April by hand. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least 2 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growingseason.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. Year 2: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4-5 months year 1 and 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Rudolf PO, Barbour JA.2004. The genus Aesculus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Aesculus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Aesculus glabra</i> Willd. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
91 | Aesculus (octandra) | Hippocastanaceae | Buckeye family | Aesculus | octandra | Marsh. | AESOCT | A. octandra is found in temperate deciduous forests of the central eastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yellow buckeye | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Rudolf, P. O. (1974a). Aesculus L. Buckeye, horsechestnut. Pp. 195-199. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aesculus octandra</i> Marsh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | Aesculus (pavia) | Hippocastanaceae | Buckeye Family | Aesculus | pavia | L. | AESPAV | South Central Missouri | Red buckeye is found in moist, rih soils, from Virginia and Missouri south to Texas and Florida. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Red buckeye | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Nuts are red-brown at maturity. | Seeds are either fall sown after processing or they are cold, moist stratified for 5 months and planted in the spring. We plant fresh seeds in late October or stratified seeds are sown in late April by hand. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the covercrop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least 2 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. Year 2: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4-5 months year 1 and 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Rudolf PO, Barbour JA.2004. The genus Aesculus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Aesculus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Aesculus pavia</i> L. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
93 | Agalinis (fasciculata) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Agalinis | fasciculata | (Ell.) Raf. | AGAFAS | A. fasiculata is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of coastal southeastern North America and the Caribbean. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | False foxglove | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C in light. | Baskin et al, unpublished. In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agalinis fasciculata</i> (Ell.) Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
94 | Agastache (urticifolia) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Agastache | urticifolia | (Benth.) Kuntze | AGUR | Yosemite National Park | Western North America from Colorado, Wyoming and Montana west to BC and CA. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 5 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Nettleleaf giant hyssop | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. No stratification treatments are necessary. | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to 25 seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is lightly covered with pea gravel, and the soil surface is kept moist with 20 minutes of daily irrigation from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). | 4 weeks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them and required thinning. We left 2 to 4 plants in each cone to ensure a full root system. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution. | 4 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 1 week | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agastache urticifolia</i> (Benth.) Kuntze Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
95 | Agastache (urticifolia) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Agastache | urticifolia | AGUR | Lane County, Oregon | Western North America from Colorado, Wyoming and Montana west to BC and CA where mean annual precipitation ranges from 18-24 inches. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Nettleleaf Horsemint, Nettleleaf Giant Hyssop | Seed is collected in August when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are hard. Small amounts are collected by shaking over a paper bag. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Seeds are placed in a solution of 1000 mg/L GA3, soaked for 24 hours, rinsed, and soaked for an additional 6 hours in water. No stratification is necessary. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 18 weeks, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. Average growing season of nursery is from mid-March until early October. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2-3 weeks. | 2 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 2 weeks. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. Flowering occurs within 3 months. | 10 to 12 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early-September. | 2-3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to early winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze nettleleaf giant hyssop. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AGUR (accessed 20 Sep 2018).
Hitchock CL, Cronquist A. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. 730 p. Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p. Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. | Riley, Lee E.; Fisher, Leslie. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agastache urticifolia</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
96 | Agastache (urticifolia) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Agastache | urticifolia | (Benth) Kuntz | AGAURT | A. urticifolia is a widespread cordilleran species, occuring east of the Cascade range in North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nettle leaf hyssop | Germination occurs at 24D/2N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Hoffman, G. R. (1985). Germination of herbaceous plants common to aspen forests of western Colorado. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112, 409-413.<br>Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agastache urticifolia</i> (Benth) Kuntz plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
97 | Agastache (urticifolia) | Lamiaceae | Mint | Agastache | urticifolia | (Benth.) Kuntze | AGUR | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Western US east to Montana and Colorado and south to California where mean annual precipitation ranges from 18-24 inches (USDA 2004). In the Palouse region of eastern Washington it is found associated with shrub thickets and areas with slightly more soil moisture than the surrounding grassland. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Nettle-leaf giant hyssop | Seed is collected in August when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are hard. Small amounts are collected by shaking over a paper bag. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Seed collected in Colorado aspen forests is nondormant (Hoffman 1985). Baskin and Baskin (2002) also report seeds are nondormant. Seed from mountains of Utah and Montana germinated without stratification but treatment with gibberillic acid sustantially increased germination (McDonough 1969a). Maguire and Overland (1959) reported low germination across all pretreatments they used, but germination was highest at 15 degrees C under alternating light. Unpublished data from the Pullman PMC showed 78% germination from covered seed sown in the greenhouse without pretreatment. Another lot of seed collected in a different year germinated at 84% when planted in November and left outdoors. The slight difference in germination may be attributable to the different seed lots. Plants grown outdoors are not ready to be transplanted to the field the same spring and must be held for fall planting or overwintered for transplanting the following spring. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moistuntil germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 12-14 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 8-10 weeks | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of container Agastache urticifolia (Benth) Kuntz plants; University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 23 February 2005). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.<p>Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Hoffman, George R. 1985. Germination of Herbaceous Plants Common to Aspen Forests of Western Colorado. Bull. of the Torr. Bot. Club 112:409-413.<p> Maguire, James D. and Alvin Overland. 1959. Laboratory Germination of Seeds of Weedy and Native Plants. Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 349, Pullman, WA. 15 p.<p> McDonough, Walter T. 1969a. Effective Treatments for the Induction of Germination in Mountain Rangeland Species. Northwest Science 43:18-22.<p> McDonough, Walter T. 1969b. Seedling Growth of Ten Species from Subalpine Rangeland in Utah as Affected by Controlled Diurnal Temperature Alterations. American Midland Naturalist 82:276-279.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agastache urticifolia</i> (Benth.) Kuntze plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
98 | Agastache (urticifolia) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Agastache | urticifolia | (Benth.) Kuntze | AGUR | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, about 11 miles north of Boise on Bogus Basin Road, then east on unmarked dirt road about 2 miles, Boise County, Idaho: 5801 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nettleleaf giant hyssop | Small lot, 2.5 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Agastache urticifolia</i> (Benth.) Kuntze seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
99 | Agastache (urticifolia) | Lamiaceae | mint | Agastache | urticifolia | AGUR | Jackson, Co. Oregon | This species can be found natively in most of the north-western US and into the more western portions of Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | nettleleaf giant hyssop | Germination trials showed that the highest germination (90%) was seen when seeds were germinated in a warm environment (75F). Seeds that were placed in room temperature (64F) germinated at a lower rate (78%). Seeds were also placed in cold-moist stratification (38F) for 45 and 90 days before being placed in a warm environment and germination was greatly lowered, 69% for 45 day strat and 36% for 90 day strat. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agastache urticifolia</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
100 | Agave (palmeri) | Agavaceae | Century Plant Family | Agave | palmeri | Engelm. | Madrean Archipelago | A. palmeri is found in southern Arizona and New Mexico and northern Mexico, often on rocky, steep south-facing slopes and grassy plains, 900-2000m (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+). Its primary pollinator is the lesser long-nosed bat, although other nectar-feeding bats, sphynx moths and carpenter bees are occasional pollinators as well (Slauson 2000). It reproduces both by seed and vegetatively through rhizomatous clones or “pups”, and hybridizes with A. chrysantha in Arizona (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Palmer’s agave | The most effective method used by the manual authors involves an apparatus specially designed for agave seed collection The apparatus is simply a long, extendable pole with a wide-mouth bucket attached to one end. The bucket is attached by its handle and should be able to move freely on the end of the pole.
Select individuals that have flowered the same year as collection, as those from previous years will not have much seed remaining. Seed collection should take place in late November-December, when seed pods have split open but not yet lost all their seed. To test if an agave has seed, lightly shake the stalk and listen for seed rattling in the pods. To collect agave seed, extend the bucket end of the pole into the air and place it adjacent to a cluster of pods or, if possible, feed the branch and pods partially or completely into the bucket. Tap the agave branch with the bucket and/or pole using a shaking/jabbing motion for 5-10 seconds to release the seeds from the pods into the bucket. It is normal for many seeds to fall outside the bucket (>50% even) so don’t be discouraged by this! Remove the bucket and repeat with another branch. Empty the bucket every 1-2 plants into a separate bucket or bag to prevent seed loss while collecting . | The Borderlands Restoration Nursery reports germination rates of 6-77%. Good seed readily germinates with moist media across a range of temperatures. Further germination experiments are recommended. Little information exists about germination requirements for this species in a nursery setting.
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+.
Slauson, Liz A. "Pollination biology of two chiropterophilous agaves in Arizona." American Journal of Botany 87.6 (2000): 825-836. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agave palmeri</i> Engelm. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
101 | Agave (schottii) | Agavaceae | Century-plant family | Agave | schottii | Engelm. | AGSC3 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS, Coronado National Forest, Molino Canyon, Arizona Trail, 1 mile northeast of Molino Campground, Pima County, Arizona: 4615 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Schott's century plant | Small lot, 1.7 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Agave schottii</i> Engelm. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
102 | Agave (utahensis) | Agavaceae | Agave | utahensis | AGAUTA | Desert southwest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Utah Agave | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seeds have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seedling ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the greenhouse. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agave utahensis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
103 | Aglaia (samoensis) | Meliaceae | Melia family | Aglaia | samoensis | A.Gray | AGLSAM | American Samoa | Small tree occasional in lowland to montane forest, reported from 20 to 1030 m elevation in Samoa. Endemic, or perhaps also found on Uvea. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lagaali | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds from wet habitats generally do not require any pre-treatment. They need to have the pulp completely removed from the seeds or they will succumb to fungi and molds, and many rot. Pre-treating seeds with fungicides can help prevent seed and seedling diseases. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<br> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aglaia samoensis</i> A.Gray plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
104 | Agoseris (aurantiaca) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Agoseris | aurantiaca | (Hook.) Greene. | AGAU2 | Wyoming Big Sagebrush, Rabbitbrush, perennial grass communities, Tintic Valley, Juab Co, Utah, 5950 ft. | Widespread throughout the Intermountain and Rocky mountain regions from Washington to Montana and south to Arizona. Mostly in well drained soil, often with sagebrush or pinyon-juniper, from the valleys and lowlands to as high as 10,800 ft. in the mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 5.5 cu. in. root trainers. | 12 Weeks | Weeks | A plug with abundant root mass able to hold together potting media during transplanting. | orange agoseris | Seed (an achene) ripens May to June at elevations between 5,200 and 6100 ft in the Great Basin. Plants typically produce 1-3 seedheads annually, but may continue to bolt scapes as long as soil moisture is adequate. Ripening is indeterminate on an individual plant but largely synchronized across a population as the first heads ripen as a group followed subsequent ripening as moisture permits. Seed is naturally wind dispersed, so timing collections is critical. Fruits are mature when the spreading action of the drying pappus opens the head. Plants typically occur at low densities requiring hand collection. Stripping the seed, by placing the base of the head between fingers and closing the hand while pulling, reduces loss. Minimizing the amount of inert material included in the collection eases cleaning. Collected material is stored in breathable bags under cool dry conditions. | Trays were planted, moistened, wrapped in plastic bags and placed in a cold room to stratify for 3 weeks. Other sources may require more or less stratification. | Seed is planted vertically to the depth of the achene body in 5.5 in3 root trainers. Root trainers are filled with 2 parts sieved peat: 2 parts Vermiculite: 1 part Turfacer (montmorillonite clay): 1 part #20 quartz silica sand, 1 part native soil plus fertilizer and micronutrients then steam aerated at 140ø F for 30 minutes. | Trays are moved to a greenhouse in December and watered as needed through establishment. Greenhouse temperatures were 55ø F night, 70ø F day. | 4-5 weeks, with most germination occurring during the 2nd week. | Plants are watered every 2 to 3 days. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 55ø F night, 70ø F day. In a previous planting when nighttime temperatures were increased from 50ø F to 65ø F, 2 month old plants of the closely related Agoseris glauca went dormant within 1 week. | 8+ weeks | Welsh, S. L., Atwood, N. D., S. Goodrich and Higgins, L. C. 2003. A Utah Flora. Third Edition, revised. Brigham Young University, Provo. Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1994. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5, Asterales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 5 December 2006). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Retrieved 5 December 2006, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris aurantiaca</i> (Hook.) Greene. plants 5.5 cu. in. root trainers.; USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
105 | Agoseris (glauca) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Agoseris | glauca | (Pursh) Raf. | AGOGLA | A. glauca is found throughout the western United States. There are 5 recognized botanical varieties. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pale mountain false-dandelion | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 56 days. Germination occurs at 21D/17N C alternating temperature cycle. | McDonough, W. T. (1970). Germination of 21 species collected from high-elevation rangeland in Utah. Amer. Midl. Nat. 84, 551-554.<br> Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris glauca</i> (Pursh) Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
106 | Agoseris (glauca) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Agoseris | glauca | (Pursh) Raf. | AGGLL | Recently burned mountain browse and mountain big sagebrush communities, 2200 m, Robinson Summit, White Pine Co., Nevada | Widespread throughout the Intermountain and Rocky mountain regions from Washington to Montana and south to Arizona. Mostly occurring in well drained soil, often with sagebrush or pinyon-juniper, from the valleys and lowlands to as high as 3300 m in the mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7.5 cu.in. QPlug, (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Easily transplantable plug. | Arizona mountain dandelion, false agoseris | Seed (an achene) ripens during the month of June at elevations between 5,000 and 6,000 ft in the Great Basin. Plants typically produce 1 or 2 seedheads annually, but may continue to bolt scapes as long as soil moisture is adequate. While ripening is indeterminate on an individual plant it is fairly uniform within a population. The first heads ripen as a group followed by subsequent ripening often as much as 2 weeks later. Seed is naturally wind dispersed, so timing collections is critical. Fruits are mature when the spreading action of the drying pappus begins to open the head. Plants typically occur at low densities requiring hand collection. Stripping the seed, by placing the base of the head between fingers and closing the hand while pulling, reduces loss. Minimizing the amount of inert material included in the collection eases cleaning. Collected material is stored in breathable bags under cool dry conditions. | Trays were planted, moistened, placed in plastic bags and situated in a cold room to stratify for 3 weeks. Other sources may require more or less stratification. | Seed is planted vertically to the depth of the achene body in q-plugs. | Trays are moved to a greenhouse in January and watered as needed through establishment. Q-plugs tend to require less frequent watering than potting media. Germination occurs over 5 weeks. | 5 weeks. | Plants are watered twice weekly. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 50ø F night, 65ø F day. Warmer temperatures may facilitate faster growth; however when nighttime temperatures were increased from 50ø F to 65ø F, 2 month old plants senesced within 1 week. At 4 weeks plants were fertilized biweekly using a liquid drench (10N:10P:10K). | 8+ weeks. | Welsh, S. L., Atwood, N. D., S. Goodrich and Higgins, L. C. 2003. A Utah Flora. Third Edition, revised. Brigham Young University, Provo. Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1994. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5, Asterales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 5 December 2006). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Retrieved 5 December 2006, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris glauca</i> (Pursh) Raf. plants 7.5 cu.in. QPlug, (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com); USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
107 | Agoseris (glauca) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Agoseris | glauca | (Pursh) Raf. | AGGL | USFS, Boise National Forest, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise,Idaho | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pale agoseris | Small lot, 4.0 pounds, grown and harvested at USFS, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Agoseris glauca</i> (Pursh) Raf. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
108 | Agoseris (grandiflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Agoseris | grandiflora | (Nutt.) Greene | AGGR | Pullman area | Open places such as meadows and prairies in Washington, north and central Idaho, south to California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | tight root plug in container | Bigflower agoseris | Seeds are collected by cutting the inflorescence after the pappus has expanded. Seed is wind disseminated and shatters soon after ripening. | none | In January, seeds are sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to keep seeds from floating. Medium is watered thoroughly. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually takes 5-7 days and is complete in 2 weeks. | 2 weeks | Plants develop quickly after germination. They are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer containing micronutrients. | 60 days | Plants are moved to a cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. | 2-4 weeks | Flora of the Pacific Nortwest. Hitchcock and Cronquist. University of Washington Press. 1973.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, version 3.1. (http://plants.usda.gov) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA. 70874-4490. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris grandiflora</i> (Nutt.) Greene plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
109 | Agoseris (grandiflora) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Agoseris | grandiflora | (Nutt.) Greene | AGGR | Arrowrock Reservoir, Boise National Forest, Boise Co. Idaho. 3200ft. Indian Valley, Adams Co. Idaho. 3400 ft. | Meadows and other open places in the lowlands, up to about 6500 ft. in the mountains. B.C. to California, east tonorth and central Idaho, southwest Idaho and western Nevada, apparently disjunct in Cache and Salt Lake Cos. Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7.5 cu.in QPlug, (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | 6 Weeks | Weeks | Transplantable root plug | bigflower agoseris | Seed (an achene) ripens during July at elevations between 3200 and 4800 ft in the northern Great Basin. Seed is wind dispersed although this species tends to retain seed much better than related taxa. Achenes are mature when the spreading action of the drying pappus begins to open the head. Plants typically occur at low densities requiring hand collection. Minimizing the amount of inert material included in the collection eases cleaning. Collected material is stored in breathable bags under cool dry conditions. | none | Seed is planted vertically to the depth of the achene body in q-plugs. | Germination occurs rapidly at typical greenhouse temperatures. Most seed will germinate within 1 week. | 1-2 weeks | Plants are watered twice weekly. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 55ø F night, 70ø F day. | 5 + weeks | Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1994. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5, Asterales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 5 December 2006). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Retrieved 5 December 2006, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris grandiflora</i> (Nutt.) Greene plants 7.5 cu.in QPlug, (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com); USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
110 | Agoseris (grandiflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Agoseris | grandiflora | (Nutt.) Greene. | Troximon | grandiflorum | Nutt. | AGGR | BLM, Seeds of Success: near campground on Mann Creek, northwest of Weiser, Washington County, Idaho. 2,800 feet/853 m elevation. | Agoseris grandiflora grows in many different habitats in Idaho, northern Nevada, northern Utah, western Montana, California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. | None. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2.875 inch x 5.5 inch plant band (container) | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A
Caliper: N/A Root System: Firm plug in container | Bigflower Agoseris | Seed was hand collected on June 30 and July 6, 2010. Mature seed (a dark brown achene) was easily removed from seed heads and placed directly into large paper bags, taking care to minimize dispersal into the wind. A small piece of No-Pest Strip was placed in each bag for 2-3 days to reduce insect predation. Seed was air dried in paper bags at room temperature. | Seed was stored at room temperature in a dark location prior to sowing. No treatment was applied. | Sowing Method: Seed was sown directly into containers (5 seeds/container) on March 22. Soil was a 2:1:5 mix of lava fines, perlite, and Sunshine Mix #4. Seed was sown ¬ inch deep and covered with 1/8 inch layer of chicken grit. Containers were hand watered and placed outside. No fertilizer was added to soil mix. | By April 3 (12 days later), 90% of the seed had germinated. Seedlings were divided and transplanted to individual containers three weeks later. Transplant survival averaged 99%. Multiple seedlings were left in a small subset of containers, as they were too intertwined to separate. | About 1 month | Containers were allowed to dry slightly between hand waterings. A weak fish emulsion fertilizer was applied twice a month from April through June. Plants were grown outside until outplanting in early October. | 5 months | Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A., Vol. 5, Asterales. Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal , P.K. Holmgren. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 1994. | DeBolt, Ann M.; Barrash, Kris. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris grandiflora</i> (Nutt.) Greene. plants 2.875 inch x 5.5 inch plant band (container); Idaho Botanical Garden Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
111 | Agoseris (grandiflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Agoseris | grandiflora | (Nutt.) Greene. | Troximon | grandiflorum | AGRGRA | Marin County, California | <i>A. grandiflora</i> is found in dry to moist places in many differnt plant communities, from British Columbia south to California and west to Montana and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Bigflower Agoseris | Seeds are collected between June 1st and August 1st. Mature inflorescences are white. Seed is dark brown to black and are mature when they are easily removed from head.<br> | Not required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 2 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 10% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 1 month | After establishment, transplants are top dressed with a small amount (1 gram) of Nutricote fertilizer NPK (13-13-13) 2 months after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris grandiflora</i> (Nutt.) Greene. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
112 | Agoseris (heterophylla) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Agoseris | heterophylla | (Nutt.) Greene | AGOHET | A. heterophylla is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Annual agoseris | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 30% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris heterophylla</i> (Nutt.) Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
113 | Agoseris (heterophylla) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Agoseris | heterophylla | (Nutt.) Greene | AGHE2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Dry open places in the western US east to Montana and south to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 0 | Tight root plug in container. | Annual agoseris | Fruit is an achene which ripens beginning in June. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is tan to greyish brown in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed maturity is indeterminant and daily collections are needed to maximize volume. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. | 30 days of cool, moist stratification is needed. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 12% germination occurred without stratification. 30 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 50% germination. 90 or more days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 40% germination. | In late November or early December seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 30 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in early January. Germination usually begins in 3 days and is complete in 6 days. Unstratified seed may take longer to germinate and total germination will be lower. | 1 week | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. They may begin flowering while still in the greenhouse, but do not produce viable seed, suggesting that a pollinator is needed.<br> A shorter period in the greenhouse might be sufficient for this species. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 332pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> Winegar, David. 1982. Desert Wildflowers: Drylands of North America. Beautiful America Publ. Co. Beaverton, OR. 144 pp. | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agoseris heterophylla</i> (Nutt.) Greene plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
114 | Agoseris (heterophylla) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Agoseris | heterophylla | (Nutt.) Greene. | AGHE2 | Foothills of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Humboldt National Forest, Humboldt Co. NV. 1655 m. | Dry open places in the foothills and lowlands; sagebrush-grass and mountain brush communities; up to 2300 m elevation; British Columbia to California, east to western Montana, southwest Idaho, the base of the Wasatch front and Bear river range in Utah, and to Arizona and southwest New Mexico. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 5.5 cu. in. root trainers. | 4 Months | Months | Viable clean seed. | annual agoseris | Seed (an achene) from this ecotype has been harvested from mid-June to the first of July. Seed is naturally wind dispersed, so timing collecting to seed ripening is critical. Fruits are mature when the head opens. Plants typically occur at low densities requiring hand collection. Stripping the seed, by placing the base of the head between fingers and closing the hand while pulling, reduces loss. Minimizing the amount of inert material included in the collection eases cleaning. Seed is stored in breathable bags under cool dry conditions. | Seed collected in June of 2003 (2.5 yrs old)and stored at room temperature was planted in root trainers(3 seeds/cell) and cold stratified for 3 weeks in January 2006 resulting in 90% cell fill. Seed collected in June 2005 was planted (3 seeds/ cell)in November of 2006 without cold treatment and resulted in 90% cell fill. | Seed is placed in each cell and covered with a thin layer of potting mix. Root trainers are filled with 2 parts sieved peat: 2 parts vermiculite: 1 part Turfacer (montmorillonite clay): 1 part #20 quartz silica sand, 1 part native soil plus fertilizer and micronutrients then steam aerated at 60ø C for 30 minutes. | Potting media is kept moist by frequent light watering. A soft spray nozzle held so that falling water enters the cells vertically helps keep seed in place. | 2 weeks | Plants were retained in 5.5 in3 root trainers in the greenhouse for seed production. Flowering began in mid-May and continued into July when watering stopped. Plants were watered as necessary to prevent wilting. Individual plants bolted on average 4 stems, each producing a single flower. | Flowering and seed ripening continued for 2 months. With continued watering this could have been extended. | Seed was collected prior to watering so as not to wash away the ripened achenes. | Welsh, S. L., Atwood, N. D., S. Goodrich and Higgins, L. C. 2003. A Utah Flora. Third Edition, revised. Brigham Young University, Provo. Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1994. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5, Asterales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 5 December 2006). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Retrieved 5 December 2006, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Agoseris heterophylla</i> (Nutt.) Greene. seeds 5.5 cu. in. root trainers.; USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
115 | Agropyron (smithii) | Poaceae | Agropyron | smithii | AGSM | Colorado, McGraw Ranch (98-193s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Collected at McGraw Ranch on 7/28/98, sowed on 1/4/99. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Agropyron smithii</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
116 | Agrostis (exarata) | Poaceae | true grasses | Agrostis | exarata | AGEX | Willamette Valley, Oregon | Spike bentgrass is native from Alaska to South Dakota and south to California, Texas and Mexico. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats including forest openings, grasslands, meadows, marshes, and stream and lake margins from sea level to alpine zones. It is most commonly found in moist, open, disturbed places, but is also found in dry habitats such as semi-arid grasslands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling the soil profile in the container. | spike bentgrass | Moderate. Plants usually do not occur in large patches, and seeds are tiny and shatter easily. Seed heads can be cut with rice knives and placed in poly bags. seeds per pound: 5,600,000 | None; Seeds of this plant germinate well in a moderately warm greenhouse or outside temperatures in spring or fall. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Agrostis exarata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
117 | Agrostis (hyemalis) | Poaceae | Agrostis | hyemalis | (Walt.) B.S.P. | AGHY | The species appears to be distributed throughout the Eastern half of the US and the Great Plains. This grass prefers fairly wet soils. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Winter bentgrass, Ticklegrass | Collected in Natchez Trace Parkway (actual collection location was not noted - designated collection area was the lower section of the Natchez Trace Parkway, from around Jackson, Mississippi to the terminus in Natchez, Mississippi) by B.B. Billingsley, Jr. in 1990. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. <i>A. stolonifera</i> and <i>A. tenuis</i> require stratification (Young and Young, 1986), but this species germinated without this treatment. Seeds probably require light for germination; however, no testing was done to determine this. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Broadcasting in summer on the surface of a mowed field. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> August to September.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Seeds germinate in the fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds broadcast on the soil surface. Planting rate used was approximately 0.84 kilograms PLS per hectare (0.75 pound PLS per acre). | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plants begin to elongate to form flowering stalks in early spring. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Mid-May. Seed heads will naturally break off of the plant when dry and seeds will dehisce as the stalks tumble in the wind.<br> <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 9 months. | <b>Storage Duration: </b> 3-5 years. | Young, J.A. and Young, C.G. 1986. Collecting, processing and germinating seeds of wildland plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 236 p. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Agrostis hyemalis</i> (Walt.) B.S.P. plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
118 | Agrostis (scabra) | Poaceae | Grass | Agrostis | scabra | AGSC5 | See | Open parks that are wet in spring and early summer and dry out as growing season progresses; Newfoundland and Alaska, south to all but southeastern US. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 142 kg/ha (127 lbs/ac). | Rough bentgrass | Wildland collection occurs mid August to early September when caryopsis are tan-brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the open panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 77 grams (2.7 oz.) clean seed (ranged 23 to 168 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b>). Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14-16 day germination and emergence period (also helpsprevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl or romoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late July to late August, with a mean harvest date of August 3 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Seed dormancy is classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Agrostis scabra</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
119 | Aleurites (moluccana) | Euphorbiaceae | Spurge | Aleurites | moluccana | (L.) Willd. | Widely adapted 0 - 700 m elevation | Native to Malesia, now widespread throughout the tropics. Widely spread throughout the Pacific Islands by the early inhabitants. Present on many Pacific Islands including all main Hawaiian Islands; also, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Malagasy, Sri Lanka, southern India, Bangladesh, Brazil, West Indies, and Gulf Coast of United States. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 25 cm, stem diameter: 12mm | Candlenut, Candleberry, Varnish tree, Indian or Belgaum walnut, kukui (Hawaii); lauci, sikeci (Fiji); tuitui (Tonga; Cooks); lama (Samoa); tutu'i; ti'a'iri (Societies); 'ama (Marquesas) | Kukui flowers and fruits intermittently throughout the year. | Untreated seeds germinate in about 4 months. Sun warming in a moist medium is thought to hasten and improve germination. Cracking the seed coat (shell) and soaking overnight in water may hasten germination. | Kukui seeds can grow in moderate shade, however full sun also works and may hasten germination. If seeds are germinated first in a bed, transplant when the seeds just begin to germinate (as seed cracks open due to germination). <p> Because kukui germinants have a large, thick tap root, it's recommended that seedlings are grown in 1/2 gallon or 1 gallon root training containers. Options include Deepots (Tall Ones, available from Steuwe & Sons), s (Carl Whitcomb), or copper-coated poly bags. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi). | Pregerminated seeds or emergents are transplanted into containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered with about 5mm of potting media. Partial shade is preferred following germination, although full sun works. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. | 4 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in light shade or full sun. Keep the seedlings well-spaced to allow penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. | 3 - 4 months | Move seedlings to full sun conditions. Space seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. If fertilization is necessary during the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be minimized or eliminated, with emphasis on P, K, and micronutrients. | 2 - 4 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. The container should be cut off to reduce damage to the root system. | Duke, James A. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. Web: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Aleurites_moluccana.html <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> USDA. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States (USDA Agric. Handbk. 450). Web: http://wpsm.net/Genera.htm | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aleurites moluccana</i> (L.) Willd. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
120 | Alisma (plantago-aquatica) | Alismataceae | Water Plantain Family | Alisma | plantago-aquatica | L. | ALIPLA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American water plantain | Seeds were cold stratified for 30 days. Seeds germinate at 20 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Forsberg 1966. Sterile germination requirements of seeds of some water plants Physiolo.Plant. 19 1105-1109. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alisma plantago-aquatica</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
121 | Allium (acuminatum) | Liliaceae | Lily | Allium | acuminatum | Hook. | ALAC4 | Western US east to Montana and south to New Mexico where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-60 inches. In eastern Washington it is commonly found in dry, often rocky areas of open grassland. | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Years | Years | Bulbs 4-5 mm in diameter | Hooker's or Tapertip onion | Seeds are collected when the capsules begin to split in July. Capsules can be collected individually or the entire stalk cut. Seed is black in color. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. <p> We determined 253,691 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Cool, moist stratification and cool growing conditions are needed. No seed germinated without pretreatment. 30 days of cool, moist stratification resulted in a few seeds germinating, but they did not survive in the greenhouse. High germination was obtained from seeds sown in flats and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures. Seedlings which germinated outside died when placed in the greenhouse. | In November, seed is sown in flats filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of sand is applied to prevent seeds and planting soil from floating. Flats are watered well and placed outside. | Flats remain outside. They are watered only during dry spells. Germination will begin as daytime temperatures warm in March, and may occur over 2-4 weeks. Some additional seed will germinate the year following sowing. | 2 months | Plants are watered as needed while outside and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. They are moved to the lath house in June. Plants will begin to go dormant in July. Water is cut back and fertilizer is withheld as the plants dry down. Flats remain in the lath house for at least 3 growing seasons. | 3 years | Plants are dormant as winter approaches. They are stored in the lath house over winter. Flats should be covered with an insulating material to protect the bulbs from extreme cold if snow cover is lacking. Regrowth will begin in early March as soon as temperatures begin to warm. | Bulbs are harvested in the fall of the third growing season by sifting the potting soil thru a sieve. Pea gravel should not be used to cover flats because it is roughly the same size as the bulbs and therefore difficult to separate. Bulbs range in size from 3-5 mm in diameter. They can be stored in dry conditions for a short period prior to planting. We have not attempted to store bulbs for a longer period. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young and Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium acuminatum</i> Hook. bulbs USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
122 | Allium (amplectens) | Liliaceae | Lily | Allium | amplectens | Seed collected from The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek and Vina Plains Preserves in Tehama County, California | California to British Columbia. Clay soils including serpentine, open or wooded places below 1,800 meters (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year bulb, typically ranging from 2-5mm in diameter (yes, very small). | Clasping onion | Seed may be collected from dry flower heads and rubbed free from the bracts. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Germination rates for both populations were relatively low: 15% (Dye Creek) and 46% (Vina Plains) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. For seed sown in outdoor coldframes germination rates of 14% (Dye Creek) and 37% (Vina Plains) were observed. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred inlate spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Matthew, Matthew R.; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium amplectens</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
123 | Allium (ascalonicum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Allium | ascalonicum | ALAS2 | Colorado and Wyoming elevations of 6200 feet | Allium ascalonicum grows in dry to moist soil in valleys, open hillsides, ridges and can be found in the mountain elevations as high as 9000 feet. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | wild onion | Seed in Colorado begins to ripen in early July. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry, but not yet shattered and the inflorescence turns black. At this stage, hand harvest is easily performed or you can clip the plant. | No treatment was performed on the seed prior to planting in the field. | Propagation Environment: Seed beds were firm and weed free. In August, the seed was directly seeded into the ground and cold stratified over the winter. | Sowing date: August Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeded with a belt seeder at 0.25 inches depth. | Two growing seasons | Active growth occurs in early spring. | Craighead and Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA.
USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 29 December 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Blanke, Terri; Woodruff, Heather. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Allium ascalonicum</i> plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
124 | Allium (burdickii) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Allium | burdickii | (Hanes) A.G. Jones | Allium | tricoccum | Hanes | Variety | burdickii | ALLBUR | A. burdickii is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Narrow leaf wild leek | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 25/15 C. | Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. (1988). Germination ecophysiology of herbaceous plant species in a temperate region. Amer. J. Bot. 75, 286-305.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium burdickii</i> (Hanes) A.G. Jones plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
125 | Allium (cernuum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Allium | cernuum | Roth | ALLCER | Festuca grassland, near Lee Creek, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 1500m elevation. | <i>A. cernuum</i> occurs in meadows or open forests that are moist in the spring; from the prairie foothills to the subalpine zone; from Alaska across Canada, south to Oregon, and also south to Mexico through the Rocky Mountains and the Intermountain West. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves; 8 to 10 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug with developed bulb in conetainer. | Nodding wild onion | Hand collect mature capsules in late August when they begin to split and turn light tan in color. Seeds are black at maturity. | 5 month outdoor stratification of fresh seeds. Seeds are covered with medium. Germination characteristics of this species are reported to vary according to freshseed or seed dry stored for six months. Seed has also been reported to germinate equally well in light or dark. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination occurs in mid May with seeds stratified outdoors. Germination is usually complete in 4 weeks. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occur rapidly following germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 fertilizer occasionally during the growing season. Bulbs are well developed 12 weeks after germination. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br>Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. Storage Duration: October to April. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn. State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium cernuum</i> Roth plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
126 | Allium (cernuum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Allium | cernuum | L. | ALLCER | A. cernuum is found throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nodding onion | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. Germination is equal in light and dark. | Baskin and Baskin,1988 unpublished.Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium cernuum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
127 | Allium (cernuum) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Allium | cernuum | Roth. | ALLCER | Illinois 650 ft elevation | <i>A. cernuum</i> occurs in meadows or open forests that are moist in the spring; from the prairie foothills to the subalpine; from Alaska across Canada, south to Oregon, and also south to Mexico through the Rockies and the Intermountain West. It is found through out the eastern and Midwestern states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Nodding onion | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 13 to August 26. Seed is harvested about September 1. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br>Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<p> Total Time to Harvest: 7 - 11 months, depending on weather and plant/ root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3 - 5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees F during the day, and 65-75 degrees F at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one week.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium cernuum</i> Roth. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
128 | Allium (cernuum) | Liliaceae | Allium | cernuum | ALCE2 | Colorado,Sprague Lake (98-004s), Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-092s), Twin Sisters (98-082s), Alluvial Fan (98-093s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nodding Onion | Collected at Sprague Lake on 09/16/98, Long's Peak Parking Lot on 10/07/98, Alluvial Fan on 09/21/98, Twin Sisters on 09/21/98.<br> <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Small black seeds simply removed from papery covering. Many seeds are not filled and are easily crushed, these won't germinate. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on the heating pad (set at 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:>/b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in seed pack flat, 2-3 seeds/slot, cover seed lightly with germination mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 14 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uneven and occurs over many days.<br> Sprague Lake sowed on 10/27/98 emerged on 11/10/98; Long's Peak Parking Lot sowed on 11/18/98, emerged on 11/30/98; Alluvial Fan sowed on 11/18/98; Twin Sisters sowed on 11/12/98, emerged on 11/30/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Allium cernuum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
129 | Allium (geyeri) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Allium | geyeri | Wats. | ALLGEY | A. geyeri is found throughout North America; from prairies to mid elevations in the mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Geyer's onion | Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium geyeri</i> Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
130 | Allium (geyeri) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Allium | geyeri | S. Watson | Variety | geyeri | ALGEG | BLM, Seeds of Success, Arboretum at Flagstaff Property, Sinclair Wash Meadow, Arizona; 7130 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Geyer's onion | Very small lot, 0.31 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Allium geyeri</i> S. Watson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
131 | Allium (schoenoprasum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Allium | schoenoprasum | L. | ALLSCH | Subalpine slope, adjacent to stream, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>A. schoenoprasum</i> is a circumboreal species; which extends south in North America to northeastern Oregon, northern Idaho, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, also east to Minnesota,New York, and Newfoundland. It inhabits moist soils in wetland margins, springs and mountain meadows. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainer | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 8 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug with developed bulb in conetainer. | Chives | Collect mature capsules when they begin to split and turn light tan and papery. Seeds are black at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification of fresh seeds.<br> Germination characteristics of this species are reported to vary according to fresh seeds or seeds dry stored for six months. Seeds are reported to germinate equally well in light or dark. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method:Direct Seeding.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination was very uniform and was complete in 7 days. Seedlings had developed 1 to 2 true leaves in 1 week. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occur rapidly following germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants had developed 10 to 12 true leaves and were root tight with a well developed bulb in 8 weeks. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:10 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium schoenoprasum</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
132 | Allium (tricoccum) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Allium | tricoccum | Aiton | ALTR3 | Rich deciduous woods, both on upland and floodplain sites, moist beech-maple-hemlock stands. Onion-like plant with single stem with round head of flowers. Also called "ramps". 8-12 inches high. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wild leek | Seed ripens at different rates within one seed head. Seed head can be gently shaken periodically to remove seed as it ripens. Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. FlowersJune-July. Seed is a bulb and seed and is harvested from mid August to September. | None. May require stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Seal container and proceed with up to two months or more of cold moist stratification in a cool dry place. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any plug size. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 2 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another growing season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allium tricoccum</i> Aiton plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
133 | Allophyllum (gilioides) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Allophyllum | gilioides | (Benth.) A.& V. Grant | Sub-species | gilioides | (Benth.) A.& V. Grant | Gilia | gilioides | (Benth.) Greene | ALLGIL | A. gilioides is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dense false gilia | Seeds germinate at 27/18 C. | Sweeney, J. R. (1956). Responses of vegetation to fire. University of California Press, Berkeley. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Allophyllum gilioides</i> (Benth.) A.& V. Grant plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
134 | Alnus (incana) | Betulaceae | Alder | Alnus | incana | (L.) Moench | ALINR | Monongahela National Forest | Widely distributed in the northeastern United States. Also widely distributed in the eastern 2/3 of Canada. | Not known to be invasive. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 7 Months | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Speckled alder | Mature cones were collected in late fall of 2017. Most of the cones were still green though some had started turning brown as they matured. | Seeds were direct sown as soon as they were ready. No pretreatment was used. | A table was prepared in the greenhouse with 2" X 4" lumber sides and clear plastic placed underneath. Two layers of growing media were used. The bottom layer was composed of 2" of Black Kow brand cow manure. On top of this, we placed 1 1/2" layer of Sun Gro Metro Mix 510. The layers were compacted slightly to make a firm seedbed for sewing the seed. | Because speckled alder seed historically does not store well, the seeds were sown as soon as they were cleaned. The seeds were spread evenly by hand over the soil surface. A thin layer of sand was spread on top of the seed to help dissipate the impact of the irrigation water and to help ensure good seed to soil contact. The table was watered daily to ensure adequate moisture for germination. | 3 Months | Seeds started to germinate in 7 days. The plants grew fairly slowly at first but were large enough to transplant with sufficient root systems in about 3 months. Larger seedlings were removed by gently pulling them up. Care was taken when removing the seedlings to disturb the soil surface as little as possible so other seeds could germinate. Seedlings were transplanted into SureRoots 50 cell deep plug trays and placed back in the greenhouse. | 3 Months | The plug trays containing the speckled alder were moved outside for 1 month to allow for hardening off before being shipped. | 1 Month | The speckled alder plants were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest in the plug trays to prevent them from drying out too much before being planted. The trailers used for shipping were covered with tarps to protect the plants and prevent wind burn. | 1 Day | Speckled alder occurs primarily at higher elevations in areas that are cool and wet. They are often found along stream edges and wet meadows where they can form vast thickets. Speckled alder is adapted to a wide variety of soils and is valuable for erosion control along waterways and in disturbed areas. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus incana</i> (L.) Moench Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
135 | Alnus (incana) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Alnus | incana | (L.) Moench | Sub-species | tenuifolia | (Nuttall) Breitung | Alnus | incana | (L.) Moench | ALNINC | A. incana ssp. tenuifolia is found along steam banks, lake shores, wet meadows, bog margins and muskegs; from 1000 to 3000 m elevation.<br> It ranges from Alaska, N.W.T and Yukon,British Columbia,Alberta and Saksatchewan south throughout the western United States to California, Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Thin Leaf alder | No stratification is necessary. Seeds germinated at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Schopmeyer, C. S. (1974b). Alnus B. Ehrh. Alder. Pp. 206-211. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus incana</i> (L.) Moench plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
136 | Alnus (incana) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Alnus | incana | (L.) Moench | Sub-species | tenuifolia | (Nutt.) B | ALINT | Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Fernan Lake, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2140 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thinleaf alder | Small lot, 0.64 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Alnus incana</i> (L.) Moench seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
137 | Alnus (incana) | Betulaceae | Birch | Alnus | incana | (L.) Moench | Sub-species | rugosa | (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen | ALINR | Canaan Valley Wildlife Refuge | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Bareroot | 1 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 12" with a 1/16" to 1/8" caliper stem and a compact, well developed root system. | speckled alder | Speckled alder is a monoecious plant. Flowering occurs in the spring before leaf emergence. Seed is produced in pistillate ovoid strobiles or conelets (cones). Pollen is contributed from staminate catkins which are formed the preceding autumn and occur in small clusters. The catkins are naked and erect during the winter and become much elongated and pendulous at maturity. Pistillate aments are also erect and naked during the winter and occur in short racemes or elongated panicles. Aments enlarge slightly at flowering and develop into ovate strobiles or conelets upon pollination. Smooth alder fruit (seed) is a small, compressed, slightly winged nutlet borne in pairs at the base of each cone scale. Fruit matures in autumn. Ripe cones are thick, somewhat woody and dark brown in color. Compared to other alder species, smooth alder is more densely branched and produces more fruit. Smooth alder produces fruit (seed) every year and a good seed crop every four years. Seed typically matures in late autumn (October and November). Cones with mature seed should be harvested promptly and stored in paper bags at room temperature only until the cones dry. | Speckled alder seed does not maintain its germination in storage. Seed should be sown in nursery beds within one month of harvest. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Nursery beds must be inoculated with soil from an alder stand to provide the nitrogen fixing bacteria necessary for adequate growth. Seed can be broadcast over the bed and lightly covered with sand or soil or sown in 1/4 inch deep rows and covered lightly. Recommended seeding rates are 50 grams of seed broadcast per 100 square feet of bed or 15 grams of seed per 10 linear feet of row. Beds should be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thick layer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | Germination occurs in the spring after an overwinter period of cool, moist natural stratification. | 4-6 months, including natural stratification period | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the alder seedlings. | 6-8 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | None | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native Woody Plants of the United States: Their Erosion Control and Wildlife Values. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC<br><br> Thunhorst, Gwendolyn A. 1993. Wetland Planting Guide for the Northeastern US. Environmental Concern, St. Michaels, MD<br><br> Mylona, Panagiota, Katharina Pawloski and Tom Bisseling. 1995. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, pp. 869-885<br><br> Harrington, Constance A., Leslie Chandler Brodie, Dean S. DeBell, and C. S. Schopmeyer. 1979. Alnus P. Mill. published in Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the Management of Temperate Forests. Gordon, J. C., C. T. Wheller and D. A. Perry, eds.<br><br> Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. 1977. Flora of West Virginia, 2nd Edition<br><br> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<br><br> USDA, Forest Service. 1948. Woody-Plant Seed Manual, Misc. Pub. No. 654, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Alnus incana</i> (L.) Moench plants Bareroot; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
138 | Alnus (incana) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Alnus | incana | (L.) Moench | Sub-species | tenuifolia | (Nutt.) Breitung | ALINT | USFS, Umatilla National Forest, Heppner Ranger District, Heppner, Oregon: 3840 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thinleaf alder | Small lot, 2.0 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Alnus incana</i> (L.) Moench seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
139 | Alnus (incana) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Alnus | incana | (L.) Moench | Sub-species | tenuifolia | (Nutt.) Breitung. | Alnus | tenuifolia | Nutt. | ALNINC | Forest margin, Lake McDonald drainage, 1000m elev. Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>A. incana</i> occurs from Alaska to California, east to Nova Scotia and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. It is common in wet soil of montane swamps, thickets and streambanks. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 16 Weeks | Weeks | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 ml containers and 3 L containers. | Mountain alder | Seeds are collected in late fall when catkins have turn woody and scales begin to open. Branches are flailed over a canvas tarp and seeds are swept into collection bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 24 hour running water soak followed by 60 day cold, moist stratification. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. <br>Plants are grown in the greenhouse with temperatures maintained at 21 to 25C day and 18C at night for 12 weeks and are moved to outdoor nursery. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 3 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination and seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow at a rapid rate after establishment. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants can be uppotted into 3L (1 gallon) containers 16 weeks after germination, and be root tight in 1 year. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in the fall, pots are leached with clear water, one final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:16 weeks for 172 ml conetainers, 1 year for 3L (1 gallon) containers<br> Harvest Date:September<br. Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> The Fire Effects Information System. Missoula, MT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus incana</i> (L.) Moench plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
140 | Alnus (rhombifolia) | Betulaceae | Birch | Alnus | rhombifolia | ALRH2 | John Day area, Oregon | Moist soils or on the edge of permanently wet areas, like stream banks. Grows in part shade and in full sun. It is tolerant of sand and clay. Is native to and persists in western North America, from western Montana and south to San Diego county in California. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | White Alder, California Alder, Sierra Alder | Female catkins mature in fall though the seeds disperse in winter. Notably, the old, woody blackish catkins from the previous year can also sometime still be found. | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 20 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6- to 7-month release rate at 21°C) at the rate of 2 g Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
| 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Calflora. n.d. Taxon report 252, Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. white alder. URL: https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=252 (accessed 21 Oct 2019).
Calscape. nd. White alder Alnus rhombifolia .. California Native Plant Society. URL: https://calscape.org/Alnus-rhombifolia-(White-Alder) (accessed 21 Oct 2019). Gilman EF, Watson DG. 1993. Alnus rhombifolia white alder. USDA Forest Service. Fact Sheet ST-72 URL: http://hort.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/alnrhoa.pdf (accessed 21 Oct 2019). Sawyer JO Jr. n.d. Alnus rhombifolia white alder. Berkeley (CA): University of California, The Jepson Online Interchange California Floristics. URL: URL: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=12722 (accessed 21 Oct 2019). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. white alder. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ALRH2 (accessed 21 Oct 2019). | Riley, Lee E.; Kamakura, Renata. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
141 | Alnus (rubra) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Alnus | rubra | Bong. | Alnus | oregona | Nutt. | ALNRUB | A. rubra is native the Pacific northwest of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red alder | Seeds germinate at 24/16 C. germination is greater in light than dark. | Schopmeyer, C. S. (1974b). Alnus B. Ehrh. Alder. Pp. 206-211. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br> Bormann, B. T. (1983). Ecological implications of phytochrome-mediated seed germination in red alder. For. Sci. 29, 734-738.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.10 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus rubra</i> Bong. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
142 | Alnus (rubra) | Betulaceae | Alnus | rubra | ALRU2 | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | red alder | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller) or 1+0 bareroot beds. | Seedlings are extracted from small containers or lifted from bareroot beds in winter and held in freezer storage until transplanting the following spring. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are .5 (STP) and 1 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings. to support the containers. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 1/16 cup of 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements is applied. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | One month. | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Summer 2002 and Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus rubra</i> plants USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
143 | Alnus (serrulata) | Betulaceae | Birch | Alnus | serrulata | (Aiton) Willd. | Cultivar | Panbowl | ALSE2 | Smooth alder is native to the eastern United States in USDA plant hardiness zones 5 through 8 where the precipitation exceeds 32 inches annually. It occurs from southern Maine to northern Florida and west to southeastern Oklahoma, Missouri and Illinois. It grows best in wet bottomlands and stream margins; however it will also grow in moist, well drained upland areas. River alder is adapted to a pH of 5.0 to 7.0. It is moderately shade tolerant, but is weak-wooded and susceptible to wind and ice damage. It is not adapted to alkaline, saline, droughty, or extremely acid soils. Although river alder is naturally widely distributed throughout the eastern United States, use of 'Panbowl' is recommended only in USDA Major Land Resource Aeas (MLRA's) where it was tested. Those MLRA's are: 99, 111, 114, 121, 124, 126, 127, 139, 147, and 148. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Bareroot | 1 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 12" with a 1/16" to 1/8" caliper stem and a compact, well developed root system. | hazel alder, smooth alder, brookside alder, common alder | Smooth alder is a monoecious plant. Flowering occurs in the spring before leaf emergence. Seed is produced in pistillate ovoid strobiles or conelets (cones). Pollen is contributed from staminate catkins which are formed the preceding autumn and occur in small clusters. The catkins are naked and erect during the winter and become much elongated and pendulous at maturity. Pistillate aments are also erect and naked during the winter and occur in short racemes or elongated panicles. Aments enlarge slightly at flowering and develop into ovate strobiles or conelets upon pollination. Smooth alder fruit (seed) is a small, compressed, slightly winged nutlet borne in pairs at the base of each cone scale. Fruit matures in autumn. Ripe cones are thick, somewhat woody and dark brown in color. Compared to other alder species, smooth alder is more densely branched and produces more fruit. Smooth alder produces fruit (seed) every year and a good seed crop every four years. Seed typically matures in late autumn (October and November). Cones with mature seed should be harvested promptly and stored in paper bags at room temperature only until the cones dry. | Smooth alder seed does not maintain its germination in storage. Seed should be sown in nursery beds within one month of harvest. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Nursery beds must be inoculated with soil from an alder stand to provide the nitrogen fixing bacteria necessary for adequate growth. Seed can be broadcast over the bed and lightly covered with sand or soil or sown in 1/4 inch deep rows and covered lightly. Recommended seeding rates are 50 grams of seed broadcast per 100 square feet of bed or 15 grams of seed per 10 linearfeet of row. Beds should be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thick layer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | Germination occurs in the spring after an overwinter period of cool, moist natural stratification. | 4-6 months, including natural stratification period | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the alder seedlings. | 6-8 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native Woody Plants of the United States: Their Erosion Control and Wildlife Values. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC<br><br> Thunhorst, Gwendolyn A. 1993. Wetland Planting Guide for the Northeastern US. Environmental Concern, St. Michaels, MD<br><br>Mylona, Panagiota, Katharina Pawloski and Tom Bisseling. 1995. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, pp. 869-885<br><br> Harrington, Constance A., Leslie Chandler Brodie, Dean S. DeBell, and C. S. Schopmeyer. 1979.<i> Alnus </i>P. Mill. published in Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the Management of Temperate Forests. Gordon, J. C., C. T. Wheller and D. A. Perry, eds.<br><br>Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. 1977. Flora of West Virginia, 2nd Edition<br><br>USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<br><br>USDA, Forest Service. 1948. Woody-Plant Seed Manual, Misc. Pub. No. 654, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Alnus serrulata</i> (Aiton) Willd. plants Bareroot; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
144 | Alnus (viridis) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Alnus | viridis | (Chaix) DC | Alnus | crispa | (Ait.)Pursh | Sub-species | sinuata | ALNVIR | A. viridis is found at higher elevations; often common on avalanche slopes in the mountains. It ranges from Alaska south to California and east to Odaho and Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sitka alder | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 14 days. Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. | Schopmeyer, C. S. (1974b). Alnus B. Ehrh. Alder. Pp. 206-211. In: Farmer, R. E., Jr., Maley, M. L., Stoehr, M. U. and Schnekenburger, F. (1985). Reproductive characteristics of green alder in northwestern Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 63, 2243-2247.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus viridis</i> (Chaix) DC plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
145 | Alnus (viridis) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Alnus | viridis | (Chaix.) DC. | Sub-species | sinuata | (Regel) Love & Love | Alnus | sinuata | (Regel) Rydb. | ALNVIR | Forest margin, Lake McDonald drainage, 1000m elev. Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>A. viridis</i> is a circumpolar species and is found from Alaska to California, east to Idaho and Montana, in moist places from mid elevations to the subalpine zone. It is common in avalanche slopes and wet open forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml containers | 6 Months | Months | Height: 25 cm<br> Caliper: 1.0 cm<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 ml container. | Sitka alder | Seeds are collected in late September to mid October when catkins have turn woody and scales begin to open. Seeds are collected by flailing branches over a canvas tarp. Seeds are swepted into paper collection bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed place prior to cleaning. | 24 hour water soak followed by a 60 day cold, moist stratification. A 60 day cold, moist stratification facilitates more uniform germination.<br> Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and are buried in moist milled peat moss in a well ventilated container in the refrigerator at 3C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Surface sow seeds for light requirement. <br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn)at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 3 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 3 weeks | Seedlings grow at a rapid rate after establishment. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants average 4 cm in height and 5 mm caliper in 4 months. Plants can be uppotted into 3L ( 1 gallon) containers 16 weeks after germination, and be root tight in 1 year. | 16 to 20 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in the fall, pots are leached with clear water, one final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Fire Effects Information System. Missoula, MT: USDA Forest Service,Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus viridis</i> (Chaix.) DC. plants 172 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
146 | Alopecurus (alpinus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Alopecurus | alpinus | Smith | ALOALP | A. alpinus is found from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to Wyoming and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine meadow foxtail | Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alopecurus alpinus</i> Smith plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
147 | Amaranthus (pumilus) | Amaranthaceae | Amaranth family | Amaranthus | pumilus | Historically found along coastline from Southern Massachusetts to South Carolina. Now only extant populations can be found along coasts of North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, Delaware, New York (Long Island), New Jersey, and Virginia.
| Seeds | Seed | Container (plug) | 7.6 cm (3 in) pot, seed collected from 2-3 month old plants | 6-8 weeks | mature plant to use for seed collecting
| seaside amaranth | "Seed collecting from greenhouse grown plants is typically August and September. Occasional collection begins in July and will extend into October.
Collection occurs 3 time a week from the same plants. Flats are tilted sideways and shook for seed to drop onto large paper. It is helpful to gently tease seed from plants mechanically, but only what easily falls from inflorescences and is not forcefully removed. Seeds are dark reddish brown in color, very shiny, slightly oval in shape, 2.5mm. 3.54 grams equals 1,300 seed. " | "Seed is allowed to fall into pea gravel of greenhouse benches each year from stock plants. Watering of pea gravel begins in May in appropriate sites; seedlings emerge each May. They are watered 2-3 times weekly in the benches."
| "Seedlings emerge mid-May. When approximately 5 cm (2 in) tall seedlings are transplanted into 7.6 cm (3 in) pot using a well-drained media, generally the end of May or early June. A basic potting media with added horticulture grade perlite at 30-50% works well.
No supplemental fertilizer is added beyond the amount in the media." | 3-4 weeks | Plants are well rooted after 6-8 weeks and kept in a greenhouse during warm summer months. Temperatures fluctuate from 15-37˚C (60-100˚F).
| 4-5 months | Cleaned seed is stored cool and dry, 1-3˚C (34-38˚F) in paper and placed in a plastic storage tote. | Weakley, A. S. (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Retrieved from http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/FloraArchives/WeakleyFlora_2015-05-29.pdf
Flora of North America. (2004) Amaranthus pumilus. Retrieved from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242415669 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. (2013) Amaranthus pumilus. Retrieved from https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=AMPU2 Center for Biological Diversity. (n.d.) Seabeach amaranth. Retrieved from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/esa_works/profile_pages/SeabeachAmaranth.html U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service New Jersey Field Office. (2018) Seabeach Amaranth. Retrieved from https://www.fws.gov/northeast/njfieldoffice/endangered/amaranth.html | French, Shelby; Kniola, Ryan. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amaranthus pumilus</i> Seeds 7.6 cm (3 in) pot, seed collected from 2-3 month old plants; Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, Delaware. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
148 | Ambrosia (chamissonis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Ambrosia | chamissonis | (Less.) Greene. | Franseria | chamissonis | Less. | AMBCHA | Marin County, California | <i>A. chamissonis</i> is found on coastal beaches and dunes, from sealevel to 50 feet elevation; from British Columbia south to central coastal California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Beach Bur | Seeds are collected between April 15th to December 30th. Mature inflorescences are brown. Seedsare burr like, 5 to 10 mm long, greyish brown. Seeds drop from plant when mature. | Seeds are soaked for 24 hours in water. Seeds are placed in a cold stratification in the refrigerator for 2 months. Check seeds periodically for radicle emergence. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes(Deepot 16)containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 85%. | 1 month | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ambrosia chamissonis</i> (Less.) Greene. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
149 | Ambrosia (dumosa) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Ambrosia | dumosa | (A. Gray) Payne | AMBDUM | Joshua Tree, CA | Found in creosote bush scrub community throughout the Mojave and Sonoran deserts of CA, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and northern Baja California. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 4"x 10" Anderson plant bands | 6 months | Burrobush, White Bursage | Seed was hand collected in May of previous year. | Seeds were not treated prior to sowing. Seeds were sown directly into 17" x 17" x 2" seed flats with a media consisting of 3 parts coarse horticultural perlite, 1 part coarse vermiculite, and a small amount of Osmocote 14-14-14. Seeds were sown at a depth of approximately 1/4 inch. Flats were hand watered. There was 37% germination. | Seeds were started in a greenhouse in April. Greenhouse temperatures did not exceed 90F (high) and 50F (low). Maximum germination was reached within 3 weeks. At 6 weeks, seedlings were pricked out and transplanted directly into 4x10 Anderson plant bands and moved outdoors into a shade house with 63% shade cover. Containers were hand watered. | Asbell, Madena. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ambrosia dumosa</i> (A. Gray) Payne Plants 4"x 10" Anderson plant bands; Mojave Desert Land Trust JOSHUA TREE, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
150 | Ambrosia (dumosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Ambrosia | dumosa | (Gray) Payne | AMBDUM | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Ambrosia dumosa</i> is foundin the Mojave and western edge of the Colorado desert in southern California and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 gallon PVC pipe containers | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | White Bursage | Seeds are hand collected in when achenes have fully matured. | Seeds are soaked/leached in water for 10 to 24 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. br>Seeds are directly sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v) br> We have had 30% average germination on our ecotypes. | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of three greenhouses,mist propagation beds and a shaded outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated in a germinations chamber or under mist. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter.The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite.<br> | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system. | 4 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | variable; depends on outplanting date | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ambrosia dumosa</i> (Gray) Payne plants 2 gallon PVC pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
151 | Ambrosia (eriocentra) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Ambrosia | eriocentra | (A. Gray) Payne | AMER | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Horseshoe Dam area, 2.5 miles on Forest Service Road 19, Maricopa County, Arizona; 2636 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Woolly fruit bur ragweed | Very small lot, 1.5 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ambrosia eriocentra</i> (A. Gray) Payne seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
152 | Amelanchier | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | AMELA | Dry to moist upland woods. Often a prominent understory species. A deciduous shrub to small tree. Height 8' to 10'. Leaves finely toothed. Drooping white flowers in early spring before leaves develop. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Juneberry, Sugar plum, Shadbush, Serviceberry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers in May. Seed is a berry-like pome that is black to dark purple in color. Seed is harvested from early September to late November. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least four months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow chokeberry seeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier</i> plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
153 | Amelanchier | Rosaceae | Rose | Amelanchier | AME | George Washington Memorial Parkway | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1, 2, or 3 gallon container seedlings | 3 Years | Years | It took approximately 9 months, including stratification of seeds, for seedlings to reach 1 gallon size and additional 1 to 2 years for roots to fill 2 and 3 gallon containers respectively.<br>Finished Height: 18-24".<br>Root system: fibrous, extensive, firm rootball in Spin-Out treated containers. | serviceberry | Collection Date: 6/20/97<br> Location: George Washington Memorial Parkway, median after Key Bridge | Seeds have embryo dormancy and require cold, moist stratification to overcome this. Seedcoats of some species may inhibit germination. (Brinkman, 1974)<br>Seeds were put in a mesh bag in a container of moist sand, given a fungicide drench, sealed and stratified at 40F for approximately 16 weeks from late October through early March. | Propagation environment: seedlings were started in the greenhouse. Larger pots are held in an outdoor container nursery under shade. <br>In early March, stratified seeds were hand-sown into 4"x4" trays filled with a 1:1 mix of screened peat and sand. Media was kept evenly moist. | Germination occurred within a week or two of sowing. Seedlings grew quickly and in 4 weeks had 4 expanded leaves and full, interwoven roots extending to the bottom of the 4"x4" trays. They were teased apart and transplanted individually to 2 1/2" pots in a mix of Sunshine #1 and slow release Nutricote 18-6-8 at 20 oz. per bale of mix. Supplemental water soluble fertilizer was applied at half strength about every two weeks. | About2 months | Seedlings were bumped up to quarts then to gallon containers within 9 months and grown in a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 20 oz. of 180 day controlled release 18-6-8 fertilizer with micros, and endomycorrhizae.)<br>In the second and third season, plants were bumped up to 2 and 3 gallon pots, successively. Woody mix was used and they were top-dressed as needed with 180 day controlled release 18-6-8 fertilizer with micros following recommended rates. Matching container size to rootball is important as roots may be slow to fill an overly large pot.<br>Larger containers (gallon and above) spent the growing season in a container nursery shade house under overhead irrigation. | As the plants in the shade house entered dormancy in the fall, irrigation was decreased. | Larger container plants (gallon and above) are overwintered outdoors under microfoam. Dead leaves and debris are removed from the containers of dormant plants prior to storage. Pots are watered, overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with a microfoam insulating blanket. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then anchored. | early December to Mid-March | Brinkman, K. A. 1974. <i>Amelanchier.</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 212-215.<br>Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens, GA.<br>Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1963. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, NY.<br> USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Unpublished records and data. | Davis, Kathy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier</i> plants 1, 2, or 3 gallon container seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
154 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | Nutt. | AMEALN | A. alnifolia is found from Alaska east across Canada to Quebec, and south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Minnesota. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Serviceberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 days. Germination occurs at 21C. | McLean, A. (1967). Germination of forest range species from southern British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 20, 321-322.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
155 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | Nutt. | AMEALN | Forest margin, Middle Fork Flathead River, 1100m elev. Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT | <i>A. alnifolia</i> occurs from southern Alaska to California, east across Canada to western Ontario, south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and east to the Dakotas and Nebraska, in open forests, canyons, and hillsides from near sea level to the subalpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 10 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainer. | Serviceberry | Seeds are hand collected in late summer when fruit turns dark purple. Seeds are brown at maturity. Fruits are collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide rinse for 10 minutes followed by a 48 hour running water rinse.<br> Seeds are placed into a 120 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in milled sphagnum peat moss in a ventilated container under refrigeration at 1 to 3C.<br> It is very important to wash stratified seeds weekly. Remove net bags from artificial stratification and rinse well to remove mucilaginous material.<br> Lower germination percentages were noted with seed lots that did not receive the hydrogen peroxide: water rinse prior to stratification. This pretreatment of seeds appears to significantly improve germination percentages. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings arethen moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 3 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow at a rapid rate after establishment. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants average 10 cm in height/7 mm caliper in 4 months. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June, 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> Nutt. plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
156 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer | AMAL | Western serviceberry is a deciduous shrub or small tree occurring in numerous habitat types and plant communities in the United States and Canada, ranging from California north to Alaska east to Quebec and south to Colorado and Utah (Howard 1997). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Western serviceberry | Fruits, which are berrylike pomes containing 4 to 10 small seeds, turn blue purple in July to August when ripe (Brinkman and Strong 2002 ). Fruits should be picked as soon as possible after ripening, to avoid losses from birds and other animals, and should be kept cool and dry until processing (Brinkman and Strong 2002). | Seeds are surface sterilized by a 2-hour soak in 3% hydrogen peroxide, soaked overnight (8-12 hours) in water and stratified at 3 to 5 C for a minimum of 100 days (until at least 15% germination has occurred during stratification). Hydrogen peroxide treatment involves submersing seeds in a sufficient volume of hydrogen peroxide to completely cover the seeds and stirring vigorously for at least 30 seconds at the start of treatment. Following treatment, the seeds are rinsed under running tap water for several minutes. After 60 days of stratification, seeds are checked every 2 weeks and germinants are removed from stratification and transplanted. The remaining seeds are thoroughly rinsed and returned to stratification. Removing germinants frequently helps to reduce fungal build up in the seed lot during the remainder of stratification, and increases the survival odds for those seeds germinating during stratification. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early May and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placeof the top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 4 to 5) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 12 to 15 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. | 5 months | Brinkman, K.A., and T.F. Strong. 2002. Amelanchier Medik. serviceberry. In: Bonner, FT. Woody Plant Seed Manual interim website; www.wpsm.net Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. Accessed November 27, 2002.<p> Howard, J. L. 1997. Amelanchier alnifolia. In: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2002, September). Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ Accessed November 26, 2002]. <p> [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. [Online]. http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed November 11, 2002. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
157 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer | AMEALN | Utah | <i>A. alnifolia</i>is a widely distributed species occurring from southern Alaska south to California and through the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to New Mexico and the Great Plains states. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Serviceberry | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br>Mature fruit is a blue fleshy berry containing several seeds. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.12 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 35 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applicationsmust be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 8 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
158 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | (Nutt.) Nutt.ex M. Roemer | AMEALN | Numerous Glacier National Park ecotypes including NRCS accession numbers 9058333 (St. Mary Ranger Station), 9063637 (Quarter Circle Bridge), 9075852 (St. Mary Falls Horse Ramp), 9063634 (West Glacier), 9075853 (Rising Sun), and 9075854 (Bowman Lake Road) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10-cubic-inch conetainers | 1 Years | Years | Saskatoon serviceberry | For container production, cold moist chill for 120 days at 34 to 37øF. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shaded hoophouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in a hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. Containers as small as 10-cubic-inch conetainers overwinter well this way. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices).<br>Length of Storage: Overwinters well for 6 months in various size containers in a hoophouse maintained above 5 to 10øF. | 6 months | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> (Nutt.) Nutt.ex M. Roemer plants 10-cubic-inch conetainers; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
159 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | (Nutt.) Nutt.ex M. Roemer | AMEAL N | Numerous Glacier National Park ecotypes including NRCS accession numbers 9058333 (St. Mary Ranger Station), 9063637 (Quarter Circle Bridge), 9075852 (St. Mary Falls Horse Ramp), 9063634 (West Glacier), 9075853 (Rising Sun), and 9075854 (Bowman Lake Road). | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Saskatoon serviceberry | Fall field sowing of fresh seed usually results in good germination (~50%) the next spring, although small amounts of additional germination may occur the second spring. | Rototill the seedbed to break up clods and level the site. Soil moisture needs to be such that rototilling leaves behind a fine, fluffy seedbed. Lightly firm the seedbed with a roller or packer prior to sowing if the soil surface is too soft. Sow 25 to 50 seeds per linear foot to a depth of 0.25 to 0.5 inches. We maintain 4-ft wide beds (5-ft between beds), and plant 3 to 4 rows of seeds per bed depending on production interval. We cover our seeds with excelsior to maintain soil moisture and minimize animal predation. We fall sow fresh serviceberry in October or November. Germination occurs the following spring. | Bareroot: We harvest 2-0 or 3-0 bareroot plants as soon as the ground thaws in early spring. A "U" blade mounted to a 3-point system on the back of a tractor is used. Beds are undercut in two directions (up and down their length) prior to using the blade to lift the plants. Bundles of 10 to 25 plants are tied together, trimmed to a uniform size, then the roots packed in moist sphagnum or peat moss wrapped in plastic. The plants are stored in a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity until needed and then shipped in heavy wax coated boxes as priority ground mail early in the week.<br> Length of Storage: Dormant bareroot plants store well for several weeks in a 34 to 37øF cooler. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> (Nutt.) Nutt.ex M. Roemer plants 2+0; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
160 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer | AMAL2 | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Fish Creek Flat, Oregon; 3100 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Saskatoon serviceberry | Small lot, 25 pounds, hand collected into plastic buckets. | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
161 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | Western Serviceberry | Collect ripe fruit in July/August in western Washington. | Soak in water for 24 hours then cold, wet stratification for 3 months beginning in January. | Sow into 10 cubic inch tubes filled with Sunshine Mix #1in March. Sow 3-5 seeds per tube. | Tubes will be fully rooted in 3 months. Success rate of tubes: 60%. The tubes can then be potted into 1-gallon containers and will be fully rooted by September. Success rate of 1-gallons: 90%. | 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> plants Sound Native Plants Olympia, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
162 | Amelanchier (arborea) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | arborea | AMEARB | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Dry rocky upland woods, Maine and New Brunswick and s. Quebec to sw. Ontario and Minnesota, s. to Georgia, nw. Florida, Louisiana and e. Oklahoma. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991) | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Bare root seedlings | 2 Years | Years | Height: 10-12"<br> Root system: well developed root system that is pruned as needed at harvest | downy serviceberry | Source: The Pinnacle, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.<br> Seed is collected soon after ripening (between May 22 and June 27 in Cumberland Gap.) Collectors must compete with wildlife which will devour fruits as soon as they ripen. | Seed embryo dormancy is overcome by cold, moist stratification. Seed is sown in outdoor beds in the fall after cleaning to allow for natural stratification. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown closely into rows 5-6" apart. Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed and the row is covered with about 3/4" soil. Beds are mulched with aged sawdust which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. | Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded immediately after emergence with 30% poly screening. They are kept under shade cloth until mid-August | Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor, sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized once weeky from mid-April through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. Application rate is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | From mid to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is used only in severe drought. | Dormant, bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bare root seedling harvester is used to loosen plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist untilpacking. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed. | 3-5 months | Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> The New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, NY.<br> Brinkman, K.A. 1974. <i>Amelanchier</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 212-215.<br> USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody nursery plant records. Unpublished data. | Englert, J.; King, Brandy. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Amelanchier arborea</i> plants Bare root seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
163 | Amelanchier (canadensis) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Amelanchier | canadensis | (L.) Medik. | AMECAN | A. canadensis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canadian serviceberry | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 to 120 days and germinate at 21 C. | Crocker, W. (1930). Harvesting, storage and stratification of seeds in relation to nursery practice. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. Prof. Pap. 1(15), 114-120.<br> Harvesting, storage and stratification of seeds in relation to nursery practice. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. Prof. Pap. 1(15), 114-120.<br> Crocker, W. and Barton, L. V. (1931). After-ripening, germination, and storage of certain rosaceous seeds. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 3, 385-404. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier canadensis</i> (L.) Medik. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
164 | Amelanchier (laevis) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Amelanchier | laevis | Wieg. | AMELAE | A. laevis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Allegheny serviceberry | Seeds are stratified for 120 days and germinate at 21 C. | Hilton et al,1965. Rest period studies on Amelanchier, Prunus, and Sorbus. Can. J. Plant Sci. 45, 79-85. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier laevis</i> Wieg. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
165 | Amelanchier (utahensis) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Amelanchier | utahensis | Koehne | AMEUTA | A. utahensis is found from oregon to California and east from southern Montana to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Utah serviceberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 45 days. Germination occurs at 10 to 40 C. | Hart,1970.Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier utahensis</i> Koehne plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
166 | Amelanchier (utahensis) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | utahensis | Koehne | AMEUTA | Utah | <i> A. utahensis</i>is found in valleys and hillsides, sagebrush deserts and open forests from Southern Oregon across central Idaho to Montana and south to California across the desert southwest to Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Utah serviceberrry | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br>Mature fruit is a blue flshy berry containing several seeds. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.12 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 35 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 8 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Amelanchier utahensis</i> Koehne plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
167 | Amelanchier (utahensis) | Rosaceae | Amelanchier | utahensis | Koehne | AMEUTA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Utah Serviceberry | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 2-3 months. <b>Cold Stratification:</b> Those species which require cold stratification are typically sown in plug trays and placed on the watering bench for several days to ensure that the media is thoroughly moist and seed are imbibed. The seeded plug flats are covered with an inverted empty plug flat; to allow the 4 to 5 seeded flats are stacked with the inverted flats acting as spacers. These stacked flats are placed in clean or disinfected polyethylene bags used for soilless media and are sealed with twist-ties; these bags contain perforations punched by the media manufacturer, which allow air exchange. These plug tray stacks are placed in a walk-in cooler held at 40 F and periodically checked for signs of germination or the need for adding moisture. When germination has started or when a sufficient stratification period has passed, the plug flats are moved to the greenhouse and placed on the watering bench. <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seeds are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water.<br>Pre-soaking or wet tumbling results in mucilaginous mass that makes sowing difficult. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process.<p> Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Seed Treatment</b> Pre-soaking or wet tumbling results in mucilaginous mass that makes sowing difficult.<b> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall.Seedling growth is rapid during the establishment phase. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. Irrigation requirements are moderate for this species once well estblshed in containers. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seedling ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the greenhouse. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier utahensis</i> Koehne plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
168 | Amorpha (canescens) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Amorpha | canescens | Pursh | AMOCAN | A. canescens is found from southern Manitoba west to North Dakota and south to Illinois, Arkansas, Texas,and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Leadplant | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs at 21 C. | Sorensen, J. T. and Holden, D. J. (1974). Germination of native prairie forb seeds. J. Range Manage. 27, 123-126.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amorpha canescens</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
169 | Amorpha (fruticosa L) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Amorpha | fruticosa L | (Pursh) Boynt | Amorpha | angustifolia | (Pursh) Boynt | AMFR | A. fruticosa is found from southern Quebec to northern Manitoba and south throughout the United States and into Mexico. Within New Mexico along the Rio Grande Valley from the central portion of the state south and in the southwest corner. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height 25 to 40 cm; firm root plug. | False indigo | Seeds were harvested from seed production hedges growing in the middle Rio Grande Valley in central New Mexico. | Using a hot plate heat tap water to 800C. When water reaches desired temperature remove from hot plate. Add seeds to hot water and allow to soak for 1 hour. Drain and rinse seeds. Allow seeds to cool then sow. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse (2 to 4 weeks) and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house (6 - 8 weeks). The hardening phase occurs in the shade house using natural changes in ambient conditions (6 to 8 weeks). Dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat moss: perlite: vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at a rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. The irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system; generally every 4-5 days. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2-5 mm layer of perlite is placed of the media/seed. The containers are misted 3-5 minutes 3-5 times a day to keep the surface of the media moist, and maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night temperatures range from 12 to 21oC and day temperatures range from 15 to 26oC. No supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days | 2 to 4 weeks (14 to 28 days) | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 6 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26oC and during the night 18 to 22oC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 4 to 8 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 4 to 6 weeks (greenhouse) 4 to 8 weeks (shade house) 8 to 14 weeks total | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J. L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Mimbres Publishing 464 pp. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov | Harrington, John T; Atencio, Lena E.. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amorpha fruticosa L</i> (Pursh) Boynt plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
170 | Amorpha (fruticosa) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Amorpha | fruticosa | L. | Amorpha | angustifolia | (Pursh) Boynt. | AMOFRU | A. fruticosa is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | False indigo-bush | Seeds germinate at 30/20 C. | Hutton, M. E.-J. and Porter, R. H. (1937). Seed impermeability and viability of native and introduced species of Leguminosae. Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci. 12, 5-24.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amorpha fruticosa</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
171 | Amorpha (fruticosa) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Amorpha | fruticosa | L. | Amorpha | angustifolia | (Pursh) Boynt. | AMOFRU | South Central Missouri | False indigo is found from southern Quebec to northern Manitoba and south thorughout the United States and into Mexico. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | False indigo | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The fruits are legumes that are light tan at maturity and typically contain 1 or 2 seeds per pod and usually mature in August and September. Seeds are glossy, smooth and olive brown and are 2 to 2.8 mm (0.07 to 0.11 in) long. | We plant seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 10 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Zasada JC, Martineau D. 2004. The genus Amorpha. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Amorpha.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Amorpha fruticosa</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
172 | Amorpha (fruticosa) | Fabaceae / Leguminosae | Pea | Amorpha | fruticosa | L. | AMFR | Central Appalachian | Found in all of the continental states with the exception of Nevada and Montana. Also found in the eastern Canadian provinces. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 18" and having a compact, well developed root system. | false indigo bush | Mature fruit was hand harvested from a population of Central Appalachian Amorpha fructosa maintained at the Appalachian Plant Materials Center. | Mechanical scarification for 15 seconds using a Forsberg seed scarifier. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The seed was then artificially cold stratified at 35-38 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 days. Upon completion of cold stratification, seed was moved to the greenhouse to stimulate germination. | 1 month | Once the seedlings had developed adequate root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with Metro-mix 510 growing medium. Transplants were maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit in the greenhouse under automatic watering and natural lighting. | 6 - 9 months | Plants were moved into a shadehouse which provided a minimum of 50 percent shade to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth were distributed to various NRCS field offices throughout the Appalachian Region for use in mine land reclamation. | USDA, NRCS. 2015. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 11 March 2014). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amorpha fruticosa</i> L. plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
173 | Anaphalis (margaritacea) | Compositae | Aster Family | Anaphalis | margaritacea | L.(Bentham) | ANMA | Dry to moist rocky, sandy, open areas, dunes, fields, roadsides, shores. Rhizomatous. Single stalk with densly packed clusters of flowers at the top of stem. Leaves are somewhat wooly with gland tipped hairs on undersides. Stems white wooly. Leaves alternate on stem. Height up to 3 feet. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pearly everlasting | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from July-August. Seed is an achene and is harvested from late August to late September. | Sratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite in a sealable plastic bag or Rubbermaid-style container. Seal and put in a refrigerator or garage(35 to 42 degrees F) for 1-2 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: Grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to the unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day andnight. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse hold plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse table. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prvent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anaphalis margaritacea</i> L.(Bentham) plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
174 | Anaphalis (margaritacea) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Anaphalis | margaritacea | ( L.) B & H. | ANAMAR | Forest margin in well drained soils, Fish Creek, 1000 m elevation, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>A. margaritacea</i> is a widespread, circumboreal species, occurring throughout North America and eastern Asia. In North America, it is found from Newfoundland south to North Carolina, Kansas and California in open slopes, shaded hillsides, mountain meadows and old burns; from lowlands to moderately high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml containers | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Height: 5 to 6 true leaves; 10 to 12 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 172 ml (10 cu. inch) conetainers. | Pearly Everlasting | Seeds are hand collected in late September and early October. The small achenes are dark brown at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | None. | Outdoor nursery growing facility or Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown or lightly covered with medium. Seeds are extremely small and will not germinate if covered milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification in the outdoor nursery or just prior to seeding in the greenhouse. | Germination occurs when day temperatures reach 23C in the outdoor nursery or at 22C for 12 hours and 15C at night in the greenhouse. Medium is kept slightly moist during germination by misting twice per day. Germination is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks and seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm until root tightness is obtained. Plants are rhizomatous and quickly fill containers. | 4 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total time To Harvest: 12 weeks<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anaphalis margaritacea</i> ( L.) B & H. plants 160 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
175 | Anaphalis (margaritacea) | Asteraceae | Composites; Aster family | Anaphalis | margaritacea | (L.) Benth. | ANMA | Seed was collected at both Mt Rainier and Crater Lake National park, at elevations ranging from 2500 to 7,000 feet. Seed was plentiful in most years at both parks | Widely distributed across north America, including several subspecies. Occurs at low to subalpine elevations; often a pioneer species on open slopes and meadows, roadcuts and gravelly soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-year plugs | 0 | Several crown buds; roots well-developed and filling container. | western pearly everlasting | Seeds are easily collected from mature native stands; entire flowering heads were picked into cloth sacks and air dried. Avoid collecting herbage along with flower heads as it will be more difficult to thresh later. Initial seed viability ranged from 47 to 64%, with no pretreatment needed. | None needed | Seed were thinly surface-sown in Ray-leach SC-10 super cells filled with Fisons' Sunshine #1 amended with 3-month slow-release Osmocote NPK fertilizer and small amounts of Micromax trace elements. Containers sown in late April to early May were ready to ship by late August. The tiny seeds may be "thinned down" by mixing with very fine sand, or cream-of-wheat cereal (works well!!) to avoid seeding too heavily. | Flats were kept in a warm greenhouse (65 to 85 F day; 50 to 65 F night) with surface kept lightly moist until germination; usually within 10 to 14 days. Once germinated, the surface should NOT be kept overly moist as this will encourage dampingoff. If seedling emergence is too heavy (more than about 5 seedlings per cone) they should be hand thinned by mechanical disturbance or a quick tweezing, so that adequate crowns can develop. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants were kept in the greenhouse until early June, or when it became too hot in the poly house to keep adequate soil moisture. They were then moved out to an outdoor shade house (40% shade cloth). These plants could probably withstand full sun, but the shade house kept the cones a little cooler, and easier to keep properly watered. Since the crown growth rapidly covers the cone surface, overhead watering becomes difficult after about 4 or 5 weeks, and standing water on the leaves encouraged leaf and crown rot. Instead, we constructed shallow watering troughs with plastic sheeting folded over concrete blocks and 2 x 4's, and sub-irrigated the cones about once every 5 to 7 days. The cones should be allowed to become fairly dry and light between waterings; and should not be left in standing water for more than a few hours - long enough to fill the soil profile. | 8 to 10 weeks. | Shade cloth is removed in August; and time intervals between irrigations are lengthened. By this time the roots should have filled the containers, and some lateral bud development should be visible on crowns. | 2 to 4 weeks | Cones were sub-irrigated 2 days before shipping in refrigerated vans at 40 to 45 F, up to a holding facility at the park where they were held an additional 2 weeks prior to outplanting in September. | Container plants can be overwintered as long as they are not subjected to mechanical damage from freeze / thaw cycles, or to excess moisture which encourages crown rot. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996 Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Wood, David M., and William F. Morris. 1990. Ecological constraints to seedling establishment on the pumice plains, Mount St. Helens, Washington. Amer. J. Botany 77(11):1411-1418 | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anaphalis margaritacea</i> (L.) Benth. plants 1-year plugs; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
176 | Anaphalis (margaritacea) | Asteraceae | Composites; Aster family | Anaphalis | margaritacea | (L.) Benth. | ANMA | Seed was collected at both Mt Rainier and Crater Lake National park, at elevations ranging from 2500 to 7,000 feet. Seed was plentiful in most years at both parks. | Widely distributed across north America, including several subspecies. Occurs at low to subalpine elevations; often a pioneer species on open slopes and meadows, roadcuts and gravelly soils. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed from seed increase | 0 | clean viable seed, free of noxious weeds. | western pearly everlasting | Seeds are easily collected from mature native stands; entire flowering heads were picked into cloth sacks and air dried. Avoid collecting herbage along with flower heads as it will be more difficult to thresh later. Initial seed viability ranged from 47 to 64%, with no pretreatment needed. | None needed | A finely tilled, weed-free, firm seed bed is surface-sown by broadcasting at the rate of 2 to 4 lbs Pure Live Seed / acre. Seed drilling not recommended because the tiny seeds tend to be buried too deeply and flow rate could not be controlled acceptably. Lightly surface-raking the seed to improve seed / soil contact and to very lightly cover the seed could be beneficial. | Seedlings sown in late May emerge in 21 days; young seedlings are suceptible to damping-off but at the same time need frequent, light irrigations to avoid drying out. Cool wet weather during spring-seeding at Corvallis added to the damping off problem. | At about 6 weeks from seeding date, plants will still be quite tiny but better able to withstand longer periods between irrigations. No supplemental irrigation was supplied for established stands after the first season. | Seedlings remain quite small for several weeks before taking off. By the end of the first season, the plants are beginning to spread from rhizomes. Weed control was very difficult during the active growth phase and is the primary limitation to establishing this crop from seed. No selective herbicides were available and the small seedlings were easily injured during mechanical tilling. Canopy cover is slow to establish at first and this allowed extensive invasion by annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. | June and July are the most active months. Some flowering occured in late July during the first year of growth; in subsequent years flowering occurs in June. Canopy cover develops much more quicly after the first year of stand establishment; however broa | Irrigation is withheld in August and September; the seed was harvested by "mowing off" the herbage and seed heads. Not much new top growth occurred after harvesting, although plants seemed to continue to develop new rhizomes into the fall once fall rains resumed. | August to September; plants naturally became quiescent during the dry season although some rhizome formation was observed in the mild days during September and October after fall rains resumed. | Our best results were achieved by hand h-harvesting 2 to 3 times, picking or clipping the heads and collecting into paper bags. Mechanical harvesters were not feasable because they took up too much herbage, which still has a very high moisture content by the time the seeds are ready for harvest and thus made it much more difficult to dry and separate the seeds. Seed heads were dried on tarps in a warm, dry poly greenhouse in August. Seed cleaning methods were essentially the same as for the native seed collection as outlined above in the section on propagule collection | 3 to 4 years at least; germination not foramlly tracked for longer periods | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996 Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Wood, David M., and William F. Morris. 1990. Ecological constraints to seedling establishment on the pumice plains, Mount St. Helens, Washington. Amer. J. Botany 77(11):1411-1418 | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Anaphalis margaritacea</i> (L.) Benth. seeds seed from seed increase; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
177 | Anaphalis (margaritacea) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Anaphalis | margaritacea | (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. | ANAMAR | Ecotype from Old Faithful Main Shop Area of Yellowstone National Park | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10-cubic-inch conetainers. | 0 | Western pearly everlasting | A 6-week cold moist stratification at 34 to 37øF resulted in good germination of 1-y-old seeds (>50%), although trials to determine optimum dormancy breaking treatment were not conducted. Sow seeds directly onto a peat-lite mix and cold chill, or stratify seeds in a 50:50 sand:peat moss mix in a ventilated ziplock bag. Moisten seed and media and allow to imbibe water overnight before placing in cooler. Ten-cubic-inch conetainers are adequate for 1-0 production. | For container production, use a well-drained peat-lite mix with baseline nutrition. | This species grows well in a greenhouse at 75 to 80øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. Keep media fairly moist. Fertigate weekly with 9-45-15 at 150 to 250 ppm for the first 4 to 6 weeks then use 20-10-20 at 150 to 200 ppm each week for the remainder of the growing season. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). Our hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | No experience, this species was delivered as actively growing stock in early summer of the first growing season. We generally prefer to hold over all container plants for one winter prior to outplanting.<br>Length of Storage: No experience. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anaphalis margaritacea</i> (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. plants 10-cubic-inch conetainers.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
178 | Anaphalis (margaritacea) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Anaphalis | margaritacea | (L.) Benth. | ANMA | USFS land, Olympic National Forest, Washington | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Western pearly everlasting | Small lot, 1.6 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Anaphalis margaritacea</i> (L.) Benth. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
179 | Anaphalis (margaritacea) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Anaphalis | margaritacea | (L.) Benth. | Anaphalis | margaritacea | (L.) B&H | Variety | angustior | ANAMAR | Marin County, California | <i>A. margaritacea</i> is a widespread, circumboreal species, occurring throughout North America and eastern Asia, extending south to N.C., Kansas, and in the mountains to Arizona and southern California; from lowlands to moderately high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pearly Everlasting | Seeds are collected between June 1st and September 1st. Mature inflorescences are chaffy white and open; pappus and seeds are visible. Seed is dark brown to black at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixedwith media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 15th.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 20 days | After establishment, seedlings are topdressed with a small amount of Nutricote fertilizer (NPK 13-13-13)3 months after transplanting.<br> Cut back plants 2 months after transplanting leaving at least 4 nodes. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press,Seattle and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anaphalis margaritacea</i> (L.) Benth. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
180 | Anaphalis (margaritacea) | Asteraceae | Anaphalis | margaritacea | ANMA | Colorado, Glacier Gorge (98-034s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pearly Everlasting | Collected at Glacier Gorge on 10/03/98. <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Separate "fuzzy stuff" from the seed head and plant as is. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat, covered seed lightly with germination mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days. <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uneven. Second round of germination may occur much later.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1-1/2 months.<br> Glacier Gorge sowed on 11/04/98, emerged on 11/16/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Anaphalis margaritacea</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
181 | Andromeda (polifolia) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Andromeda | polifolia | L. | ANDPOL | A. polifolia is found from Alaska to Labrador south to northern Idaho and Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bog rosemary | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andromeda polifolia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
182 | Andropogon (gerardii) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Andropogon | gerardii | Vitman | Andropogon | furcatus | Willd. | ANGE | Characteristic prairie species but spreading along roadsides/ railroads, oak woods, jack pine plains. As tall as three meters. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers August-September. Seed is an achene and is collected in October. | None | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in deep cell plug trays; 100 cell (1.5" diameter), 18"x12"x6.5" deep. Big Bluestem also grows successfully in a variety of other plug cell sizes and shapes. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with paper. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug tray cells again. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each small cell and about 5 seeds in each large cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of dirt. Sow January until June as needed. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> Vitman plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
183 | Andropogon (gerardii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Andropogon | gerardii | Vitm. | ANDGER | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Big bluestem | Application of gibberellic acid resulted in 46% germination.<br>Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 14 days.<br>Germination occurs at 20 C.<br>Dry storage of spring germinating seeds resulted in 100% germination. | Kucera, C. L. (1966). Some effects of gibberellic acid on grass seed germination. Iowa St. J. Sci. 41, 137-143.<br>Hsu, F. H., Nelson, C. J. and Matches, A. G. (1985). Temperature effects on germination of perennial warm-season forage grasses. Crop Sci. 25, 215-220.<br>Coukos, C. J. (1944). Seed dormancy and germination in some native grasses. Agron. J. 36, 337-345.<br>Table 10.23 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> Vitm. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
184 | Andropogon (gerardii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Andropogon | gerardii | Vitman | ANDGER | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | Big Bluestem is found in prairies and open woods, from Quebec and Maine west to Saskatchewan and Montana, south to Florida, Wyoming, Utah and Arizona and into Mexico. It is an important forage grass in the prairie states of Mississippi valley. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: n/a, herbaceousperennial<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Big Bluestem | Source of Propagules: Seed is harvested by combine about Sept. 25. It is ready when it no longer has a soft, creamy center. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br> Store this seed for 3 to 4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Do not add slow release fertilizer to the grasses, as it tends to burn the young, tender roots. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/ root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one to two weeks.<br> Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures.<br>Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse.<br>It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Grasses are not thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February.<br>To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhousecontrols and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also.<br> Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down. <br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out. | Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> Vitman plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
185 | Andropogon (gerardii) | Poaceae | Grass | Andropogon | gerardii | Vitman | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | big bluestem | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Kaufmann, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> Vitman seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
186 | Andropogon (gerardii) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Andropogon | gerardii | Vitman | ANDGER | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, Cades Cove, 1700' elevation | <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> is distributed from Quebec and Main west of Saskatchewan and Montana, and south to Utah, Mexico, and Florida; it grows in dry soil, prairies, and open woods. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Container plug | 14 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Height:</b> 8-10" after cutbacks at outplanting; multiple stems.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug which retains shape and leaves no residual soil when pulled. | Big bluestem | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee by F. Langdon 10/29/94, National Park Service staff 10/8-23/97, 10/6-20/98, 9/27-10/6/99. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> 2-4 weeks of cold stratification (@40 F, 35% humidity) may improve uniformity of germination. Most critical factors for germination and growth appear to be greenhouse temperature and amount and intensity of daytime solar. Green house grown <i>A. gerardii</i> seedlings haven't germinated well or thrived in wet, cloudy weather or when night temperatures dip below 65 F. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (set at 75/68F) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high-pressure sodium lights.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is sown in 392 plug trays; seedlings transplanted to 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots depending on whether outplanted mechanically or hand-dibbled.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are sown in Fafard Germinating Mix. Seedlings are transplanted into a 2:1 mix of Sunshine #5:Compro, (1 bals Sunshine, 2 bags Compro) with 180 Nutricote Total 18-6-8 SR @ 0.15lb/cu ft mix. Compro is used to prevent chlorosis in some warm season grass seedlings grown in soilless mixes. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Sown 11/23, stratified 2 weeks in cooler, placed on bench 12/8.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> First germination occurred approx. 5-7 days after placing on bench. 50% of total seedlings had emerged by 3 weeks and all had germinated by 35-42 days. Second sowings have been necessary to reach target number.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is hand-sown into plug flats at a rated computed to reach goal and compensate for low purity and germination. Flats are treated with a fungicide drench (Triathlon or Captan), covered in plastic and stratified in cooler at 40 F, 35% humidity for 2-4 weeks. Flats are removed to greenhouse benches and placed under mist or covered with light, clear plastic and kept evenly moist until germinated.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings are transplanted to 72 plug flats or Ropak multi pots 30-45 days after germination. Post-transplant seedlings have experienced slow growth and up to 20% mortality. (Possible causes: low light and temperatures during winter, media too moist, or root damage from transplanting or fungus gnats.) | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Occurs when greenhouse solar levels increase in the spring. Established plugs are cut back periodically to 6-8" to enhance root and stem growth and to manually eliminate insect pests. Plugs are fertilized as needed (every 1-2 weeks) with Technigro 16-17-17 Plus, @100 ppm. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to out-planting, fertilization is stopped, watering is decreased, and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors. | <b>Seed Processing:</b> Seed storage: seed bags in cooler @ 40 F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> If winter-grown, ready for out-planting about 14 weeks after seedlings germinate.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1050. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> Vitman plants Container plug; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
187 | Andropogon (gerardii) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Andropogon | gerardii | Vitman | ANGE | Guy Sandy Area and Upper Guy Sandy Area. | Dry soil, prairies and open woods, Quebec and Maine to Saskatchewan and Montana, south to Florida, Wyoming, Utah, and Arizona; Mexico. An important forage grass in the prairie States of the Mississippi Valley, and a constituent of prairie hay. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b? Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 7 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Short rhizomes. | Big bluestem | Collected in NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by Morris Houck on 11/20/1990. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late winter and early spring.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 90% emergence within four weeks with several irrigations.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:<.b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Mid-summer to late fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> June-November.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration: </b> Up to 7 months. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, 757-758; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> Vitman plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
188 | Andropogon (gyrans) | Poaceae | Grass | Andropogon | gyrans | Ashe | ANGY2 | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | Elliot's bluestem | Seed of Stones River ecotype Elliot's bluestem was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. Seed is conspicuously tufted or covered with silky white rather stiff racemes. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon gyrans</i> Ashe plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
189 | Andropogon (hallii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Andropogon | hallii | Hack. | ANDHALL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sand bluestem | Dry storage of spring germinating seeds resulted in 90% germination. | Shaidaee, G., Dahl, B. E. and Hansen, R. M. (1969). Germination and emergence of different age seeds of six grasses. J. Range Manage. 22, 240-243.<br>Stubbendieck, J. and McCully, W. G. (1976). Effect of temperature and photoperiod on germination and survival of sand bluestem. J. Range Manage. 29, 206-208.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon hallii</i> Hack. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
190 | Andropogon (hallii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Andropogon | hallii | Hack. | ANHA | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, 42.3 miles northeast of Roswell, Chaves County, New Mexico: 4072 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sand bluestem | Small lot, 1.9 pounds, hand collected into cloth bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Andropogon hallii</i> Hack. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
191 | Andropogon (scoparius) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Andropogon | scoparius | Michaux | Schizachyrium | scoparium | (Michaux) Nash | ANSC10 | Characteristic prairie species, jack pine plains, sand dunes, shores, dolomitic pavements, spreading along roadsides/ railroads, old sandy fields. Grass, clumping up to 3 feet in height. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Little bluestem | The very small seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from August-Sept. The seed is an achene and is harvested Sept. and Oct. | None | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in deep cell plug trays; 100 cell (1.5" diameter), 18"x12"x6.5" deep. Little Bluestem also grows successfully in a variety of other plug cell sizes and shapes. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with paper. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow theseeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each small cell and 5 seeds in each large cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow January until June as needed. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon scoparius</i> Michaux plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
192 | Andropogon (ternarius) | Poaceae | Grass | Andropogon | ternarius | Michx | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | splitbeard bluestem | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Andropogon ternarius</i> Michx seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
193 | Andropogon (ternarius) | Poaceae | Grass | Andropogon | ternarius | Michx. | ANTE2 | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | splitbeard bluestem | Seed of Stones River ecotype splitbeard bluestem was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. Seed is conspicuously tufted or covered with silky white rather stiff racemes. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon ternarius</i> Michx. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
194 | Andropogon (virginicus) | Poaceae | Grass | Andropogon | virginicus | Relatively sterile, sandy soils of abandoned fields and thin woodlands, roadsides, waste areas. This species is found in the South and southeastern states including Massachusetts, New York, Michigan, Kansas, south to Florida and Texas, California, and Mexico. It is a warm-season bunchgrass. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Broomsedge Bluestem | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>PROPAGATION METHOD:</b> As seed has been very limited, no attempts to propagate seed have been made. Depending on available material, plans in 1993 are to chop vegetative and seed material and use as a mulch, which will be scattered and lightly covered with soil. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> No plantings have been attempted because of limited seed material and seed-cleaning difficulties. | <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Tentative plans in 1993 are to harvest fields within Cades Cove of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by mowing, raking, and baling material. This material will then be chopped in some way and mulched to an area in an attempt to establish.<br> <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data not available at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Andropogon virginicus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
195 | Andropogon (virginicus) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Andropogon | virginicus | L. | ANDVIR | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, Foothills Parkway, Cades Cove; Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Virginia, Lewis Hollow, 1400' elevation; National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run | <i>Andropogon virginicu</i> grows from Massachusetts and New York west to Michigan and Kansas, and south to Florida, Texas, and Mexico; it grows in old fields, open woods, on sterile hills and sandy soil. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plug | 3 Months | Months | <b>Height:</b> 8-10, after cutbacks at outplanting; multiple stems.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug which leaves no loose soil when pulled. | Broomsedge | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, by NPS staff 11/23/93, 10/31/96; Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Virginia, by J. Englert 10/15/90; National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., by S. Rudy 11/20/98, 1/20/99; National Plant Materials Center, Maryland, by D. Dusty 10/20/96, 12/11/96, 12/29/97, 1/4-6/99. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (set at 75/68F) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high-pressure sodium lights.<p> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are sown in 392 plug trays; seedlings are transplanted to either 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots depending whether out-planted mechanically or hand dibbled.<p> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are hand-sown in Fafard Germinating Mix. Seedlings are transplanted into a 2:1 mix of Sunshine #5:Compro (1 bale Sunshine:2 bags Compro, with 180 day Nutricote Total (18-6-8) SR incorporated @ 20 oz./batch of mix (0.151b/cu ft mix). Compro is used to prevent chlorosis. Other organic substitutes for Compro are being evaluated. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early winter.<p> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 50% of the total number of seedlings germinate in the first 3-4 days; 100% in 2 weeks.<p> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is hand-sown into 392 plug trays at a rate computed to produce target number of plugs and compensate for low germination rate. Seeds are very lightlycovered with germination mix, and watered. The plug trays are placed on heat mats (set at 75-80F) and covered with clear lightweight plastic. Trays are kept moist and on mats for 7-10 days. Germination occurs within 3-4 days, most plugs have multiple seedlings.<p> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Transplanted to 72 plug flats or Ropak multipots about 30 days after germination. Seedlings are thinned as needed. <i>A. virginicus</i> seedlings germinate and grow more rapidly than <i>A. gerardii</i> and Schizachyrium scoparium.<br> | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Occurs when greenhouse solar levels increase in the spring. Established plugs are cut back periodically to 6-8" to enhance root and stem growth and to manually eliminate insect pests. Plugs are fertilized as needed (every 1-2 weeks) with Technigro 16-17-17 Plus, @ 100 ppm. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to out-planting, fertilization is stopped, water is decreased, and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> winter-grown greenhouse plugs are ready for out-planting about 90 days after they germinate.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon virginicus</i> L. plants Container plug; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
196 | Andropogon (virginicus) | Poaceae | Grass | Andropogon | virginicus | L. | ANVI2 | USDI-NPS | Widely distributed throughout the eastern United state from Massachusetts and Connecticut southward to Florida and westward to Texas. It is also native to California. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | broomsedge bluestem | Seed of USDI-NPS broomsedge bluestem was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines USDI-National Park Service sites. The seeds of broomsedge are evenly distributed along the 2-5 ft. stems and are striking in fall and winter when the fine hairs of the expanded racemes catch the sunlight. The clump-forming, perennial grass turns a tawny brown in fall. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2015. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 6 March 2015). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.<br><br>Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. 1977. Flora of West Virginia, 2nd Edition<br><br> | Vandevender, John. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Andropogon virginicus</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
197 | Androsace (septentrionalis) | Primulaceae | Primrose family | Androsace | septentrionalis | L. | ANDSEP | A. septentrionalis is a circumboreal species found south in North America to California, Arizona, and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Northern androsace | Germination occurs at 32D/22N C alternating temperature cycle. | Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Androsace septentrionalis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
198 | Anemone (cylindrica) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Anemone | cylindrica | A. Gray | ANECYL | A. cylindrica is found from Maine to Alberta south to Pennsylvannia, Kansas and Arizona; in prairiesand open woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Candle windflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 84 days. Germination occurs at 16 to 22 C. | Kis, B. (1984). Germination of prairie plants under ambient and controlled conditions. Michigan Bot. 23, 93-95.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anemone cylindrica</i> A. Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
199 | Anemone (cylindrica) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Anemone | cylindrica | Gray | ANECYL | Illinois Prairie sites to include State Parks, highway roadsides, and limited private lands. Prefers wet prairies. | <i>A. cylindrica</i> is found from B.C. south through the Rocky Mountain states to New Mexico, Arizona and east to South Dakota, Missouri, and to New Jersey. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Thimble Weed | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers in late June. Seed is harvested in July and August. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br>Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/ root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two and a half weeks.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8- 0 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anemone cylindrica</i> Gray plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
200 | Anemone (multifida) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Anemone | multifida | Poir | Variety | ANEMUL | Festuca idahoensis grassland; Saint Mary, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT.,1371m elevation. | <i>A. multifida</i> occurs from Alaska to California, east to New York, and south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. It is also native in South America. In Montana, it is found from montane foothills to the arctic-alpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml containers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 5 to 6 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Cliff anemone | Seeds are collected in mid August. Seeds are mature when the achenes are brown and the cotton-like material encasing the seeds is fully expanded. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Two year old dry stored seeds were placed into a 24 hour running water rinse prior to a 120 day outdoor cold, moist stratification.<br> Germination occurs when day temperatures reach 21 C in early May. Fresh seeds must be dry stored for 6 months prior to stratification or treated with gibberellic acid prior to cold, moist stratification.<br> %Germination:60% | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination appeared complete in 3 weeks. Seedlings produced 2 true leaves 3 to 4 weeks after germination.ÿ | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm as needed until root tightness is obtained at 3 months. Shoot growth appear limited the first year. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anemone multifida</i> Poir plants 172 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
201 | Anemone (occidentalis) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Anemone | occidentalis | Wats. | ANEOCC | A. occidentalis is found from British Columbia south to California and east to Alberta and Montana, Idao and northeastern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain pasqueflower | Seeds exhibit morpho-physiological dormancy. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Anemone occidentalis</i> Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
202 | Angelica (arguta) | APIACEAE | Carrot Family | Angelica | arguta | Nutt. | ANGARG | Aspen understory,Summit, Glacier National Park, Glacier County, MT1500m elevation | <i>A. arguta</i> occurs in wet places from the foothills and valleys to mid-montane elevations; from southern B.C. to northern California, east to southwest Alberta and south through Montana, Wyoming and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml containers | 7 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm tall, 4to 6 true leaves<br>
Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer | Sharptooth angelica | Seeds are hand collected in late August/early September when seeds turn brown and are easily stripped from the inflorescence and are kept in paper bags in a well ventilated drying shed during the drying process and prior to cleaning. | Seeds were soaked in 200 mg of activated charcoal per 0.5 liter of water for 24 hours to remove inhibitors from the seed coats. Seeds were placed in 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds were placed in fine mesh bags buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 1 to 3C. | Greenhouse facility.<br>
Sowing Method: Direct Seeding or Planting Germinants. Seeds are surface sown or lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 50% milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> | Germination occurred after 3 months of cold, moist stratification. Seeds were sown as germinants as the radicle became visible during cold, moist stratification. Non-sprouted seeds germinated under fluctuating temperatures of 16C during the day for 10 hours and 13C during the night for 14 hours. Germination was non-uniform and continued over a 30 day period. | 8 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 6 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm fertilizer during the growing season. Plants were root tight 3 months following germination. Plants will need to be potted into larger containers if held over for more than one season. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total time To Harvest:10 months<br>
Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | References: Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p>
Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<br> | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Angelica arguta</i> Nutt. plants 172 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
203 | Angelica (hendersonii) | Apiaceae | Carrot | Angelica | hendersonii | Angelica | tomentosa | ANHE | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | This plant resides in California, Oregon and Washington along the immediate coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Henderson's angelica | Angelica hendersonii seeds germinate only after a warm (75 degrees F) treatment followed by a cold (35 degree F) treatment for 90 days to break dormancy. No germination occurred when seeds were placed into cold-stratification with no warm-strat. | Bartow, Amy. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Angelica hendersonii</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
204 | Angelica (hendersonii) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Angelica | hendersonii | Coult. & Rose | Angelica | tomentosa | (Coult. & Rose) Di Tomaso | Variety | hendersonii | ANGHEN | Marin County, California | <i>A. hendersoni</i>i is found on coastal bluffs and flats, in largely Northern Coastal Scrub communities; from southern Washington to Monterey and Del Norte counties, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Henderson's Angelica | Seeds are collected between June 20th and November 15th. Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seeds are brown at maturity. | Seeds are soaked in water overnight. Cold stratify in peat for 2 weeks or until seeds start to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 1 month | After establishment, seedlings are topdressed with Nutricote (NPK 13-13-13)fertilizer 3 months after transplanting.<br> Cut back leaves if they become too large. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Angelica hendersonii</i> Coult. & Rose plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
205 | Angelica (lucida) | Apiaceae | Carrot | Angelica | lucida | Coelopleurum | actaeifolium | ANLU | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | This plant can be found on the beaches of both the Eastern and Western US. It has also been known to be found in East Asia. This plant is almost certainly found on the coast but is not unknown in subalpine in the northern reaches of its range. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling the soil profile in the container. | seacoast angelica | This variety of seed germinates only after a warm treatment followed by a cold treatment to break dormancy. We saw no germination in our warm treatment(75F) seedlings until they were placed into the cooler (35F)for 90 days and then returned to the warm growth chamber where we saw a jump up to 65% germination. When the seeds were not placed into the warm growth chamber before their cold treatment we only saw germination rates at around 9%. | Cameron, Jordan. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Angelica lucida</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
206 | Anisacanthus (thurberi) | Acanthaceae | Acanthus family | Anisacanthus | thurberi | (Torr.) A. Gray | ANTH2 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Agua Fria National Monument, Badger Springs Trail, to Agua Fria River, Arizona; 2935 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thurber's desert honeysuckle | Very small lot, 0.73 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Anisacanthus thurberi</i> (Torr.) A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
207 | Antennaria | Asteraceae | Antennaria | Gaertn. | ANTEN | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-016s), Hollowell Park (98-088s), Twin Sisters (98-081s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pussytoes | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Separate "fuzzy stuff" from seed head and plant as is.<p> Sprague Lake was colledted on 9/16/98; Hollowell park was collected on 8/27/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on the heating pad (set at 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Light is required for germination so seed was left uncovered and pressed firmly into soil.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> Greater than 7 days (variable!).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination is uneven and occurs over several days or weeks.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Sprague Lake sowed on 10/27/98, emerged on 11/04/98; Hollowell Park sowed on 11/16/98, emerged on 11/30/98; Twin Sisters sowed on 11/12/98, emerged on 11/19/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Antennaria</i> Gaertn. seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
208 | Antennaria (alpina) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Antennaria | alpina | (L.) Gaertn. | Antennaria | atriceps | ANTALP | A. alpina is found throughout arctic and subarctic North America and south through the Rocky Mountains in the United States at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine pussytoes | Germination occurs at 18C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18.<br> Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Antennaria alpina</i> (L.) Gaertn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
209 | Antennaria (alpina) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Antennaria | alpina | (L.) Gaertn. | ANTALP | Logan Pass area of Glacier National Park. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration. | 0 | Alpine pussytoes | Our only experience is with a 6-month cold moist chilling in a refrigerator maintained at 34 to 37øF. The seeds were sown on germination pads in petri dishes and kept moist for the duration of the cold chill. The stratified seeds were subsequently exposed to 3 irradiance levels (full, partial, zero) in an environmental growth chamber maintained at 86øF days for an 8-hour daylight photoperiod and 68øF nights for 16 hours. Each treatment consisted of 5 reps of 25 seed/rep. Germination of this species did not decrease with decreasing light intensity from full irradiance (mean 268 footcandles) to partial (mean 23 foot candles) and actually increased slightly from 65.6% to 66.4%. Germination of this species did decline substantially from full and partial irradiance to zero irradiance, with a decrease in germination to 33.6%. Seedling mortality was, however, high in the partial and zero irradiance treatments. No appreciable improvement in germination occurred after exposing the partial and zero irradiance groups to a secondary full irradiance. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Antennaria alpina</i> (L.) Gaertn. plants Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
210 | Antennaria (corymbosa) | Asteraceae | Aster | Antennaria | corymbosa | Moist meadows, and stream sides; 6,000-10,500 ft. elevation. | other propagules | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pussytoes | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> All divisions were placed into Vitamin B-1 solution for 15 minutes to help prevent transplant shock. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data not available at date of publication. <br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Antennaria corymbosa</i> other propagules USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
211 | Antennaria (howellii) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Antennaria | howellii | (Fern.) Bayer. | Antennaria | neglecta | Greene | ANTHOW | Lodgepole pine forest, Camas, 1000 m elvation, Glacier National Park | <i>A. howellii</i> is a common North American species, occurring in prairies, open forests, and open slopes; from the Yukon to Newfoundland and south to California, Wyoming, and South Dakota. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml container | 4 Months | Months | Height: 3 cm, 10 to 15 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 ml (10 cubic inch) container | Field pussytoes | Seeds are collected when achenes are easily separated from receptacle. Seeds are dark grey at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | None. | Greenhouse or outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown, needs light for germination.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall in the outdoor nursery or just prior to sowing in the greenhouse. Conetainers are irrigated thoroughly after sowing. | Antennaria seedlings appear to germinate more slowly than many other forb species. Widely fluctuating temperatures may increase germination percentages by growing directly in the outdoor nursery. Seedlings are thinned after the appearance of true leaves. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants are mat-forming and quickly fill containers during the rapid growth stage. Plants can be produced in 8 weeks following germination. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 4 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Antennaria howellii</i> (Fern.) Bayer. plants 172 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
212 | Antennaria (media) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Antennaria | media | Greene | Antennaria | alpina | (L.) Gaertn. | Variety | media | (Greene) Jepson | ANTMED | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032 m elev. | <i>A. media</i> is a circumboreal species, occurring in subalpine to alpinemeadows and slopes in stony soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml containers | 6 Months | Months | Height: 2 cm, Multiple leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in containers | Alpine Pussytoes | Seeds are collected in late August at high elevations when achenes are easily separated from receptacle. Seeds are black at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed during the drying process and prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into 80 to 150 day cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown in late fall in conetainers. <br> Conetainers are irrigated thoroughly prior to stratification. | <i>Antennaria</i> seedlings appear to germinate more slowly than many other forb species. Widely fluctuating temperatures during germination of this high elevation species may account for the higher fill rate of outdoor nursery sown seeds vs. greenhouse grown material. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants are mat-forming and quickly fill containers during the rapid growth stage. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are flushed with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:6 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<br> | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Antennaria media</i> Greene plants 160 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
213 | Antennaria (microphylla) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Antennaria | microphylla | Rydb. | ANTMIC | Ecotype from Old Faithful Main Shop Area of Yellowstone National Park | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10-cubic-inch conetainers | 0 | Littleleaf pussytoes | A 6-week cold moist stratification at 34 to 37øF resulted in good germination of 1-y-old seeds (>50%), although trials to determine optimum dormancy breaking treatment were not conducted. Sow seeds directly onto a peat-lite mix and cold chill, or stratify seeds in a 50:50 sand:peat moss mix in a ventilated ziplock bag. Moisten seed and media and allow to imbibe water overnight before placing in cooler. Ten-cubic-inch conetainers are adequate for 1-0 production. | For container production, use a well-drained peat-lite mix with baseline nutrition. | This species grows well in a greenhouse at 75 to 80øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. Keep media fairly moist. Fertigate weekly with 9-45-15 at 150 to 250 ppm for the first 4 to 6 weeks then use 20-10-20 at 150 to 200 ppm each week for the remainder of the growing season. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). Our hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Harvesting, Storage and Shipping: No experience, this species was delivered as actively growing stock in early summer of the first growing season. We generally prefer to hold over all container plants for one winter prior to outplanting.<br> Length of Storage: Noexperience. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Antennaria microphylla</i> Rydb. plants 10-cubic-inch conetainers; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
214 | Antennaria (parviflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Antennaria | parviflora | Nutt. | Antennaria | aprica | ANTPAR | A. parviflora is a Great Plains species extending to the west in eastern Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nutall's pussytoes | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Pelton, J. (1956). A study of seed dormancy in eighteen species of high altitude Colorado plants. Butler Univ. Stud. Bot. 13, 74-84.<br> Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Antennaria parviflora</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
215 | Antennaria (rosea) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Antennaria | rosea | Greene | Antennaria | microphylla | Ryd. | Sub-species | ANTROS | A. rosea is found in prairies and open forests throughout the western United States and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rosy pussytoes | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Pelton, J. (1956). A study of seed dormancy in eighteen species of high altitude Colorado plants. Butler Univ. Stud. Bot. 13, 74-84.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Antennaria rosea</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
216 | Antennaria (rosea) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Antennaria | rosea | Greene | Antennaria | microphylla | Rydb. | Variety | rosea | Greene | ANTROS | Fescue grassland, Two Medicine, Glacier National Park | <i>A. rosea</i> is a common cordilleran species, occurring in prairies and foothills to subalpine and alpine slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml containers | 4 Months | Months | Height: 2 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 ml conetainers. | Rosy Pussytoes | Seeds are collected in late June to July when achenes are easily separated from receptacle. Seeds are dark grey at maturity and collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | No stratification is needed on dry stored seeds.<br> Seeds are usually sown in the outdoor nursery in late fall and are subjected to a 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter. | <i>Antennaria</i> seedlings appear to germinate more slowly than many other forb species. Germination continued over a 21 day period. Seedlings are thinned at the true leaf stage. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants are mat-forming and quickly fill containers during the rapid growth stage. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 4 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Antennaria rosea</i> Greene plants 172 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
217 | Antennaria (rosea) | Asteraceae | Antennaria | rosea | Lake Irene (98-186s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Rosy Pussytoes | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from heads. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Sowing Date</b> 1/4/99.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 7 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Not uniform.<br> <b>Time topotting:</b> 1 month. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Antennaria rosea</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
218 | Anthaenantia (villosa) | Poaceae | Grass | Anthaenantia | villosa | (Michx.) Beauv. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | green silkyscale | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Kaufmann, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Anthaenantia villosa</i> (Michx.) Beauv. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
219 | Apocynum (androsaemifolium) | Apocynaceae | Dogbane Family | Apocynum | androsaemifolium | L. | APAN2 | Dry sandy or rocky woodlands with oak, pine, aspen, bracken fern, and sweet fern. Prospers afer disturbance such as fire and logging. Reddish stemmed, milky-juiced perennial up to 1.3 m tall, usually unbranched but wide- spreading arching branches above. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spreading Dogbane | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. The flowers bloom in June and July. Pods, slender hanging down 7-20cm long. Seed is harvested in September. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with 1 month of moist cold stratification in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow spreading dogbane seeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both night and day. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed, leave plants directly outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Apocynum androsaemifolium</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
220 | Apocynum (androsaemifolium) | Apocynaceae | Dog bane family | Apocynum | androsaemifolium | L. | APOAND | A. androsaemifolium is found across Canada and south to Georgia, Texas, Arkansas, and Arizona. It is commonly found in open pine forests on slopes, prairies,thickets, and along waterways. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spreading dog bane | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Apocynum androsaemifolium</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
221 | Apocynum (androsaemifolium) | Apocynaceae | Dogbane family | Apocynum | androsaemifolium | L. | APAN2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Boise National Forest, about 13 miles northeast of Boise off of Bogus Basin Road, Boise County, Idaho: 5562 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Spreading dogbane | Small lot, 0.71 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Apocynum androsaemifolium</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
222 | Apocynum (cannabinum) | Apocynaceae | Dogbane family | Apocynum | cannabinum | L. | APCA | BLM, Seeds of Success: Public land just west of the Stillwater Mountains, Churchill County, Nevada: 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Indianhemp | Very small lot, 0.6 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
223 | Aquilegia (canadensis) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Aquilegia | canadensis | L. | AQCA | Full sunlight to deep shade-light shade is best. Associated with deciduous or mixed woods, rock outcrops, and roadsides. Height 1'-2'. Delicate scarlet flowers 1.5". | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Columbine | Seed ripens at various times within the flower. Seed can be collected over several days by gently tapping follicle (old flower) into a container. Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May to July. Seed is harvested from August to October. Fruit is tiny, round black seeds in follicle. | None. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover seeds with a thin layer of soil. Sow January-June. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aquilegia canadensis</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
224 | Aquilegia (canadensis) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Aquilegia | canadensis | AQUCAN | Shenandoah National Park, Virginia | Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan and south to Florida and Texas. Found in dry woods, rocky cliffs or open areas. Frequent in mountain and midland zones but rare in coastal regions. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 15 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug in Ropak multipots or quarts.<br> <b>Height:</b> Depends on size of container. Because of the close proximity of plants in plug trays such as multipots, development of tall, dense foliage needs to be restricted through periodic cut backs. The plug should have a well-developed crown which readily produces new growth.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> full,firm plug. | Columbine | Collected in Shenandoah National Park, Little Hogback Overlook, Mileposts 19.5, 100-102, 104-105 by J. Englert, (Park) on 7/27/92, 8/20/92 and 7/93; D. Dusty, (NPMC field-grown) 6/96, 7/97 and 6/7/98. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Would suggest surface sowing and a 3-4 week chilling period as a precaution, although we have achieved adequate germination without following this protocol. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures. Supplemental lighting to extend day length was not provided.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown into germination trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seedlings were started in 392 or 406 germination plug trays and transplanted to Ropak multipots and then bumped up to quarts.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds were sown in Fafard Germination Mix then transplanted to Pro-Mix BX amended with 180 day Nutricote SR 18-6-8 @ 0.15 lb. per cu. ft. of potting mix. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Although these plants were started in August as part of a protocol experiment, plugs could be started in early winter (November or December) and be ready for spring delivery in April. <br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 42-46%.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Some sources indicate that seeds need a chilling period and light to germinate, however we achieved adequate germination without chilling or surface-sowing. We have not tried this protocol yet as a comparison. Seed flats do need to be kept evenly moist during germination. Since foliage is fragile, avoid fertilization and rough handling when seedlings are in germination trays.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings are transplanted from 406 germination trays when their roots fill the plug cells. Seedlings may have to be pushed up from the bottom of the germination trays because foliage is easily broken if pulled. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plugs will need cut backs to promote air circulation on the media surface and to prevent development of fungus or shading of new growth from the crown. Plants in multipots should be cut back before transplanting to prevent foliage from tangling and breaking. Stunting and die back occurred when plugs outgrew their containers and larger leaves shaded smaller ones and prevented air circulation at the crown. New growth resumed within a week of transplanting. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> About two weeks prior to outplanting, greenhouse temperatures are lowered or plants are placed outdoors in a sheltered area after danger of frost is past. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are outplanted in the spring. Mature seed is harvested from plants in June at the NPMC.<br> <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 15 weeks from germination to finished plug in Ropak Multipots. Plugs outgrew their multipot cells and were bumped up to quarts and held from November to April (120 days) until delivery to the park.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed is stored in seed bags in the NPMCcooler at 40§ F, 35% relative humidity.br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Although not a routine practice, field-dug plants in gallon containers have been overwintered in a cooler and under microfoam with satisfactory results. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 3.5 to 4 months. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden.<p> Phillips, Harry R.. 1985. Growing and Propagating Wild Flowers. UNC Press. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aquilegia canadensis</i> plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
225 | Aquilegia (coerulea) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Aquilegia | coerulea | James | AQUCOE | Ecotype from Old Faithful Main Shop Area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10-cubic-inch conetainers | 0 | Colorado blue columbine | A 6-week cold moist stratification at 34 to 37øF resulted in fair to good germination of 1-y-old seeds (about 50%), although trials to determine optimum dormancy breaking treatment were not conducted. Sow seeds directly onto a peat-lite mix and cold chill, or stratify seeds in a 50:50 sand:peat moss mix in a ventilated ziplock bag. Moisten seed and media and allow to imbibe water overnight before placing in cooler. Ten-cubic-inch conetainers are adequate for 1-0 production. | For container production, use a well-drained peat-lite mix with baseline nutrition. | This species grows well in a greenhouse at 75 to 80øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. Keep media fairly moist. Fertigate weekly with 9-45-15 at 150 to 250 ppm for the first 4 to 6 weeks then use 20-10-20 at 150 to 200 ppm each week for the remainder of the growing season. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). Our hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | No experience, this species was delivered as actively growing stock in early summer of the first growing season. We generally prefer to hold over allcontainer plants for one winter prior to outplanting.<br>Length of Storage: No experience. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aquilegia coerulea</i> James plants 10-cubic-inch conetainers; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
226 | Aquilegia (flavescens) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Aquilegia | flavescens | Wats. | AQUFLA | Subalpine meadows and wet scree slide, Logan Pass | <i>A. flavescens</i> occurs in moist meadows to alpine slopes, from southern B.C. to Washington, east to northeastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Alberta, Colorado, Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml container | 5 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 9 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yellow columbine | Follicles are collected in late August when they begin to split open. Seeds are easily extracted when follicles dehisce during drying. Seeds are shiny black at maturity. Capsules are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are treated with gibberellic acid at 1,000 ppm for 24 hours. Following treatment, seeds are rinsed in running water for 10 minutes and placed into a 60 day cold, moist stratification at 1 to 3 C. Seeds are placed on moist paper towels inserted into an opened plastic bag and are placed under refrigeration.<br> | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Seeds are lightly covered with perlite.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | <i>Aquilegia</i> seedlings grow more slowly than many other forb species.<br> Germination can continue over several weeks. Seedlings are thinned at the true leaf stage.<br>Seedlings must dry down slightly between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK weekly during the active growth stage. Seedlings can be produced in 8 weeks following germination. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:4.5 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aquilegia flavescens</i> Wats. plants 172 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
227 | Aquilegia (formosa) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup | Aquilegia | formosa | Fisch. ex DC. | AQFO | Crater Lake National Park, 6,300 to 6,600 ft elevations | Pacific coast states, great basin states, Utah and Nevada. In Crater Lake NP, grows at moderate elevations in partially open to wooded areas; not abundant but widely scattered in areas where soil retains moisture. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-yr plugs (10 | 0 | Well-developed crown growth, roots filling length of cone | western columbine | Hand harvested - uniquely shaped seed pods are easily identifiable in field; but only small and scattered quantities available in park | Fairly long moist pre-chill improved germination; seeded cones stored for 6 months in a cold walk-in cooler with soil surface kept moist, produced more than 15% germination. Germination tests at Oregon State University seed lab were reported at just 8% with a 3-day prechill treatment. | 3 to 5 seeds each were sown into Ray-leach SC-10 super cells filled with Fisons' Sunshine #1 potting mix, amended with 3-month slow-release Osmocote NPK fertilizer and small amounts of Micromax trace elements. Cones were well-watered and placed in to a walk-in cooler at 40 F for 6 months cold-stratification. (seed could also be stratified in moist peat moss and sown into cones after stratification, if desired). | Cones were moved outdoors to shadehouse in mid-spring to germinate. Initial germination is spotty, and initial growth is quite slow. Seedlings need light but fairly frequent watering to keep soil moist but not soggy. | slow; about 3 months | Crown development is fairly slow and steady throughout the season. Plants were fertilized in July with half-strength Peters 9-45-15. Root growth is also fairly slow - roots did not reach bottoms of containers for about 3 months. By mid-summer, extensive foliage development made it somewhat difficult to use overhead sprinkling - the cones were hand-watered, moving the watering wand through the foliage to reach the relatively small cone surfaces. Plants did not recover easily from becoming too dried out. | June to August | No fertilizer is applied in August, and watering intervals are gradually lengthened once adequate root development has occurred. | August - September. | Well-watered plants were shipped in their containers by refrigerated van in August to the park, up to a holding facility at the where they were maintained in a shadehouse for an additional 2 weeks prior to outplanting in September. | Cones could be held over winter, but spring regrowth at the PMC was slow and spotty; plants were easily overgrown by liverworts / mosses in cool wet spring weather | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> US Dept of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1937. Range Plant Handbook. Washington, D.C.: GPO. Reprint, Dover Publications, Inc., 1988<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aquilegia formosa</i> Fisch. ex DC. plants 1-yr plugs (10; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
228 | Aquilegia (jonesii) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Aquilegia | jonesii | Parry | AQUJON | Limestone talus and scree slope, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT.,7000' elevation. | <i>A. jonesii</i> inhabits stony calcareous soils in exposed alpine ridges and slopes. It is associated with open, limestone scree slopes and rock crevices, or in alpine cushion plant communities.<br> It is endemic from southwest Alberta to northwest Wyoming, east of the Continental Divide. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml container | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 2 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Limestone columbine | <i>A. jonesii</i>flowers in late June to mid-July after snowmelt. Follicles mature from early to late August. Follicles are collected when they become woody and tan in color and just as they begin to to split open. Seeds are black at maturity.<br> Seeds are hand collected in paper bags and kept in a drying shed. | Fresh seeds are treated with 500 to 1000 ppm gibberellic acid for 24 hours. After treatment, seeds are rinsed with running water.<br> Seeds are surface sownfor the light requirement.<br> Seeds are surface sown in containers during fall and placed in the outdoor nursery to undergo a prolonged, 5 month cold, moist stratification. Seeds germinate the following spring under fluctuating temperatures. Alternately, seeds can be placed into artificial cold, moist stratification in the refrigerator at 1 C. After 120 days, refrigerator temperature is raised to 3 C and seeds are exposed to light 12 hrs per day. Seeds begin to germinate and are planted as germinants, ensuring that the radicle is covered with moist medium but leaving the top of the seed exposed on the surface of the medium. Seeds continue to germinate at 3 C for another 4 to 5 weeks.<br> Germinants are sown in a temperature controlled greenhouse set at 21 to 23 C (day)12 hrs/10 to 15 C (night)12 hrs. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with dolomitic lime and Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml container.<br> Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th.<br> | Medium is kept slightly moist during establishment. After seedlings are well established, they must dry down slightly between irrigations. This species has a fleshy root system that requires good medium aeration and careful irrigation practices. | 8 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings form a tight rosette of leaves and an extensive root system.<br> Seedlings can be potted into larger containers, ensuring that a well aerated medium with dolomitic lime is used. | 12 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.5 to 2 years<br> Harvest Date: August of the 2nd year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aquilegia jonesii</i> Parry plants 160 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
229 | Arabis (lemmonii) | Brassicaceae | Mustard Family | Arabis | lemmonii | Wats. | ARALEM | A. lemmonii is found on alpine talus slopes and ridges; from southern British Columbia south to California and east to the Rocky mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lemmon's rock cress | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Bock, J. H. (1976). The effects of increased snowpack on the phenology and seed germinability of selected alpine species. Pp. 265-280. In: H. W. Steinhoff and J. D. Ives (eds.). Ecological impacts of snowpack augmentation in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Final Report, San Juan Ecology Project. Colorado State University, Fort Collins.<br> Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arabis lemmonii</i> Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
230 | Arabis platysperma | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Arabis platysperma | Gray var. howellii (S. Wats.) Jepson | ARPLH2 | Seeds were collected from Crater Lake National Park. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Howell's pioneer rockcress | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media_ amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) Trays of conetainers were covered with polyethlyene bags and placed in a walk-in coller for 5,10, and 16 weeks. Within one week of being removed from a 5-week cold-moist stratification, seedlings emerged. They exhibited excellent vigor and germination was estimated at 96%. No significant difference in emergence or seedling vigor were noted between 5, 10 or 16 week stratified seeds. 2% germination was observed in control flats (no cold-moist stratification) after 4 weeks and seedlings were less vigorous than stratified ones. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arabis platysperma</i> Gray var. howellii (S. Wats.) Jepson plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
231 | Aralia (californica) | Araliaceae | Ginseng family | Aralia | californica | S. Watson | ARCA2 | USFS land, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Gold Beach Ranger District, Gold Beach, Oregon: 1500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | California spikenard | Small lot, 0.9 pounds, hand collected into plastic zip-lock bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aralia californica</i> S. Watson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
232 | Aralia (californica) | Araliaceae | Ginseng Family | Aralia | californica | S. Wats. | ARACAL | Marin County, California | <i>A. californica</i> is found in moist and shady spots, below 1550 meters,in many plant communities; from Orange County, California, to southern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Spikenard | Seeds are collected between August 1st and September 30th. | None Required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse under heavy shade.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 75 seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seeds germinate 60 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 60 days after germination to individual containers (4 inch pots) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Newly transplanted seedlings should be covered with a screen in the shade house-birds like to eat seedlings. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aralia californica</i> S. Wats. plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
233 | Aralia (nudicaulis) | Araliaceae | Ginseng family | Aralia | nudicaulis | ARANUD | A. nudicaulis is found in moist, coniferous forests from eastern British Columbia east to the Atlantic coast and south to Colorado in the Rocky mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wild Sasarparilla | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 to 70 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aralia nudicaulis</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
234 | Aralia (racemosa) | Araliacea | Ginseng Family | Aralia | racemosa | L. | ARRA | woodland, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL | woodlands and thickets Range: Eastern N. America - Quebec to Georgia west to Kansas and Minnesota | plants | seed | Container (plug) | one gallon container | 10 Months | Months | firmly rooted in a one gallon container | American spikenard | berries collected in late August | seeds sown fresh as soon as possible after collection | Growing Environment: a fully automated greenhouse and a quonset equipped with heater and limited cooling capacity<br> Containers: Seeds were sown into ITML brand 128 cell plug trays. Plugs were transplanted into T.&O. Plastics SVD brand 4 1/2 inch containers then into Nursery Supply Inc Classic 300 brand 1 gallon containers.<br> Media: Seed was sown into Fafard Super Fine Germination Mix. Plugs were transplanted into Sunshine SB300 Universal bark mix. | Sow date was early September. Seeds were hand sown 2 to 3 seeds per cell to compensate for possible lower germination rates. Seed was covered witha thin layer of coarse vermiculite and watered in under a mist system. Flats were grown for 8 weeks in a fully automated shaded greenhouse under an automated mist system set at 3 seconds of mist every 30 minutes. Air temperature was set at 65 F and bottom heat was run at 70 F. Flats were moved to a shaded quonset for 16 weeks. Temperatures were kept as close to 38 F as possible but not allowed to go below freezing. The soil surface was kept moist. Flats were then moved to a fully automated greenhouse. Temperatures were initially set at 58 F days and 54 F nights and raised to 68 F days and 64 F nights after 2 weeks. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. The soil surface was kept moist until germination occurred. After germination, seedlings were fertilized weekly with 20-2-20 fertilizer at 200 ppm. Seedlings were thinned to one per cell. | 7 months | Plugs were transplanted into 4 1/2 inch pots when firmly rooted. Plants were grown in a fully automated greenhouse where temperatures were set at 65 F days and 61 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Plants were hand watered when dry and fertilized with 20-10-20 fertilizer at 237 ppm weekly. Plants were then transplanted into 1 gallon containers after 7 weeks and grown under same conditions. | 3 months | Plants were moved outdoors to a cold frame once established in the 1 gallon pots and grown outdoors until planting. | 2 weeks | Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 2007. Native Plant Database (http://wildflower.org, 2 October 2007) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Austin TX 78739 USA <br> USDA, NRCS. 2007 The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 24 September 2007) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA | Thomas, Catherine Suzanne. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aralia racemosa</i> L. plants one gallon container; Chicago Botanic Garden - Propagation Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
235 | Arbutus (menziesii) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Arbutus | menziesii | Pursh | ARBMEN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pacific mandrone | Seeds germinated at 21 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Roy, D. F. (1974a). Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Pacific madrone. Pp. 226-227. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arbutus menziesii</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
236 | Arctophila (fulva) | Poaceae | Grass | Arctophila | fulva | (Trin.) Rupr. ex Anderss. | Colpodium | fulvum | (Trin.) Griseb. | Arctic lakeshores, shallow ponds and marshes, and stream banks | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cells of dimension 3"x3"x4". Firm root system, healthy shoots (approximately 6 inches tall.) | Pendantgrass | Strip heads by hand before seed head shatters. When ripe in early September, seeds are brown and hard. | Plant seeds in fall for best results. Place amount of seed to be planted in a small cloth bag. Wash with cold running water for 24 hours. Plant 4 seeds per cell in standard no hole flats containing 18 3x3"cells with obligate soil mixture. Store cells in a cooler over winter to enable a sheltered cold moist stratification (cooler was not turned on, but left to fluctuate with ambient temperature. | In spring (April) bring flats into greenhouse. Seeds germinate quickly when warm. Make sure to keep cells saturated. Give plants a haircut if growing too quickly. | Plants moved to lathhouse once danger of frost is over. Fertilize minimally. Tease roots apart before planting into wetland area. | Two months | Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A Synonymized Checklist and Atlas with Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First Edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC. | Moore, Nancy; Hunt, Peggy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctophila fulva</i> (Trin.) Rupr. ex Anderss. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
237 | Arctostaphylos (alpina) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Arctostaphylos | alpina | (L.) Spreng. | ARCALP | A. alpina is found from Alaska to Maine and New Hampshire. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine bearberry | Weilenmann, K. (1981). Importance of germination and first developmental phases of alpine taxa from various habitats. Ber. Beobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel 48, 68-119. (In German with English summary).<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos alpina</i> (L.) Spreng. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
238 | Arctostaphylos (catalinae) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Arctostaphylos | catalinae | P.V. Wells | ARCCAT | Catalina Island, California | Catalina manzanita is an infrequent endemic species to the island. It is considered rare and endangered in parts of its range. It is found growing in chaparral habitat, usually on north and east facing slopes draining toward the channel. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Catalina manzanita | Seeds are hand collected when fruits have fully matured. We have collected fruits from late July to mid November. August and September are optimum for collection. | Inferred seed dormancy for Arctostaphylos is physical-physiological dormancy.<br> We have used several pretreatments to break seed dormancy.<br>Seeds are scarified using a modified blender and are soaked in water for 24 hours.We have also pretreated seeds found in fox scat that were presumably scarified.<br>We place seeds in a flat filled with medium and cover the top with 1/2 inch deep layer of chamise and pine needles. Duff is set on fire and allowed to burn down.<br> We cold moist stratify seeds at 40 F for several months. In some cases, seeds fail to emerge the first year and go through a natural warm, moist stratification during summer months, followed by a second cold, moist stratification during winter months.<br> Germination percentages are highly variable, but are typically low (6 to 7%). | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coastof southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or by hand watering in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seedlings can germinate over a several month period. | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of 1/2 cup per .75 cubic yards of medium.<br> Beginning in 2005, we began using organic fertilizers incorporated onto our growing media mixes. When using our 4:1:1 medium, our organic fertilizer blend consists of NatureTech fertilizer (3lbs), blood meal (1lb), Calpril (0.5 lbs), and Dolopril (O.5 lbs) per 2 cubic yards of medium. | All nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions is hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound.<br>Our ideal outplanting season runs from November to mid-March when moisture is available. We water nursery stock once after planting. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos catalinae</i> P.V. Wells plants Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
239 | Arctostaphylos (glandulosa) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Arctostaphylos | glandulosa | Eastw. | ARCGLA | A. glandulosa is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastwood's manzanita | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 5% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos glandulosa</i> Eastw. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
240 | Arctostaphylos (patula) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Arctostaphylos | patula | Greene | ARCPAT | A. patula is found from Washington to California and east to Colorado. A disjunct population occurs in western Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Green leaf manzanita | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Berg, A. R. (1974). Arctostaphylos Adans. Manzanita. pp. 228-231. In: Schopmeyer, C. S. (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Forest Service, USDA. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Carlson, J. R. and Sharp, W. C. (1975). Germination of high elevation manzanitas. Tree Plant. Notes 26(3), 10-11, 25.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos patula</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
241 | Arctostaphylos (uva-ursi) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Arctostaphylos | uva-ursi | (L.) Sprengal | ARCUVA | Full sun to light shade. Sand dunes as well as pine to oak plains and on limestone pavements and gravelly ridges. One of the few Ericaceae not characteristic of acid habitats. Low shrub forming spreading or trailing mats. Flower is white tinged with pink. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bearberry or Kinnikinick | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from April to August. Seed is a red berry (drupe) and is harvested from August to October. | Scarification: Boil enough water to cover the cleaned seeds. Put the seeds in a mug/cup. Pour boiling water onto the seeds and leave it for one day. Drain. Stratification: Mix the scarified seeds with an equal amount of either moist perlite or vermiculite in a sealable plastic bag. Add enough water to the mixture to moisten it and seal the bag/container. Keep at room temperature for 2-4 months followed by 2-3 months in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Heat for the cold months. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to the slow germination rate. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the southside of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> (L.) Sprengal plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
242 | Arctostaphylos (uva-ursi) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Arctostaphylos | uva-ursi | (L.) Spreng. | ARCUVA | A. uva-ursi is a circumboreal species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bearberry | Seeds are acid scarified and warm and cold stratified for 120 days. Seeds germinate at 10 C. | Giersbach, J. (1934a). Germination and seedling production of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 9, 71-78.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> (L.) Spreng. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
243 | Arctostaphylos (uva-ursi) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Arctostaphylos | uva-ursi | (L.) Spreng | ARCUVA | Open Lodgepole pine forest, West Glacier, Glacier National Park, 1100 m. | <i>A. uva-ursi</i> is a circumboreal species; occurring from Alaska to Labrador, south to coastal California, Idaho, Montana, and through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and east to the central and eastern U.S. It is found throughout Eurasia. It grows on a variety of soils from sea level to 2500 meters elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm<br> Caliper:7 mm of main stem<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Bearberry | Seeds are collected in late fall when fruit turns dark red. Seeds are tan at maturity. Fruit is collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Sulfuric acid scarification for 30 minutes to 2 hours depending on thickness of seed coats of the seed lot. Once seedcoats have softened to be cut with a sharp knife, the acid bath must be terminated immediately. Seeds must be thoroughly rinsed in running water for at least 30 minutes after treatment. <br> Seeds are then placed in a 48 hour water soak followed by a 60 day warm, moist stratification and a 90 day cold moist stratification in moistened peat moss. Length of acid scarification and subsequent germination varies widely between seed sources. <P> At the base of each nutlet there is a channel through which the radicle is forced during germination. The channel is plugged at seed maturity with a hard material that is slightly softer than the woody covering of the nutlet. Acid scarification dissolves this plug so that germination can proceed. The polymorphic nature of the seeds makes optimum duration of acid scarification difficult to determine. Some seeds coalesce together and are more resistant to scarification than single seeds. Acid scarification of a given duration to induce germination with seeds will kill some seeds and fails to remove the plug in other seeds within the same seed lot.<P>ÿÿÿ An alternative scarification method is use of heat and smoke from fire; this has not been tried at Glacier. Seed is placed in a flat containing dry soil at 0.5 cm planting depth with 7 to 10 cm of pine needles covering the surface, and the needles are burned. Flats are left outside overwinter.<br> This method has been effective for greenleaf manzanita and should be tried with this species. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with media.<br> Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0.1%B,0.5%Cu,12%Fe,2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo,1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination is usually complete in 4 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | After establishment, seedlings grow at a moderate rate. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm during the active growth stage. | 17 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: September and October<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1985.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants, Rose, R., Chachulski, C., and Haase, D., Oregon State University Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> (L.) Spreng plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
244 | Areca (catechu) | Arecaceae | Palm | Areca | catechu | Linnaeus | Prefers hot, humid tropical with uniform rainfall, elevations 0 - 900 m. | Betel nut palm is native to East Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Micronesia (Guam, Palau, Pohnpei, Truk, Yap), Vanuatu. Dispersal by humans to other areas of the Pacific and elsewhere has played a role in the naturalization of the species outside its range. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 12 Months | Months | Seedlings have reached target size when they have 5 - 7 leaves and are about 20 - 30 cm tall. | betel nut palm, areca, areca-nut; pugua (Guam), poc (Pohnpei), pu (Truk), bu (Yap), bua (Palau), buai (New Ireland: Kuanua), buei (New Ireland: Pala), vua (New Ireland: Lamekot). Several of the common names in the Pacific are derived from the pidgin buai. | Ripe fruits are available year-round. Collecting freshly fallen fruits from the ground is the most practical method. Betel nut palms are only known to be found in cultivation. | Removal of the outer husk is not necessary to achieve good results. Air drying the seeds for 1-2 days in the sun or 3 - 7 days in the shade is done, though not necessary. | Seedlings are grown in partial shade. Hot, humid conditions speed germination and growth. | Seeds are pregerminated in beds. Prepare beds of loose, organically rich potting medium, such as a 1:1 mix of peat moss and perlite or vermiculite. Lay the betel nut seeds on their sides and bury about 2/3 of the way, leaving one third above the potting medium. A loose mulch of finely sifted black cinder or granite chips can be used to help conserve moisture and protect the medium from driving rain if exposed to the elements. Germination takes about 3 months. Bottom heat will help speed germination. Late germinating or weak seedlings should be discarded, as these tend to produce less vigorous plants. | 4 months | Transplant germinants to individual containers after the leaves begin to appear. One gallon root training containers are suitable. Amending monthly with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. Weeds should be prevented from entering the growth area to avoid competition for light an nutrients. | 8 months | If the seedlings are not already growing in full sun, move them into a sunny area, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 1 month | When the plants have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping plants in their container is necessary to protect the roots. | Jones, D. 1944. Palms in Australia. Reed Books, Balgowlah, NSW, Australia. <p> Marcus, J. and K. Banks. 1999. A Practical Guide to Germinating Palm Seeds. Principes Vol. 43, No. 2 <p> Staples, G. [in publication for 2003]. Species Profile for Areca catechu. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI.<p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Uhl, N.W. and J. Dransfield. 1987. Genara Palmarum. The L.H. Bailey Hortorium and The International Palm Society. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Areca catechu</i> Linnaeus plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
245 | Arenaria (congesta) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink | Arenaria | congesta | Nutt. | ARCO5 | Paradise Ridge | Western US east to Montana and south to Arizona. In the Palouse region of eastern Washington and adjacent northern Idaho it is usually found on dry, open slopes especially where soils are shallow. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | capitate sandwort, ballhead sandwort, dense-flowered sandwort | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is black in color and round in shape. Seed is collected when the capsules begin to split in late July or early August and is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. | Extended cold, moist stratification increases germination. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 25% germination occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 22.5% germination.90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 60% germination. Seed sown in containers in November and left outdoors under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures began emerging in mid-March and ultimately reached 67% germination. Some seed will germinate during stratification. <br>Seedlings which germinated in the greenhouse thrived in the constant warmth, so it is likely the longer stratification time and not the cool, fluctuating temperature was the factor in the increased germination. | In October or early November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40 degrees F for 90+ days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in early January. Emergence usually begins in 1 day and is complete in 7 days. | 1 week | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arenaria congesta</i> Nutt. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
246 | Arenaria (fendleri) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Arenaria | fendleri | Gray | ARFE3 | BLM, Seed of Success, Arboretum at Flagstaff property; Sinclair Wash Meadow, Arizona; 7130 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Fendler's sandwort | Very small lot, .06 pounds, hand collected into paper envelope. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Arenaria fendleri</i> Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
247 | Arenaria (franklinii) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Arenaria | franklinii | Douglas ex Hook. | ARFR | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM and Washington Department of Natural Resources land, along the river side, north of Wanapum Dam, Grant County, Washington: 811 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Franklin's sandwort | Very small lot, 0.155 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Arenaria franklinii</i> Douglas ex Hook. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
248 | Arenaria (obtusiloba) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Arenaria | obtusiloba | (Rydb.) Fern. | AREOBT | A. obtusiloba is found from the arctic regions of North America south through the high mountain ranges of the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic sandwort | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arenaria obtusiloba</i> (Rydb.) Fern. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
249 | Arenaria (rubella) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink Family | Arenaria | rubella | (Wahl.) J.E.Smith | ARERUB | A. rubella is a circumboreal species found from Alaska to Greenland and south to California and Nevada, and through the Rocky mountains to New Mexico. It is also found in Idaho and northeastern oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Boreal sandwort | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arenaria rubella</i> (Wahl.) J.E.Smith plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
250 | Argentina (anserina) | Rosaceae | Rose | Argentina | anserina | ARAN7 | See | Alaska to southern California, mostly eastern Cascades, east to Atlantic, and in Eurasia; meadows and moist banks. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 46 kg/ha (41 lb/ac). | Silverweed cinquefoil | Wildland collection occurs early August to mid September when the yellow flower has turned brown and the achene is wrinkled and corky; difficult to hand-harvest because of prostrate, stoloniferous form.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 34 grams (1.2 oz) clean seed (ranged 27 to 40 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b>Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup -no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b>) Cultivated harvest occurs late June to late July, with a mean harvest date of July 12 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> Hand-harvesting is required because the seedheads are low to the ground.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b>Seed is placed in plastic ziplock bags (seed is so small it may sneak out of paper containers), repeatedly punctured to prevent moisture buildup, placed in cloth or plastic seed sacks, and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<P> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Argentina anserina</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
251 | Argentina (anserina) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Argentina | anserina | (L.) Rydb. | ARAN7 | BLM, Seeds of Success: Washington State Park land, Deception Pass State Park, Whidbey Island, Skagit County, Washington: 10 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Silverweed cinquefoil | Very small lot, 0.21 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Argentina anserina</i> (L.) Rydb. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
252 | Argentina (egedii) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Argentina | egedii | (Wormsk.) Rydb. | Sub-species | egedii | (Wormsk.) Rydb. | Potentilla | anserina | L. | Sub-species | pacifica | (T.J. Howell) Rousi | POTANS | Presidio, California | <i>A. egedii</i> ssp. <i>egedi</i>i is found in coastal strand and salt marsh communities; from Los Angeles County north to Alaska; also Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific Creeping Silverweed | Seeds are collected between September 5th and September 19th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is reddish brown at maturity. | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination:N/A | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" tubes (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | After transplanting, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Argentina egedii</i> (Wormsk.) Rydb. plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
253 | Arisaema (triphyllum) | Araceae | Arum Family | Arisaema | triphyllum | (L.) Schott | ARTR | Found in rich, moist deciduous woods and flood plains. Full shade. Unusual green/maroon flower (spathe and spadix). Height to 2 feet. Red berries ripen in fall and areshowy. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Jack-in-the-pulpit | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. The plant blooms from March to June. Fruit type is a berry containing 1-5 seeds. The seed is harvested as soon as the fruits are bright red. Caution: berry juice may irritate skin. | Requires stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. 2-3 months of moist cold stratification in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any plug size that has diameter greater than 2". Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 2 seeds ineach cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistenly damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave the plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arisaema triphyllum</i> (L.) Schott plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
254 | Aristida (adscensionis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Aristida | adscensionis | L. | ARAD | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Coronado National Forest, Catalina Highway at Bugsprings Trail, Pima County, Arizona: 4966 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sixweeks threeawn | Very small lot, 0.125 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aristida adscensionis</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
255 | Aristida (beyrichiana) | Poaceae | Grass family | Aristida | beyrichiana | Trin. & Rupr. | Aristida | stricta | Michx. | ARIBER | Florida | <i>A. beyrichiana</i> is a major component of the longleaf pine ecosystem of the southeastern US. It is found from southern South Carolina through Georgia to Florida and west to Mississippi. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 0 | Height:n/a<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | wiregrass | Seeds are collected from November to mid December.Collection is best during non humid days and after 9:00 a.m. Collection during dry days yield twice as much as during humid days.<br> Seeds are collected with a modified prairie seed stripper using a 0.065 gauge | See above. | Propagation Environment: Outdoor Nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Seeds are sown after danger of frost has past; usually April 1st. Seeds are mixed well with medium or course vermiculite in a ribbon mixing machine at the rate of 150 to 200 g of seeds per0.12 m of vermiculite.<br> Seed mix is spread on filled Multipots at a depth of 6 to 12 mm.<br> Growing Media used is 5:3:2 peat moss:poly-styrene beads:course vermiculite and controlled release fertilizer Osmocote plus minors (17N:6p0205:10K20; 8 to 9 months at 21C)added at 1.54 kg/m3. | After pots have been seeded, they are placed in the outdoor nursery and covered with a shade cloth until well established.<br> Germination occurs 6 to 10 days after sowing and seedlings are 25 mm tall.<br> The shade cloth is removed after plants are established. | 14 days | Plants are irrigated daily beacuse of the well drained media used.<br> Irrigation system used is overhead fixed system, each container receiving 2.4 to 4.0 cm of water. | 3 months | Total Time To Harvest: 3 months<br> Storage: Seedlings are extracted from containers prior to outplanting. Plants required to be in boxes for longer than 2 days are refrigerated.<br> Nursery stock can be successfully held for up to one year. | Wiregrass Propagation at the Andrews Nursery in Florida, Pittman, T. and Karrfalt, R., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1:45-47. | Pittman, Tim; Karrfalt, Robert P. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i> Trin. & Rupr. plants 1+0 container plugs; First Step Internet Chiefland, Florida. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
256 | Aristida (longiseta) | Poaceae | true grasses | Aristida | longiseta | Aristida | purpurea | ARPUL | Snake River, Oregon | Central to western US and Canada primarily. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Fendler threeawn | None; Germination trials on this species showed highest germination (84%) when seeds were germinated in a warm environment (75 F). Cold-moist stratification did not improve germination. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aristida longiseta</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
257 | Aristida (purpurascens) | Poaceae | Grass | Aristida | purpurascens | Poir. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | arrowfeather | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Kaufmann, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aristida purpurascens</i> Poir. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
258 | Aristida (purpurea) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Aristida | purpurea | Nutt. | ARIPUR | Zion National Park, Utah | <i>Aristida purpurea</i>is found throughout the western United States and east to Minnesota and south to Louisiana. It is also found in Virginia and West Virginia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | SC-10 Super Cells | 4 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Purple three-awn | Seeds are hand collected from sites within the Park when fruits have fully matured. | Seeds are directly sown into SC-10 Super Cells (3 per cell) in July containing a medium of 1.5 parts vermiculite, 1 part sterile sand, 1 part coarse turface, and 2 parts peat moss (v:v:v:v). Cells are watered thoroughly after sowing and are not allowed to dry out completely during during germination. | Seedlings are grown in a shadehouse from July through October. | We sometimes incorporate 13:13:13 NPK Osmocote time release fertilizer into media. | Seedlings are hand watered throughout the growing season after they are well established. Throughout the active growth phase, we irrigate when containers are nearly dry as a method of hardening the plants while they are being grown. | Decker, Cheryl. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aristida purpurea</i> Nutt. plants SC-10 Super Cells; USDI NPS - Zion National Park Springdale, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
259 | Aristida (purpurea) | Poaceae | Grass family | Aristida | purpurea | Nutt. | Variety | longiseta | (Steud.) Vasey | ARPUL | BLM, Seeds of Success: Idaho State land, about 5 miles north of Boise on Bogus Basin Road, Ada County, Idaho: 4404 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Fendler threeawn | Very small lot, 0.67 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aristida purpurea</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
260 | Armeria (maritima) | Plumbaginaceae | leadwort | Armeria | maritima | AMMA | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | Mountains and coastal regions within the Northern Hemisphere. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | sea thrift | Armeria maritima seeds germinated at higher percentages when they received cool (35 degree F) treatments as opposed to the 75 degree growth chamber immediately. The difference in germination rates was 86% and 66% respectively and the seedlings in the warm treatments were moldy and appeared less vigorous. A short cold treatment followed by temperatures of 50-60 degrees Fahrenheit would probably be the best germination strategy for this species. | Seed may be short-lived in storage. Germination trials were repeated with the same seed lot, one year later (when seeds were 5 years old) and germination rates were greatly reduced. More studies are required with this | Bartow, Amy; Cameron, Jordan. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Armeria maritima</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
261 | Armeria (maritima) | Plumbaginaceae | Plumbago Family | Armeria | maritima | (Boiss.) Porsild | Sub-species | californica | (Boiss.) Porsild | Armeria | arctica | Sub-species | californica | (Boiss.) Abrams | AREMAR | Marin County, California | <i>A. maritima</i> var. <i>californica</i> is found on coastal bluffs and sand places, below 120 meters elevation in Northern Coastal scrub communities; from San Luis Obispo County, California, north to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Seapink | Seeds are collected between July 15th and September 26th. In San Francisco, seeds are collected up to 2 months earlier in warmer locations.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seeds should be dry at time of collection. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 2 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 60% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 85%.<br> Transplants are moved to shade house for continued growth. | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Armeria maritima</i> (Boiss.) Porsild plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
262 | Arnica (cordifolia) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower family | Arnica | cordifolia | Hook. | Arnica | cordifolia | Hook. | Variety | humilis | (Rydb) Maguire | ARNCOR | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park | <i>A. cordifolia</i> is a common cordilleran species, occurring from the foothills to the alpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 160 ml container | Heart Leaf Arnica | Seed production under tree canopy is poor. Locate populations in full sun or in open forests or meadows for seed collection. Seeds are hand collected in July and August when achenes are easily separated from receptacle. Seeds are grey at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 60 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are imbibed in water for 4 hours and placed in fine mesh bags buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 1 to 3C. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse 23C day /13C night temperatures.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is Promix growing media 6:1:1 sphagnum peat:vermiculite:perlitewith Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are irrigated thoroughly after sowing. | <i>Arnica</i> seedlings germinate uniformly at 22C. Cold, moist stratification of high elevation seed sources may increase germination percentages and germination uniformity. However, this may not be necessary for lower elevation seed sources. The seed coat is very thin, and is susceptible to insect damage and rot. Medium is kept slightly moist during germination by misting twice per day. True leves emerge 2 weeks after initial germination and seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Containers are leached with water. Irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:7 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arnica cordifolia</i> Hook. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
263 | Arnica (cordifolia) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Arnica | cordifolia | Hook. | ARCO9 | USFS land, Ochoco National Forest, Paulina Ranger District, Paulina, Oregon: 4457-5024 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Heartleaf arnica | Small lot, 5.2 pounds, hand collected into paper yard bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Arnica cordifolia</i> Hook. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
264 | Arnica (frigida) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Arnica | frigida | C. A. Mey. ex Iljin | Dry rocky slope in foothills of Alaska Range near Healy, AK | Extreme northern British Columbia and western Northwest Territories east through the Yukon Territory and most of Alaska except the Alaska Peninsula, Aleutians,and the SE panhandle. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | multiple leaves, firm root plug | Snow Arnica | Hand picked when seeds ripen in early to mid-July in interior Alaska. | Needs approx. 5 months of cold moist stratification. In Alaska, seed is sown in the Fall and overwintered where it is exposed to outside ambient temperatures. Soil: upland, well-drained. | Seed containers are moved into the greenhouse in Spring for germination; then moved to the lathhouse after several true leaves appear. | Hult‚n, Eric. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. 1968. Stanford University Press. Cody, William J. Flora of the Yukon Territory, 2nd Ed. 2000. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. | Moore, Nancy; Ross, Donald. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arnica frigida</i> C. A. Mey. ex Iljin plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
265 | Arnica (mollis) | Asteraceae | aster | Arnica | mollis | Arnica | subplumosa | ARMO4 | high elevation, Lassen National Park, CA | Subalpine or alpine meadows in western North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes fit the soil profile in container. | Hairy Arnica | Arnica mollis seeds do not appear to have a dormancy in need of breaking. In our tests they germinated decently in both warm (70F days and 50F nights) and cold (38F) treatments with germination rates of 56% and 67% respectively. | Bartow, Amy; Cameron, Jordan. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arnica mollis</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
266 | Arnica (mollis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Arnica | mollis | Hook. | Arnica | mollis | Hook. | Variety | silvatica | (Greene) Maguire | ARNMOL | Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>A. mollis</i> is found in moist soil of meadows, open forest, and along streams and is most common in the subalpine zone. it ranges from Alaska to California and south through the Rocky Mountain states to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 116 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: Multiple leaves<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainers. | Hairy Arnica | Seeds are collected in early September at high elevations when the pappus turns tan and is fully extended. Seeds are grey at maturity. Seeds are hand collected in paper bags and kept in a drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 60 day cold moist stratification in the refrigerator at 3C. Seeds are moistened with distilled water and wrapped in paper towels and placed in a open plastic bag.<br> Check seeds weekly for moisture. | Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with perlite.<br>Plants are sown in early March in the greenhouse and later moved to the outdoor nursery in lateMay.<br> Container Type and Volume: Seedlings are grown in 160 ml conetainers.<br> Growing Media used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat:perlite:vermiculite. | Cotyledons emerge 10 days after sowing.<br> True leaves emerge 14 days after sowing.<br> | 4 weeks | Once, established, seedlings develop rapid shoot and root growth. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm weekly during the active growth phase. | 8 weeks | Seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer 2 to 4 weeks before outplanting.<br> | 4 weeks | Seedlings were outplanted the first year in July and August. | Seeds: Biogeography, Ecology and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1987.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Hosokawa, Joy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arnica mollis</i> Hook. plants 116 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
267 | Arnica (sororia) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Arnica | sororia | Greene | ARSO4 | Pullman area, Paradise Creek drainage | Western US east to Montana and south to Utah and California. Usually in open meadows and prairies to middle elevation in the mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container | Foothills arnica | Seed is collected when the pappus expands, usually in late July or early August. Seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. Seed is wind disseminated. but does not blow away easily. | Seed germination will approach 50% without pretreatment, but there is a dormancy associated with some of the seed which can be overcome with cool, moist stratification of 60-90 days. | In November seeds are planted in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4. Seeds are covered lightly with medium. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds and medium from floating. Conetainers are watered thoroughly. Cold, moist stratification is provided by placing conetainers outdoors for 2-3 months. Containers are moved to a greenhouse after stratification. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in early January. Germination usually begins in 7 days and is mostly complete 15 in days. A few seeds will germinate as much as 6 weeks later. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Ungerminated and late germinating containers may be held in a lath house during the summer and planted out in the fall or the following spring. | Flora of the Pacific Nortwest. Hitchcock and Cronquist. University of Washington Press. 1973. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, version 3.1. (http://plants.usda.gov) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA. 70874-4490 | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arnica sororia</i> Greene plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
268 | Arnica (sororia) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Arnica | sororia | Greene | Arnica | fulgens | Pursh | Sub-species | sororia | G.W. Douglas & G. Ruyle-Douglas | ARNSOR | Many Glacier Valley | Twin arnica is a perennial species that ranges from southern British Columbia and Alberta south to California, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. It ranges east to South Dakota. It is common on moist and shallow soils or on heavier loam soils in prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml (7.0 cu.in) | 6 Months | Months | Root tight plug with multiple leaves. | Twin arnica | Seeds are collected in early August. The fruits are achenes that are dark brown and 4 to 6 mm (0.15 to 0.23 in) long at maturity; with a pappus of white hairs at the apex. Seeds are usually mature by the end of July to early August and are quickly dispersed by wind.<br> | Inferred seed dormancy is non-deep physiological dormancy.<br> Seeds are cold, moist stratified for 60 days at 3ø C (37ø F). Seeds that have been dry stored for a few months may not require a stratification treatment, although a short cold moist treatment will likely improve germination uniformity.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are lightly covered with medium or mulch and kept evenly moist during germination. | Seedlings are grown in a fully automated greenhouse. Greenhouse temperatures are set at 24ø C day/18ø C night (75/64ø F).<br> Seedlings are grown in Sunshine Mix #2 containing sphagnum peat and perlite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Seedlings are handwatered as needed in the greenhouse. They are later moved to the outdoor growing area in early summer and irrigated with an automatic overhead sprinkler system.<p> | Stratified seeds germinate 7 to 14 days after seeding under greenhouse temperatures of 24ø C day/18ø C night (75/64ø F).<br> Seedlings need to be kept evenly moist during germination and establishment. | 2 to 4 weeks | During active growth, seedlings need to dry down between irrigations. They are spaced as needed to increase airflow between containers.<br>Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. | 2 months | Seedlings harden naturally during late summer and early fall in the outdoor nursery.<br> Twin arnica goes dormant in late summer. Growers must reduce irrigation during late summer and only water occasionally to keep root systems alive. | 1 to 2 months | Seedlings can be outplanted in fall or overwintered in the nursery under Microfoam sheets until early spring. | 5 months | Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Ownbey M, Thompson JW. 1971 (third printing). Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Part 5 Compositae. University of Washington Press. Seattle (WA) 343p. ISBN 0-295-73985-1 | Luna, Tara; Dedekam, Sara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arnica sororia</i> Greene plants 160 ml (7.0 cu.in); USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
269 | Arnoglossum (plantagineum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Arnoglossum | plantagineum | Raf. | Cacalia | tuberosa | Nutt. | ARNPLA | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>A. plantagineum</i> is found throughout the eastern Great Plains states west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Indian Plantain | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 10 to July 10. Seed is harvested July 23. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts ofvermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully Controlled greenhouse.<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/ root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two weeks.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arnoglossum plantagineum</i> Raf. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
270 | Aronia (melanocarpa) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Aronia | melanocarpa | ARME6 | Monongahela National Forest | Black chokeberry is widely distributed in the eastern half of the continental US and Canada. | Not known to be invasive in the US. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 3 years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Black chokeberry | Fruit was collected from multiple plants within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest from existing populations. The fruit was allowed to mature on the plant before harvesting as indicated by the black color of the fruit. Fruit was collected in late September. | No pretreatment was necessary. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional soil. Once seeded, the trays were moved to the cooler (34 degrees) for 3 months for cold, moist stratification. | After cold stratification, the trays were moved directly to the greenhouse (approximately 70 degrees) for the germination phase. Black chokeberry is slow to germinate. Seedlings began to emerge after 3 weeks in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into quart plastic containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. | 2 years | Plants were moved to the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent excessive wind burn damage. | 1 day | Black chokeberry is adaptable to various habitats. It performs well in low, wet areas and on drier sites with sandy soils. It flourishes in full sun but can withstand partial shade. This plant is known to produce an abundance of suckers so it can form large colonies under ideal growing conditions. | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aronia melanocarpa</i> Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
271 | Aronia (prunifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Aronia | prunifolia | (Marsh) Rehder | ARPR2 | Bogs, tamarack swamps, boggy swales, marshy and swampy thickets and shores, low ground generally occasionally in moist to dry sandy oak-pine woods. Ripe fruit dark purple to black. A deciduous shrub with a early and very showy flowering period. Height up to 8'. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Chokeberry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers in May. Seed is harvested from early September to late November. Berry-like pommes. Black or dark purple, less than 12 mm in diameter, ripens early and puckers the mouth when raw. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water in the bag or container.) Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least four months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats or other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow chokeberry seeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth sothe temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aronia prunifolia</i> (Marsh) Rehder plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
272 | Artemisia (arctica) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | arctica | Less. | ARTARC | A. arctica is found from Alaska to Newfoundland. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Boreal sagebrush | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia arctica</i> Less. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
273 | Artemisia (biennis) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | biennis | Willd. | ARTBIE | Talus slope, Two Medicine, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>A. biennis</i> is a biennial which occupies very sandy soils from low to high elevations, throughout the Pacific Northwest, but is widely introduced elsewhere in the United States as a weed, where it is found in waste places. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 4 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer | Biennial or Mountain sage | Seeds are hand collected in mid September when achenes turn grey and are easily removed from the disk. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown into containers.<br>Growing media used is 70% milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocite and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following 2 weeks of temperatures at 22C or above during the day. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination and seedlings were thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants were occasionally fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants were fully root tight 12 weeks after germination. Plants were 5 cm in height with 10 to 12 true leaves. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 NPKliquid fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 2 weeks | Total time to Harvest:4 months.<br> Harvest Date:September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination,Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia biennis</i> Willd. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
274 | Artemisia (californica) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | californica | Less. | ARTCAL | A. californica is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coastal sagebrush | Seeds germinate at 23 C in light.<br>Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it. 5% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 and Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia californica</i> Less. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
275 | Artemisia (californica) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | californica | Less. | ARTCAL | Marin county, California | <i>A. californica</i> is found on dry slopes and fans, below 900 meters elevation,in coastal scrub and strand communities; from Marin and Napa counties south to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coastal sagebrush | Seeds are collected between October 1 st and January 1st. Mature inflorescences are brown. Seed is light to dark brown at maturity. It is important to pull achenes out of seed head at time of collection to check for maturity. Seeds should not be green. | None Required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 8 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on April 1st.<br> % Germination: 60% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 70%.<br> Seedlings are moved to shadehouse for continued growth and development. | 5 weeks | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia californica</i> Less. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
276 | Artemisia (cana) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Artemisia | cana | ARCA13 | Maybell Colorado | FromBritish Columbia east to Manitoba and south to Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | silver sage | Seed was collected in late fall from third week of October through first two weeks of November via hand stripping or clipping leader growth with seed heads.
846,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell, et al. 1996) | No treatment necessary | Firm, weed free seed bed. Shallow (less than 1cm) planting depth with limited irrigation through germination and periodically throughout growing season until plants are established. | Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeded with a belt seeder | Can begin producing seed between year two or three. | Spring and summer are active growth times. | Seed can be hand collected or clipped from the plant late in the year, October through November. After cleaning, seed is stored in a burlap sack and stored at room temperature. Seed can be stored for at least 15 years and remain viable. | 15 Years | USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 29 December 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. | Blanke, Terri; Woodruff, Heather. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia cana</i> plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
277 | Artemisia (douglasiana) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | douglasiana | Besser | ARDO3 | Yosemite National Park | Washington to extreme southern California, western Nevada and parts of Idaho | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Douglas’ sagewort | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to 25 seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is lightly covered with pea gravel, and the soil surface is kept moist with 20 minutes of daily irrigation from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). | 4 weeks | Our seed lot had very high viability and needed to be thinned. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution. | 4 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 1 week | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia douglasiana</i> Besser Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
278 | Artemisia (douglasiana) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | douglasiana | Bess. | Artemisia | vulgaris | L. | Variety | douglasiana | (Bess.) St. John | ARTDOU | Marin County, California | <i>A. douglasiana</i> is found in many plant communities, from low disturbed areas up to 3100 meters elevation; from California to Nevada and north to Washington and Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A Caliper: N/A Root System: Firm plug in container. | Douglas' Sagewort | Seeds are collected on October 17th. Mature inflorescences are gray. Seeds are dark brown at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.Flats are misted until germination begins.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st to July 15th.<br> % Germination: 30% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 85%.<br>Seedlings are moved to shadehouse after transplanting.<br> It is important to keep seedlings evenly moist thorought growth. Do not allow to dry out. | 25 days | Growth is rapid following establishment. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia douglasiana</i> Bess. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
279 | Artemisia (frigida) | Asteraceae | Aster | Artemisia | frigida | This species inhabits a fairly wide variety of sites, but grows most typically in full sunlight on dry, porous, coarse, gravelly, sandy, or shallow loam soils. Fringed sagebrush has an enormous range, being the most widely distributed and abundant species of the <i>Artemisia</i> genus. Its range extends from Mexico northward through the greater portion of the western United States and Canada and into Alaska. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Fringed Sagebrush OR Wormwood OR Prairie Sagewort | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Moist stratification of fresh seed for 10 days at 39.2§F increased the rate and amount of germination. Seed exposed to light germinated faster than that kept in darkness. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Plant when soil temperatures are below 50§F. Late fall or early spring seeding when soil temperatures will remain cool and moisture will not be limiting. Surface seeding beneficial because light induces greater germination where surface moisture assured, e.g., with irrigation or where snowmelt extends for a few weeks. Otherwise, seeding at depths 4 times diameter of seed advised. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Fall.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Seed harvested by stripping or rubbing into containers or, where heads are well extended, using electric hedge cutters.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Specifics of storage not extensively investigated. Observations indicate that the species' viability can be maintained over an extended period of time. It is assumed that cold, dry storage may extend viability of <i>Artemisia</i> sp. <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Stored for years under the proper environmental conditions.<br> | Barr, C.A. 1983. Jewels of the Plains. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<p> Cooperrider, A.Y., and J.A. Bailey. 1986. Fringed Sagebrush(Artemisia frigida): A Neglected Forage Species of Western Ranges. Proceedings - symposium on the biology of Artemisia and Chrysothamnus. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-200.<p> Looman, J. 1983. 111 Range and forage Plants of the Canadian Prairies. Agriculture Canada. Publication 1751. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian government Publishing Centre.<p> Stubbendieck, J., S.L. Hatch, and K.J. Kjar. 1982. North American Range Plants, 2d ed. Lincoln, NE: Univ. of Nebraska Press.<p> U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1937, 1974, 1985; Sabo, D.G., G.V. Johnson, W.E. Martin, and E.F. Aldon. 1979. Germination Requirements of 19 species of Arid Land Plants. USDA, Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Research Paper RM-210.<p> Young, James A., and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing, and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. | Wynia, Richard. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia frigida</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Manhattan Plant Materials Center Manhattan, Kansas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
280 | Artemisia (frigida) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | frigida | Willd. | ARTFRI | A. frigida is found from Siberia and Alaska south to Idaho and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fringed sagewort | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification during winter. Germination occurs at 10 C. Germination was greater in light than dark.<br> In Sabo's study germination was equal in light and dark under 24/15C alternating temperature cycle. | Bai, Y. and Romo, T. (1994). Germination of previously buried seeds of fringed sage (Artemisia frigida). Weed Sci. 42, 390-397. Bai, Y., Romo, J. T. and Hou, J. (1996). Phytochrome action in seed germination of fringed sage (Artemisia frigida). Weed Sci. 44, 109-113. <br>Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia frigida</i> Willd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
281 | Artemisia (frigida) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | frigida | Willd. | ARTFRI | East Glacier, Montana | Fringed sagewort is a perennial species that is native throughout western North America and central Asia. It is found from Alaska south through the central and western Canadian provinces through the western and Great Plains states. Further east, it is found in the upper Midwest and is considered introduced in the New England states. It is most common in open dry high plains, prairies and steppe grasslands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml (10 .0 cu in) | 6 Months | Months | Root tight plug with a rossette of multiple leaves. | Fringed sagewort | Fringed sagewort flowers during July and August. The numerous, inconspicuous flowers are borne on an upright raceme and are yellowish during flowering. Flowers are wind pollinated. Seeds mature during the fall months and are grey to brown at maturity. Good seed crops usually occur every year. | Seeds exhibit physiological dormancy. Fresh seeds should be stratified for at least 30 to 60 days. Dry stored seeds can be sown without treatment.<br>Sowing Methods: Direct Seeding<br> Surface sow seeds for light requirement. | Seedlings are grown in a fully automated greenhouse at temperatures of 24ø C day / 15ø C night (75ø F day/ 59ø F night). Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Seedlings are well estblished at 4 weeks. Seeds and seedlings need to be kept evenly moist during germination and establishment. Once established, seedlings must dry down between irrigations. | 1 month | Seedlings need to dry down between irrigations during active growth. No additonial fertlizer is requird for growth. | 2 months | Seedlings need to be moved to the outdoor nursery in early summer where they undergo hardening during late summer and fall months. | 2 months | Seedlings can be outplanted in fall or overwintered in the nursery under Microfoam sheets and planted the following spring. | 5 months | McGregor RL. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Great Plains Flora Association. University of Kansas Press. Lawrence (KS) 1402p. ISBN 0-7006-0295-X <br> Meyer SE. 2004. The genus Artemisia. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Artemisia.pdf (accessed 22 May 2004). | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia frigida</i> Willd. plants 172 ml (10 .0 cu in); USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
282 | Artemisia (ludoviciana) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | ludoviciana | Nutt. | Variety | latiloba | Nutt. | ARTLUD | Disturbed praire, Saint Mary, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>A. ludoviciana</i> occurs from low to high elevations, from B.C. to California and Mexico, east to Ontario, Illinois, and Arkansas. It is not found west of the Cascades, except as an occasional introduction.<br>It occupies dry open sites and disturbed areas from the plains and foothills to the alpine zone in the mountains. White sage is a diverse species, with several subspecies that intergrade in areas of overlapping occurrence. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainer | 8 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 160 ml conetainer | Western sage | Seeds are hand collected from early October to early November when achenes turn brown and are easily removed from the disc. Seeds must be collected as soon as seeds ripen. Harvesting too early or too late collection often results in the collection of non-viable or aborted seeds. Collections should be spread evenly over a tarp to dry for 3 to 5 days. | 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed on moist paper towels inserted into an opened Zip-lock bag and placed in the refrigerator at 1 to 3 C. | Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Seeds germinate at greenhouse temperatures set at 21 C during the day and 15 C at night. Seedlings are thinned at this stage.<br>After seedlings are established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Seedlings were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants were fully root tight 12 weeks after germination. Plants were 4 cm in height with 10 to 12 true leaves. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizerat 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 6 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed; A State of the Art. Vol. 3 : Forbs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Report, 1982.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<br> | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia ludoviciana</i> Nutt. plants 160 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
283 | Artemisia (ludoviciana) | Asteraceae | Composites; aster family | Artemisia | ludoviciana | Nutt. | ARLU | Our collections were from Mt Rainier National Park near Cayuse Pass to Tipsoo Lake; 4,700 to5,00 ft | Widespread across north America; dry, open places. In Mt Rainier NP, at mid to sub alpine elevations especially in disturbed places | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Seed | 3 Years | Years | Clean seed free of noxious weeds; 60 % germination or better with appropriate pre chill. | white sagebrush; sagewort | Seeds hand-stripped at maturity, or larger amounts cut with hand sickle on collected into cloth seed bags. Easily collected, often occurs in dense stands. | Germination was improved with 14 day prechill at 3 to 5 C; fall-sowing resulted in good seedling emergence after natural stratification at test plots at Mt. Rainier. | Fine, firm seedbed; seed can be shallowly drilled with Planet junior in rows or broadcast and raked in; early spring. | Supplemental irrigation may be needed if soil surface becomes very dry during or shortly after seedling emergence. Some hand weed control needed during establishment. | 2 months | after initially slow seedling establishment, plants grew rapidly - no seed was produced during the first year. Fall and spring fertilization of low rates (50 lbs / acre) N and 15 lbs / acre was applied to maintain plots. A heavy infestation of caterpillars was easily controlled by a single application of Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis) and plants recovered quickly. | May - July | In August and September, powdery mildew was noted. Clipping back foliage in late summer to crown level had a slight influence on advancing regrowth the following spring. | 2 months | Cleaned seed held in cool dry storage conditions | not determined | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996 <p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, BatonRouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia ludoviciana</i> Nutt. seeds Seed; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
284 | Artemisia (ludoviciana) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Artemisia | ludoviciana | Nutt. | Sub-species | ludoviciana | ARLUL2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, about 0.5 miles west of the Stillwater Mountains, Churchill County, Nevada: 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | White sagebrush | Very small lot, 0.35 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia ludoviciana</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
285 | Artemisia (michauxiana) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | michauxiana | Besser. | ARTMIC | Open talus slopes, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>A. michauxiana</i> occurs in rocky places in the mountains, from B.C. and Alberta to California, south to Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 3 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 160 ml conetainer | Michaux mugwort | Seeds are hand collected in mid September when achenes turn grey and are easily removed from the disc. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning.<br>Seed Collection Locality: Near Haystack Butte, Glacier National Park. | 5 month outdoor winter stratification. A minimum of 3 month cold, moist stratification is recommended for optimum germination. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method:Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown; needs light for germination.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocite and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following 2 weeks of temperatures at 22C or above during the day. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Seedlings are thinned to one per conetainer at this stage.<br>Careful attention to irrigation frequency is needed during the establishment phase and should be done in early morning so foliage can dry during the day. Once established, seedlings should dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizerat 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants were fully root tight 12 weeks after germination. Plants were 3 cm in height with 10 to 12 true leaves in a tight rosette. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 2 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: August and September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed; A State of the Art. Vol. 3 : Forbs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Report, 1982.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia michauxiana</i> Besser. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
286 | Artemisia (nova) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | nova | A. Nels. | ARTNOV | A. nova is found throughout the southwestern portion o the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black sage | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 3 C. | Deitschman, G. H. (1974). Artemisia L. Sagebrush. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Cord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Servic. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia nova</i> A. Nels. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
287 | Artemisia (nova) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Artemisia | nova | A. Nels. | ARNO4 | BLM, Lakeview District, Lakeview Resource Area, Lakeview, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Black sagebrush | Small lot, 7.2 pounds, hand collected into yard bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia nova</i> A. Nels. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
288 | Artemisia (nova) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Artemisia | nova | A. Nelson | ARNO4 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Cherry Creek Road, foothills of the Ferris Mountains, Carbon County, Wyoming: 6651 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Black sagebrush | Very small lot, 0.99 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia nova</i> A. Nelson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
289 | Artemisia (pycnocephala) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | pycnocephala | (Less.) DC. | ARTPYC | Marin County, California | <i>A. pycnocephala</i> is found in coastal strand communities from Monterey County to Humboldt County, California, also in southern coastal Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Beach wormwood | Seeds are collected between September 1st and November 1st. Mature inflorescences are light brown, completely dry and slender. Seed is sliver like; less than 1 mm long. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.Flats are misted until seedlings germinate.<br> Seeds are sown on September 1st.<br> % Germination: 75% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 95%.<br> Transplants are moved to the shadehouse for continued growth.<br> | 1 month | Species is easy to grow if seedlings are kept evenly moist and not allowed to dry out. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia pycnocephala</i> (Less.) DC. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
290 | Artemisia (rigida) | Asteraceae | Aster or Sunflower | Artemisia | rigida | ARRI2 | Umatilla NF, Oregon | Eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and west-central Idaho. At elevations of 200 to 2000 m (700 to 7000 ft). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Scabland or Stiff Sagebrush | Collect ripe seeds from September - November. | Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6- to 7-month release rate at 21°C) at the rate of 2 g Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. Careful control of irrigation is necessary to avoid seedling damping-off. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants are somewhat slow-growing following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. Careful control of irrigation is necessary to avoid stem rot. | 18 weeks | A careful dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Kendzierski P. 2005. Stiff Sagebrush/Rock Sagebrush/Scabland Sagebrush, Artemisia rigida. Seattle (WA): University of Washington. URL: https://depts.washington.edu/propplnt/Plants/Artemisia%20rigida.htm (accessed 23 Oct 2019). McArthur ED, Taylor JR. nd. Artemisia rigida (Nutt.) Gray stiff sagebrush. Provo (UT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/research/shrub/Links/2004papers/mcarthur-artemisiarigida2004.pdf (accessed 23 Oct 2019). McWilliams J. 2003. Artemisia rigida. In: Fire Effects Information System, Online. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/artrig/all.html (Accessed 23 Oct 2019). | Fisher, Leslie; Riley, Lee E.. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia rigida</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
291 | Artemisia (scopulorum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | scopulorum | Gray | ARTSCO | A. scopulorum is found throughout the Rocky Mountains; from British Columbia and Alberta south to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rocky Mountain sagebrush | Germination occurs at 18 C. Germination is greater in light than in dark. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18.<br> Chambers, J. C., MacMahon, J. A. and Brown, R. W. (1987). Germination characteristics of alpine grasses and forbs: A comparison of early and late seral dominants with reclamation potential. Reclam. Reveg. Res. 6, 235-249.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia scopulorum</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
292 | Artemisia (suksdorfii) | Asteraceae | aster | Artemisia | suksdorfii | Artemisia | vulgaris | ARSU4 | Central Oregon coast | This species occurs near the coast in clay pockets on rocky shores, and to a lesser extent on the upper parts of sandy beaches. Its native range extends from southern British Columbia to California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | coastal mugwort | Moderate. This species holds onto its seeds when mature, but seeds are sometimes damaged by pests. Plants are tall and relatively easy to locate. Cut flower stalks from the plant and place in paper bags to dry. Seeds per pound: 2,300,000 | Artemisia suksdorfii will germinate without a treatment prior to placement in a warm (75F) greenhouse, however, a 2 week treatment of cold/moist stratification may be beneficial. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia suksdorfii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
293 | Artemisia (tilesii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | tilesii | Ledeb. | ARTTIL | A. tilesii is a circumboreal species found from Alaska to Newfoundland and to the south in North America in Montana, Idaho, and Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Aleutian mugwort | Germination occurs at 28 C. | Steshenko, A. P. (1966). Biology of newly collected seeds of the high mountain zone plants of the Pamirs. Bot. Zhur. 48, 965-978. (In Russian with English summary).<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia tilesii</i> Ledeb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
294 | Artemisia (tridentata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Artemisia | tridentata | Nutt. | ARTTRI | A. tridentata is found from Alberta and southern British Columbia south to California, Arizona, western Texas and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Big sagebrush | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 18.5 C. Germination was equal in light and dark and germination was greater in light than dark. | Deitschman, G. H. (1974). Artemisia L.Sagebrush. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Cord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Servic. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
295 | Artemisia (tridentata) | ASTERACEAE | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | tridentata | Nutt. | Sub-species | vasseyena | (Rydb.) Beetle | ARTTRI | Idaho fescue grassland, Big Prairie, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT | <i>A. tridentata</i> occurs on dry plains and hills to near treeline in the mountains; from B.C. to Baja California, east throughout the West to North Dakota and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 10 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 6 cm<br> Caliper: 1.7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 172 ml conetainer | Big sagebrush | Seeds are collected in October. Seeds are collected when the seeds turn brown and are easily pulled from the receptacles. Seeds must be collected as soon as the seeds ripen fully; too early or too late collection often results in the collection of non-viable or aborted seeds. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. Collections should be spread evenly over a tarp to dry for 3 to 5 days. | 5 month outdoor winter stratification. There are differences in temperature requirements for optimum germination among different subspecies and ecotypes of this species. Seed germination is reported to be higher when seed is collected late in the season, germinated under fluctuating temperatures, and when seeds are surface sown. Some populations have seed dormancy while others are reported to be non dormant. Testing of individual lots will determine the need or duration of pre chilling for optimum germination. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.Seeds are surface sown; needs light for germination.<br> Growing media used is milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) andMicromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B,0.5%Cu,12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocite and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following 2 weeks of temperatures at 22C or above during in early spring. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination.<br>Careful attention to irrigation frequency is needed during the establishment phase and should be done in early morning so foliage can dry during the day. Once established, seedlings should dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants were occasionally fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants were fully root tight 12 weeks after germination. Plants were 2.5 cm in height with 10 to 12 true leaves. | 12 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months using a 5 month cold, moist stratification. Production time can be shortened if using a shorter stratification period.<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | References: Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed; A State of the Art. Vol. 3 : Forbs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Report, 1982.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Propagation Of Pacific Northwest Native Plants, Rose, R., Chachluski, E., and Haase, D., Oregon State University Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> Nutt. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
296 | Artemisia (tridentata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | tridentata | Nutt. | Variety | tridentata | Nutt. | ARTTRI | Utah | <i>A. tridentata</i> is found in dry plains and hills from British Columbia to Baja California east to North Dakota and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 6 in.<br> Caliper: 5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Big sagebrush | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | None | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are surface sown in early spring and lghtly pressed into the prepared seed bed. Seeds are irrigated immedately after sowing to hold them in place. Seeds are irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. | 1 month following emergence | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 3 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during early spring before budbreak. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 6 to 8 inches using a lifter.<br> We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> Nutt. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
297 | Artemisia (tridentata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Artemisia | tridentata | Nutt. | Sub-species | tridentata | ARTRT | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land south of Fort Churchill Historic State Park, on the southwest bank of the Carson River, Lyon County, Nevada: 4228 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Basin big sagebrush | Small lot, 5 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
298 | Artemisia (tridentata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Artemisia | tridentata | Nutt. | Sub-species | vaseyana | (Rydb.) Beetle | ARTRV | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Carbon County, Wyoming: 8157 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mountain big sagebrush | Small lot, 2.5 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
299 | Artemisia (tridentata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Artemisia | tridentata | ARTTRI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Big Sagebrush | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> None required.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b>A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Seeds of Big Sagebrush are not covered. <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> No cover for seed.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seedling ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the greenhouse. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
300 | Artemisia (tridentata) | Asteraceae | Artemisia | tridentata | Colorado, Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-106c), Bear Lake Shuttle (98-074c) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Big Sage | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head using tweezers.<br> Collected at Beaver Meadow on 9/28/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</B> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown in 4x8 flat, lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 5 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Uneven.<br> <br>Time to potting:</b> 1 month. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
301 | Artocarpus (heterophyllus) | Moraceae | Mulberry | Artocarpus | heterophyllus | Lam. | Native to the rainforests of India, altitudes 400-1200 m | Widespread and naturalized since ancient times throughout Asia and Southeast Asia; a post-European contact introduction to many Pacific Islands. Does best below 1000 m elevation in frost-free areas. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 20 cm in height, stem diameter 9 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | Jackfruit | Bears fruit in April-September. Fruits are borne on the trunk and the main branches. Fruits can be enormous, up to 50 kg in weight, but more commonly are between 10 and 30 kg. The green skin of unripe fruit changes to slightly yellow, and the fruits emit a distinctive fragrance when ripe. Fruits are collected using an orchard ladder or climbing the trees, cutting the stem of the fruit, and carefully lowering the fruit to the ground. | No pretreatment is required. However, rinsing the seeds in water to clean off sugars is recommended. | Jackfruit seedlings can be grown in an uncovered growing area. Rodents (especially rats) seek out and eat germinating jackfruit seeds, and the nursery area must be protected from them. Containers used are Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep, or copper-coated grow bags of similar size also work well. A well-drained media is used such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Seeds are sown at a depth of 2 cm. Seeds are laid flat or planted with the hilum facing down. Germination begins in 1-3 weeks, longer (up to 6 weeks) if seeds were stored more that a few days after collection. The media can be topped by a thin layer of mulch such as #2 poultry grit. Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Full sun is best. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. | 2 - 6 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in full sun. Seedlings grow quickly for the first 6-10 weeks. After about ten weeks, seedlings are double-spaced to allow maximum penetration of sunlight. Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. Diseases and pests are not a major concern with jackfruit in the nursery. | 3 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. Jackfruit develops a strong taproot; timely outplanting is necessary to preclude any problems with root form. Root pruning can be fatal to the tree, and is not advised. | 4 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Hossain, M.K. and T.K. Nath. 2002. Artocarpus heterophyllus. in: Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721.<p> Verheij, E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel, eds. 1992. PROSEA no 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i> Lam. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
302 | Artocarpus (mariannensis) | Moraceae | Fig | Artocarpus | mariannensis | Tr‚cul | Artocarpus | integrifolia | sensu Merrill | Limestone and ravine forests, from coastal to lower mountain slopes in the humid tropics. | Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, limestone and ravine forests, from coastal to lower mountain slopes Republic of Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Nauru, mainly atolls and coastal plains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 8 Months | Months | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 30 cm in height, stem diameter 9 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | Seeded breadfruit, Marianas breadfruit, Dugdug (Chamorro), Dokdok (Chamorro), Ebiei (Palauan) , Maiyah (Puluwatese) | Bears fruit continuously, with a peak in July-September. Various cultivars fruit at different times, extending the season of availability. | No pretreatment is required. However, rinsing the seeds in water to clean off sugars is recommended. | Breadfruit seedlings should be grown in moderate to heavy shade. Rodents and (especially rats) other predators may seek out and eat germinating breadfruit seeds, and the nursery area should be protected from them. Containers used are one gallon root-training hard plastic pots, or copper-coated grow bags of similar size may also work well. A well-drained media is used such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Seeds are sown at a depth of 2 cm. Seeds are laid flat. The media can be topped by a thin layer of mulch such as #2 poultry grit. Germination begins in 2-3 weeks, and may take longer (up to 6 weeks) if seeds were stored more that a few days after collection. Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. Breadfruit seedlings tend to grow slowly at first. | 6 - 8 weeks | Seedlings continue to be grown in moderate to heavy shade, protected from wind. Keep seedlings spaced out to allow adequate sun and ventilation. Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. Diseases and pests are not a major concern with breadfruit in the nursery. | 4 months | Young breadfruit plants grow best in partial shade, so full sun hardening is often not necessary. However, if the seedlings are to be planted in full sun, the plants should be gradually moved to full sun conditions during their final 2 months in the nursery to harden them to the site conditions. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out or be exposed to strong wind. | 2 months | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Manner, H. (publication pending for 2003). Species Profile for Artocarpus mariannensis. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. <p> Morton, Julia F. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resource Systems, Winterville, N.C. <p> Verheij, E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel, Eds. 1992. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia.<p> | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artocarpus mariannensis</i> Tr‚cul plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
303 | Aruncus (dioicus) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Aruncus | dioicus | (Walt.) Fern. | Variety | acuminatus | (Rydb.) Rydb. ex Hara | Aruncus | sylvester | Kostel. | Riparian in mixed White Spruce / Paper Birch woodland. Susitna Valley, Alaska. | Coastal Alaska from the Alaska Peninsula through southeast Alaska south to BC, WA, OR, and northern CA. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Multiple leaves, firm root plug | Goatsbeard | Cold-stored seed is washed in running water for 24 hours. After washing, the seed is Fall-sown in 10.5 in3 Spencer-Lemaire rootrainers with a well-drained upland soil mix. These are stored in a cooler exposed to outside winter temperatures. In the Spring, the trays are moved to the greenhouse for germination. Total time for cold moiststratification is 5« months. | Germination exceeded 80% within 6 weeks. | Trays are moved out of the greenhouse in June for hardening. | 1-2 months | Hult‚n, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press. | Moore, Nancy; Ross, Donald. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aruncus dioicus</i> (Walt.) Fern. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
304 | Asclepias (cordifolia) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed | Asclepias | cordifolia | ASCO | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Oregon, California, Nevada. Heart-leaf milkweed occurs on rocky slopes, talus, woods, chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, and lava flows, at elevations from 50 to 2000 m. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Heart-leaf milkweed | Collect seeds after pods have ripened, but before they have split open. The seeds are wind dispersed, so be careful when gathering to place in a paper or burlap bag to avoid losing them. | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 45 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 10 to 14 days. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 to 3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at a rate of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center. 2006. Purple milkweed Asclepias cordifolia Benth. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_asco.pdf (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias cordifolia</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
305 | Asclepias (cordifolia) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | cordifolia | (Benth.) Jeps. | ASCO | USFS land, Medicine Creek Road, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Oregon: 3200 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Heartleaf milkweed | Very small lot, 0.23 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Asclepias cordifolia</i> (Benth.) Jeps. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
306 | Asclepias (eriocarpa) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed | Asclepias | eriocarpa | ASER | Seed collected below the Hog's Back Ridge eastern Tehama County, California | Nevada, California and northern Baja California. Dry barren areas from 300-1900 meters (Hickman 1993) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock (3 | 8 Months | Months | First year seedling with fibrous "taproot" 1-3mm in diameter and 10-30cm long. | Indian milkweed; Kotolo; Woolly-pod milkweed | Collect seed/fruits immediately prior to or when fruit is completely ripe and dry on plant from mid-spring to mid summer | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Because this species forms a taproot the first year, deep pots seem to work best. The active growth phase can be extended by keeping soil moist after the last spring rains. Some authorities recommend well-drained soils. Active growth occurrs well into summer. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down. Place dormant plants in dry storage until the following fall rains. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination for seed sown in outdoor cold frames was observed within 6-weeks and establishment of rooted sprouts took at least 7-8 weeks. | Transplantable sprouts were established withinapproximately 7-8 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until late-summer/early fall. The active growth phase can be extended well into summer by keeping soil moist. This species appears to grow well in moist, well-drained soil well into summer with little problem. Robust first-year plants with fibrous root systems 10-20cm long and < 1 mm in diameter were established by most individuals by the first summer. | 6-8 months (later winter to mid summer; older plants may not initiate above-ground growth until spring). | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth is generally initiated between mid-late fall and continues until early fall, at which time senescenc occurs. Growth resumes following fall rains and possibly not until late winter/early spring. | If soil is kept moist, individuals can be grown into the summer. Senescent plants were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 2 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; *Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias eriocarpa</i> plants Potted nursery stock (3; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
307 | Asclepias (fascicularis) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed | Asclepias | fascicularis | ASFA | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve, eastern Tehama County, California | Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah and Baja California. Dry barren areas from 300-1900 meters (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year seedling with fibrous taproot 1-3mm in diameter and 10-30cm long. | Narrow-leaved milkweed; Mexican whorled milkweed; | Collect seed/fruits immediately prior to or when fruit is completely ripe and dry on plant from mid-spring to mid summer | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Because this species forms a taproot the first year, deep pots seem to work best. The active growth phase can be extended by keeping soil moist after the last spring rains. Some authorities recommend well-drained soils. Active growth occurrs well into summer. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down. Place dormant plants in dry storage until the following fall rains. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination for seed sown in outdoor cold frames was observed within 6-weeks and establishment of rooted sprouts took at least 7-8 weeks. Robust seedlings with fibrous root systems 10-20cm long and < 1 mm in diameter were established by most individuals by the first summer. | Transplantablesprouts were established within approximately 7 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until late-summer/early fall. The active growth phase can be extended well into summer by keeping soil moist. This species appears to grow well in moist, well-drained soil well into summer with little problem. | 6-8 months (later winter to mid summer; older plants may not initiate above-ground growth until spring). | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth is generally initiated between mid-late fall and continues until early fall, at which time senescenc occurs. Growth resumes following fall rains and possibly not until late winter/early spring (for older plants). | If soil is kept moist, individuals can be grown through the summer. Senescent plants were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 2 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. SelectedPlants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias fascicularis</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
308 | Asclepias (fascicularis) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed | Asclepias | fascicularis | ASFA | Mt Hood, Rogue River Siskiyou, and Deschutes National Forests, Oregon | Mexican whorled milkweed occurs on dry ground and sunny spots in valleys and foothills at elevations from 50 to 220 m. The range extends through California to Washington, Utah and Baja California. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Mexican whorled milkweed | Collect seeds after pods have ripened, but before they have split open. The seeds are wind dispersed, so be careful when gathering to place in a paper or burlap bag to avoid losing them. | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 45 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 10 to 14 days. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 to 3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at a rate of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center. 2006. Narrow-leaved milkweed Asclepias fascicularis Decne.. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_asco.pdf (accessed 9 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Asclepias fascicularis Decne. Mexican whorled milkweed. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ASFA (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias fascicularis</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
309 | Asclepias (humistrata) | Apocynaceae | Dogbane family | Asclepias | humistrata | Walter | Southeast USA on secondary beach dunes, sandhills, and dry disturbed sites. | Not known to be invasive | Plants | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 28 days | How to germinate this plant. | sandhill milkeed | Collect seeds when follicle is dehisced or dehisces upon the slight application of pressure. | Plants have been seeded 48 hours after collection with over 80% germination and therefore do not need any pretreatments. | Seeds germinate (at least 70% germination of viable seed) in constant or fluctuating temperatures, in light (12 hr photoperiod) or dark, with optimal temperatures between 24-28 degrees Celsius. | Once dried, seeds can be stored in airtight containers at room temperature for at least 15 months and retain high viability. | 15 months or more | Campbell GE. 2016. Dormancy and germination characteristics of 2 Florida native forbs, Asclepias humistrata and Lupinus diffuses. University of Florida. Master’s Thesis. | Campbell-Martínez, Gabriel Eduardo. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Asclepias humistrata</i> Walter Plants University of Florida Milton, Florida. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
310 | Asclepias (incarnata L.) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | incarnata L. | ASIN | Monongahela National Forest | Widely distributed across the US and Canada from Quebec and Maine south to Florida and Texas and west to Nevada and Idaho. | Not known to be invasive in the US. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Swamp milkweed | Seeds were collected from multiple existing populations within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest. Mature seed pods were collected from numerous plants to ensure genetic diversity. | No pretreatment was used. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were placed in the cooler (34 degrees F) for 30 days to allow for cold, moist stratification. | 1 month | After cold stratification, the trays were moved directly to the greenhouse for germination. Seedlings began to emerge after about 2 weeks in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into quart plastic containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. | 5 months | Plants were moved into the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent excessive wind burn damage. | 1 day | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database(http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-49041 USA. | Vandevender, John; Lester, Randall. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias incarnata L.</i> plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
311 | Asclepias (incarnata) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed Family | Asclepias | incarnata | L. | ASIN | Found in a variety of soil types. Noted for inhabiting wet places, but grows well in fields, roadsides, waste places and dry sites. A single stem up to 3-6 feet in height. Has a pink flower. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Swamp Milkweed | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers June-August. Fruit is a pod with numerous seeds. Each has a coma. Seed is harvested in October. | Requires one week of moist cold stratification. No adverse effects for longer stratification period. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6mil from (J.R. Johnson Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: swamp milkweed grows best in 14"x8.5" trays having 24 cells, each cell being 2" in diameter and 4" deep. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cells plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow January thru July. | From Jan. thru Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of development so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No articial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of plants. When the danger of frost has passed, leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Transplant if needed. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias incarnata</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
312 | Asclepias (incarnata) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed | Asclepias | incarnata | ASIN | Deschutes National Forest, Oregon | Swamp milkweed is widely distributed across the U.S. and Canada from Quebec and Maine south to Florida and Texas and west to Nevada and Idaho | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | swamp milkweed | Collect seeds in the fall, when the brown pods are dry and have begun to split. | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 45 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 10 to 14 days. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 to 3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at a rate of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Kirk S, Belt S. 2011. Plant fact sheet for swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata). Beltsville (MD): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_asin.pdf (accessed 9 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Asclepias incarnata L. swamp milkweed. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ASIN (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias incarnata</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
313 | Asclepias (meadii) | Asclepiadaceae | Milk weed family | Asclepias | meadii | Torr.ex Gray | ASCMEA | A. meadii is found from southern Wisconsin and western Illinois to Kansas and Missouri; in calcareous soils of prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mead's milkweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 70 days. | Betz, R. F. (1989). Ecology of Mead's milkweed (Asclepias meadii Torrey). Pp. 187-191. In: T. B. Bragg and J. Stubbendieck (eds.). Proc. 11th North Amer. Prairie Conf., Prairie pioneers: Ecology, history and culture. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. <br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias meadii</i> Torr.ex Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
314 | Asclepias (ovalifolia) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | ovalifolia | Dcne. | ASCOVA | A. ovalifolia is found from southern Canada to Illinois, Iowa, the Dakotas, and Wyoming in gravelly or clayey soils of prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ovalleaf milkweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias ovalifolia</i> Dcne. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
315 | Asclepias (speciosa) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | speciosa | Torr. | ASSP | Yosemite National Park | Western North America; British Columbia to Manitoba, south to TX. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Showy milkweed | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. Showy milkweed seed is often dormant and requires a cold stratification treatment for germination; however this seed collection did not require any stratification for full germination. | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Two to five seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is lightly covered with approximately 1/8 inch of soil, and the soil surface is kept moist with 20 minutes of daily irrigation from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). | 8 weeks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them. However, as showy milkweed doesn’t produce many lateral roots, we left 3 or 4 plants in each cone in an effort to get a nice tightly packed root system. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution. | 4 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias speciosa</i> Torr. Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
316 | Asclepias (speciosa) | Asclepiadaceae | milkweed | Asclepias | speciosa | Torrey | ASSP | seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene, Oregon | plants | seed | Container (plug) | plugs | 5 Months | Months | root-mass filling the container | showy milkweed | Seed pods were clipped from plants when ripe (splitting) and were left in paper bags to dry. | Seeds were planted in spring into cone-tainers using Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media amended with micro-nutrients and a slow release fertilzer)and placed in a greenhouse under moderate conditions (70 degree days, 50 degree nights). | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 80% germination was observed. | 1 month | Plants were hand-watered daily and moved to a shadehouse in early summer. They were fertilized twice durring the growing season with Peters 20-20-20. | 4 months | Plants went dormant in late summer and re-emerged in October. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias speciosa</i> Torrey plants plugs; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
317 | Asclepias (speciosa) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | speciosa | Torr. | ASSP | BLM, Medford District, Hyatt Road 91, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Showy milkweed | Very small lot, .24 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Asclepias speciosa</i> Torr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
318 | Asclepias (speciosa) | Asclepiadaceae | milkweed | Asclepias | speciosa | Torr. | ASSP | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Native to mesic places in western North America from British Columbia to Manitoba and south to Texas. In the Palouse of eastern Washington and northern Idaho it is not common and most frequently found along roadcuts and in road ditches.<p> Mean annual precipitation range is from 16-30 inches (USDA NRCS 2008). Wetland indicator status is FAC+ for the northwestern US (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | Considered weedy by some (Whitson et al 1996), possibly because it can be toxic to livestock when consumed in large quantities. It is not common on the Palouse and does not appear to be invasive. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | showy milkweed | Fruit is a follicle and seed is reddish brown in color when mature. Seed is collected by hand when the follicles begin to split in September or October. Seed is attached to a long white coma which aids on wind dispersal. It must be harvested before becoming wind borne. Collected material is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. | Buhler & Hoffman (1999) state fresh seeds planted in autumn germinate the following spring and summer. We found seed of this ecotype to germinate readily without pretreatment. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center comparing untreated seed with seed treated by cold moist stratification for periods of 45, 90, or 120 days showed no increase in total emergence following stratification. Untreated seed emerged at 85%. Stratified seed emerged at the same time as untreated seed, suggesting that germination does not begin until temperatures warm. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 6 days and is complete in 14 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 10-12 weeks | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Plants can be stored in the lath house over winter. They must be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Containerized material of <i>A. speciosa</i> is much more sensitive to winter damage than many of the other native forbs of the Palouse. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in spring as temperatures begin to rise. | Bookman, Susan S. 1983a. Costs and Benefits of Flower Abscission and Fruit Abortion in Asclepias speciosa. Ecology 64:264-273. <p> Bookman, Susan S. 1983b. Effects of Pollination Timing on Fruiting in Asclepias speciosa Torr. (Asclepiadaceae). American Journal of Botany. 70:897-905.<p> Buhler, Douglas D., and Melinda L. Hoffman. 1999. Andersen's Guide to Practical Methods of Propagating Weeds and Other Plants. Weed Science Society of America. Lawrence, Kansas. 248 pp.<p> Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Finer, Matthew. 2003. Effects of Geitonogamy, Habitat Fragmentation, and Population Size on Plant Reproductive Success: Ecological and Evolutionary Studies. PhD thesis, Washington State University (Biological Sciences).<p> Finer, Matt. 2004. Insight into the Pollination Crisis: Effects of Population Size on Pollinator Diversity for Showy Milkweed. Douglasia 28(4):7-8.<p> Finer, Matthew S. and Martin T. Morgan. 2003. Effects of Natural Rates of Geitonogamy on Fruit Set in <i>Ascepias speciosa</i> (Apocynaceae): Evidence Favoring the Plant's Dilemma. American Journal of Botany 90:1746-1750.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and AdjacentIdaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Pyle, Robert M. 2002. The Butterflies of Cascadia. The Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington. 420 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (11 February 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 11 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> Whitson, Tom D., Larry C. Burrill, Steven A. Dewey, David W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, Richard D. Lee, and Robert Parker. 1996. Weeds of the West. 5th ed. Western Society of Weed Science. Newark, CA. 630 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias speciosa</i> Torr. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
319 | Asclepias (speciosa) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed | Asclepias | speciosa | ASSP | Mt Hood, Rogue River-Siskiyou, Deschutes National Forests, Oregon | The plant occurs in California to British Colombia and Central Canada south to Texas | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Showy milkweed | Best to collect when seed pods are brown and about to split | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 45 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 10 to 14 days. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 to 3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at a rate of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Stevens M. 2000. Plant guide for showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa). Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_assp.pdf (accessed 9 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Asclepias speciosa Torr. showy milkweed. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ASSP (accessed 9 Oct 2018). Young-Mathews A, Eldredge E. 2012. Plant fact sheet for showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa). Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_assp.pdf (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias speciosa</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
320 | Asclepias (subverticillata) | Asclepiadaceae | milkweed | Asclepias | subverticillata | ASSU2 | Flagstaff, AZ N35.2209/W-111.58453 | Horsetail milkweed is found in Central Western and Southwestern US states including; AZ,CO,ID,KS,MO,NE,NM,NV,OK,TX,UT, and WY. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Cone | Firm plug | horsetail milkweed | Seed collected by hand. Follicles and coma easily removed by hand. A screen or an air column separator also aids in cleaning seed. | Treatment 1
Seed received a 48 h soak in a stream of running water, followed by 28 d cold moist stratification. Treatment 2 Seed received a 48 h soak in a stream of running water, and no stratification. Treatment 3 Seed received a 48 h soak in a stream of running water, followed by 6 weeks of cold moist stratification. Treatment 4 Seed received a 48 h soak in a stream of running water, followed by 10 weeks of cold moist stratification. | 3-5 seeds a cone sowed into a Sun Gro custom mix (40-50% sphagnum moss, vermiculite and aged fine bark). Cells were filled to the top, and the tray was pounded to remove air space. Then the cells were refilled to the top and the medium was brushed away to make room for seed and grit, about 10 ml was removed. A total of 98 cones were sown, with each species having 49 cones. Seeds were sown 1cm deep and covered with soil and a light covering of grit.
Greenhouse conditions were 21 C days, 10 C nights and 16 h of light. The first signs of germination occurred 7 days after sowing. Treatments 1,2 emerged 7-10 days after planting. Treatments 3,4 germinated 5 days after planting. All treatments had a germination rate of 95% or greater 14 days after first emergence. A longer cold moist stratification period seems to increase germination time. | Eckman, Charles . 2017. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias subverticillata</i> Plants Cone; USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Moscow, Idaho, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
321 | Asclepias (sullivantii) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | sullivantii | Engelm. | ASCSUL | A. sulvantii is found from southern Canada through the Great Plains to Missouri and Oklahoma and east to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Smooth milkweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias sullivantii</i> Engelm. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
322 | Asclepias (sullivantii) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | sullivantii | Englem. ex Gray | ASCSUL | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>A. sullivanti</i> ranges from Ontario to Minnesota, south to Ohio and Kansas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Sullivant's Milkweed | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 19 to July 15. Seed is harvested July 30th. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4. Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Establishment Phase: Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two weeks.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissorsor sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias sullivantii</i> Englem. ex Gray plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
323 | Asclepias (syriaca L.) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | syriaca L. | ASSY | Monongahela National Forest | Widely distributed across the eastern 2/3 of the continental US and Canada from Saskatchewan and Quebec south to Texas and Georgia. | This plant has the potential to become weedy or invasive in some situations. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 6 months | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Common milkweed | Seeds were collected from multiple existing populations within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest. Mature seed pods were collected from numerous plants to ensure genetic diversity. | No pretreatment was used. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were placed in the cooler (34 degrees F) for 30 days to allow for cold, moist stratification. | 1 month | After cold stratification, the trays were moved directly to the greenhouse for germination. Seedlings began to emerge after about 2 weeks in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into quart plastic containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. | 5 months | Plants were moved into the shadehouse (50% shade) to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent excessive wind burn damage. | 1 day | Common milkweed seeds often fall prey to insect damage while still in the seed pods. This will have a significant effect on the viability of the seeds. | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database(http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-49041 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias syriaca L.</i> Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
324 | Asclepias (syriaca) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed Family | Asclepias | syriaca | L. | ASSY | Habitat is dry to somewhat moist, usually sandy, often disturbed areas. Roadsides and railroads, shores, dunes, fields, waste ground, openings in aspen and pine woodlands. Stout, finely downy, grayish-green, usually unbranched stem up to 2 meters tall. Rapidly spreading by underground stems. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common Milkweed | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. The plant blooms from approximately June to Aug. Follicles (pods) which are warty or tuberculate. Each seed has a coma or tuft of hair. Seed harvested Sept. thru Oct. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Seal mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. One-month cold moist stratification in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years) | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any plug size. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plugs again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 2 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. thegreenhouse thermostat is set a 65 degrees F both night and day. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stay the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays should be placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffused sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When the danger of frost has passed, leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias syriaca</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
325 | Asclepias (tuberosa L.) | Asclepias | Milkweed family | Asclepias | tuberosa L. | ASTU | Monongahela National Forest | Butterfly milkweed is widely distributed throughout most the continental US. It is not known to be present in a few states in the northwest corner of the US. | Not know to be invasive in the US. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Butterfly milkweed | Seed pods were collected from multiple existing populations within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest to ensure genetic diversity. | No pretreatment was necessary. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were placed in the cooler (34 degrees F) for 30 days to allow for cold, moist stratification. | 1 month | After cold stratification, the trays were moved directly to the greenhouse for germination. Seedlings began to emerge after about 2 weeks in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into quart plastic containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. | 5 months | Plants were moved to the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficent top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailers were covered with tarps to reduce excessisve damage from wind burn. | 1 day | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John; Lester, Randall. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias tuberosa L.</i> plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
326 | Asclepias (tuberosa) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | tuberosa | L. | ASCTUB | A. tuberosa is found from southern Canada south to New yrork, Minnesota to Texas and west to Utah and Arizona. It also ranges into northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Butterfly milkweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias tuberosa</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
327 | Asclepias (tuberosa) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | tuberosa | L. | ASCTUB | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>A. tuberosa</i> is found from southeastern Canada to New York and Minnesota, South Dakota, Colorado, eastern Kansas and Nebraska south to Texas, New Mexico and northern Mexico. It is found east to Missouri and Mississippi. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Butterfly Weed | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 10 to July 10. Seed is harvested September 18. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures at 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br> 75% germination is reached in about one and a half weeks.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower and water only when dry. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 8 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary J.; Flood, Roberta Mountz. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias tuberosa</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
328 | Asclepias (viridiflora) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed family | Asclepias | viridiflora | Raf. | ASCVIR | A. viridiflora is found from southern Canada and Montana and New England south to Georgia, Arizona and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Green milkweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asclepias viridiflora</i> Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
329 | Asimina (triloba L.) | Annonaceae | Custard-apple | Asimina | triloba L. | ASTR | Pawpaw is widely distributed throughout the eastern half of the continental US. | Not known to be invasive in the US. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 9 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healty root system. | Pawpaw | Seeds were collected from multiple trees within a stand of pawpaws located on the property of the USDA, NRCS Appalachian Plant Materials Center. Seeds were collected in late fall after the fruits had fully matured and fallen to the ground. Most of the fruit had been eaten by animals leaving the seeds behind. | No pretreatment was used. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with 1" of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were placed in the cooler (34 degrees F) for 60 days to allow for cold, moist stratification. | 3 months | After completion of the cold stratification process, the trays were moved to the greenhouse for germination. Seedlings began to emerge after about 2 months in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, They were transplanted into 1 gallon containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. | 6 months | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John; Lester, Randall. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Asimina triloba L.</i> plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
330 | Asimina (triloba) | Annonaceae | Annona or custard-apple family | Asimina | triloba | ASITRI | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Rich, damp woods; w. NY and S. Ontario to s. Michigan and e. Nebraska, s. to Florida and Texas. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991) | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | bare root seedlings; containerized plants | 0 | Bare root seedlings: are harvested after 2 years in outdoor nursery beds and are 6-18" in height. <br>Containerized plants: selected bare root seedlings are potted into containers as specimens. 1 -2 gallon sized plants range from 36-60" and 3 gallon plants are about 72"in height. A fibrous root system that fills the Spin-Out treated pot is desired. It is important to match the container size to the root system, as small roots may be slow to fill an overly large pot, resulting in retarded top growth. | Pawpaw | Source: Cumberland Gap National Historical Park in Kentucky and Tennessee. George Washington Memorial Parkway, Turkey Run Trail.<br> Collection Dates: CUGA - September 20; GWMP - September 8. Fruit is collected from trees when flesh is soft. | Seed dormancy: Pawpaw seeds have slowly permeable seed coats and dormant embryos. (Bonner and Halls, 1974)<br> Seed Treatment: Seeds are sown in outdoor nursery beds in the fall soon after collection and cleaning to allow for natural stratification of the seeds. Prior to sowing, seeds are soaked in water for a few hours or overnight. | Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown at 1" intervals in rows that are 5-6" apart. Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed and the row is covered with about 3/4" soil. The beds are mulched with aged sawdust which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. | Newly emerged seeds are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded immediately after emergence with 30% poly screening and are kept under shading until mid-August. Shade is critical to emerging seedlings in our sandy soil. We have found that Pawpaw seedlings in full sun put on very little growth. | Outdoor nursery beds: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor, sandy loam, field-grown seedlings are fertilized once weekly from mid-April through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August, the seedlings are fertilized bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. Rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br><br>Containerized plants: after harvest and selective root pruning, 2 year bare root specimen plants are potted in 1 gallon containers in a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 4 cups controlled release, 270-day, 18-6-8 Nutricote with micronutrients, and approximately 4 cups of endomycorrhizae.)<br> In successive springs, transplants were bumped up to 2 and 3 gallon containers. Insides of the containers had been treated with Spin-Out to inhibit girdling and encourage development of a fibrorus root system. Pots are top dressed as needed with 180-day controlled release Nutricote 18-6-8. Containers are held in a shade house with overhead irrigation during the growing season. | Bareroot seedlings: dormant, bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to loosen plants in the bed. Seedlings are then sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes, and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed.<br><br>Container plants: containers are overwintered outdoors under microfoam. Dead leaves and debris were removed and containers were watered and overlapped on their sides on weed barrier. Rodenticide baits were placed at intervals to discourage gnawing rodents, and the microfoam was secured. | 3-5 months | Bonner, F. T. and L. K. Halls. 1974. <Asimina/> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 238-239. | Davis, Kathy; Englert, John; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Asimina triloba</i> plants bare root seedlings; containerized plants; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
331 | Aster (alpigenus) | Asteraceae | ASTER | Aster | alpigenus | Oreostemma | alpigenum | ASAL3 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park,Ca | Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Montana, Wyoming and Idaho primarily in hilly or mountainous regions. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Stubby container | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Alpine Aster | Seed that was stratified for 90 days in a moist cooler (set at a constant 38 degrees F) before being moved to a warm growth chamber (set a 70 degree F days and 50 degree F nights) had a germination of 74%. This is a significant improvement on the 40% germination seen in the seeds placed directly into the warm growth chamber. | Bartow, Amy; Cameron, Jordan. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster alpigenus</i> plants Stubby container; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
332 | Aster (chilensis) | Asteraceae | aster | Aster | chilensis | Symphyotrichum | chilense | SYCH4 | Central Oregon coast | Coastal scrubland, marshes of both salt and fresh water and forested areas in Western US coast line states and western Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Moderate; Seeds ripen over a period of weeks to months, depending on fall weather. Seeds fly away when ripe. Plants are usually easy to identify and moderately easy to find. Seeds per pound: 800,000–1,300,000 | This plant species boasts high germination without a treatment prior to being placed in a warm greenhouse (75F). | Bartow, Amy; Cameron, Jordan. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster chilensis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
333 | Aster (chlorolepsis) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | chlorolepsis | Burgess | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | mountain aster | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Kaufmann, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster chlorolepsis</i> Burgess seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
334 | Aster (chlorolepsis) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | chlorolepsis | Burgess | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | mountain aster | Barbour, Jill R; Karrfalt, Bob. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster chlorolepsis</i> Burgess seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
335 | Aster (chlorolepsis) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | chlorolepsis | Burgess | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | mountain aster | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Kaufmann, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster chlorolepsis</i> Burgess seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
336 | Aster (ciliolatus) | Compositae | Aster Family | Aster | ciliolatus | Lindley | ASCI | Dry to moist deciduous mix and conifer woods, especially in clearings and along borders, including adjacent roads, trails, fields, disturbed ground, dune ridges and rocky gravel. Long blue to purple rays and large heads will easily separate this spp. from A. sagittifolius | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lindley's aster | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from Aug. to Sept. Seed is an achene and is harvested from September to early November. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite in a sealable plastic bag or Rubbermaid-style container. Seal and put in a refrigerator or garage (35 to 42 degrees F) for 1-2 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: Grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds ino the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in teh summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster ciliolatus</i> Lindley plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
337 | Aster (divaricatus) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Aster | divaricatus | ASTDIV | George Washington Memorial Parkway | New Hampshire, New York and southern Ohio south to Georgia and Alabama. Found in dry to moist woodlands and thickets. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 14 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> container plugs.<br> <br>Height:</b> 4-6" at outplanting after cutbacks.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug; roots fill container. | White wood aster | Collected at roadside of Spout Run by J. Englert on 10/25/95. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seed germinates in light, therefore it should be surface-sown. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> If seed had pappus still attached it was surface sown over germination tray cells in small clumps. Cleaned seed without fluff was mixed with talc and surface-sown using a salt shaker.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is started in 392 or 406 germination plug trays. See Sowing Technique for further discussion. Seedlings are transplanted into Ropak Multipots (67 cell) or 72 trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is sown onto germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 (72's) or #5 (multipots). The potting mix is amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR (0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Winter, depending on time of planned outplanting in the spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Using the following protocol, most of the seeds that will germinate have done so within 4 to 7 days.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is small and is surface-sown on germination trays. Uniformity of germination is greatly enhanced by keeping seed trays moist and warm. Trays were covered with clear plastic and placed on heat mats set at approximately 75§F. Using this protocol, seedlings emerged in about 3-5 days, with multiple seedlings in each cell, and target number of seedlings germinate within a week. We have hesitated to direct-sow aster seed into final containers because cells germinate irregularly or too thickly and there is often uneven growth and maturation of the seedlings. Selecting plugs from the germination trays that are at the same stage of development provides reasonable assurance that contract goals and deadlines will be met. Since we started using the above protocol, germination occurs much more quickly (in days rather than weeks), more seedlings germinate and seedlings grow more evenly.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings in germination trays need to be kept evenly moist. We have put trays under mist, but slowing of growth may occur if left too long. Pulling plugs is easier if there are multiple seedlings in each cell and this can be done early. Seedlings seem to grow more rapidly the sooner they are bumped up to plug trays with larger cells, potting media and fertilizer. Thinning of crowded seedlings may be required to allow one seedling to dominate the cell. | <b>Rapid Gowth Phase:</b> Transplanted plugs are lightly fertilized approximately bi-weekly, or as needed, with a soluble fertilizer (Technigro 16-17-17 @ about 100 ppm). Cutbacks are performed to keep top growth uniform and strong, to prevent shading of smaller leaves, and to control insect pests and fungus. Foliage does attract typical greenhouse pests (aphids, mites, whiteflies) but cutbacks will eliminate many larval forms. Spot treat with insecticides/miticides as needed. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, temperatures are reduced in the green house or plants are moved outdoors to a sheltered location, weather permitting, and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Seed is harvested in late fall, after some frosts. Plugs are outplanted in the spring.<br> <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> About 12-14 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs are grown and planted the same season and have not been over wintered at the NPMC.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed was stored in paper seed collection bags in NPMC cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity. Aster (sp) seed collected in 1994 is still germinating well under these conditions. | N/A. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster divaricatus</i> plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
338 | Aster (ericoides) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | ericoides | Aster | pilosus | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | heath aster | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Kaufmann, Gary. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster ericoides</i> seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
339 | Aster (ledophyllus) | Asteraceae | aster | Aster | ledophyllus | Aster | engelmannii | EULEL2 | Primarily subalpine type environments; forest and meadowland areas | Primarily subalpine,forest and meadowland areas in Washington, Oregon and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Cascade aster | This species germinates best with a cool/moist stratification (38F)of 14 weeks to break dormancy prior to being placed in a warm growing environment. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster ledophyllus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
340 | Aster (linarifolius) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | linarifolius | (L.) Greene | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | flaxleaf whitetop aster | Barbour, Jill R; Karrfalt, Bob; Kaufmann, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster linarifolius</i> (L.) Greene seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
341 | Aster (macrophyllus) | Asteraceae | Composite | Aster | macrophyllus | L. | ASMA2 | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | <b>Distribution:</b>The range of Large-leaved Aster is from Quebec to Minnesota and south to Georgia. Found in semi-shaded areas or dry woods. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 | 1 Years | Years | <b>Stock Type:</b> plant plugs, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Height:</b> Approximately 6 inches. Herbaceous perennial.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm root plug for a greenhouse crop plant. | Bigleaf aster | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine.<p> <b>Collector/Date:</b> Collected by Martin van der Grinten during September/October by hand harvesting. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> greenhouse for seeding at 70ø F and lathe house for growing and hardening off.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Plants grown in Rootrainers. The Rootrainer (bookplanter) allows the plug to be removed by the root system. Nice plants have also been grown in 6 inch pots.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Rootrainers. 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Metro-Mix 360 media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Start plants in greenhouse in late February for spring planting.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing with light layer of Metro-Mix 360 applied on top after seeding, followed by a through watering. Try to sprinkle 4 or 5 seeds per cell.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rootrainers need to be watered regularly. Germination is relatively uniform. Greenhouse temperature should be 70ø F. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Monitor watering. Fertilization with Miracle-Gro can be applied. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The Rootrainers are moved from greenhouse to outside lathe house prior to being transplanted in early spring. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Harvested in September/October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store dry seed in cooler at 40ø F. | Growing and Propagating Wildflowers in U.S. and Canada, by William Cullina of New England Wildflower Society.<p> Newcomb's Wildflower Guide, by Lawrence Newcomb, Little Brown and Company, 1977. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster macrophyllus</i> L. plants 6; USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
342 | Aster (meritus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Aster | meritus | A. Nels. | Aster | sibiricus | L. | Sub-species | meritus | A. Nels. | ASTSIB | A. meritus is found from alaska and the Yukon south through British Columbia and Alberta to the mountains of Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic aster | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster meritus</i> A. Nels. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
343 | Aster (novi-belgii) | Asteraceae | Composite | Aster | novi-belgii | L. | ASNO2 | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | The range of New York Aster is from Newfoundland to Georgia, typically found in damp situations or near water edges. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Plant plugs, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Height:</b> Approximately 6 inches. Herbaceous perennial.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm root plug for a greenhouse crop plant. | New York Aster | <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Plants grown in Rootrainers. The Rootrainer (bookplanter) allows for the plug to be removed by the root system.<p> Collected at Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in late October and hand harvested. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse for seeding at 70øF and lathe house for growing and hardening off.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Rootrainers - 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Metro-Mix 360 media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Start plants in greenhouse in February for spring planting.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing with light layer of Metro-Mix applied on top, followed by a through watering. Try to sprinkle 4 to 5 seeds per cell.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rootrainers need to be watered regularly. Germination is relatively uniform. Greenhouse temperature should be 70øF. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Monitor watering. Fertilization with Miracle-Gro can be applied. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The Rootrainers are moved from greenhouse to outside lathe house prior to being transplanted in early spring. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store dry seed in cooler at 40øF. | Growing and Propagating Wildflowersof the U.S. and Canada, by William Cullina of New England Wildflower Society.<p> Newcomb's Wildflower Guide, by Lawrence Newcomb, Little Brown and Company, 1977. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster novi-belgii</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
344 | Aster (patens) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Aster | patens | ASTPAT | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Massachusetts and New Hampshire to Missouri and Kansas and south to Florida and Texas. Found in woods and dry open places. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 14 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: container plugs.<br> Height: 4-6" at outplanting after cutbacks.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Firm full plug; roots fill container. | Late purple aster | Collected in Cumberland Gap, along 25E west of Cudjo Cave by NPMC staff in 11/92; harvested from NPMC seed production block in 1998, 1999 and 2000. | Seed Treatments: Seed germinates in light, therefore it should be surface-sown. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures varied from 70-90§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures averaged around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Seed was hand-sown into germination trays. If seed had pappus still attached it was surface sown over tray cells in small clumps. Cleaned seed without fluff was mixed with talc and surface-sown using a salt shaker.<br> Container Type and Volume: Seed is started in 392 or 406 germination plug trays. See Sowing Technique for further discussion. Seedlings are transplanted into Ropak Multipots (67 cell) or 72 trays.<br> Growing Media: seed is sown into germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 (72's) or #5 (multipots). The potting mix is amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR (0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of mix). | Sowing Date: Winter, depending on time of planned outplanting in the spring.<br> % Emergence and Date: Using the following protocol, most of the seeds that will germinate have done so within 4 to 7 days.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seed is small and is surface-sown on germination trays. Uniformity of germination is greatly enhanced by keeping seed trays moist and warm. Trays were covered with clear plastic and placed on heat mats set at approximately 75§F. Using this protocol, seedlings emerged in about 3-5 days, with multiple seedlings in each cell, and the target number of seedlings germinated within a week. We have hesitated to direct-sow aster seed into final containers because cells tend to germinate irregularly or too thickly and there is often uneven growth and maturation of the seedlings. Selecting plugs from the germination trays that are at the same stage of development provides reasonable assurance that contract goals and deadlines will be met. However, since we started using the above seeding protocol, germination occurs much more quickly (in days rather than weeks), with more germination and even growth.<br> Establishment Phase: Seedlings in germination trays need to be kept evenly moist. We have put trays under mist, but slowing of growth may occur if left too long. Pulling plugs is easier if there are multiple seedlings in each cell and this can be done early. Seedlings seem to grow more rapidly the sooner they are bumped up to plug trays with larger cells, potting media and fertilizer. Thinning of crowded seedlings may be required to allow one seedling to dominate the cell. | Rapid Growth Phase: Transplanted plugs are lightly fertilized approximately bi-weekly, or as needed, with a soluble fertilizer (Technigro 16-17-17 @ about 100 ppm). Cutbacks are performed to keep top growth uniform and strong, to prevent shading of smaller leaves, and to control insect pests and fungus. Foliage does attract typical greenhouse pests (aphids, mites, whiteflies) and cutbacks will eliminate many larval forms. Spot treat with insecticides/miticides as needed. | Hardening Phase: Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, temperatures are reduced in the green house or plants are moved outdoors to a sheltered location, weather permitting, and fertilization is stopped. | Harvest Date: Seed is harvested in late fall, (November or December). Plugs are outplanted in the spring.<br> Total Time to Harvest: about 12-14 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> Seed storage: Cleaned seed is stored in seed bags in the NPMC cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity. Seed of some aster species has been stored from 1994 and still germinates well.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs are grown and planted the same season and have not been over wintered at the NPMC. | N/A. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster patens</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
345 | Aster (pilosus) | Compositae | Aster Family | Aster | pilosus | Willd. | ASP12 | On sandy and gravelly shores and beaches, interdunal flats and swales, limestone pavements, rarely in fens. Calciphile. Has spreading hairs on stems and leaves. The bracts and leaves around the flower often have spinulose tips. Basal rosettes of oblanceolate leaves present at flowering time. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Frost aster | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers in August through September. Seed is an achene and is harvested October thru November. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite in a sealable plastic bag or Rubbermaid-style container. Seal and put in a refrigerator or cold garage (35-42 degrees F) for 1-2 months. Cold store unti planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of development so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays should be placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer are left in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster pilosus</i> Willd. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
346 | Aster (pilosus) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Aster | pilosus | ASTPIL | Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Maine and Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas and Arkansas. Found in dry fields, waste places, and sandy soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 containers | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container plugs.<br> Height: 4-6" at outplanting after cutbacks.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Firm full plug; roots fill container. | White heath aster | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, NPMC seed production block. | Seed Treatments: Seed germinates in light, therefore it should be surface-sown. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures varied from 70-90§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures averaged around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Seed was hand-sown into germination trays. If seed had pappus still attached it was surface sown over tray cells in small clumps. Cleaned seed without fluff was mixed with talc and surface-sown using a salt shaker.<br> Container Type and Volume: Seed is started in 392 or 406 germination plug trays. See Sowing Technique for further discussion. Seedlings are transplanted into Ropak Multipots (67 cell) or 72 trays.<br> Growing Media: Seed is sown onto germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 (72's) or #5 (multipots). The potting mix is amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR (0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting mix). | Sowing Date: Winter, or summer, depending on time of planned outplanting in the spring.<br> % Emergence and Date: Using the protocol described below most of the seeds that will germinate have done so within 4 to 7 days.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seed is small and difficult to sow evenly. Seed germinates in light, therefore it should be surface-sown. If pappus is left on the seed, sow in clumps. If pappus has been removed, cleaned seed can be mixed with talc and sown using a salt shaker. Uniformity of germination is greatly enhanced by keeping seed trays moist and warm. During the winter, trays were covered with clear plastic and placed on heat mats set at approximately 75§F. Using this protocol, seedlings emerged in about 3-5 days and germination was thick (many multiples per cell). Seed trays sown during the summer were put under mist and emergence of target number of seedlings occurred in 11 days. We have not direct-sown aster seed into final containers in the past because cells have germinated irregularly or too thickly and there is often uneven growth and maturation of the seedlings. Selecting plugs from the germination trays that are at the same stage of development provides reasonable assurance that contract goals and deadlines will be met.<br> Establishment Phase: Seedlings in germination trays need to be kept evenly moist. We have put trays under mist, but slowing of growth has occured if left too long. Pulling plugs is easier if there are multiple seedlings in each cell and this can be done early. Seedlings seem to grow more rapidly the sooner they are bumped up to plug trays with larger cells, potting media and fertilizer. Thinning of crowded seedlings may be required to allow one seedling to dominate the cell. | Rapid Gowth Phase: Transplanted plugs are lightly fertilized approximately bi-weekly, or as needed, with a soluble fertilizer (Technigro 16-17-17 @ about 100 ppm). Cutbacks are performed to keep top growth uniform and strong, to prevent shading of smaller leaves, and to control insect pests and fungus. Foliage does attract typical greenhouse pests (aphids, mites, whiteflies) so treatment may be needed. | Hardening Phase: Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, temperatures are reduced in the green house or plants are moved outdoors to a sheltered location, weather permitting, and fertilization is stopped. | Harvest Date: Seed is harvested from the NPMC production block in November or December, after some frosts. Plugs are outplanted in the spring or fall.<br> Total Time to Harvest: About 10-12 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> Storage Conditions: Usually plugs are grown and planted in the same season. This year we will be overwintering finished aster plugs in cold storage <br>@ 40§F, 35% relative humidity for 4 months. Seed storage: cleaned seed is stored in cloth seed bags in the NPMC seed cooler @ 40§F, 35% relative humidity. | Storage Duration: 4 months. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster pilosus</i> plants 1+0 containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
347 | Aster (retroflexus) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | retroflexus | Lindl. Ex D.C. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | rigid whitetop aster | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster retroflexus</i> Lindl. Ex D.C. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
348 | Aster (sagittifolius) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | sagittifolius | Wedemeyer ex. Willd. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | common bluewood aster | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster sagittifolius</i> Wedemeyer ex. Willd. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
349 | Aster (suspicata) | Asteraceae | aster | Aster | suspicata | Aster | douglasii | SYSUS | northern Oregon coast | Coastal areas, moist riverbeds, west-side forest areas of Northwestern US and Canada | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Douglas aster | Moderate; Seeds ripen over a period of weeks to months, depending on fall weather. Seeds fly away when ripe. Plants are usually easy to identify and moderately easy to find. Seeds per pound: 800,000–1,300,000 | None | Seed production fields are equally successful from direct seeding or plugs transplanted in the fall or spring. Seeds do not exhibit dormancy and require no pretreatment prior to sowing. If direct seeded, the target rate should be approximately 50 seeds per square foot, or 1.7–2.7 pounds per acre, at a depth of no more than ¼ inch in rows that are 24-36 inches apart. Plugs can be transplanted into 24-inch rows at 12-inch spacing (depending on equipment). | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster suspicata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
350 | Aster (tortifolius) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | tortifolius | Michx. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | Dixie white top aster | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster tortifolius</i> Michx. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
351 | Aster (umbellatus) | Asteraceae | Composite | Aster | umbellatus | P. Mill. | Variety | ASUM | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | The range of flat-topped Aster is from Newfoundland to Minnesota and Illinois, and south to Georgia. Found in open fields and borders of wetter areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Plant plugs, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Height:</b> Approximately 6 inches. Herbaceous perennial.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm root plug for a greenhouse crop plant. | White flat-topped Aster | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in September/October by hand harvest. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse for seeding at 70§F and lathe house for growing and hardening off.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Plants grown in Rootrainers. The Rootrainer (bookplanter) allows the plug to be removed by the root system. Nice plants have also been grown in 6 inch pots.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Rootrainers. 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Metro-Mix 360 media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Start plants in greenhouse in late February for spring planting.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing with light layer of Metro-Mix 360 applied on top after seeding, followed by a through watering. Try to sprinkle 4 to 5 seeds per cell.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rootrainers need to be watered regularly. Germination is relatively uniform. Greenhouse temperature should be 70øF. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Monitor watering. Fertilization with Miracle-Gro can be applied. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The Rootrainers are moved from the greenhouse to outside lathe house prior to being transplanted in early spring. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> September/October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store dry seed in cooler at 40øF. | Growing and Propagating Wildflowers in U.S. and Canada, by William Cullina of New England Wildflower Society.<p> Newcomb's Wildflower Guide, by Lawrence Newcomb, Little Brown and Company, 1977. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster umbellatus</i> P. Mill. plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
352 | Aster (undulatus) | Asteraceae | Aster | Aster | undulatus | L. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | waxleaf aster | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Karrfalt, Bob; Kaufmann, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Aster undulatus</i> L. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
353 | Aster (undulatus) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Aster | undulatus | ASTUND | Shenandoah National Park | Maine to northern Florida; west to central Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee and Mississippi. Found in dry clearings and open woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 containers | 14 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container plugs.<br> Height: 4-6" at outplanting after cutbacks.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Firm full plug; roots fill container. | Wavy-leaf aster | Collected in Shenandoah National Park, Skyline Drive, Mile 5.6, Signal Knob Overlook by J. Englert on 10/21/92; seed production block at the NPMC by the NPMC staff in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999. | Seed Treatments: Seed germinates in light, therefore it should be surface-sown. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures varied from 70-90§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures averaged around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Seed was hand-sown into germination trays. If seed had pappus still attached it was surface sown over tray cells in small clumps. Cleaned seed without fluff was mixed with talc and surface-sown using a salt shaker.<br> Container Type and Volume: 392 or 406 germination plug trays. See Sowing Technique for further discussion. Seedlings are transplanted into Ropak Multipots (67 cell) or 72 trays.<br> Growing Media: Seed is sown into germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 (72's) or #5 (multipots). The potting mix is amended with 20 oz. per bale of 18-6-8 180 day Nutricote SR (0.15 lb./cu. ft.). | Sowing Date: Winter, depending on time of planned outplanting in the spring.<br> % Emergence and Date: Not tracked for this planting.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seed is small and difficult to sow evenly. Uniformity of germination is greatly enhanced by keeping germination trays moist and warm. If trays are covered with clear plastic and placed on heat mats set at approximately 75§F, seedlings emerge in about 3-5 days. We have not direct-sown aster seed into final containers because cells have historically germinated irregularly or too thickly and there is often uneven growth and maturation of the seedlings. Selecting plugs from the germination trays that are at the same stage of development provides reasonable assurance that contract goals and deadlines will be met. Since we started using the above protocol, germination occurs much more quickly (in days rather than weeks), more seedlings germinate and seedlings grow more evenly. We have had to decrease our seeding rates as a result.<br> Establishment Phase: seedlings in germination trays need to be kept evenly moist. We have put trays under mist, but slowing of growth may occur if left too long. Pulling plugs is easier if there are multiple seedlings in each cell and this can be done early. Seedlings seem to grow more rapidly the sooner they are bumped up to plug trays containing larger cells, potting media and fertilizer. Thinning of crowded seedlings may be required to allow one seedling to dominate the cell. | Rapid Gowth Phase: Transplanted plugs are lightly fertilized approximately bi-weekly, or as needed, with a soluble fertilizer (Technigro 16-17-17 @ about 100 ppm). Cutbacks are performed to keep top growth uniform and strong, to prevent shading of smaller leaves, and to control insect pests and fungus. Foliage does attract typical greenhouse pests (aphids, mites, whiteflies) so treatment may been needed. | Hardening Phase: Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, temperatures are reduced in the green house or plants are moved outdoors to a sheltered location, weather permitting, and fertilization is stopped. | Harvest Date: Seed is harvested in October or November, after some frosts. Plugs are outplanted in the spring.<br> Total Time to Harvest: about 12-14 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> Seed storage: Cleaned seed is stored in seed bags in the NPMC cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity. Seed of some aster species has been stored from 1994 and still germinates well.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs are grown and outplanted the same season and are not overwintered. | N/A. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden.<p> USDA-NRCS-NPMC. 1998. Shenandoah National Park Annual Report. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aster undulatus</i> plants 1+0 containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
354 | Astragalus (arrectus) | Fabaceae | Legume | Astragalus | arrectus | Gray | Astragalus | palousensis | Piper | ASAR7 | Endemic to eastern Washington, particularily Whitman County, and adjacent parts of Idaho from sagebrush to open Ponderosa pine forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Palouse milkvetch | Fruit is a pod containing several seeds. Seed is collected in late July or early August when the pods begin to split open and the seed is hard and brown. The pods do not forcefully dehisce, so timing is not as critical as with lupines, but seed will shatter and must be collected ina timely manner. | The seed coat restricts water uptake and germination is increased by scarification. Unpublished data from trials at the Pullman PMC showed 58% germination from untreated seed. Seed scarified in hot water germinated at 78%. Seed scarified by rubbing between two pieces of sandpaper attained 93% germination. | Seed should be inoculated with the proper Rhizobium species prior to planting. In January scarified seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. A few scarified seeds will germinate within 7-8 days but the bulk of the germination does not occur for 2-3 weeks. A few seeds will germinate a month or more after planting. No germination in unscarified seed occurred before 2 weeks had elapsed and total germination was lower. | 3 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p>USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Astragalus arrectus</i> Gray plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
355 | Astragalus (bourgovii) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | bourgovii | Gray | ASTBOU | Limestone talus, Siyeh Bend, Glacier National Park, 2032m elevation. | <i>A. bourgouvii</i> occurs in the northern Rocky Mountains, from B.C. and Alberta, south to Montana and west to Shoshone Co., Idaho, on talus and scree slopes in the subalpine to alpine. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Bourgeau's milkvetch | Collect mature legumes when they begin to split and turn tan in color. Seeds are brown at maturity. Pods are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Fresh seeds were scarified with sandpaper, sown and placed in a 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification.<br> A hot water treatment for 5 to 20 seconds, immediatel transferred to cool water, and soaked in cool water for 24 to 48 hrs is the recommended treatment for highest germination percentages. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, %Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. True leaves emerge in mid May. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident in a tight rosette 6 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm at this stage. | 12 weeks | Seedlings are hardened off for two weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 weeks | Total time to Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> No storage; outplanted the first year. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel,U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Leguminosae: A Sourcebook of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation, Allen and Allen, University of Wisconsin Press, 1981. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Astragalus bourgovii</i> Gray plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
356 | Astragalus (canadensis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | canadensis | L. | ASTCAN | A. canadensis is found from the eastern half of the Untied States to the great Plainsand north into Alberta east to Ontario. it is common in moist prairies, streambanks and woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canada milkvetch | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs at 22 C. | Sorensen, J. T. and Holden, D. J. (1974). Germination of native prairie forb seeds. J. Range Manage. 27, 123-126.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Astragalus canadensis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
357 | Astragalus (canadensis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | canadensis | L. | Variety | brevidens | (Gandog.) Barneby | ASCAB | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, meadow area in Churchill Canyon, Lyon County, Nevada: 1707 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Shorttooth Canadian milkvetch | Small lot, 0.4 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Astragalus canadensis</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
358 | Astragalus (convallarius) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Astragalus | convallarius | ASCO12 | Fremont County, Wyoming | A. convallarius is found throughout the Mountain West of the United States and is commonly found in sagebrush. | Plants | Seed | lesser rushy milkvetch | Fruit is a pod. Seed is dark brown in color. Seed is collected when the pods dry out but before they begin to split. Plants do not hold the seed after pods split. Seed pods on a given plant ripen irregularly throughout the late summer, with only a few pods ripening at once on a single plant. Seed was stored in paper or cloth bags at room temperature until cleaned and then vacuum sealed and placed in a freezer for long term storage.
Seeds/lb for this ecotype was ~109,090 | Seeds need to be scarified prior to germination. In a germination trial, un-scarified seeds had an average percent germination of only 11.25% after a 28-day incubation at room temperature. Seeds that were scarified by hand with sandpaper displayed 100% germination after a 28-day incubation at room temperature. Seeds were scarified with fine grit sandpaper for 30-90 seconds until seed coat abrasion was observed under a microscope. Subsequent scarification testing indicated that seeds will germinate successfully (>75%) after various mechanical scarification treatments.
A germination trial was also conducted on scarified seeds to determine optimum germination temperature. Growth chambers were set to three different diurnal temperature regimes, corresponding to the average temperatures in Fremont county, WY in May, June and July (4/19° C, 9/25° C, or 12/30° C respectively). The highest average germination was obtained after 28 days under the 12/30° C temperature regime, corresponding to average temperatures in July (88% germination). | 2023. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Astragalus convallarius</i> Plants Lander, Wyoming. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
359 | Astragalus (crassicarpus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | crassicarpus | Nutt. | ASTCRA | A. crassicarpus is found in dry soils in prairies; from Alberta to Manitoba south to Texas, New Mexico and Illinois. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ground plum milkvetch | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs at 21 C. | Sorensen, J. T. and Holden, D. J. (1974). Germination of native prairie forb seeds. J. Range Manage. 27, 123-126.<br>Smreciu, E. A., Currah, R. S. and Toop, E. (1988). Viability and germination of herbaceous perennial species native to southern Alberta grasslands. Can. Field-Nat. 102, 31-38.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Astragalus crassicarpus</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
360 | Astragalus (nuttallii) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Astragalus | nuttallii | (Torr. & Gray) J.T. Howell | ASTNUT | California | <i>A. nuttallii</i> is found in dunes and bluffs along the ocean in coastal strand communities; from 10 to 300 feet elevation; from Monterey Bay south to Point Conception, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A Caliper: N/A Root System: Firm plug in container. | Nuttall's Milkvetch | Seeds are collected between August 1st and September 30th. Mature legume pods are dry at maturity. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours prior to sowing. Stratification has not been tried but may enhance germination. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are hand watered. <br> Seeds are sown on July 15th.<br> % Germination: 20% | Seeds germinate 45 days aftersowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 45 days after germination to individual containers (4 inch pots) containing 3 parts standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand and 1 part sand. Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 3 to 4 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Astragalus nuttallii</i> (Torr. & Gray) J.T. Howell plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
361 | Astragalus (purshii) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | purshii | Dougl. ex Hook. | ASPU9 | BLM, Burns District, Willow Flat, Hines, Oregon; 4500-5000 ft elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Woollypod milkvetch | Small lot, 0.25 pounds, hand collected into cloth bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Astragalus purshii</i> Dougl. ex Hook. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
362 | Astragalus (succumbens) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | succumbens | Douglas ex Hook. | ASSU7 | BLM, Seeds of Success: Grant County Public Utility District land, along the Columbia River, Grant County, Washington: 438 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Columbia milkvetch | Very small lot, 0.17 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Astragalus succumbens</i> Douglas ex Hook. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
363 | Astragalus (tennesseensis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | tennesseensis | Gray ex. Chapman | ASTTEN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tennessee milkvetch | Seeds are scarified and germinate at 25 C. | Baskin, C. C. and Quarterman, E. (1969). Germination requirements of seeds of Astragalus tennesseensis. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 96, 315-321.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Astragalus tennesseensis</i> Gray ex. Chapman plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
364 | Astragalus (tennesseensis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | tennesseensis | ASTTEN | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Tennessee Milkvetch | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. April 22 - May 5. Seed is harvested July 8. | Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no laterthan the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two and a half weeks. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 8 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Astragalus tennesseensis</i> plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
365 | Astragalus (utahensis) | Fabaceae | Legume Family | Astragalus | utahensis | (Torr.) Torr. & Gray | ASUT | 27 sources collected from Utah and Nevada at elevations between 4060 ft. and 7400 ft. | Stony hillsides, gravel-banks and bars, river and lake terraces, barren hilltops and openings in sagebrush, ascending from basin valley floors into pinyon-juniper and oak brush communities. Extending east from the southeast margin of the Snake River Plains in Idaho to the Bear River in Wyoming and in Utah to the western edge of the Uinta Basin and upper Price River, south up the Sevier valley to Wayne county, west to White Pine and Lincoln counties, Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7.5 cu.in. QPlug, (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | 16 Weeks | Weeks | Transplantable plug | Utah locoweed, Utah milkvetch | Astragalus utahensis sets seed in pods which lie on the ground. This mandates hand collection from wildland stands. As the pods dry one end splits open releasing seed. Harvesting most populations from mid-June to mid-July results in little shattering loss. Later harvests are possible with increasing seed loss. Collected pods are placed in breathable bags until cleaned. Retained moisture in the pods is usually not high enough to cause seed spoilage if the pods are not dried following collection. However the best practice is to air dry the seed on a tarp until the pods are brittle then re-bag for storage until cleaning. | Astragalus seed has both a hard seed coat and physiological dormancy. The seed coat must be scarified to allow water entry. Nicking with a razorblade, sanding, drum scarifying and acid treatments can be effective methods to reduce the seed coat. Each technique has its strengths and weaknesses. Our preferred method isa 20 minute soak in concentrated sulfuric acid followed by consecutive water rinses to remove all acid residue. On average this treatment was effective in reducing the seed coat to allow imbibition on 95% of the seed from 27 biotypes tested. Imbibition among individual biotypes ranged from 76% to 100%. Physiological dormancy is broken by moist cold stratification. In Petri dish studies of these 27 biotypes, germination rates reached 11%, 60%, 64% and 82% with no cold stratification, 2 weeks stratification, 4 weeks and 4 weeks with fungicide, respectively. The fungicide treatment involved wetting germination blotters with CaptanT Fungicide at labeled rates rather than distilled water. Ongoing work indicates leaching seed in water for 48 hours may yield high germination rates without cold treatments. | Using conventional potting media and containers, Astragalus plants form thin root systems that fail to hold potting media together when transplanted. This can be remedied with a Q Plug. A Q plugs stabilized rooting media is a preformed sponge-like plug consisting of peatmoss and composted bark mulch held together with a tacifier. Regardless of root development the stabilized media holds together and is easily transplanted. | Q Plugs should be heavily watered several times prior to planting to ensure complete saturation. Unsaturated plugs dry quickly at the surface slowing germination. Once saturated, plugs typically require less frequent watering than potting media. Greenhouse temperatures are set to 55ø F night, 65ø F day. | Germination occurs over several weeks. | Beginning at 4 weeks plants are fertilized with a 15:15:15: N, P, K liquid drench biweekly. | 12+ weeks | Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1989. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 3, Fabales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. Retrieved Dec, 13, 2006 from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Astragalus utahensis</i> (Torr.) Torr. & Gray plants 7.5 cu.in. QPlug, (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com); USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
366 | Athyrium (americanum) | Dryopteridaceae | Wood Fern family | Athyrium | americanum | (Butters) Maxon | Variety | Athyrium | alpestre | (Hoppe) Milde | Variety | americanum | Butters | ATHAME | Cedar/Devil's Club habitat, understory species,. Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>A. americanum</i> is a circumboreal species, occurring at mid to high montane elevations, often near timberline, in rocky slopes and stream borders. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 800 ml container | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container sporophyte<br> Height: 30 cm, 7 mature fronds<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Fully developed rhizomatous root mass in containers. | American Alpine Ladyfern | Spore Processing: No indusium is present. Collect fronds when spores are tan in color. Spore bearing fronds are collected in late August. Fronds are placed in bags and taken to drying room immediately after collection. | Collect spores from the surface of paper and surface sow in sterilized flats filled with sterile, finely milled sphagnum peat moss. Water spores with distilled water and seal flats with clear plastic wrap to seal in moisture and prevent fungal contamination. Place flats under 60 watt soft incandescent lights set at 12 hour per day illumination. Germination of spores will occur after 15 days. The thread like germ filaments can be seen with the aid of a microscope and will appear asa fine green threads on the surface of the medium. A constant temperature of 20 C to 25 C should be maintained throughout the growth of the prothalli.<br> Container Type and Volume: Sporophytes are transplanted into 4.5" pots and 1 gallon containers. Growing Medium: Promix #1 Medium. | Sealed flats are grown under grow lights, for 2 to 3 months. Continued growth under greenhouse conditions at 20 to 25C for 2 to 3 months, followed by growth in the outdoor shadehouse for 6 months. | Spores germinate 10 to 15 days after sowing. The heart shaped prothalli continue to grow for 6 to 8 weeks. Examination of the prothalli under a microscope will reveal the presence of the reproductive structures; the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), located along the margins and notch of the prothalli. At this stage, it is critical to maintain a thin film of distilled water over the surface of the prothalli for fertilization to occur.<br> It is critical to maintain sterile conditions during germination and establishment. Trays must be inspected for fungal contamination on a regular basis. If fungal contamination occurs, remove infected portions of the medium and treat trays with a highly diluted (1/4 recommended rate)fungicide drench. Treat with dilute fungicide only if prothalli are well developed. Reseal flats immediately and water only with distilled water.<br>Once sporophytes appear, clear plastic is removed from the trays and asceptic conditions are no longer necessary. | 2 to 3 months | Appearance of sporophytes occurred 3 months after spore germination. Individual plants are transplanted from flats to pots when they are 2 inches tall. After establishment in the greenhouse, they are moved to the outdoor shadehouse in late spring. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 Osmocote fertilizer and Micromax micronutrients mixed into medium. | 7 months | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 2 months | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year production time from spores.<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Ferns to Know and Grow, Foster, F.G., Timber Press, 1984.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Flora of North America, Volume 2 Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, FNA Editorial Committee, Oxford University Press, 1993. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Athyrium americanum</i> (Butters) Maxon plants 800 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||
367 | Athyrium (filix-femina) | Dryopteridaceae | Wood Fern family | Athyrium | filix-femina | L. (Roth) | ATHFIL | Cedar/Devil's Club habitat, understory species, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co, MT. | <i>A. filix-femina</i> is a circumboreal species, common in moist forests, meadows, and swamps from lowland to mid-montane elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 L container | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container sporophyte<br> Height: 45 cm, 7 mature fronds<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Fully developed rhizomatous root mass in containers. | Lady fern | An indusium is present; collect fronds when indusium begins to lift and spore color is tan. Fronds ares collected in late August. | Water spores with distilled water and seal flats with clear plastic wrap to seal in moisture and prevent fungal contamination. Place flats under 60 watt soft incandescent lights set at 12 hour per day illumination. Germination of spores will occur after 15 days. The thread like germ filaments can be seen with the aid of a microscope and will appear as a fine green threads on the surface of the medium. A constant temperature of 20 C to 25C should be maintained throughout the growth of the prothalli. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Surface sow spores evenly by hand using sterile gloves or other sterilized sowing implement. Spores require light for germination. Sowing flats immediately after sowing. | Establishment Phase: Spore germinate 10 to 15 days after sowing. The heart shaped prothalli continue to grow for 6 to 8 weeks. Examination of the prothalli under a microscope will reveal the presence of the reproductive structures; the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), located along the margins and notch of the prothalli. At this stage, it is critical to maintain a thin film of water over the surface of the prothalli for fertilization to occur. It is critical to maintain sterile conditions during germination and establishment. Trays must be inspected for fungal contamination on a regular basis. If fungal contamination occurs, remove infected portions of the medium and treat trays with a highly diluted (1/4 recommended rate)fungicide drench. Treat with dilute fungicide only if prothalli are well developed. Reseal flats immediately and water only with distilled water.<br>Once sporophytes appear, clear plastic is removed from the trays and asceptic conditions are no longer necessary. | 2 to 3 months | Appearance of sporophytes occurred 3 months after spore germination. Individual plants are transplanted from flats to pots when they are 2 inches tall. After establishment in the greenhouse, they are moved to the outdoor shadehouse in late spring. Plants are fertilized bi-weekly with 20-20-20 liquid NPK. Plants are root tight 8 months after germination. | 8 months | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water. Plants are watered before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Ferns to Know and Grow, Foster, F.G., Timber Press, 1984.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i> L. (Roth) plants 3 L container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
368 | Atriplex (californica) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot Family | Atriplex | californica | Moq. | ATRCAL | Marin County,California | <i>A. californica</i> is found on sea bluffs and sandy coast in coastal strand, coastal salt marsh and coastal sage communities; from Marin County to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California saltbush | Seeds are collected between September 5 th and October 27th.<br> Mature fruit is an urticle with a membranous pericarp bearing one seed. There are several capsules per inflorescence.<br> Seeds are black, shiny, hard, round, and flat at maturity and are 2 mm long. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours; freshwater rinse following the soak. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 50 seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are covered.<br> Flats are misted periodically to keep surface moist.<br> Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 86% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" pots (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. | 25 days | After transplanting, seedlings are hand watered and kept in the greenhouse for contiued growth and development. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex californica</i> Moq. plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
369 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | Variety | All Western United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 6 Months | Months | Height > 12 inches, but with no roots growing from bottom of pot. | Four Wing Saltbush | Plant is dioecious. Collect seed in the winter, from November to February. Do not collect after rains, when the seed will be damp and tend to mold. Seed can be pulled directly from female plants into bags, or a tarp can be spread on the ground, seed dropped to tarp, and then emptied into bag. Look for masses of larger sized seeds on mature female plants. Note that A. canescens has many phenotypes and it is important to collect seed from a site with similar characteristics to where seedlings will be outplanted. | No additional treatment is necessary before planting. | All plants in our nursery are grown outside under 68% shade cloth, or in full sun. Therefore, planting season is critical. Pots are the typical 7 in diameter x 7 in high black plastic pots such as the ones made by Nursery Supply. However, we reuse and buy back pots, so they are often a mix of slightly different sizes, styles and brands. No additional cleaning is done. Soil mixture is approximately 50% local soil (sand) and 50% inexpensive wood mulch (mostly to lighten up the pots for shipping). This species commonly germinates in unplanted pots and in aisle-ways on its own in spring, as we are situated in an area with many native and revegetation four wing plants nearby. Seeds blow in on the wind and germinate with the increased irrigation. (Of course, these seedlings usually rival their propagated brethren in size.) | Four-wing Saltbush has the best germination rates in the temperate months of spring, March-April in Southwest Arizona (daytime temps in the 70's and 80's, nighttime in 50's). Therefore seeds are planted in March/April. If the temperature is too cold, seed will not germinate. Seed is mixed with an approximately equal amount of damp sand, and planted on the surface of prepared 1 gallon pots. (This is based on the assumption that in nature, seeds would be windblown and banked into sandy areas). Three to four seeds are planted in each pot. Irrigation during this time of year is normally 20-30 minutes once a day (normally around noon) by overhead sprinkler. Germination usually occurs in about two weeks. No fertilizers have been used (which isn't to say that they may not be of benefit) and pests are not a problem, asthis is a native species growing in pretty much its native environment. | 1-2 months | Once plants are 2-3 inches high, they are thinned to the two strongest seedlings (partially to increase the chance of both male and female plants being near each other in revegetation plantings). Thinnings can be easily transplanted to empty pots. Plants are irrigated to keep soil moist but not soggy. | 3-6 months | Plants are ready for outplanting when they reach an acceptable size for planting. Generally, this is when they are about 12 inches high, but sometimes smaller or larger plants are used, depending upon need and stock availability. Once outplanted, the plants thrive on heat and do the majority of their growing and flowering in the hot summer months. Therefore, the goal is to have the plants ready for outplanting by May. This species does not seem to thrive in pots, and growth in pots can sometimes be slow. It is possible to hold plants for up to a year if they are too small to use at the required outplanting time. | None | Plants are delivered to planting site via lots of hand labor and a big truck. There is no doubt a better way. | None | View the USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information web site for additional background information on this species. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/index.html | Kleffner, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants 1 gallon container; Lower Colorado River Prop. Specialist Bayfield, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
370 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose-foot family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | ATRCAN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Four wing saltbush | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 16 to 19 C. | Springfield, H. W. (1969). Temperatures for germination of fourwing saltbush. J. Range Manage. 22, 49-50. Springfield, H. W. (1970). Germination and establishment of fourwing saltbush in the Southwest. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. RM-55.<br>Stidham, N. D., Ahring, R. M., Powell, J. and Claypool, P. L. (1980). Chemical scarification, moist prechilling, and thiourea effects on germination of 18 shrub species. J. Range Manage. 33, 115-118.<br> Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
371 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot Family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh)Nutt. | ATCA | This species is widespread in the western United States from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast states and can also be found as far south as northern Mexico and as far north as southern Canada (Tirmenstein 1986). Fourwing saltbush consists of numerous ecotypes, forms, varieties, and numerous races, both diploid and polyploid (Tirmenstein 1986). Throughout its range, fourwing saltbush occurs as a dominant or codominant species in numerous shrubland and grassland communities, mostly in sandy soils or gravelly washes (Meyer 2001, Tirmenstein 1986). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 6 Months | Months | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper:2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Fourwing saltbush | Fruits, which are winged utricles, mature in the fall and persist on the plant well into spring. When ripe, the fruits turn a golden color and are easily pulled off the plant in large numbers. | Seeds are leached 24 hours with running water, soaked in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 4 hours, leached for another 24 hours and then stratified at 3 to 5 C for 4 weeks. Leaching is accomplished by placing seeds in homemade leaching apparatus constructed of a short length of PVC pipe. One end of the pipe is modified to allow a hose to be attached, and the other end sealed except for a small screen-covered hole to allow water exit. Leaching before hydrogen peroxide treatment is necessary to remove chemicals (possibly germination inhibitors) that foam when they react with the peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide treatments involve submersing seeds in a sufficient volume of hydrogen peroxide to completely cover the seeds and stirring vigorously for at least 30 seconds at the start of treatment. Following treatment, the seeds should be rinsed under running tap water for several minutes and then soaked briefly in several changes of fresh water, or, preferably, leached immediately. Fourwing saltbush seeds are stratified naked in a self-sealing plastic bag. As germination occurs during the 4-week stratification period, germinants are removed from stratification and transplanted. After 4 weeks the remaining seeds are sown. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early May and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of medium chicken grit is place of the top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. This process also begins after 14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 4 to 5) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. If space is available, containers are spaced to every other slot in racks when transferred to the shadehouse to improve air flow and reduce the likelihood of foliar disease problems. Growing tips are pinched back at this time to promote branching and prevent leggy growth. | 12 to 15 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. | 5 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed 11 Nov 2002. Meyer SE. 2001. Atriplex L. saltbush. In: Bonner, FT. Woody Plant Seed Manual interim website; www.wpsm.net Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. Tirmenstein DA. 1986. Atriplex canescens. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2002, September). Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [accessed 09/04/02]. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh)Nutt. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
372 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose foot Family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | ATRCAN | Joshua Tree NationalPark, California | <i>Atriplex canescens</i> is found throughout the western United States in deserts and semi deserts from southern California north to eastern Washington and east to the Great Plains states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Four wing Saltbush | Seeds are hand collected late summer through fall when seeds have matured and wings have turned papery. | Seeds are leached/soaked in water for up to 24 hours to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior sowing.<br>Seeds are directly sown into open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v).<br> | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl foodwrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newpaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13N:13P205:13K20) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l(2 gal). PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall (15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. Following transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season. | 4 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in late fall when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | variable, depends on out planting date | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
373 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose Foot Family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | ATRCAN | Utah | <i>A. canescens</i> is found throughout the western United States in deserts and semi deserts from southern California north to eastern Washington and east to the Great Plains states. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 10 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Fourwing saltbush | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. | Soils: Our field soils are: Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring. Seeds are sown using an Oyjard seed drill at at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 30 to 40 plants per square foot. | 1 or 2 months following emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to midMarch)when seedlings are still completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br> They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
374 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose Foot Family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | ATRCAN | Utah | <i> A. canescens</i> is found throughout the western United States in deserts and semi deserts from southern California north to eastern Washington and east to the Great Plains states. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: 5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Fourwing saltbush | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days prior to planting. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.12 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 23 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader(setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 3 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March) when seedlings are still completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br> They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
375 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | ATCA2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Sand Mountain Recreation Area, Churchill County, Nevada: 3920 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Fourwing saltbush | Small lot, 4.4 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
376 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | ATCA2 | SI - Kane County, Utah | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | fourwing saltbush | Purchased | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this source-identified seedlot from Kane, Utah germinated to 90% in treatments that included cold night temperatures (34°F ) and/or winter conditions. The only two treatments with low germination were the treatments simulating mid-spring and late-spring sowing (treatment 3 had 41% germination while treatment 5 had only 14% germination). This suggests that seeding in warm conditions where the temperature does not drop below 41°F at night will significantly lower the percent of seeds that will germinate. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationATCA shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Foxx, Alicia; Kramer, Andrea T. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
377 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot Family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | Madrean Archipelago | Fourwing saltbush is a widely distributed species throughout the west. It naturally occurs from 0-8,000 feet . This drought and salt-tolerant species is valuable forage for livestock and wildlife, especially in the winter. Additionally, the deep roots of this shrub make it useful in erosion control (Kearney and Peebles 1960).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Fourwing Saltbrush | Hand collection is simple and efficient in the fall after the utricles have turned fully brown and crispy. The fruits should readily break away from the plant. There may be some potential to experiment with seed vacuum for collection of fourwing saltbush fruits.
| Fourwing saltbush is difficult to grow due to low utricle fill, seed dormancy, and generally poor germination rates (Wiesner and Johnson 1977). Cuttings of young shoots according to the protocol established in Wiesner and Johnson 1977 may be worthwhile to experiment with in growing this species for restoration projects. Williams and Kay 1974 saw improved germination of A. canescens after scoring seeds with a razor blade.
Jan. 2017- Germination trials are in effect using seed from Montezuma Castle National Monument. Three cold stratification treatments are being applied at 5 week, 8-week, and 12-week durations. | Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print.
Ogle, Daniel G. and Loren St. John. “Plant Guide for fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.).” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_atca2.pdf [2017, Januray 25]. Wiesner, Loren E., and Wallace J. Johnson. "Fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) propagation techniques." Journal of Range Management Archives 30.2 (1977): 154-156. Williams, W., O. Cook, and B. Kay. "Germination of native desert shrubs." California Agriculture 28.8 (1974): 13-13. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
378 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot Family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | Madrean Archipelago | Fourwing saltbush is a widely distributed species throughout the west. It naturally occurs from 0-8,000 feet . This drought and salt-tolerant species is valuable forage for livestock and wildlife, especially in the winter. Additionally, the deep roots of this shrub make it useful in erosion control (Kearney and Peebles 1960).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Fourwing Saltbush | Hand collection is simple and efficient in the fall after the utricles have turned fully brown and crispy. The fruits should readily break away from the plant. There may be some potential to experiment with seed vacuum for collection of fourwing saltbush fruits.
| Fourwing saltbush is difficult to grow due to low utricle fill, seed dormancy, and generally poor germination rates (Wiesner and Johnson 1977). Cuttings of young shoots according to the protocol established in Wiesner and Johnson 1977 may be worthwhile to experiment with in growing this species for restoration projects. Williams and Kay 1974 saw improved germination of A. canescens after scoring seeds with a razor blade.
Jan. 2017- Germination trials are in effect using seed from Montezuma Castle National Monument. Three cold stratification treatments are being applied at 5 week, 8-week, and 12-week durations. | Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print.
Ogle, Daniel G. and Loren St. John. “Plant Guide for fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.).” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_atca2.pdf [2017, Januray 25]. Wiesner, Loren E., and Wallace J. Johnson. "Fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) propagation techniques." Journal of Range Management Archives 30.2 (1977): 154-156. Williams, W., O. Cook, and B. Kay. "Germination of native desert shrubs." California Agriculture 28.8 (1974): 13-13. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
379 | Atriplex (confertifolia) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose foot family | Atriplex | confertifolia | T.&F. | ATRCON | A. confertifolia is found from North Dakota and Oregon south to Arizona and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Shadscale saltbush | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 12 C and 16/12 C temperature cycle. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Foiles, M. W. (1974). Atriplex. Saltbush. Pp. 240-243. In: C. S.Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex confertifolia</i> T.&F. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
380 | Atriplex (corrugata) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot family | Atriplex | corrugata | S. Watson | ATCO4 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, northeast of Vernal on Brush Creek road, Uintah County, Utah: 5021 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mat saltbush | Small lot, 2.27 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Atriplex corrugata</i> S. Watson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
381 | Atriplex (hymenelytra) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose foot Family | Atriplex | hymenelytra | (Torr.) S. Wats. | ATRHYM | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Atriplex hymenelytra</i> is found on dry akaline wshes and slopes; from Sonora and Lower California, Mexico to southern California and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC pipe containers | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Desert Holly | Seeds are hand collected in when seeds have matured and turn papery. | No pretreatment is used.<br> Seeds are directly sown into open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %: Variable. | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season. | 8 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 3 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex hymenelytra</i> (Torr.) S. Wats. plants 2 Gallon PVC pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
382 | Atriplex (lentiformis) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot | Atriplex | lentiformis | (Torr.) S. Wats | Sub-species | ssp. lentiformis or breweri. Our sub-species unknown. | Sub-species | California, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Hawaii. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 6 Months | Months | Height > 12 inches, but with no roots growing from bottom of pot. | Quailbush/Big Saltbrush | Plant is dioecious. Collect seed in the winter, from November to February. Do not collect after rains, when the seed will be damp and tend to mold. Seed can be pulled directly from female plants into bags, or a tarp can be spread on the ground, seed dropped onto tarp, and then emptied into bag. | No additional treatment is necessary. | All plants in our nursery are grown outside under 68% shade cloth, or in full sun. (This species has been successfully propagated in both situations.) Therefore, planting season is dictated by outside temperatures. Pots are the typical 7 in diameter x 7 in high black plastic pots such as the ones made by Nursery Supply. However, we reuse and buy back pots, so they are often a mix of slightly different sizes, styles and brands. No additional cleaning is done. Soil mixture is approximately 50% local soil (sand) and 50% inexpensive wood mulch (mostly to lighten up the pots for shipping). | Quailbush has the best germination rates in the cooler months of late fall in Southwest Arizona (daytime temps in the 60-70's and nighttime in 40's). Therefore seeds are planted in November/December. Seed is mixed with an approximately equal amount of damp sand, and planted on the surface of prepared 1 gallon pots. (This is based on the assumption that in nature, seeds would be windblown and banked into sandy areas). A pinch containing up to ten seeds are planted in each pot. Irrigation during this time of year is normally 20 minutes once a day (normally around noon) by overhead sprinkler. Germination usually occurs in about two weeks. No fertilizers have been used (which isn't to say that they may not be of benefit) and pests are not a problem, as this is a native species growing in pretty much its native environment. | 1-2 months | Once plants are 2-3 inches high, they are thinned to the two strongest seedlings (partially to increase the chance of both male andfemale plants being near each other in revegetation plantings). Thinnings can be easily transplanted to empty pots. Plants are irrigated to keep soil moist but not soggy. | 3-6 months | Plants are ready for outplanting when they reach an acceptable size for planting. Generally, this is when they are about 12 inches high, but sometimes smaller or larger plants are used, depending upon need and stock availability. Once outplanted, the plants thrive on heat and do the majority of their growing and flowering in the hot summer months. Therefore, the goal is to have the plants ready for outplanting by May. It is possible to hold plants for up to a year if they are too small to use at the required outplanting time. | None | Plants are delivered to planting site via lots of hand labor and a big truck. There is no doubt a better way. | None | Kleffner, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex lentiformis</i> (Torr.) S. Wats plants 1 gallon container; Lower Colorado River Prop. Specialist Bayfield, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
383 | Atriplex (leucophylla) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose Foot Family | Atriplex | leucophylla | (Moq.) D. Dietr. | ATRLEU | Marin County, California | <i>A. leucophylla</i> is found on sea beaches in mostly Coastal Strand communities;from Humboldt County to Lower California. It is occasionally found inland as at Lake Elsinore, Riverside County, California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Beach saltbush | Seeds are collected between August 1 st and December 1st. Mature fruits are small, hard, and sand colored; approximately 5 mm long.<br> | Seeds are soaked for 24 hours and drained. Place in a 5% bleach for 1 minute and rinse.<br> Seeds are placed in plastic freezeer bags with an equal amount of perlite or straight peat moss. (Do not use Potting Soil Blend).<br> Seeds are stratified for 2 to 3 weeks in the refriferator at 40F. Check seed after 2 weeks. Seeds are ready to plant when they have started germinating in the refrigerator. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 10 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination: 75% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 90%.<br> It is important not to overwater seedlings. | 1 month | After transplanting, seedlings are kept in the greenhouse for continued growth. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex leucophylla</i> (Moq.) D. Dietr. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
384 | Atriplex (patula) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose foot family | Atriplex | patula | L. | ATRPAT | A. patula is a circumboreal species found throughout northern and western North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Boreal saltbush | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 5/25 C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Young, J. A., Kay, B. L., George, H. and Evans, R. A. (1980). Germination of three species of Atriplex. Agron. J. 72, 705-709.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex patula</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
385 | Atriplex (polycarpa) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose foot Family | Atriplex | polycarpa | (Torr.) S. Wats. | ATRPOL | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>A. polycarpa</i> is found in alkaline soils; from Owens Valley, Calfornia to Utah and south to Sonora and Lower California, Mexicio. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | All Scale | Seeds are hand collected in late fall when seeds have matured. | Seeds are leached/soaked in water for 10 to 24 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. <br>Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according the season. | 4 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in late fall when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex polycarpa</i> (Torr.) S. Wats. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
386 | Atriplex (torreyi) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot family | Atriplex | torreyi | (S. Watson) S. Watson | ATTO | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Dixie Valley, Curchill County, Nevada: 3400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Torrey's saltbush | Small lot, 1.75 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Atriplex torreyi</i> (S. Watson) S. Watson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
387 | Aureolaria (grandiflora) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Aureolaria | grandiflora | (Benth.) Pennell | Variety | pulchra | Pennell | Gerardia | grandiflora | Benth. | Variety | pulchra | (Pennel) Fern. | AUGRP | oak woodland, McDonald Wood, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL | IL, IN, MN, MO, WI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 1/2 | 32 Weeks | Weeks | firmly rooted in a 2 1/2" container | largeflowered yellow false foxglove | Stratification: mixed with damp sand and stored at 38F for 12 weeks in a sealed plastic bag | Growing Environment: Fully automated greenhouse. <br> Containers: Seeds sown into ITML brand 128 cell plug trays. Plugs transplanted into T.&O. brand SVD 2 1/2 inch containers. <br> Media: Seeds sown into Fafard Super Fine Germinating Mix. Plugs transplanted into Sunshine SB300 Universal bark mix. | Sow date was mid February. Seeds were hand sown 2 to 3 seeds per cell to compensate for possible lower germination rates. Seeds were covered with a thin layer of coarse vermiculite. Flats were watered in with mist and placed in a shaded greenhouse under an automated mist system set at 3 seconds of mist every 30 minutes. Air temperature was set at 65 F and bottom heat was run at 70 F. Seedlings were moved to a full sun greenhouse after germination. Temperatures were set at 68 F days and 64 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Seedlings were hand watered when dry and fertilized weekly with 20-2-20 fertilizer at 200 ppm. Seedlings were thinned to one per cell. | 12 weeks from sowing until plugs were ready to transplant. | Plugs were transplanted when firmly rooted. Plants were grown in a full sun greenhouse where temperatures were set at 65 F days and 61 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Plants were hand watered when dry and fertilized with 20-10-20 fertilizer at 237 ppm weekly. | 6 weeks | Plants were moved outdoors to a cold frame in early June. | 2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database(http:/plants.usda.gov, 11 December 2007) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Thomas, Catherine Suzanne. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aureolaria grandiflora</i> (Benth.) Pennell plants 2 1/2; Chicago Botanic Garden - Propagation Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
388 | Baccharis (pilularis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Baccharis | pilularis | DC. | Baccharis | pilularis | DC. | Sub-species | consanguinea | (DC.) C.B. Wolf | BACPIL | Marin County, California | <i>B. pilularis</i> is found in windswept dunes and headlands along the coast and hillsides and canyons, from sea level to 1000 meters elevation; from southern Oregon to San Diego County and the Channel Islands, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coyotebrush | Seeds are collected between August 1st and December 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are white.<br> Pappus is white and Seeds are dark brown at maturity; light colored seeds are immature and will not germinate. Seeds are less than 1 mm long. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds arelightly mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 15th.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 1 month | After transplanting Plants are moved to the shade house for continued growth.<br> Prune plants one month after transplanting to promote branching. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973 | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Baccharis pilularis</i> DC. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
389 | Baileya (pleniradiata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Baileya | pleniradiata | Harv. & A. Gray ex A. Gray | BAPL3 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, 4.4 miles east of Engle, NM, Sierra County, New Mexico: 4856 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Woolly desert marigold | Very small lot, 0.52 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Baileya pleniradiata</i> Harv. & A. Gray ex A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
390 | Balsamorhiza (deltoidea) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Balsamorhiza | deltoidea | Nutt. | BADE2 | collected in Lane Co. Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | deltoid balsamroot | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soul-less peat based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/ 50 degree nights). | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Balsamorhiza deltoidea</i> Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
391 | Balsamorhiza (deltoidea) | Asteraceae | Aster | Balsamorhiza | deltoidea | Nutt. | BADE2 | Puget lowland prairies | Grassy slopes, open forests, shrubby areas (Jepson eFlora 2012). California to British Columbia. | None | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 5 Years | Years | Deltoid Balsamroot | Seed collection occurs mid-July through October. Must use bird netting over seed production field, birds will take all viable seed as soon as it is ripe. Cut heads individually as they ripen. Heads are ripe when seed will loosen with light rubbing. | Outdoor cold-moist stratification for 90 days. It germinates in cool temperatures throughout the spring. The germination length is 14 – 21 days. In the lab, a stratification time of 90 days and the use of smoke water results in the highest percent germination (approx.42%). | Use of bark mulch is effective at controlling weeds. Spray with herbicide while dormant in fall. Cover with bird netting to protect seed. Grow in fertile soil for best production. | Harvest in June, allow to dry before cleaning. | 2+ years | Balsamorhiza. 2012. In Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora. University of California Berkley. Accessed December 12, 2013. [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=163]. Knoke, D. and D. Giblin. 2013. Balsamorhiza deltoidea. Plants of Washington. Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Accessed December 12, 2013. [http://biology.burke.washington.edu/ herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus= Balsamorhiza&Species=deltoidea] | Applestein, Cara; Smith, Sierra. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Balsamorhiza deltoidea</i> Nutt. seeds Center for Natural Lands Management Olympia, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
392 | Balsamorhiza (sagittata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Balsamorhiza | sagittata | (Pursh) Nutt. | BALSAG | B. sagittata is found throughout western North America,from British Columbia and Alberta south to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arrow leaf balsamroot | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 10 C. | Young, J. A. and Evans, R. A. (1979). Arrowleaf balsamroot and mules ear seed germination. J. Range Manage. 32, 71-74.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
393 | Balsamorhiza (sagittata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Balsamorhiza | sagittata | (Pursh) Nutt. | BASA3 | Pullman area | Western US east to the Dakotas and south to Colorado and Arizona. Dry, open prairies and meadows and open Ponderosa pine woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 5 Months | Months | This is a taprooted species, so growing until the root plug is tight may not be desirable. | Arrowleaf balsamroot | Seed is collected when the inflorescence is dry and the achenes are dark brown to black. Shattering is usually not a problem but the seeds are subjectto bird and animal predation. Insect damage can also be extensive. Seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Requires extended cold, moist stratification and cool growing temperatures. Greenhouse temperatures can be lethal. | In late November or early December, seeds are sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4. Seeds are covered lightly with medium and a thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seed from floating when watered. Conetainers are watered deeply, then placed outside for the winter. They are watered only during extended warm, dry spells. | Germination will begin in March as daytime temperatures increase, and may occur over a period of 3 weeks or more. | Plants are left outside subject to naturally cool spring temperatures. Growth of the seedlings is slow, but the taproots grow more quickly. | 1-2 months | Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not necessary. | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A, and Raymond A. Evans. 1979. Arrowleaf Balsamroot and Mules Ear Seed Germination. Journal of Range Mgmt. 32:71-74.<p> Young and Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
394 | Balsamorhiza (sagittata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Balsamorhiza | sagittata | (Pursh) Nutt. | Open grassy slopes and dry forests | Occurring along the east side of the Cascades from central British Columbia south to California and east through Nevada, to Colorado, the Black Hills of South Dakota and, southern Saskatchewan. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 5 Months | Months | Increase seed germination rate and establish seedlings for transplanting to field locations. | Arrow-leaf balsamroot, spring sunflower, arrow-leaved balsamroot | A strict seed collection mandate of removing less than 5% of a population in each collection area was followed. Seed was hand harvested in five separate locations. Because of possible variation in seed due to elevation and geographical differences, harvesting was very site specific: geographical locations similar to each other and to the field-transplanting site were selected. | Preliminary trials by Young and Evans (1979) determined that seeds of balsamroot are dormant and that this dormancy is not broken with dry storage. Research by Kitchen and Monsen (1996) indicates that seed dormancy in balsamroot prevents summer or fall germination. Experiments were conducted to test the effects of stratification and ethylene treatments on seed germination. The first experiment was conducted in planting trays, which were circular, approximately 3 cm deep and 23 cm in diameter, and with holes in the bottom for drainage. Eight trays were filled with moistened peat-based potting medium (Sunshine mix, by Sun Gro Horticulture). Fifty seeds were sown, evenly distributed in grooves on the surface soil and covered with a light dusting of medium. Four of the trays were treated with Ethrel ethephon prepared at 10 ml to 14.4 L water solution and applied to saturation. The other 4 trays were treated with water only. All 8 trays were sealed in individual polyethylene bags and placed in a 0øC walk-in cooler until they began to germinate.<p> In another experiment, treatments were with and without chilling and freezing before ethylene and stratification treatment. The chilling and freezing treatment consisted of placing the seeds for 2 days in a 4øC fridge and 7 days in a -16øC freezer. Four 50-seed samples of each with and without the chilling and freezing treatment were each placed on generic paper towels soaked in ethylene (at a 10 ml to 14.4 L water solution), rolled, put in a self-sealing plastic bags and placed in a 0øC cooler until they began to germinate. <p>All germination experiments were conducted in the dark. In order to minimize damage to the seedlings emerging during stratification, the flats and bags were monitored daily for germinating seed and these were sown every few days. Seeds were considered to be germinated when the radicles and cotyledons became visible. Total germination of arrow-leaved balsamroot seed for all treatments averaged 18 %. The ethylene-treated seed sown into Sunshine Mix had the greatest percent germination, at 28 %, whereas germination was only 2.5 % for the seeds not treated with ethylene. Ethylene-treated seed germinated on paper towel averaged 25 % germination. Ethylene-treated seeds that were first cooled and frozen germinated on paper towels at 21 %. | As seeds germinated, they were planted into sterilized polystyrene (105 ml volume 4 x 15 cm) trays containing a medium consisting of a ratio of one litre of Sunshine mix, one litre of screened river sand, and 0.5 litres of extra perlite. Approximately 4 grams of ground limestone per litre of mix was added to bring the pH up to approximately 7.0. The mixture approximated the pH and texture of soil samples taken from the seed collection locations. All seedlings were transferred to the greenhouse as soon as they were transplanted from the flats and paper towels. <p>Seeds were also sown directly into a field site.The site was chosen for characteristics similar to those of natural balsamroot habitats: sloped with southern aspect; natural substrate that had not been tilled; and, successful sagebrush habitat. An area measuring 10 m x 5 m was cleared of vegetation. Four trenches were dug approximately 5 cm wide in each of the plots to be direct seeded. Two hundred seeds (2.3 g total) were sown evenly in the 4 trenches (October 1999). The following spring the direct seeded seeds had an average germination of 13 %. | The seeds that were stratified in the cooler developed a fine hair-like mold that may have resulted in reduced germination rates. The mold-infected seeds, however, still were capable of germination. Other growers have communicated that seed germination experimentation of balsamroot in growth chambers failed because of mold. A problem with the use of paper towels is that emerging radicles and root hairs may become embedded in the paper substrate and removal can cause root damage (Hendry and Grime 1993). In order to reduce this concern newly germinated seedlings should be transplanted as soon as they emerge. | The first seeds began to germinate 45 days after stratification treatments began. | The seedlings in the greenhouse were attacked by aphids, fungus knats, and some seedlings leaves exhibited nutrient deficiency or chlorosis. | 3 - 4 months | In early May seedlings were removed from the greenhouse and placed in cold frames for acclimation before transplanting at the end of May. | 1 month | Baskin CC and Baskin JM. 1998. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. San Diego (CA): Academic Press. 666 p.<p> Chambers KJ, Small E, Catling PM, Turner NJ, Bowen P and Keller CP. 2002. Poorly Known Economic Plants of Canada - 35. Arrow-leaved balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh.) Nutt. Canadian Botanical Association, Bulletin 35(4): 40-45.<p> Feghahati JSM and Reese RN. 1994. Ethylene-, light-, and prechill-enhanced germination of Echinacea angustifolia seeds. Journal of the American Society for Horticulture Science 119(4): 853-858.<p> Hendry GAF and Grime JP. 1993. Methods in Comparative Plant Ecology: A Laboratory Manual. Chapman and Hall, London, UK. 252 p.<p> Kitchen SG and Monsen SB. 1996. Arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata) seed germination and established success (Utah). Restoration and Management Notes 14(2):180-181.<p> Kruckerberg AR. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 252 p.<p> Redente EF, Ogle PR and Hargis NE. 1982. Growing Colorado Plants from Seed. A State of the Art. Vol III: Forbs. Washinton, DC: Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-82/30, United States Department of the Interior.113 p.<p> Rose R, Chachulski CEC and Haase DL. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University Press. 248 p.<p> Vrijmoed P. 1999. Collection, propagation and use of native plants. In: Landis TD and Barnett JP, technical coordinators. National proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-1988. General Technical Report SRS-25. Asherville (NC): United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. p 156-159.<p> Wasser, CH. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington (DC): United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Western Energy and Land Use Team.<p> Young JA, Budy JD and Evans RA. 1984. Germination of seeds of wildland plants. In: Conference proceedings, the challenge of producing native plants for the intermountain area, Intermountain Nurseryman's Association; 1983 Aug 8-11; Las Vegas, NV. Ogden (UT): General Technical Report INT 168, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.<p> Young JA and Evans RA. 1979. Arrowleaf balsamroot and mules ear seed germination. J. Range Manage 32(1):71-74. | Bowen, Pat; Chambers, Kimberlee J; Turner, Nancy J; Keller, Peter C. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Davis, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
395 | Balsamorhiza (sagittata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Balsamorhiza | sagittata | (Pursh) Nutt. | BASA3 | USFS, Watson Ridge, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Oregon: 3400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Arrowleaf balsamroot | Small lot, 1.1 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> (Pursh) Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
396 | Balsamorhiza (sagittata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Balsamorhiza | sagittata | (Pursh) Nutt. | BASA3 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, junction of Forest roads 68 and 85, Sevier County, Utah: 9030 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Arrowleaf balsamroot | Small lot, 2.1 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> (Pursh) Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
397 | Baptisia (alba) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Baptisia | alba | (Larisey) Isely | Variety | macrophylla | Baptisia | leucantha | Torr. & Gray | BAPALB | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>B. alba</i> var. <i>macrophylla</i> ranges from Michigan to Minnesota, south to Texas and Mississippi. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | White Wild Indigo | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers most of May and June. Seed is harvested in the beginning of August. | Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Establishment Phase: Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night. 75% germination is reached in about one to two weeks. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive.<br> When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 8 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February.To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40 - 50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Baptisia alba</i> (Larisey) Isely plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
398 | Baptisia (australis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Baptisia | australis | (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. | BAPAUS | B. austrailis is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blue wild indigo | Seeds are scarified and germinate at 25/10 C. | Baskin and Baskin,1988. unpublished.Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Baptisia australis</i> (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
399 | Baptisia (bracteata) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Baptisia | bracteata | (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi | Variety | leucophaea | Baptisia | leucophaea | Nutt. | BAPBRA | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>B. bracteata</i> var. <i>leucophaea</i> occurs from Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri, Oklahoma and northern Texas and east to the upper Midwest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Cream Wild Indigo | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers most of May and June. Seed is harvested in the beginning of August. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br>Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped downto prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7 - 11 months, depending on weather and plant/ root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3 - 5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one to two weeks.<br> Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Baptisia bracteata</i> (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
400 | Baptisia (leucantha) | Leguminosae | Leguminosae | Baptisia | leucantha | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Baptisia leucantha</i> seeds Village of Wilmette Wilmette, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
401 | Baptisia (tinctoria) | Fabaceae | Pea | Baptisia | tinctoria | Erect, branching perennial herb adapted to dry open sites from Maine to Florida and west to Minnesota. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Wild Indigo | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> August - September.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Air dry for 1 to 2 days, then store in dehumidified room at less than 40§F.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Currently unknown. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Baptisia tinctoria</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
402 | Baptista (tinctoria) | Fabaceae | Bean | Baptista | tinctoria | (l.) R. Br. ex Ait.f. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | horsefly week | Barbour, Jill R; Karrfalt, Bob. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Baptista tinctoria</i> (l.) R. Br. ex Ait.f. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
403 | Bebbia (juncea) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Bebbia | juncea | (Benth.) Greene | BEJU | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Tonto National Forest, Fish Creek, 8.2 miles east of Tortilla Flat, Maricopa County, Arizona: 2400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sweetbush | Very small lot, 0.175 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bebbia juncea</i> (Benth.) Greene seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
404 | Beckmannia (syzigachne) | Poaceae | Grass | Beckmannia | syzigachne | (Steud.) Fern. | BESY | near Tensed, Idaho | <i>Beckmannia syzigachne</i> is a circumboreal species of Europe, Asia, and North America. In North America it is found in wet meadows, along streams and lakes, and in vernal pools from Alaska south to California and east across Canada the northern tier states but is generally absent from the southeastern US.<br> It is an obligate wetland species (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). <br>Specimens were collected in the late1800's and early 1900's from wet places in Whitman County near Pullman, Washington (Weddell 2002). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | American sloughgrass | Seed ripens from mid-July to early August. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<br>238,000 seeds/lb (USDA NRCS 2006). | South Dakota seed germinates in the spring (Hoffman, et al, 1980). They found that light enhanced germination but only attained 26% germination under ambient temperatures and light.<br> For northeastern Montana seed, germination is highest with alternating temperatures of 21 degrees Celsius for 9 hours and 15 degrees Celsius for 15 hours (Boe and Wynia, 1985). They found that seeds will germinate in the dark. <br>Alaskan seed germinates best under laboratory conditions with a 5-7 day prechill and 0.2% KNO3 followed by alternating temperatures of 15-25 degrees Celsius (VanZant 2006).<p>Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that seed subjected to alternating day/night temperatures with no prechill germinated at 85%. Seed subjected to alternating day/night temperatures after a 7 day prechill at 38-40 degrees Fahrenheit germinated at 77%. Seed which received a 7 day prechill at the above temperature, but constant greenhouse temperatures thereafter, germinated at 62%. Seed sown directly into containers in the greenhouse without prechill or alternating temperatures germinated at 65%. 30 days of cold, moist stratification followed by constant greenhouse temperatures reduced germination to 12.5%. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #1 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply.<br>Trays are placed in the greenhouse under lights for 8 hours at 72-75 degrees Fahrenheit, then moved to a side room at 50 degrees Fahrenheit for 16 hours in the dark. Alternating temperatures are continued in this manner for 2 weeks, then the trays remain in the greenhouse at constant temperatures. Since the seed is covered, it is unlikely that light has an effect on germination. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 10 days and is complete in 15 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Boe, A., and R. Wynia. 1985. Germination, Forage Yield, and Seed Production of American Sloughgrass (<i>Beckmannia syzigachne</i>). Journal of Range Management 38:114-116.<p>Guard, B. Jennifer. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon and Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Renton, WA. 238 pp. <p>Hitchcock, A.S. 1971. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 2nd edition. Revised by Agnes Chase. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY. 2 volumes.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p>Hoffman, G.R., M.B. Hogan, and L.D. Stanley. 1980. Germination of Plant Species Common to Reservoir Shores in the Northern Great Plains. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 107:506-513.<p> Mohlenbrock, Robert H. Undated. Western Wetland Flora: A Field Office Guide to Wetland Species. USDA, NRCS Western Region. Sacramento, CA.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p>Pohl, Richard. W. 1968. How to Know the Grasses. Wm. C. Brown Co., Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. 244 pp.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (22 March 2006).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> VanZant, Kathi. Alaska State Seed Laboratory. 2006. Personal communication. <p>Weddell, B. J. 2002. Historical vegetation of seasonally moist depressions in the South Fork of the Palouse River Watershed. Appendix 5 in Servheen, G., P. Morgan, B. Weddell, P. Gessler, and P. McDaniel. Wetlands of the Palouse Prairie: Historical Extent and Plant Composition. Unpublished report funded by the USDI Environmental Protection Agency. <p>Wright, Stoney. 1991. Registration of "Egan" American Sloughgrass. Crop Science 31:1380-1381. | Skinner, David M,; Weddell, Bertie J.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Beckmannia syzigachne</i> (Steud.) Fern. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
405 | Berberis (aquifolium) | Berberidaceae | Barberry family | Berberis | aquifolium | Pursh | BEAQ | USFS, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Klamath Ranger District, Oregon: 4200 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Hollyleaved barberry | Small lot, 7 pounds, hand collected into zip-lock bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Berberis aquifolium</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
406 | Berberis (fremontii) | Berberidaceae | Barberry Family | Berberis | fremontii | BERFRE | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Fremont oregon grape | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 1 to 2 months.<br> <b>Cold Stratification:</b> Those species which require cold stratification are typically sown in plug trays and placed on the watering bench for several days to ensure that the media is thoroughly moist and seed are imbibed. The seeded plug flats are covered with an inverted empty plug flat; to allow the 4 to 5 seeded flats are stacked with the inverted flats acting as spacers. These stacked flats are placed in clean or disinfected polyethylene bags used for soilless media and are sealed with twist-ties; these bags contain perforations punched by the media manufacturer, which allow air exchange. These plug tray stacks are placed in a walk-in cooler held at 40 F and periodically checked for signs of germination or the need for adding moisture. When germination has started or when a sufficient stratification period has passed, the plug flats are moved to the greenhouse and placed on the watering bench.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Wet tumbling seems beneficial.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seedling ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the greenhouse. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Berberis fremontii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
407 | Berberis (repens) | Berberidaceae | Barberry family | Berberis | repens | Lindl. | Mahonia | repens | (Lindl.) Donn. | BERREP | B repens occurs from British Columbia and Alberta south to California, Arizona, new Mexico and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Creeping oregon grape | Rudolf, P. O. (1974j). Berberis L. Barberry, mahonia. Pp. 247- 251. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Berberis repens</i> Lindl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
408 | Besseya (rubra) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Besseya | rubra | (Dougl. ex Hook) Rydb. | BERU | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Washington and Oregon east of the Cascades, east to Idaho and Montana. Occurs in open grasslands, dry meadows and prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 18 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container | Red besseya | Seed is collected by cutting the stalk when the capsules begin to split. Seed is a reddish brown color. Seed is harvested in late June and stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Seed germination is very low without pretreatment (Maguire and Overland 1959).<br>In trials conducted at the PMC, seed planted without pretreatment and seed subjected to 30 days cold, moist stratification failed to germinate. Seed sown in pots and placed outside in late November begins germinating in late March. | In late November or early December seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Conetainers are placed outside subject to winter temperatures. Germination begins in mid to late March, depending on the weather. Most of the seeds will germinate by late April, but some germination occurs into the summer. Some ungerminated seed will germinate after a second winter. | 4 months | Plants are watered as needed and fertilized once every two weeks with a water soluble, complete fertilizer containing micronutrients. Conetainers are moved to the lath house in June. Plants do not grow beyond the 2 true leaf stage in the first season, but will remain green as long as moisture is available. | 5 months | Fertilizer is withheld in August and watering cut back in September to harden the plants for winter. | 3 months | Plants are stored in the lath house unprotected, except by snow, during the winter. Plants exposed to extreme low temperatures should be afforded some insulation. Rapid root growth will occur with the arrival of early spring temperatures and the plants will be ready for outplanting in early May. | 5 months | Faust, Ralph, and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Maguire, James D. and Alvin Overland. 1959. Laboratory Germination of Seeds of Weedy and Native Plants. Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 349, Pullman, WA. 15 p.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Press of the New Era Printing Company. Lancaster, PA. 296 pp.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York. | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Besseya rubra</i> (Dougl. ex Hook) Rydb. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
409 | Besseya (wyomingensis) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Besseya | wyomingensis | (A. Nels.) Rydb. | BESWYO | B. wyomingensis is found fromm the prairies to the alpine; from British Columbia to Saskatchewan south to Nebraska, Colorado and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wyoming kittentails | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 to 90 days. Germination occurs at 22 C. | Smreciu, E. A., Currah, R. S. and Toop, E. (1988). Viability and germination of herbaceous perennial species native to southern Alberta grasslands. Can. Field-Nat. 102, 31-38.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Besseya wyomingensis</i> (A. Nels.) Rydb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
410 | Besseya (wyomingensis) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Besseya | wyomingensis | (Nels.) Rydb. | Besseya | cinerea | (Raf.) Pennell | BESWYO | Alpine fellfield, scree, Scenic Point, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 7000' elevation. | <i>B. wyomingensis</i> occurs on open slopes from the foothills to high elevations, high plains and drier mountains; from Alberta and Montana west to eastern Idaho, east to South Dakota and Nebraska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainer | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br> Height: 3 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Wyoming kittentails | Collect mature capsules in August at higher elevations when they begin to split and turn tan in color. Seeds are red-brown at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed rior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. A 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification results in good germination percentages. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. True leaves emerge by 3 weeks. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. Only 2 true leaves emerged during the first growing season. | 8 weeks | This species is a cool season perennial that becomes dormant by mid-August. | none | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years.<br> Harvest Date: September of the 2nd year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Besseya wyomingensis</i> (Nels.) Rydb. plants 160 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
411 | Betula (glandulosa) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Betula | glandulosa | Michx. | Variety | Betula | nana | L. | BETGLA | Lake margin, Red Rocks Lake, 1500m elev. Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>B. glandulosa</i> occurs from Alaska to California, east to Idaho and Montana, and south to Colorado, east to Newfoundland and northeastern U.S. <br>It is found in riparian communities in upland,subalpine and alpine habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 20cm<br> Caliper: 0.5 cm<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 ml conetainer | Bog birch | Seeds are collected in early October when catkins have turn papery and scales begin to dehisce. Seeds are brown at maturity. Branches are flailed over acanvas tarp. Seeds are swept into bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 24 hour water soak followed by a 60 day cold, moist stratification. | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method:Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown; needs light for germination.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C day and 18C night.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer 12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. <br>Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. | Germination occurs at 22C. Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 3 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow at a rapid rate after establishment. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants average 9 cm in height and 1 cm caliper in 4 months. Plants can be uppotted into 3L (1 gallon) containers 17 weeks after germination, and be root tight in 1.5 years. Three gallon container stock can be produced in 2.5 years. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in the fall, pots are flushed with clear water, one final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:8 months<br> Harvest Date: June<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., Penn State University,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Betula glandulosa</i> Michx. plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
412 | Betula (nana) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Betula | nana | L. | BETNAN | B. nana is found throughout the arctic and subarctic regions of the Northern hemisphere; in North America, Europe and Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dwarf birch | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 14 days. Germination occurs at 24C. | Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Betula nana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
413 | Betula (nana) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Betula | nana | L. | Sub-species | exilis | (Sukaczev) Hult‚n | Open low mesic shrub birch-ericaceous shrub community near Purinton Creek, Talkeetna Mtns., Alaska | Most of Alaska eastward through YT, NT, and Nunavut to Hudson Bay and dipping into extreme northern BC, AB, SK, and MB. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Firm root plug, multiple leaves. | Arctic Dwarf Birch | Collection made in late summer/early Fall. | No pretreatment necessary if sown in the Fall. | Seed is sown in the Fall in Spencer-Lemaire rootrainers in facultative soil mix. Seeds have been lightly covered. The trays are stored in a sheltered area where they are exposed to ambient winter temperatures. | In Spring, trays are moved to the greenhouse. Germination exceeded 60% within 5 weeks. | Trays are removed from the greenhouse to an outside sheltered area for hardening after young plants have multiple true leaves. | Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford. Hult‚n, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press. Cody, William J. 2000. Flora of the Yukon Territory, 2nd ed. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. Viereck, Leslie A. and Little, Elbert L. Jr. 1972. Alaska Trees and Shrubs - Agriculture Handbook #410. USDA Forest Service. Washinton, DC | Moore, Nancy; Ross, Donald. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Betula nana</i> L. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
414 | Betula (nigra) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Betula | nigra | L. | BETNIG | B. nigra is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | River birch | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 to 60 days and germinate at 24 to 27 C. Germination is greater in light than dark. | McDermott, R. E. (1953). Light as a factor in the germination of some bottomland hardwood seeds. J. For. 51, 203-204.<br>Nokes, J. (1986). How to grow native plants of Texas and the Southwest. Texas Monthly Press, Austin.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Betula nigra</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
415 | Betula (nigra) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Betula | nigra | L. | BETNIG | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | River birch | Seeds were stratified for 30 to 60 days. Seeds germinated at 24 to 27 C. Germination was greater in light than in dark. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>McDermott, R. E. (1953). Light as a factor in the germination of some bottomland hardwood seeds. J. For. 51, 203-204.<br>Nokes, J. (1986). How to grow native plants of Texas and the Southwest. Texas Monthly Press, Austin. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Betula nigra</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
416 | Betula (nigra) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Betula | nigra | L. | BETNIG | South Central Missouri | River birch is found in central, southeastern and northeastern portion of the United States; from Nebraska south to Texas and east to Minnesota and Wisconsin, and New England south to Florida. It inhabits river banks and floodplains, often where land is periodically inundated with water. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 12 to 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | River birch | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.The fruit is a small, single-seeded golden brown nutlet, with lateral wings which aid in dispersal by wind and water. River birch produces abundant seeds which are dispersed from May to June. | Seeds are sown after cleaning in June into prepared field beds. Seeds require light for germination and are lightly pressed into contact with soil. No mulch is applied to beds. | Soils: Ourfield soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Seed beds must be kept moist during germination. | 1 month | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of July and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> We do not root or top prune river birch because it is sown later than other species. | 2 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Karrafalt RP. 2004 The genus Betula. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Betula.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Betula nigra</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
417 | Betula (nigra) | Betulaceae | Beech Family | Betula | nigra | BETNIG | National Capital Parks-East, Washington, DC, and George Washington Memorial Parkway. | River birch's range is from New Hampshire to Florida and west to southern Ohio, southern Michigan, southeastern Minnesota, eastern Kansas, and Texas. It grows in swamps, along river banks, and in flood-plain forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 to 2 gallon containers | 18 Months | Months | <b>Height:</b> 24-60 inches.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> information not available.<br> <b>Root System:</b> roots fill container, full root ball when pulled from container. | River birch | Collected in National Capital Parks-East, Washington DC; Oxon Run Parkway by J. Kujawski on 5/19/97 and 5/14/98; George Washington Memorial Parkway, Virginia by J. Kujawski on 5/23/97 and 5/19/98. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> According to USDA Handbook 450, stratification improves germination, but is not necessary if seeds are exposed to light during germination. Since we surface sowed all seed, we did not provide any pre-germination treatment. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with fluctuating day/night temperatures as determined by solar radiation (no supplemental heat) and natural daylength/<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seeds hand sown on surface of soilless mix or sown in a single layer on blotter paper.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are started on either open trays or on sheets of blotter paper. After they germinate, the seedlings are transferred through a series of containers, from 72-cell plug trays to quarts to half-gallon and gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are started on either a mix of 1:1 Sunshine #1: perlite or on desk blotter paper; seedlings are transferred into Sunshine #1 plus 180 day Nutricote SR 18-6-8 @ 20 oz. per batch or 0.15 lb. per cu. ft. mix. Larger container plants are potted in a woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. ecto-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seeds are sown after collection, in late May or early June. Winter seeding has not been successful for us.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Most seedlings appeared over a 2-week period following sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are spread in a thin layer over the medium surface or blotter paper. Seeds on trays of medium are maintained on a greenhouse bench with hand-watering; seeds on blotter paper are placed under an 24-hour automatic misting system set at approximately 10 seconds every 30 minutes.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings are removed from blotter paper immediately after germination and planted in 72-cell plug trays. Those on soilless mix are allowed to continue growing in the trays. They are ready to transplant to quarts by the end of the summer. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Seedlings put on growth during June, July, and August. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plants require a chilling period, even the first year. Plants in the greenhouse in quart containers did not develop normally when left in the greenhouse over the first winter. Plants in quart containers are placed outside and allowed to acclimate to cooler conditions through the fall; over the winter they are stored in a cold, protected location from late November until March. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Container materials reach 1/2 gallon to 1 gallon size in 2 years, at which point they are moved to the Park for planting. Some materials reach 2 gallon size in 3 growing seasons.<br> <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> It takes 2-3 growing seasons to get a 1-2 gallon container plant. Generally, most plants are in the 24-48 inch range in 1 gallon pots.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Quart containers are stored in NPMC cold storage @ 40§ F, 35% relative humidity. Larger container plants are over-wintered outdoors under microfoam. | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> Kujawski, J. 1997, 1998. Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East, Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD.<p> Kujawski, J. 1997, 1998. Annual Report to the National Park Service for George Washington Memorial Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Betula nigra</i> plants 1 to 2 gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
418 | Betula (papyrifera) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Betula | papyrifera | Marsh. | Betula | alba | Variety | papyrifera | (Marshall) Spach. | BETPAP | Lake margin, Lake McDonald, 1000m elev.Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>B. papyrifera</i> occurs from Alaska south, mostly east of the Cascades, east to Atlantic coast, south to Idaho, Montana, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, North Carolina.<br> It is a well known tree of northern forests and is imporatnt in fire succession. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 8 Months | Months | Height: 25 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in container | Paper birch | Paper birch is a prolific seed producer. Good seed crops occur every 2 to 3 years. Trees begin bearing seed at age 15, with optimum seed production at age 40 to 70 years. Most seeds are shed from September to November. Seeds are collected in late September to October when catkins have turned papery but are still somewhat green and holding together. Catkin bearing branches are cut using a pole pruner and seeds are collected using a canvas tarp spread out beneath the tree to catch cut branches. Seeds are swept into paper bags and kept in a drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 24 hour water soak, followed by a 60 day cold, moist stratification.<br> Seeds are placed in fin mesh bags, buried in moistened milled sphagnum peat moss, and placed in the refrigerator at 1 to 3 C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25 C day and 15 to 18 C night.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 3 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow at a rapid rate after establishment. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants average 9 cm in height and 5 mm caliper in 4 months. Plants can be uppotted into 3L (1 gallon) containers 16 weeks after germination, and be these are root tight in 1.5 years. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in the fall, pots are leached with clear water, one final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:8 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Betula papyrifera</i> Marsh. plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
419 | Betula (papyrifera) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Betula | papyrifera | Marsh | BEPA | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | This species has an extensive range and is found in the Northern half of the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon containers.<br> <b>Height:</b> 18 to 20 inches.</br> <b>Root System:</b> Plants have a good root system in the 1 gallon containers. | Paper Birch | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in August/September by hand harvest. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> If seed is fall sown, no pretreatment is eneded. If it is spring seeded, a cold stratification of 60 days at 34ø to 40øF is recommended. Birch seed is light sensitive for seed germination, but the cold sratification may overcome the light requirement. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Cold frame/greenhouse/lathe house.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed is sown in flats in the fall and placed in a cold frame. Seed should be covered as lightly as possible, since this seed is sensitive to light for germination.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1 gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is germinated in Metro-Mix 360 and when transplanted to 5 inch pots, Metro-Mix 250 is used. In 1 gallon containers, Pro-Mix BX is used. | <b>Sowing Date: Seed is sown in flats in late fall/early winter, and placed in cold frames.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is sown in sturdy plastic flats using Metro-Mix 360 in late fall and placed in cold frames. Seed should be covered as lightly as possible, since the seed is light sensitive for germination.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Once seedlings have germinated, they are transplanted to 5 inch pots with Metro-Mix 250. Monitor watering. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Once seedlings are of sufficient size, transplant to 1 gallon containers and place in lathe house. Monitor watering. Fertilize with Osmocote slow release fertilizer or Miracle-Gro liquid fertilizer. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The plant will harden-off in the lathe house. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> September.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store seed at 40øC in seed cooler. | Seeds of Woody Plants in the U. S., Agricultural Handbook No. 450, USFS, 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Betula papyrifera</i> Marsh plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
420 | Bidens (aristosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Bidens | aristosa | (Michx.) Britt. | Bidens | polylepis | Blake | BIDARI | B. aristosa found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bidens | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 30/15 C. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Chester, E. W. (1995). Role of temperature in the germination ecology of the summer annual Bidens polylepis Blake (Asteraceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122, 275-281.<br>Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bidens aristosa</i> (Michx.) Britt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
421 | Bidens (cernua) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Bidens | cernua | L. | BIDCER | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nodding beggartick | Seeds were cold stratified for 270 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Hogue. Seed germination of beggarsticks (Bidens cernua) Weed Science 24: 375-378.<br>Shipley and Parent 1991. Germination responses in 64 wetland species in relation to seed size, minimum time to reproduction and seedling relative growth rate. Func. Ecology. 5, 111-118. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bidens cernua</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
422 | Bignonia (capreolata) | Bignoniaceae | Trumpet-creeper Family | Bignonia | capreolata | BIGCAP | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky. | Northernmost limits are southern Maryland to southern Ohio and Missouri; plant grows south to Florida and Louisiana. Typical habitat is moist wooded area. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container seedling | 0 | <b>Height:</b> Vine.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> NA.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full plug. | Crossvine | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky by J. Copeland on 10/25/99. | None. Direct seed. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures.<br> <b>Seed Propagation:</b> Seed was hand sown into Ropak multipots.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ropak multipots; transplanted to quarts.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine #5 with Nutricote SR 180 da 18-6-8. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Nov. 1, 1999. (See `Rapid Growth Phase').<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> All seedlings that germinated had emerged by day 19 (90%).<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed was hand-sown into potting media in Ropak multipots with no pretreatment. Plugs were grown out on greenhouse bench.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> No special treatment other than monitoring water needs. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Seedlings germinated well but did not grow beyond the 2-3 leaf stage and were not ready for out-planting in spring. Plugs were transplanted up to quarts in early July and set in an outdoor shade house where they spent the summer and fall. Very little new growth occurred. We suspect that the seedlings went dormant in the low light of early winter after germination and may need achilling period to resume growth. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plants are currently being hardened off outdoors. They will be over-wintered in cold storage and removed prior to out-planting in spring of 2001. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Anticipated at Spring 2001.<br> <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> First attempt at propagation; do not have final data yet.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> All seed was planted within 1 week of collection.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Quart containers will be over-wintered in cool storage. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 3 months. | Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bignonia capreolata</i> plants Container seedling; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
423 | Bistorta (bistortoides) | Polygonaceae | Bistorta | bistortoides | POBI6 | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-016s), Hollowell Park (98-088s), Twin Sisters (98-081s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | American Bistort | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 1 month.<br> <b>Sowing Date:</b> 1/20/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bistorta bistortoides</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
424 | Blennosperma (bakeri ) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Blennosperma | bakeri | Heiser | Blennosperma bakeri Heiser | BLBA | Sonoma County, California | Blennosperma bakeri is an endangered vernal pool species that is endemic to Sonoma County. Its population is limited to a few vernal pool sites in the Laguna de Santa Rosa and Sonoma Valley.
| Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 5 months | Seed Amplification | Sonoma Sunshine | Spring 2021 | none | Sowed 1 seed per cell into 128 plug trays. Seeds were sown into Sungro professional growing mix (Sunshine Mix #1 which contains Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss, Perlite, Dolomite Lime, Long-Lasting Wetting Agent, RESiLIENCE). Seeds were sown 2 mm deep. Seed trays were kept in a greenhouse and watered by an automatic irrigation system daily. Seeds were sown in early January. Seeds started germinating 6 days after sowing. 100% of the seeds germinated.
| January-February | 2 months | March-May | 2-3 months | 1 week | Seeds were harvested in May and June using a modified shop vacuum. | Transplants were grown in a raised bed in a hoop house protected by bird netting. The soil in the raised bed was covered with weed barrier fabric. | Mills, Ayla. 2023. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Blennosperma bakeri </i> Heiser Seeds Laguna de Santa Rosa Foundation Santa Rosa, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
425 | Bloomeria (crocea) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Bloomeria | crocea | (Torr.) Coville | BLOCRO | Catalina Island, California | Common Golden Star is a frequent species found in southern California and on Catalina island. It inhabits chaparral, coastal sage shrub communities and grassy slopes.<br> | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 inch pots | 3 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Mature bulb with root plug in container. | Common Golden Star | Seeds are hand collected when seed capsules have fully matured. Seeds are black at maturity. We have collected capsules from mid-June to August. June and July are optimum for seed collection. | Seeds are directly sown into flats without pre-treatment. Seeds are sown in late January in deep flats using a growing medium of 1:1(v:v)of sand and Sunshine Professional Growing mix.<br>Flats are watered after sowing and placed in the shadehouse. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seedls germinate 1 mont after sowing in late February in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br>By April, the young seedlings begin to go dormant for the rest of the growing season and re-emerge in late fall. | 3 months | Seedlings require a minumum of 3 to 4 growing seasons to develop sizable bulbs. During year 3, seedlings are transplanted from the flats into 2 inch pots filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium.<br> When bulbs begin to go dormant, seedlings are watered only as needed. Bulbs should not be watered regularly while they are in the dormant stage. | 4 months per year | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bloomeria crocea</i> (Torr.) Coville plants 2 inch pots; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
426 | Boechera (horizontalis) | Brassicaceae | Mustard | Boechera | horizontalis | Arabis | suffrutescens var. horizontalis | ARSUH | Crater Lake National Park, Oregon | Boechera horizontalis is known from only four to six extant occurrences in Oregon, all but one or which are within Crater Lake National Park. It is listed as critically imperiled | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Crater Lake rockcress | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following germination. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is uniform and but somewhat slow. It is usually complete in 14 to 21 days. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 3 weeks | Both shoot and root development are somewhat slow, but plugs will be plantable in the first year. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 18 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Early October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | [CPNH] Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria. Boechera horizontalis. URL: http://www.pnwherbaria.org/m/datasets/vascular-plants/pages/brassicaceae/boechera-horizontalis.htm (accessed 23 Feb 2021).
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. [FNA] Flora of North America. 2007. Boechera horizontalis (Greene) Windham & Al-Shehbaz. Flora of North America Vol. 7: pp 360,361,384. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250094583 (accessed 23 Feb 2021). [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Boechera horizontalis (Greene) Windham & Al-Shehbaz. URL: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=823127&print_version=PRT&source=to_print#null (accessed 23 Feb 2021). NatureServe Explorer. Arabis suffrutescens var. horizontalis Crater Lake Rockcress. URL: https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.159247/Arabis_suffrutescens_var_horizontalis (accessed 23 Feb 2021). | Riley, Lee E.. 2021. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Boechera horizontalis</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
427 | Boerhavia (repens) | Nyctaginaceae | Four-o'clock Family | Boerhavia | repens | L. | Boerhavia . | diffusa | Variety | gymnocarpa | Heimerl. | BOUREP | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Alena is distributed from Africa to Hawai'i. In Hawai'i, occasional, probably formerly much more common, on shores and moderately dry coastal areas and leeward, at least semi-dry lower slopes, on Kure, Midway, and Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, and all of the main islands. Alena is presently common on all three islands of Midway Atoll. Alena can be collected from coastal sites or from any site where it is abundant. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Alena | Collecting seeds: Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Place seeds in a 24 hour water soak.<br> Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Seeds germinate quickly as evenly.<br> Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 1 to 2 months | 4 to 6 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<br> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Boerhavia repens</i> L. plants USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
428 | Bolboschoenus (maritimus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Bolboschoenus | maritimus | (L.) Palla | BOMA7 | Boulder County, Parks and Open Space, Sombrero Marsh, Colorado | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Alkali bulrush | Large lot, 38 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bolboschoenus maritimus</i> (L.) Palla seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
429 | Boltonia (decurrens) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Boltonia | decurrens | (Torr. & Gray) Wood | Boltonia | asteroides | Variety | decurrens | (Torr. & Gray) Fern | BOLDEC | B. decurrens is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Decurrent false aster | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 30/15 C in light. | Baskin and Baskin,1988 unpublished.In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Boltonia decurrens</i> (Torr. & Gray) Wood plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
430 | Boltonia (diffusa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Boltonia | diffusa | Ell. | BOLDIF | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Small head doll's daisy | Seeds are placed into cold stratification.
Germination occurs at 30/15 C temperature cycle. Germination is in the presence of light. | Baskin et al,unpublished,. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Boltonia diffusa</i> Ell. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
431 | Bothriochloa (barbinodis) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bothriochloa | barbinodis | (Lag.) Herter | BOBA3 | Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive | Mesas, rocky slopes, and open ground, Oklahoma and Texas to California and Arizona, south through Mexico. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Short rhizomes. | Cane bluestem | Collected in NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by James Alderson and Lynn Pace in 10/1989. | Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | Field production planting. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late winter and early spring.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 90% emergence within several weeks of irrigation.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>HarvestDate:<b> Early summer to late fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> May-October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7 months. | The Grasses of Texas, 600; Manual of the Grasses of the United States, 768; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bothriochloa barbinodis</i> (Lag.) Herter plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
432 | Bothriochloa (barbinodis) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bothriochloa | barbinodis | (Lag.) Herter | Madrean Archipelago | Cane bluestem prefers calcareous loamy soils and can survive in very dry areas that receive seasonal flooding (Garner et al 2014). Found in open areas, along wash banks, and on slopes at elevations from 1,000 to 7,000 feet (Gucker 2011). It is one of the first species to disappear from unsustainably grazed landscapes, and so its presence can be a good indication of good grazing practices (Garner et al 2014). It is an important food and shelter plant for Gambel’s quail and rabbits, and it can be useful in erosion control (Garner et al 2014).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | cane bluestem | Seeds are collected when they form a white fluffy fan at the top of the culms and when they readily detach from the plant. Gently collect seed tufts by hand, removing them from the culms.
| Cane bluestem is typically easy to germinate with no pretreatment necessary (Gucker 2011). In lab and field settings germination rates are generally 75% or higher (Gucker 2011). Seeds germinated at 25°C (77°F) show the highest germination rates of 88-93% (Gucker 2011). Abrupt temperature changes and seeds kept at lower and higher temperatures had lower germination rates of 0-76% (Gucker 2011).
| Garner, E.R., B.D., Munda, and M. Pater. “Plant Guide for Bothriochloa barbinoides (Lag.) Herter.” USDA NRCS PLant Fact Sheet. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Tucson Plant Materials Center, Tucson, AZ, 2014.
Gould, Frank W. Grasses of the Southwestern United States. U of Arizona, 1951. Print. Gucker, Corey L. “Bothriochloa barbinodis.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 2011. Web. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, February 7] Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra; Allen-Cantú, Juniper. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bothriochloa barbinodis</i> (Lag.) Herter Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
433 | Bouteloua (breviseta) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bouteloua | breviseta | Vasey. | BOBR | Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive, 4,000 ft. elevation. | Trans-Pecos, locally abundant in areas of gypsum sands at the leeward sides of gypsum lake-beds, summer-fall; also southern New Mexico. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 1ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Knotty or subrhizomatous base. | Chino grama | Collected at NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by Ray Cragar and Lynn Pace on 11/08/1990. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | Field production planting. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 100% emergence within seven days with first irrigation in April.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late summer - early fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> July-October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7 months. | Hitchcock 1971, 541-542; Gould 1978, 351; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bouteloua breviseta</i> Vasey. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
434 | Bouteloua (curtipendula) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bouteloua | curtipendula | (Michx.) Torr. | BOUCUR | B. curtipendula is found from Ontario to Manitoba south to central and eastern Untied States. it also ranges into north central Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sideoats grama | Dry storage of spring germinating seeds resulted in 95% germination. | Shaidaee, G., Dahl, B. E. and Hansen, R. M. (1969). Germination and emergence of different age seeds of six grasses. J. Range Manage. 22, 240-243.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i> (Michx.) Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
435 | Bouteloua (curtipendula) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bouteloua | curtipendula | (Michx.)Torr. | BOCU | Travertine District and Upper Guy Sandy Area; Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive. | Plains, prairies, and rocky hills, Maine and Ontario to Montana, south to Virginia, Alabama, Texas, Arizona, and southern California; South Carolina (introduced); Mexico to Argentina. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 2.5 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Scaly rhizomes. | Sideoats grama | Collected at NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texasby Morris Houck and Tom Taylor on 11/20/1990 for CNRA; Ray Cragar and Lynn Pace on 11/07/1990 for BBNP. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | Field production planting. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late winter and early spring.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 90% emergence within several weeks of irrigation.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Early summer to late fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated in a seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | The Grasses of Texas, 338; Manual of the Grasses of the United States, 535; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i> (Michx.)Torr. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
436 | Bouteloua (curtipendula) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bouteloua | curtipendula | (Michx.) Torr. | Madrean Archipelago | Found on limestone outcrops, rocky slopes, woodlands and forest openings from 3,000-8,000ft throughout the southwestern United States (Chadwick 2003). Flowers July-September (Chadwick 2003).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Sideoats Grama | Easily collected by hand in late-summer to early fall. Strip spikelets off the rachis. Collectors can also use clippers to gather entire inflorescences. | Germination rates are variable depending on origin of seed and climate, ranging from 20-70% (Chadwick 2003).
| Chadwick, Amy C. “Bouteloua curtipendula.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 2003. Web. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/boucur/all.html [2017, January 3].
Wynia, Richard. “Plant Guide for Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA- Natural Resources Conservation Service, Manhattan Plant Materials Center. Manhattan, Kansas. N.d. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_bocu.pdf [2017, Januray 27]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i> (Michx.) Torr. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
437 | Bouteloua (eriopoda) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bouteloua | eriopoda | Torr. | BOUERI | B. eriopoda is found throughout the southwestern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black grama grass | Knipe, D. and Herbel, C. H. (1960). The effects of limited moisture on germination and initial growth of six grass species. J. Range Manage. 13, 297-302.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bouteloua eriopoda</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
438 | Bouteloua (gracilis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bouteloua | gracilis | (HBK) Lag. | BOUGRA | B. gracilis is found from Manitoba to Alberta and south to Missouri, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. It is also found in northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blue grama grass | Germination occurs at 27 C, 29.5D/18N C , and 35D/27N C alternating temperature cycles. Germination was equal in light and dark.<br>Dry storage of spring germinating seeds resulted in 95% germination. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Bokhari, U. G., Singh, J. S. and Smith, F. M. (1975). Influence of temperature regimes and water stress on the germination of three range grasses and its possible ecological significance to a shortgrass prairie. J. Appl. Ecol. 12, 153-163.<br>Shaidaee, G., Dahl, B. E. and Hansen, R. M. (1969). Germination and emergence of different age seeds of six grasses. J. Range Manage. 22, 240-243.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bouteloua gracilis</i> (HBK) Lag. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
439 | Bouteloua (gracilis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bouteloua | gracilis | (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths | BOGR2 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Arboretum at Flagstaff Property, Sinclair Wash Meadow, Coconino County, Arizona; 7100 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blue grama | Very small lot, .038 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bouteloua gracilis</i> (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
440 | Bouteloua (gracilis) | Poaceae | Bouteloua | gracilis | MPCG (98-096s), Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-031s), Beaver Meadow Trailhead (98-102s), Moraine Park (98-104s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blue grama | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed removed from head by hand or using rasp and sandpaper.<p> Collected from MPCG (98-096s) on 10/3/98; from Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-031s) on 9/28/98; from Beaver Meadow Trailhead (98-102s) on 9/28/98; and from Moraine Park (98-104s) on 10/10/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</B> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 3 inch pots (can plant in seed flats but using small pots makes later divisions easier), using a lot of seed as germination rate seemed low. Seed is left uncovered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<p> MPCG (98-096s) sowed 11/3/98; Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-031s) sowed 11/3/98; Beaver Meadow Trailhead (98-102s) sowed 11/24/98; and Moraine Park (98-104s) sowed 11/24/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bouteloua gracilis</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
441 | Bouteloua (gracilis) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bouteloua | gracilis | (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths | Madrean Archipelago | Blue grama grass grows in a diversity of environments across North America and is drought and heat tolerant (Anderson 2003). In the Southwest, it is primarily found on plains and foothills 3,500-7,000ft and occasionally up to 10,000ft (Wynia n.d.). It is generally found in late seral to climax communities (Anderson 2003). This important forage grass persists under grazing pressure and extreme drought conditions (Gould 1951).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Blue Grama | It is quickest to pick entire inflorescences when collecting Bouteloua gracilis. Ripe seedheads will be yellow to brown and the spikelets should readily break away from the rachis. Collectors can use clippers or remove the inflorescences by hand.
| In laboratory settings, blue grama germination rates have been as high as 94% without pretreatment. Direct sowing to fields results in much lower germination rates of 3-34% (Anderson 2003).
| Anderson, Michelle D. “Bouteloua gracilis.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 2003. Web. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/bougra/all.html [2017, January 25].
Gould, Frank W. Grasses of the Southwestern United States. U of Arizona, 1951. Print. Wynia, R. “Plant Guide for Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth.) Lag. ex Griffiths.” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Manhattan Plant Materials Center, Manhattan, Kansas. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_bogr2.pdf [2017, January 25]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bouteloua gracilis</i> (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
442 | Bouteloua (hirsuta) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bouteloua | hirsuta | Lag. | BOUHIR | B. hirsuta is found from Saskatchewan to alberta and south through most of theUnited States east of the Rocky mountains. It also ranges into Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hairy grama grass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 21 C. | Tolstead, W. L. (1941). Germination habits of certain sand-hill plants in Nebraska. Ecology 22, 393-397.<br>Table 10.24 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bouteloua hirsuta</i> Lag. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
443 | Bouteloua (hirsuta) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bouteloua | hirsuta | Lag. | BOHI2 | Travertine District and Upper Guy Sandy Area. | Wisconsin and Illinois to North Dakota and south to Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, south through Mexico; also peninsular Florida. Can be collected on a wide variety of soil types, in forested areas only in grassy openings and woods borders. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Stock Type: Field production.<br> Height: 1.5ft.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Tufted perennial. | Hairy grama | Collected at NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by Morris J. Houck, Jr. on 11/19/1990. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 100% emergence within seven days with first irrigation in April.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late summer - early fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> July-October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated storage 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7 months. | Gould 1978, 353; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bouteloua hirsuta</i> Lag. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
444 | Boykinia (occidentalis) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage | Boykinia | occidentalis | BOOC2 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | coastal brookfoam | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. Seeds do not require stratification. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 14 days. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 to 3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at a rate of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. Flowering occurs in the first year if sown early late winter/early spring. Seed increase/collection can be done during the first growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | Harvest Date: Mid October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Calscape. nd. Coastal brookfoam Boykinia occidentalis. California Native Plant Society. https://calscape.org/Boykinia-occidentalis-(Brook-Foam)?srchcr=sc586a81cceaeba (accessed 14 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Boykinia occidentalis Torr. & A. Gray coastal brookfoam. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=BOOC2 (accessed 14 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Boykinia occidentalis</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
445 | Boykinia (richardsonii) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage | Boykinia | richardsonii | (Hook.) Rothrock | Tundra meadows. Interior Alaska, North Slope, Denali Highway. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Multiple leaves, firm root plug. | Alaska Boykinia | Seeds collected by hand when follicle begins to split. Seeds are black and in hard dough stage when ripe. Early September. | None | Soil mix: fac/wet: root trainers. Plant 2 seeds per cell. Initial propagation site is greenhouse. | Approximately 70% of seeds germinate within 25 days. Plants moved to lathhouse to harden off after last frost. Fertilize minimally after true leaves appear. Keep moist. | Two months | Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press. 1008 pp. | Moore, Nancy J.; Hunt, Peggy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Boykinia richardsonii</i> (Hook.) Rothrock plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
446 | Brickellia (californica) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Brickellia | californica | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve and Hog's Back Ridge, eastern Tehama County, California | California, Idaho, Colorado, Texas, n Mexico. Diverse dry habitats below 2,700 m (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California brickellbush | Collect seed from fruits when fruit is completely ripe from mid-summer to early fall. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. This species took several months for any substantial germination to take place. Extremely poor (< 1%) germination was observed within the first 1.5 months, however, trays which were set-aside after germination trials continued to produce new seedlings until June 2005 (approximately 7months after initial seeding), though overall germination rates remained below 1%. | Extremely low germination rates (> 1%) were observed and initial germination for seed sown in outdoor cold frames was observed within about 6 weeks (approximately 3 months). Germination continued untils approximately 5 months after initial seeding, though overall germination remained below 1%. Robust seedlings with spreading fibrous root systems were established by most individuals by the first summer. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 8 weeks. | Active growth was observed approximately 2 months after seeding (February) until late-summer/early fall. The active growth phase can be extended well into summer by keeping soil moist. This species appears to grow well in moist soil well into summer with little problem. | 6-8 months (later winter to late summer; older plants may not initiate above-ground growth until spring). | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth is generally initiated between mid-late fall and continues until early fall, at which time senescenc occurs.Growth resumes following fall rains and possibly not until late winter/early spring (for older plants). | If soil is kept moist, individuals can be grown through the summer. | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Brickellia californica</i> plants University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
447 | Brickellia (grandiflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Brickellia | grandiflora | (Hook.) Nutt. | Coleosanthus | grandiflorus | (Hook.) Kuntze | BRIGRA | Glacier National Park,MT | <i>Brickellia</i> <i>grandiflora</i> is found near or east of the Continental Divide at higher elevations; from British Columbia to Alberta south to California, Colorado and Texas. It inhabits rocky slopes and streambanks. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml container | 10 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm, 8 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Brickellia | Seeds are hand collected in July and August when achenes are easily separated from receptacle. Seeds are grey at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Seeds are sown in late fall, irrigated and left in the outdoor nursery for the winter. | Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. The tiny seeds are surface sown or lightly covered with perlite. Growing medium used is soilless growing media of 6:1:1 sphagnum peat,vermiculite and perlite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Seeds germinate in early spring (May)under fluctuating spring temperatures.Medium is kept slightly moist during germination by misting twice per day. Germination is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks and seedlings are thinned at this stage.<br> After seedlings are established, they must dry down between irrigations. This species has a fleshy root system are requires good medium aeration and careful irrigation practices. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Containers are leached with water, and irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:7 months Harvest Date: September Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Brickellia grandiflora</i> (Hook.) Nutt. plants 172 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
448 | Brickellia (incana) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Brickellia | incana | Gray | BRIINC | US Forest Service, California | <i>Brickellia incana</i> is found in sandy washes and flats below 5100 ft elevation in the Colorado and Mojave deserts north to western Nevada and eastern Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Wooly Brickellia | Seeds are hand collected in May when achenes have matured. | Seeds are soaked in water 2-6 hours to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8-12 weeks. The entire port minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season. | 7 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Brickellia incana</i> Gray plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
449 | Brickellia (laciniata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Brickellia | laciniata | A. Gray | BRLA | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, in an arroyo 0.5 miles up Dripping Springs Trail, Dona Ana County, New Mexico: 5755 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Splitleaf brickellbush | Very small lot, 0.55 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Brickellia laciniata</i> A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
450 | Brickellia (longifolia) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Brickellia | longifolia | S. Watson | Variety | multiflora | (Kellogg) Cronquist | BRLOM | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Jobe Peak Wilderness Study Area, Stillwater Mountains, Churchill County, Nevada: 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Longleaf brickellbush | Small lot, 1.31 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Brickellia longifolia</i> S. Watson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
451 | Brodiaea (californica) | Liliaceae | Lily | Brodiaea | californica | Seed collected from The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek and Vina Plains Preserves in Tehama County, California | California. Grassland, open woodland, chaparral, gravelly clay soils or serpentine below 900 meters. (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year bulb, typically ranging from 2-5mm in diameter (yes, very small). | California brodiaea | Whole fruits can be collected from heads immediately prior to or after ripening (i.e. browning and splitting of capsules). Seed may be shaken from capsules which have split, but capsules which have not opened may need to be mechanically split (dry heat or repeated drying and cooling may encourage capsules to split). If necessary, large numbers of dry fruits may be shattered rapidly by very brief blending (dry in a blender). Blending typically does not damage the very hard viable seed, but may increase overall viability of seed lots by destroying readily shattered unviable seed. After blending, seed may be cleaned by sifting and/or blowing (e.g. with a thrift store blow-drier) off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 90% (Dye Creek) and 17% (Vina Plains) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. The low observed germination rate for the Vina Plains population was likely due to a fungal attack on seed. For seed sown in outdoor coldframes germination rates of 40% (Dye Creek) to 65% (Vina Plains) were observed. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Brodiaea californica</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
452 | Brodiaea (coronaria) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Brodiaea | coronaria | (Salisb.) Engl | BRCO3 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | bulbs | 2 Years | Years | 2-year old bulbs | crown brodiaea | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1(a soil-less peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights). | Seedlings emerged within two weeks. | plants went dormant in mid summer and re-emerged in late fall. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Brodiaea coronaria</i> (Salisb.) Engl plants bulbs; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
453 | Brodiaea (elegans) | Liliaceae | Lily | Brodiaea | elegans | Seed collected from The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek and Vina Plains Preserves in Tehama County, California | California to southwestern Oregon. Grassland, meadows and open woodlands below 2,200 meters (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Harvest brodiaea; Elegant brodiaea | Whole fruits can be collected from heads immediately prior to or after ripening (i.e. browning and splitting of capsules). Seed may be shaken from capsules which have split, but capsules which have not opened may need to be mechanically split (dry heat or repeated drying and cooling may encourage capsules to split). If necessary, large numbers of dry fruits may be shattered rapidly by very brief blending (dry in a blender). Blending typically does not damage the very hard viable seed, but may increase overall viability of seed lots by destroyingreadily shattered unviable seed. After blending, seed may be cleaned by sifting and/or blowing (e.g. with a thrift store blow-drier) off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 89% (Dye Creek) and 78% (Vina Plains) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculiteat approximately 44F. For seed sown in outdoor coldframes germination rates of 45% (Dye Creek) to 95% (Vina Plains) were observed. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Brodiaea elegans</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
454 | Brodiaea (hyacinthina) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Brodiaea | hyacinthina | (Lindl.) Baker | Triteleia | hyacinthina | (Lindl.) Greene | BRHY2 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | bulbs | 2 Years | Years | 2-year old bulbs | harvest brodiaea | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1(a soil-less peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights). | Seedlings emerged within two weeks. | Plants went dormant in mid summer and re-emerged in late fall. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Brodiaea hyacinthina</i> (Lindl.) Baker plants bulbs; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
455 | Brodiaea (minor) | Liliaceae | Lily | Brodiaea | minor | Seed collected from The Nature Conservancy's Vina Plains Preserves in Tehama County, California | California's Central Valley. Grassland, gravelly clay soils below 500 meters. (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Bluestars; Dwarf brodiaea | Whole fruits can be collected from heads immediately prior to or after ripening (i.e. browning and splitting of capsules). Seed may be shaken from capsules which have split, but capsules which have not opened may need to be mechanically split (dry heat or repeated drying and cooling may encourage capsules to split). If necessary, large numbers of dry fruits may be shattered rapidly by very brief blending (dry in a blender). Blending typically does not damage the very hard viable seed, but may increase overall viability of seed lots by destroying readily shattered unviable seed. After blending, seed may be cleaned by sifting and/or blowing (e.g. with a thrift store blow-drier) off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 73% for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F and 65% for seed sown in outdoor coldframes. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual:Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Brodiaea minor</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
456 | Bromopsis | Poaceae | Bromopsis | Colorado, Twin Sisters (98-089s), Glacier Gorge (98-036s), Endovalley (98-090s), Long's Peak Campground (98-091s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Brome | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed separated from chaff, easy to process.<p> Collected from Twin Sisters (98-089s)on 9/21/98; from Glacier Gorge (98-036s)on10/3/98; Endovalley (98-090s)on 10/3/98; and Long's Peak Campground (98-091s)on 9/8/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in seed flat, 2-3 seeds/slot. Seed is left uncovered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 2 weeks. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromopsis</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
457 | Bromus | Poaceae | Grass family | Bromus | L. | BROMU | USFS, Shasta-Trinity National Forest, California; over 4500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Brome | Small lot, 2.2 pounds, hand collected into woven cloth bag. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
458 | Bromus (anomalus) | Gramineae | Bromus | anomalus | Rupr. ex Fourn. | BRAN | Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nodding bromegrass | Collected in Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or Fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Plant Technique:</b> Planet Jr. 30 seed/ft. Rows 3' spacing. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> August 15.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Cool and dry. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus anomalus</i> Rupr. ex Fourn. plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
459 | Bromus (anomalus) | Poaceae | Grass | Bromus | anomalus | BRAN | See | Dry to moist meadows and slopes from plains and foothills up to near timberline; Rocky Mountains, Alberta to northern Mexico, east to Dakotas, west to Idaho, Nevada, California and Arizona. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 300 kg/ha (268 lbs/ac). | Nodding brome | Wildland collection occurs mid to late August when caryopsis are brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the drooping panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 139 grams (4.9 oz) clean seed (ranged 42 to 280 gramsand varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 15 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment. Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<p> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Seed dormancy is classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of WashingtonPress, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus anomalus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
460 | Bromus (anomalus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bromus | anomalus | Rupr. ex Fourn. | BRAN | BLM, Seeds of Success: Private land, Felt Benches, Site 3, Beaver County, Utah: 9960 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nodding brome | Very small lot, 0.63 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus anomalus</i> Rupr. ex Fourn. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
461 | Bromus (carinatus) | Poaceae | Grass | Bromus | carinatus | BRCA5 | See | Moist woods to dry open meadows or sagebrush-covered hills, mostly in foothills or mountains; Alaska to Baja California, east to Alberta, Dakotas, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 247 kg/ha (221 lbs/ac). | California brome | Wildland collection occurs late July to early August when caryopsis are brownish, at the firm dough stage, and beginning to shatter (natural dispersal) from the panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 1,354 grams (48 oz) clean seed (ranges 236 to 1,790 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with two-row double-disk planter with depth bands, seeding depth 1.3 cm (0.5 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 2 week germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <U>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N.A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late June to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 6 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"-a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped underbelt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus carinatus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
462 | Bromus (carinatus) | Poaceae | Grass | Bromus | carinatus | Hook. & Arn | BRCA5 | Crater Lake National Park; 6,400 to 7.000 ft | California, Oregon, Washington; with some races occuring as far away as the Dakotas and New Mexico. In Crater Lake, mostly in drier meadows and along roadsides. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Seed | 0 | Clean air-dried seed free of noxious weeds, smut, and excess chaff. Germination has been variable; ranging from 31% (in drought years) to over 63%. Our seed lots ranged from 78,000 to 82,000 seeds / lb. | California brome | Seed is fairly easily collected by hand-stipping into cloth sacks or by hand -sickle in more solid stands. Smutted seed heads were quite common in some years both in native stands and at the Corvallis PMC in increase fields - in this case selective hand-stripping was chosen to reduce the amount collected along with sound seed. Seed germination of native-collected lots varied widely between lots and years. | Some references have suggested pretreating seed with antifungal seed pretreatments such as "Vitavax"' for smut control; otherwise no pretreatment is needed. Seven - day prechill was sometimes used for germination testing but was not necessary for acceptable field emergence. | Seed can be direct sown at the rate of 30 to 40 PLS / foot row into a prepared seed bed in spring or early fall. This grass was grown as a short-lived perennial; after the 2nd year the stands became rather weak as they were not very tolerant of the heavy-textured, wet soils in winter. Annual applications of Tilt and Bravo fungicides were applied at label rates 3 times in early spring of each year prior to `boot' stage for rust and fungus control. Annual applications of light rates of N (50 lbs / ac) and S (15 lbs/ac) fertilizer were applied in early spring and fall. | Irrigation was provided after seeding to promote stand establishment. Weed control was provided mostly by manual and mechanical cultivation as there are no selective herbicides available. Broadleaf herbvicides - maily 2,4-D were applied early on to reduce weed competition. | Germination is fairly rapid; stand emergence generally is very good at 21 days. | This grass grows fairly slowly at first and is susceptible to weed competition and pathogens especially in wet soils. Boot stage is generally reached by mid May; Seed fill occurs in late May / June in at Corvallis and the crop is harvested at the end of June / early July. | April to June at Corvallis | na | na | Prior to harvest, while most seed is still in milk stage, the field is hand-rogued to reduce the number of weedy grasses. This crop was mostly hand-harvested using sickles to avoid weedy grasses and smutted seed heads as much as possible. Ripe seed shatters very easily, so seed heads were collected direcly into buckets and barrels and taken to a sheltered location with good air flow to air-dry. Larger lots that were swathed and combined required extensive seed conditioning. | Seed stored for a few years at cool dry conditions at the PMC showed acceptable germination, but longer term storage was not conducted | Corvallis PlantMaterials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon USDA, NRCS. 2001.<p> The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus carinatus</i> Hook. & Arn seeds Seed; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
463 | Bromus (carinatus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bromus | carinatus | Hook. & Arn. | BRCA5 | USFS, Region 5, Shasta-Trinity National Forest, California; 2726 to 4004 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | California Brome | Small lot, 9.6 pounds, hand collected into woven cloth bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus carinatus</i> Hook. & Arn. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
464 | Bromus (carinatus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bromus | carinatus | Hook. & Arn. | BRCA5 | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon - for Lassen National Forest, California. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | California brome | Large lot, 606 pounds grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus carinatus</i> Hook. & Arn. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
465 | Bromus (carinatus) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bromus | carinatus | Hook. & Arn. | Bromus | carinatus | Hook. & Arn. | Variety | californicus | (Nutt. ex Buckl.) Shear | BROCAR | Marin County, California | <i>B. carinatus</i> is found below 10,500 feet in dry to moist meadows in many plant communities; from British Columbia south to lower California and west to the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Mountain Brome | Seeds are collected between April 15th and September 10th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is light brown-gray at maturity; spikelets turn from green-purple to brown. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 3 seeds are sown per container (10 cu inch Ray leach tubes). Seeds are surface sown and planted 2 times the diameter of seed to depth.<br> Media used is standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Containers are are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination:65% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual Ray Leach containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 75%.<br> | 2 months | After seedlings are established, they should be spaced evenly for good air circulation between containers to prevent leaf rust disease.<br> Seedlings can be fertilized regularly. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bromus carinatus</i> Hook. & Arn. plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
466 | Bromus (ciliatus) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Bromus | ciliatus | L. | BRC12 | Stream banks, thickets, moist shores, openings in cedar bogs, ditches and wet places. Extremely variable in pubescence. Growth form in clumps. Height up to 2 feet. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fringed brome | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to July. Seed is an achene and is harvested from July to September. | One month of moist cold stratification is required. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container.) Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least one month. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during summer months for cooling. Container Type: Fringed Brome grows best in deep cell plug trays; 100 cell (1-1/2" diameter), 18"x12"x6.5" deep. It will grow in nearly all shapes and sizes of containers. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes on the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow January until late July. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. the greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not transplanted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Plugs may be transplanted if necessary. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bromus ciliatus</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
467 | Bromus (ciliatus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bromus | ciliatus | L. | BROCIL | B. cilatus occurs in North America from central British Columbia and Alberta south to Mexico and east across Canada and south to Massachusetts and Tennessee. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fringed brome | Germination occurs at 24 C.Germination was equalin light and dark. | Hoffman, G. R. (1985). Germination of herbaceous plants common to aspen forests of western Colorado. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112, 409-413.<br>Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bromus ciliatus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
468 | Bromus (laevipes) | Poaceae | true grasses | Bromus | laevipes | BRLA3 | seeds collected from Jackson CO, oregon | Coastal scrubland, valley grasslands, chapparal, forested areas and subalpine regions in the far western United States including Washington, Oregon, Nevada and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Chinook brome | Easy. Seeds can easily be hand stripped from the plants, which are usually found in large populations. | None; This plant was seen to need no treatment prior to placement in a greenhouse to begin germination. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bromus laevipes</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
469 | Bromus (marginatus) | Poaceae | Grass | Bromus | marginatus | BRMA4 | See | Dry to moist meadows, open woods, wooded slopes, waste places, and shrublands in the mountains; British Columbia and Alberta to South Dakota, New Mexico, and California, mostly on the eastern slope; adventive in Maine, introduced in Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 171 kg/ha (153 lbs/ac). | Mountain brome | Wildlandcollection occurs late July to late August when caryopsis are brownish, at the firm dough stage, and beginning to shatter (natural dispersal) from the panicle; easily hand-harvested. One collection hour/person will yield an average 318 grams (11.2 oz) clean seed (ranges 125 to 747 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, seeding depth 1.3 cm (0.5 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 2 week germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late June to early July, with a mean harvest date of July 3 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration: 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus marginatus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
470 | Bromus (marginatus) | Poaceae | Grass | Bromus | marginatus | Nees ex Steud. | Bromus | carinatus | Hook. & Arn. | BRMA4 | Arid and semi-arid portions of western North America where mean annual precipitation is 10-20 inches. Usually found in dry,open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. Some authorities recognize <i>B. marginatus</i> and <i>B. carinatus </i>as separate species and some combine the two as one species. For the purposes of plant propagation, there is no difference. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Mountain brome | Seed ripens in early July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. If plants are being grown for seed production purposes, the seed should be treated with Carboxin or a similar compound to prevent head smut (<i>Ustilago bullata</i>). | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bromus marginatus</i> Nees ex Steud. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
471 | Bromus (marginatus) | Poaceae | Grass | Bromus | marginatus | Nees ex Steud. | Cultivar | Bromar | Bromus | carinatus | Hook. & Arn. | Cultivar | Bromar | BRMA4 | Arid and semi-arid parts of western North America where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-20 inches. Usually found in dry, open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 15 Months | Months | Mountain brome | For dryland seedings which receive less than 16 inches mean annual precipitation, fall dormant seedings are preferred. Dryland plantings made in areas receiving 18 or more inches of annual precipitation should be sown in the spring. In areas receiving 16-18 inches of precipitation, either spring or fall seedings can be made. Irrigated seedings may be made at any time.<br>Seed should be treated with Carboxin or a similar compound to prevent head smut (<i>Ustilago bullata</i>) in subsequent seed crops. | In April or early May, seed is sown in 36 inch wide rows at a rate of 20-30 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. This can be accomplished by no-till seeding techniques or by conventional tillage followed by a roller or packer. <br>Seed is sown as early in the spring as possible. Early seedings are more likely to be affected by soil crusting, which will prevent emergence of the seedlings. Later seedlings are less likely to be affected by soil crusting, but are more prone to failure if the soil driesout before establishment. <br>Seed must be placed no more than « inch deep in the soil. Native grass seeds do not have enough endosperm reserves to emerge from depths greater than « inch.<br> No fertilizer is applied during the establishment year. | If moisture is available in the seed zone, germination in the field will begin in 8-10 days and is usually complete in 14 days.<br>Bromoxynil may be used for broadleaf weed control while the grass is in the seedling stage. Phenoxy herbicides should not be applied until the seedlings have begun to tiller. Cultivation should be used with caution on young seedlings. They are easily uprooted or covered with soil. Seedlings grow quickly and may flower in the first season but do not produce sufficient seed in the first season to make harvesting worthwhile. | 1 growing season | Established seed increase plantings are cultivated and rogued to control weeds and off-type grasses. Phenoxy herbicides may be used before the plants reach the boot stage. <br>80 lbs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the fall. <br>Seed increase plantings will produce seed in the second season and continue to produce abundant seed for 2-3 more seasons. | Seed ripens in early to mid July in the Pullman area. When the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence, plants are cut with a swather and laid in windrows in the field. Windrows are allowed to dry in the field for 6-7 days, then threshed with a combine equipped with a grass pickup attachment on the header. Harvested seed is stored at ambient temperatures in boxes or woven bags until cleaned. | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Kelley, Clarence A. 1988. Basics of Establishing Grass Seedings for Conservation. In: 1988 Annual Tech. Report. USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus marginatus</i> Nees ex Steud. seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
472 | Bromus (pubescens) | Poaceae | Grass | Bromus | pubescens | Mulh. Ex. Willd. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | hairy woodland brome | Barbour, Jill R; Karrfalt, Bob. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus pubescens</i> Mulh. Ex. Willd. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
473 | Bromus (sitchensis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bromus | sitchensis | BROSIT | B. sitchensis is found from coastal Alaska to northwest Oregon; in montane and subalpine zones. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sitka brome | Germination occurs at 20 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bromus sitchensis</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
474 | Bromus (vulgaris) | Poaceae | Grass | Bromus | vulgaris | (Hook.) Shear | BRVU | Three accessions were collected from Mount Rainier National Park along Highway 123 and Highway 410 on the east side of the park in elevations ranging from 2700 to 3800 feet. All 3 accessions behaved similarly during propagation. | Pacific and intermountain northwest; Utah, Wyoming, California in shaded to open woods, moist to dry banks, sea level to 6,000 ft. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed | 2 Years | Years | Agronomic seed increase to provide clean seed free of noxious weed seed; germination 60% or higher (fresh lots at PMC have ranged from 43 to 86% ) for use in revegetation following road reconstruction in national park | Columbia brome | Seeds hand-stripped from native plant stands at seed shatter in hard-dough to mature stage, transported in cloth or paper sacks kept out of direct sunlight. Seed collection along the highways was fairly slow because only scattered stands existed, and during collection efforts were made to purposefully allow at least half of the stripped seed to shatter to the ground. Also in some years native stands were infested with smut fungus - avoiding these seeds slowed collection times considerably. | No pretreatment needed for germination. Smut - infested seed should not be used as there are no labeled fungicides available to treat. | For direct-seeding, two main methods were used at Corvallis. The first was spring sowing in May, into a prepared seed bed at 12" row spacing, 60 to 86 pure live seed / foot, 1/8" deep with a planet Jr. The 2nd direct-seeding method used was spring-seeding with a Hege precision seeder, overspraying the seed with an activated charcoal slurry (carbon-banding) followed by an overspray with Diuron, a broad-spectrum pre-emergent herbicide. (The equipment for applying the carbon slurry was provided on loan from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in Corvallis. The system consists of a tank with mechanical agitator to keep the charcoal in solution, and an impeller pump connected to tubing with large-diameter nozzles directed over the seeding row to deposit the slurry in a 1/8 to ¬ inch band directly over the seeded row. The system is front-mounted on the tractor while seeding equipment ispulled behind . | While initial stand establishment was very good with direct- sowing on 12" spacing, weed seed emergence overtook some of the brome seedlings in the non-carbon banded plots. Weed suppression by the preemergent Diuron allowed the brome seedlings to become better established. In both cases however, follow-up mechanical weeding by hand and / or rotary tiller was required to keep grassy weeds from overtaking the seedlings. At this early stage, there were no selective herbicides available to control grassy weeds without injury or death the crop. | Under favorable conditions germination is generally complete within 21 days. | Supplemental irrigation was applied when needed; in drier springs this meant as much as 1" / week in early April to May. Weed control was provided by a combination of mechanical (hand-hoeing), overspraying dormant fields in January with the herbicide Karmex, one or more applications or 2,4-D plus Banvel for broadleaf weed control in early to mid spring, and spot applications of Roundup with a hand-held wick-type applicator. Three applications of Tilt and Bravo at label rates for rust control were applied in April and early May on extablished fields . Fall and spring fertilization with 50 lbs of N and 15 lbs S was provided to maintain fields for subsequent years. Irrigation was provided by sprinkler pipe as needed in April and May, up to 1" per week. | April to June | na | na | Seed heads were hand-harvested (these plots were each « acre or less) 2 to 5 times from June 14 to July 20th, using hand sickles and placing cut seed heads into barrels or cloth bags. Mechanical harvesting could be accomplished with a flail-vac type harvester; swathing and combining resuled in fairly high seed loss from uneven maturation and seed shatter. Harvested material waslaid out on tarps in the poly greenhouse with doors wide open for air circulation. (during summer, the greenhouse was not used for growing plants, and made an ideal "drying tunnel" with daytime temperatures ranging up to 100 to 105 for short periods of time). Materials were turned with a pitchfork several times during drying , and shattered seed accumulated on tarps. A stationary thresher was used to separate remaining seed from the seed heads. Seeds were treated as described in the seed collection section. Once dried and deawned, seed flows quite easily and was not difficult to clean. Storage was in cloth sacks in a concrete-block warehouse or dry cooler. | Seeds are fairly short-lived in storage; after 4 to 5 years viability declined to almost nil. . | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus vulgaris</i> (Hook.) Shear seeds seed; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
475 | Bromus (vulgaris) | Poaceae | Grass family | Bromus | vulgaris | (Hook.) Shear | BRVU | USFS, Willamette National Forest, Middle Fork Ranger District, Packard Creek, Oregon: 4000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Columbia brome | Small lot, 2.3 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Bromus vulgaris</i> (Hook.) Shear seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
476 | Bruguiera (gymnorrhiza) | Rhizophoraceae | mangrove | Bruguiera | gymnorrhiza | (L.) Savigny | Rhizophora | gymnorhiza | L. | Coastal; tropical moist and rain forests | Found in tidal swamps and river mouths, this species is essential for coastal protection from saltwater incursion, and for soil stabilization. Native to East Africa, Southeast Asia, and some Pacific Islands from Tonga and Samoa in western Polynesia to Nauru and the Marshall and Gilbert Islands in Eastern Micronesia. A recent (and problematic) introduction into areas of eastern Polynesia, including Hawaii. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it is a problematic invasive in Hawaii and areas of eastern Polynesia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Seedlings have reached target when they have 3-4 leaves and are approximately 30-45 cm in height. | brown mangrove, Oriental mangrove, Burma mangrove; togo; toto saina (Samoa); tongo; tongo ta'ane; fa'onelua (Tonga); te tongo buangi (Kiribati); kukuna-o-ka-la (Hawaii) | Propagules may be collected any time of year. The propagule of the mangrove is not a seed, but a viviparous seedling. The seeds germinate on the parent plant, and are typically dropped 8-12 months after fertilization. The propagules are rod-shaped, usually about 30 cm long. They can be collected from the ground or water surfaces around the trees, although collecting from the tree is thought to be best (Waguk 2003). Bruguiera seedlings are brownish in color. Desirable qualities include being free from damage, insect infestations (usually of borers) or discoloration. | No pretreatment is necessary. | Seedlings prefer light shade during the first month of establishment. A coconut palm frond over each seedling works well for this purpose if a shadehouse is not available (Waguk 2003). After a month, the seedlings can be grown in full sun. Abundant water must be available to grow this species. Growers report that if the seedlings dry out even once during establishment, they tend never to thrive (Waguk 2003). Fresh or brackish water (4% salinity or less) may be used for irrigation. | Fertilizer may be applied one month prior to outplanting. When seedlings have reached target size of 30-45 cm in height, they may be delivered to the planting site. Seedlings that were not irrigated with brackish water are best planted at the onset of rainy periods, which can reduce the shock of saline conditions and improve the seedling's rate of survival. | Allen, J.A. 2002. Rhizophora mangle. In: Vozzo, J.A., ed. 2002. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. <p> Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> Duke, J.A. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. Made available on-line by Purdue University Center for New Crops & Plant Products, West Lafayette, Indiana. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Waguk, Erick. 2003. Personal communication. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bruguiera gymnorrhiza</i> (L.) Savigny plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
477 | Buchloe (dactyloides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Buchloe | dactyloides | (Nutt.) Engelm. | BUCDAC | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Buffalo grass | Heating pretreatment resulted in 100% germination.<br>Pretreatment with potassium nitrate resulted in 60% germination.<br>Germination occurs at 24D/13N C alternating temperature cycle.<br>Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 35D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br>Mechanical injury of the caryopis or covering layers resulted in 73% germination. | Ahring, R. M. and Frank, H. (1968). Establishment of eastern gamagrass from seed and vegetative propagation. J. Range Manage. 21, 27-30.<br>Wenger, L. E. (1941). Soaking buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides) seed to improve its germination. Agron. J. 33, 135-141.<br>Bokhari, U. G., Singh, J. S. and Smith, F. M. (1975). Influence of temperature regimes and water stress on the germination of three range grasses and its possible ecological significance to a shortgrass prairie. J. Appl. Ecol. 12, 153-163.<br>Pladeck, M. M. (1940). The testing of buffalo grass "seed," Buchloe dactyloides Engelm. Agron. J. 32, 486-494.<br>Table 10.23 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Buchloe dactyloides</i> (Nutt.) Engelm. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
478 | Calamagrostis (breweri) | Poaceae | Grass | Calamagrostis | breweri | Moist subalpine and alpine meadows, lake margins, streambanks; 4,225-12,350 ft. | cuttings | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Shorthair Reedgrass | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Divisions were placed into Vitamin B-1 solution for 15 minutes to help prevent transplant shock. <u>Seed</u>: none required. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection And Reestablishment Were Carried Out By Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calamagrostis breweri</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
479 | Calamagrostis (canadensis) | Gramineae | Calamagrostis | canadensis | (Michx.) Beauv. | CACAT | Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bluejoint reedgrass | Collected in Rocky Mounatin National Park, Colorado. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagations Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring plnat 3/4 to 1" deep.<br> <b>Sowing/Plant Technique:</b> Planet Jr. 50-70 seed/ft. - 1/2" deep or less. 5' spacing on rows. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Hand harvest.<br> <b>Storage Conditons:</b> Cool and dry. | At least 2 years. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i> (Michx.) Beauv. plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
480 | Calamagrostis (canadensis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Calamagrostis | canadensis | (Michx.) P. Beauv. | CACA4 | USFS, Boise National Forest, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho: 2704 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bluejoint | Small lot, 0.85 pounds, grown and harvested at USFS, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i> (Michx.) P. Beauv. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
481 | Calamagrostis (canadensis) | Poaceae | Grass | Calamagrostis | canadensis | (Michx.) P. Beauv. | CACA4 | Rocky Mountains, western Wyoming | Throughout North America with the exception of the southeastern states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch container | 3 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling the 10 cubic inch container. | Bluejoint | Seed is most commonly collected by hand. Fruiting heads can be cut from stems using shears or a hand scythe. Seed is hard and brown when ripe. | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10ø C (50ø F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. Seed is not stratified prior to planting. | Soil is a 1:1:1 mix of coconut fiber, compost and perlite. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to 25 seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is not covered with any soil or sand, but kept moist with an overhead mist irrigation schedule of 2 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 32 to 43ø C (90 to 110ø F). Night time temperatures average around 30ø C (85ø F). Grow lights are kept on during nighttime hours. | First emergence occurs around 3 to 5 days after planting under temperatures and moisture conditions specified. Full stands (90-100%) are reached in 12 days. | After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation amount is increased to 3 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm and grow lights are turned off. Greenhouse day time temperatures are reduced to 30 to 32øC (85 to 90ø F). | Three months. | Heat is turned off and temperatures reduced to ambient conditions. Watering is discontinued approximately 3 days prior to delivery. | Tilley DT, Ogle DG, Cornforth BC. 2010. Quick methods to estimate seed quality. Boise (ID): USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service. Plant Materials Technical Note 35. 13p. | Tilley, Derek James. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i> (Michx.) P. Beauv. plants 10 cubic inch container; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
482 | Calamagrostis (canadensis) | Poaceae | grass | Calamagrostis | canadensis | Calamagrostis | nubila | CACA4 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant prefers moist environments and is found to grow in most of the United states (excluding some of the southernmost states) and northers countries around the world. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes fill soil profile in container. | bluejoint | Calamagrostis canadensis seeds do not appear to be dormant and in our tests germinated readily in both warm (70F days and 50F nights) and cool (38F) environments. In our tests there was a germination rate of 48% when placed straight into the warm growth chamber and only 35% when placed in the cooler for 45 days of cold-moist stratification. Low germination was due to unfilled seed not removed during the cleaning process. | Bartow, Amy; Cameron, Jordan. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
483 | Calamagrostis (canadensis) | Poaceae | Calamagrostis | canadensis | CACA4 | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-007s, 98-103s), Green Mountain | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bluejoint | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed stripped from stalk.<p> Collected at Sprague Lake (98-007s) on 9/4/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on the heating pad (set 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. Sprague Lake (98-007s) sowed 10/27/98; Sprague Lake (98-103s) sowed 11/18/98. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 12x12, uncovered or covered lightly. Recommend sowing in small pots.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 11-14 days. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
484 | Calamagrostis (nutkaensis) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Calamagrostis | nutkaensis | (J. Presl.) J. Presl. ex Steud. | Deyeuxia | nutkaensis | J. Presl | CALNUT | Marin County, California | <i>C. nutkaensis</i> is found in moist places and swamps and coastal forests, up to 5700 feet elevation; from Monterey County, California north to Alaska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific Reedgrass | Seeds are collected between May 1st and August 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is brown at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 4 seeds are sown per container.<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Containers used are 8 " Leach tubes filled with standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:70% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Extra seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers 8" leach tubes containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | 6 weeks | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calamagrostis nutkaensis</i> (J. Presl.) J. Presl. ex Steud. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
485 | Calamagrostis (rubescens) | Poaceae | Grass family | Calamagrostis | rubescens | Buckl. | CALRUB | Open Lodgepole pine forest, Tally Lake Ranger District, Flathead national Forest, Flathead Co., MT, 1500m elevation. | <i>C. rubescens</i> ranges from B.C. south to central California and east to the Rocky Mountains south to northern Colorado. It is a common understory species in open pine forests and meadows. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 10 to 20 true leaves, 25 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Pinegrass | Mass flowering and high seed production occurs in stands that have been burned during the previous year. Seed production is usually very high 2 to 3 years after the fire.<br>Seeds are collected in mid to late August when florets turn papery and light tan and seeds are easily stripped out of floret. Hand held sickles are used to cut stalks. Seeds are spread on an open tarp in a drying shed and turned twice a day to ensure even drying and prevent mold development. | None. Germination occurs at 21C. Germination is reported to be higher in the presence of light. 10 year old seed was used. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with perlite or surface sown.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night.<br> Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform. After seedlings are established, they must dry down slightly between irrigations. | 2 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination.ÿ Four to 6 true leaves were present 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. | 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:4 months<br> Harvest Date: 12 weeks to root tightness<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed, A State of the Art. Vol. 2: Grasses, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Technical Report, 1982.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants, Rose, R., Chachluski, C., and Haase, D. Oregon State University Press,1998. | Luna, Tara; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i> Buckl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
486 | Calamagrostis (rubescens) | Poaceae | Grass family | Calamagrostis | rubescens | Buckl. | CARU | USFS, Wenatchee National Forest, Leavenworth Ranger District, Rd. 7600/ 4th of July Creek Trail, Washington; 2380 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pinegrass | Small lot, 1.3 pounds, hand collected into plastic bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calamagrostis rubescens</i> Buckl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
487 | Calandrinia (ciliata) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot Family | Calandrinia | ciliata | (Ruiz & Pav¢n) DC. | Calandrinia | ciliata | (Ruiz & Pav¢n) DC. | Variety | menziesii | (Hook.) J.F. Macbr. | CALCIL | Marin County, California | <i>C. ciliata</i> is found in open grassy places and cultivated fields, open forest and near desert edge; from British Columbia south to Lower California, Arizona, and Sonoran Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Fringed redmaids | Seeds are collected between April 27th and June 9th.<br>As fruits develop, stems turn pink: elongated fruits mature from base of stalk outwards. Collect mature fruits when they are brown and begin to open.<br> Seed is light gray at maturity. | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 1 seed is sown per container.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Media used is standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Container Size: 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16).<br> % Germination: N/A | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calandrinia ciliata</i> (Ruiz & Pav¢n) DC. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
488 | Callicarpa (americana) | Verbenaceae | Verbena | Callicarpa | americana | Widely distributed in Louisiana (Brown 1965). Diverse, relatively open or closely canopied, usually well-drained woodlands and their borders, thickets, fence and hedge rows (Godfrey 1988). | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American Beautyberry or French Mulberry | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Container.<br> | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> <u>Flowers:</u>May-June. <u>Fruits:</u> August-September, can persist to January (USDA 1977).<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Brown, C.A., 1965. Louisiana Trees and Shrubs. Louisiana Forestry commission Bulletin No. 1. Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publications.<p> Douglas, J.L. 1993. Personal communication with Mike Materne, Plant Materials Specialist at Baton Rouge. East Texas Plant Materials Center, Nacogdoches, Texas.<p> Godfrey, R.K. 1988. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.<p> U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 1977. Southern Fruit-Producing Woody Plants Used by Wildlife. Forest Service General Technical Report SO-16. | Fine, Gary. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Callicarpa americana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
489 | Callicarpa (americana) | Verbenaceae | Verbena family | Callicarpa | americana | L. | CALAME | C. americana is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American beautyberry | Seeds are cold stratified for 60 days and germinate at room(?) temperature. | Nokes,1986.How to Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest. Texas Monthly Press, Austin.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Callicarpa americana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
490 | Calocedrus (decurrens) | Cupressaceae | Cypress | Calocedrus | decurrens | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1,2,3,4 and 8 gallon containers | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | Incense Cedar | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller) or bareroot beds (1-0 and 2-0). | Seedlings are extracted from small containers or lifted from bareroot beds in winter and held in freezer storage until transplanting the following spring. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallong containers and ¬ cup for 8-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over fora second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | 1 month | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade.This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calocedrus decurrens</i> plants 1,2,3,4 and 8 gallon containers; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
491 | Calocedrus (decurrens) | Cupressaceae | Cypress family | Calocedrus | decurrens | (Torr.) Florin | CADE27 | BLM, Roseburg District, Dickerson Rocks, Roseburg, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Incense cedar | Cones are removed from trees and stored in bushel size burlap bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calocedrus decurrens</i> (Torr.) Florin seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
492 | Calocedrus (decurrens) | Cupressaceae | Cypress family | Calocedrus | decurrens | (Torr.) Florin | Libocedrus | decurrens | Torr. | LIDE | BLM, Roseburg District, Ashland Resource Area, Table Mountain, Roseburg, Oregon; 5300 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Incense cedar | Cones are removed from trees and stored in bushel size burlap bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calocedrus decurrens</i> (Torr.) Florin seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
493 | Calochortus (luteus) | Liliaceae | Lily | Calochortus | luteus | CALU9 | Seed collected from The Nature Conservancy's Vina Plains Preserves in Tehama County, California | California. Heavy soils in grassland, woodland, and mixed-evergreen forest below 700 meters (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Yellow mariposa lily | Whole fruits can be collected from heads immediately prior to or after ripening (i.e. browning and splitting of capsules). Seed may be shaken from capsules which have split, but capsules which have not opened may need to be mechanically split (dry heat or repeated drying and cooling may encourage capsules to split). If necessary, large numbers of dry fruits may be shattered rapidly by very brief blending (dry in a blender). Blending typically does not damage the very hard viable seed, but may increase overall viability of seed lots by destroying readily shattered unviable seed. After blending, seed may be cleaned by sifting and/or blowing (e.g. with a thrift store blow-drier) off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains throughthe spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 99% (Dye Creek) and 97% (Vina Plains) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F and 67% (Vina Plains) for seed sown in outdoor coldframes. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calochortus luteus</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
494 | Calochortus (macrocarpus) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Calochortus | macrocarpus | Dougl. | CAMA5 | BLM, Burns District, Hines, Oregon: 4155 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sagebrush mariposa lily | Very small lot, 0.17 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calochortus macrocarpus</i> Dougl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
495 | Calochortus (nitidus) | Liliaceae | lily | Calochortus | nitidus | Dougl | CANI | Source information is deliberately omitted to protect the population. | Endemic to grasslands and low meadows of extreme eastern Washington and adjacent northern Idaho. It is ranked S1 by the Washington Natural Heritage Program, S3 by the Idaho Conservation Data Center, and a "species of concern" by the US Fish and Wildlife Service under the Endangered Species Act. | not invasive. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | field grown | 4 Years | Years | broad-fruit mariposa | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is beige in color. Seed is collected when the capsules begin to split in early to mid August and is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. | Extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Cool spring temperatures may also be necessary. In trials at the PMC, seed sown in containers in late November or early December and left outside began emerging in mid-April.<br> Seed stratified in petri dishes in a refrigerator at 5<sup>o</sup>C began germinating while still in stratification after 90 days. Germinated seeds sown in the greenhouse emerged but did not survive.<br> Seed sown directly in the ground in early December began emerging in mid April. | Bulbs do not survive transplanting (Hitchcock et al 1969, Hitchcock & Cronquist 1973, Kruckeberg 1996). Propagation should only be attempted from seed sown directly in place. Sow seeds in late fall in a firm, weed free seedbed. Seed should be lightly covered to a depth of no more than 1/8 inch.<br>Seed stratified artificially canprobably be sown in very early spring, but care must be taken to avoid damage to any emerged radicles. | Weeds should be controlled by careful hand weeding while the weeds are in the seedling stage. | 1 growing season | In subsequent seasons, weeds should again be controlled by careful hand weeding while the weeds are in the seedling stage to prevent damage to the young <i>C. nitidus</i> plants.<br> Judicious early weeding is needed to reduce competition and ensure the survival of the plants. Non-reproductive plants will senesce in June and resume growing in early spring of the following year. <br>A planting made in December 2002 had 74 plants emerge in April 2003. In 2004, 52 plants were present and all remained vegetative. In 2005 one plant flowered but produced no seed. In 2006, 44 plants remained and 11 flowered and produced seed. Work conducted by Caicco (1988) indicates the species is obligately outcrossed. | 3-4 years | Caicco, Steven L. 1988. Preliminary Results of an Investigation into the Life History and Population Dynamics of <i>Calochortus nitidus</i> Dougl. (Liliaceae). Idaho Department of Fish and Game. Online at http://fishandgame.idaho.gov/tech/CDC/cdc_pdf/caics88b.pdf <p> Caicco, Steven L. 1989. Second-Year Results of an Investigation into the Life History and Population Dynamics of <i>Calochortus nitidus</i> Dougl. (Liliaceae). Idaho Department of Fish and Game. Online at http://www2.state.id.us/fishgame/info/cdc/cdc_pdf/caics89a.pdf <p> Chapman, Diana. 2000. Calochortus: Treasures of the American West. Bulbs: An International Bulb Society Quarterly. 2:10-16.<p> Chapman, Diana. 2000. Starting with Seed. Bulbs: An International Bulb Society Quarterly. 2:6-7.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Volume 1, Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Idaho Conservation Data Center. 2007. Idaho's Special Status Vascular Plants (A-D). Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise. Available at http://fishandgame.idaho.gov/cms/tech/CDC/plants/vascular_plants_status_A-D.cfm. Accessed 2/2/07.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Mancuso, Michael. 1996. Report on the Conservation Status of <i>Calochortus nitidus</i>. Idaho Department of Fish and Game. Online at http://www2.state.id.us/fishgame/info/cdc/cdc_pdf/mancm96a.pdf <p> McDonald, Hugh P. and Karin R. Stokkink. Magnificent Mariposas. 1995. American Horticulturalist 74:31-36, Dec., 1974.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 2 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Washington Natural Heritage Program and U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management. 2005. Field Guide to Selected Rare Plants of Washington; <i>Calochortus nitidus</i>. http://www.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/fguide/htm/fsp_cani.htm. Accessed 2/2/07. | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calochortus nitidus</i> Dougl seeds field grown; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
496 | Calochortus (nuttallii) | Liliaceae | Lily | Calochortus | nuttallii | CANU3 | Juniper Springs Colorado | Sego lily ranges from New Mexico and Colorado to the Dakotas, west to Idaho and to California. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | sego lily | Blooms begin in June and early July based on precipitation at the site. Seed was collected throughout July from Juniper Springs. It was collected when the capsules were dry and beginning to open, at this stage seed is completely dried. Capsules were clipped from the plant and hand stripped. Seed was stored in paper bags at room temperature until seed was cleaned in the winter.
190,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell, et al. 1996) | Seeds were placed in a petri dish with blue blotter paper and moistened for 40 to 60 days in 2 degrees C. Other seeds were directly planted into a large flat with a soil mixture of sand, gravel and Sunshine mix #4. The flat was placed in the Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center (UCEPC) lathhouse over winter to utilize the natural cold stratification process. | Petri dishes: While in cold stratification seeds began to germinate in the petri dishes. Seeds were then transplanted into cone-tainers to complete grow out.
Lathouse: Seeds that over wintered in the UCEPC lathhouse began to germinate in late May. The flat was then transplanted directly into a field trial. | Petri dish: Blotter paper was kept moist throughout cold stratification. Seeds began to germinate around day 45 and continued past day 60.
Lathouse: After soil began to thaw in early May soil was kept moist until seeds began to emerge in late May. | spring | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Craighead and Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA. USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 29 December 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Blanke, Terri; Woodruff, Heather. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Calochortus nuttallii</i> plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
497 | Calochortus (splendens) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Calochortus | splendens | Dougl. ex Benth. | CALSPL | C. splendens is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Splendid mariposa lily | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calochortus splendens</i> Dougl. ex Benth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
498 | Calochortus (uniflorus) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Calochortus | uniflorus | Hook. & Arn. | CAUN | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Monterey mariposa lily | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats were covered with polyethlene bags and placed in walk in cooler for 90-days. After stratification, plants were placed in a green house set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.)Germination occured within two weeks. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calochortus uniflorus</i> Hook. & Arn. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
499 | Calophyllum (inophyllum) | Clusiaceae | Mangosteen | Calophyllum | inophyllum | L. | coastal to lowland (up to 200 m) tropical rainforest | Native from east Africa to Australia and Malesia, now widely planted and naturalized throughout its range, including the south and central Pacific and the Caribbean Islands. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when their height is 25 cm, stem diameter 8 mm, roots well-formed. | Alexandrian laurel, portia tree, Borneo mahogany, beach mahogany; kamani (Hawaii); dilo (Fiji); feta'u (Tonga); fetau (Samoa); tamanu (Cooks; Societies; Marquesas); te itai (Kiribati) | Flowering can occur throughout the year, however in most regions there are two distinct flowering periods, late sprint/early summer and late fall. The fruit is 2-4 cm in diameter and contains a single seed. The fruits are ripe when flesh is yellow or brown and wrinkled (not green and smooth). Fruits may be collected from the ground as late as a few weeks after maturing and dropping and still maintain viability. | After fruits are collected, they are soaked in water overnight to soften the outer skin. The outer skin is then removed, exposing the seed shell. No pretreatment is necessary, but it is recommended for uniform germination time. Without treatment seeds germinate slowly over a period of 2 months or longer. Cracking the shell with a mallet or hammer hastens germination to 6 - 10 weeks, and removing the shell entirely further reduces germination time to just 3 - 6 weeks. | Seedlings are grown in an uncovered growing area, although moderate shade during germination may be beneficial (first 4-6 weeks) in lowland or hot areas.<p> Containers used are Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" X 5", although copper coated poly bags of similar volume also work well. Any well-drained media works well for this species. | Fresh and healthy shelled seeds may be sown directly in containers (minimum 6 mm in diameter). Shelled or unshelled seeds may also be sown in seed beds about 1-3 cm deep, and transplanted into containers as they sprout (at or before the two or four leaf stage). In hot lowland areas, moderate shade may be beneficial during germination and for the first 4-6 weeks. | 4-6 weeks. | Seedlings should be moved into full sun 4 - 8 weeks after germination or transplanting into containers. Seedlings grow fairly rapidly and can achieve 30 cm in height 5 months from germination. Seedlings should be monitored for pests and diseases, although in the nursery these are uncommon. After about 10 weeks, seedlings are spaced as widely as possible (at least double-spacing) to prevent leaves from overlapping. After 12-16 weeks, in some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 3-4 months | Seedlings should receive at least 4 months of full sun prior to outplanting. During the final 4-6 weeks, watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 4-6 weeks. | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned for cleaning and reuse after the planting is complete. | n/a | Soerianegara, I., and R.H.M.J. Lemmens, Eds. 1994. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 5(1): Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia.<p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). 2002. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
500 | Calophyllum (inophyllum) | Clusiaceae | Mangosteen Family | Calophyllum | inophyllum | CALINO | Yap | Native from east Africa to Australia and Malesia, now widely planted and naturalized throughout its range, including the south and central Pacific and the Caribbean Islands. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 1 Years | Years | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Biyococh | The fruit is 2-4 cm in diameter and contains a single seed. The fruits are ripe when flesh is yellow or brown and wrinkled (not green and smooth). Fruits may be collected from the ground as late as a few weeks after maturing and dropping and still maintain viability. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 2 months | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 4 weeks. Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 8-9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 1-2 months | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
501 | Calophyllum (neo-ebudicum) | Clusiaceae | Mangosteen Family | Calophyllum | neo-ebudicum | Linnaeus | CALNEO | American Samoa | Large tree common in littoral to coastal forest, reported from near sea level to ca. 100 m elevation. Indigenous to American Samoa; ranging from tropical Africa to eastern Polynesia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tamanu | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds are sometimes soaked in water before planting to hasten germination and overcome dormancy. Water is absorbed by dry seeds and the moisture content increases rapidly at first, then it levels off. The seed swells and the seed coat may break open. Hot or cold water can be used. Hand-hot water (120-135 degrees F) is recommended for harder seed coats. At the same time, non-viable seeds can be discarded after soaking 12 hours or so. They tend to float while the, viable seed sink. Soaking time can vary from a couple of minutes to 72 hours or more, depending on the seed coat. Use about twice as much water as seeds. The thicker the coat, the longer the soaking time. Change water daily. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<b> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calophyllum neo-ebudicum</i> Linnaeus plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
502 | Caltha (asarifolia) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Caltha | asarifolia | DC. | Caltha | palustris | L. | Variety | asarifolia | DC. | CALASA | C. asarifolia is found in bogs along the coast from Alaska to Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western marsh marigold | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 71 to 112 days. | Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Caltha asarifolia</i> DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
503 | Caltha (leptosepala) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Caltha | leptosepala | DC. | CALLEP | C. leptosepala is found from Alaska south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Marsh Marigold | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Caltha leptosepala</i> DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
504 | Caltha (leptosepala) | Ranunculaceae | buttercup | Caltha | leptosepala | Psychrophila | leptosepala | CALE4 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant may be found in the Western US and Canada in sub-alpine and wetland or meadow areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes fill soil profile in container. | White Marsh Marigold | Our tests concluded that Caltha leptosepala seeds need a warm-cold-warm cycle in order to germinate. When placed in a warm (70F days 50F nights)greenhouse, there was no germination. Seeds did not germination following a cold-moist stratification period of 90 days. However, when the seeds were left in the warm for three months, placed in the cool for three months and then placed back into the warm growth chamber we saw a germination rate of 78%. | Bartow, Amy; Cameron, Jordan. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Caltha leptosepala</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
505 | Calystegia (macrostegia) | Convolvulaceae | Morning Glory Family | Calystegia | macrostegia | (Greene) Brummitt | CALMAC | Catalina Island, California | Island Morning Glory is a Channel islands endemic that is found in rocky places and canyon walls. On Catalina Island, it typically occurs in chaparral or coastal sage shrub communities.<br> There are 3 subspeccies found on Catalina Island: ssp. cyclostegia, intermedia, and macrostegia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon treepot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Island Morning Glory | Seeds are hand collected when seed capsules have fully matured. We have collected capsules in late July. | We soak seeds in warm water for 2 hours and/or place them into a 5% bleach solution for 3 minutes. Floaters are removed from sinkers during water soak. We have found that floaters are non-viable. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are sown in late fall (November) and placed in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats or containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> | 3 to 4 months | After seedlings are well established, they are transplanted into #1 treepots (173 cubic inches)filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound.<br> | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calystegia macrostegia</i> (Greene) Brummitt plants 1 gallon treepot; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
506 | Calystegia (purpurata) | Convolvulaceae | Morning Glory Family | Calystegia | purpurata | (Greene) Brummitt | Sub-species | CALPUR | Marin County, California | <i>C. purpurata</i> is found below 1000 feet elevation in chapparral near the coast; from Humboldt county to Ventura county, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific False Bindweed | Seeds are collected between May 1st and September 1st.<br> Mature fruits are papery and open at maturity.<br> | Fresh Seed: No treatment required if sown within 2 weeks of collection from the field.<br> Dry Seed: Seed may require scarification. 36 hours in a rock tumbler with sharp edged gravel, then soak overnight in water. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 1 seed is sown per container and planted 2 times the diameter of seed to depth.<br> Seeds are planted on August15th.<br> Container Size:2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> % Germination:75% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Extra seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 1 month | After seedlings are well established, they are fertilized with Nutricote NPK 13-13-13 3 months after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calystegia purpurata</i> (Greene) Brummitt plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
507 | Calystegia (subacaulis) | Convolvulaceae | Morning Glory Family | Calystegia | subacaulis | Hook & Arn. | CALSUB | Marin County, California | <i>C. subacaulis</i> is found in northern coastal scrub and oak woodlands, from Sonoma and Napa counties to San Luis Obispoc county, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container Seedling | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Hillside False bindweed | Seeds are collected between July 1st and September 1st.<br> Fruits grow close to the ground and are enclosed in papery bracts which become brown and dry at maturity.<br> Seeds are hard,dull black pea-like seeds, about 3 to 5 mm in diameter at maturity. | The seed coat must be scarified prior to sowing so the seed can quickly imbibe water. Tumble in a rock tumbler with rocks for 24 hours, then check. Continue until the seed coat is obviously and deeply scratched.<br> For small seed lots, use sandpaper to scratch the seed coat until the endosperm is visible (this will be pale compared to the seed coat). | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are sown in individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16)containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. <br> Seeds are planted 2 times the diameter to depth and are surface sown.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination:50% | Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16)containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Survival rate after Transplanting: 90% | 1 month | After seedlings are well established, they are moved to the shadehouse (30% shade fabric) for continued growth.<br> Prune back 2 months after transplanting.<br> Fertilize with 10 grains of Nutricote (NPK 13-13-13) 2 months after transplanting. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Calystegia subacaulis</i> Hook & Arn. plants Container Seedling; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
508 | Camassia (leichtlinii) | Liliaceae | lilly | Camassia | leichtlinii | CALES | willamette valley, oregon | moist meadows of the western US, from California to Washington, Nevada, Idaho, and Montana | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | bulbs | Weeks | Weeks | 2 year old bulbs | Camas | Easy. Cut off the entire flower stalk in late spring or early summer (late June to mid-July) after the seeds turn black and most of the pods (capsules) change from green to tan but are not yet open. As capsules mature on the plant, they split open at the top to reveal the seed but remain upright. Place the stalks, capsules, and any loose seed in paper bags and keep in a warm place until dry. Threshing is unnecessary since all the pods dehisce as they dehydrate. The seed will drop to the bottom of the bag after shaking. Seeds per pound: 70,000-90,000 | Camassia leichtlinii germinates from seed best when exposed to 90 days of c/m (38F) stratification. Highest germination occurs when seeds are exposed to temperatures of 50-55 degrees following stratification. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Camassia leichtlinii</i> bulbs bulbs; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
509 | Camassia (quamash) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Camassia | quamash | (Pursh) Greene | Sub-species | quamash | Camassia | quamash | Sub-species | teapeae | (St .John) St .John | CAMQUA | Moist meadow, near Lee Creek, | <i>C. quamash</i> occurs in moist meadows which dry by mid summer. It ranges from southern B.C. to California, east to southwest Alberta, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml (10 in3) Containers | 2 Years | Years | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves; 15 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug with developed bulb in container. | Common camas | Collect mature capsules when they begin to split and turn light tan in color. Seeds are black at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Freshly harvested seeds were cold, moist stratified outdoors for 5 months. Germination occurs in early May under cool and fluctuating temperatures(10 to 20 C day and 10 to 15 C night).<br> Seeds germinate equally well in light (when surface sown) or dark (when covered with mulch). | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0.1%B,0.5%Cu,12%Fe,2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo,1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination appeared uniform and complete after 4 weeks. | 4 weeks | Plants had developed 2 true leaves and a small bulb 10 weeks after germination. Plants went dormant by late July. The onset of dormancy is induced by high temperatures.<br> Continued growth and development of seedlings could be extended if seedlings are kept in a controlled environment of air temperatures maintained at 10 and 15 C during growth, and placing dormant seedlings into cooler storage for a minimal chilling period. Following the miminum chilling period, seedlings could be taken out of cooler storage and grown in the greenhouse for a second growth phase. Thus, two seasons of growht could be forced in 1 year. | 12 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: At least 2 years from seed.<br>Harvest Date: September of the second year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Camassia quamash</i> (Pursh) Greene plants 172 ml (10 in3) Containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||
510 | Camassia (quamash) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Camassia | quamash | CAMQUA | n/a | Common camas occurs in wet prairies and meadows across much of western Canada and the northwestern US; great camas generally only occurs west of the Cascade Mountains.<br> Other botanical varieties or subspecies have been described for the northwestern US (Hitchcock and others 1969). Common camas grows in wet meadows, wet prairies, swales, depressions, annual floodplains, moist hillsides, and along streambanks. Camas habitat is often wet ephemeral, usually drying out by late spring. It naturally occurs from southwestern British Columbia to northern California, east to Montana, Wyoming, and Utah.<br> It is found from near sea level to 3300 meters (10,800 feet) in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains.<br> Common camas inhabits moist meadows, rocky outcrops, bluffs, and islands in southwestern British Columbia. In eastern Washington and northern Idaho, it occurs in wet prairies and wet meadows, historically very common in the Camas Prairie and the Palouse Prairie. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Stock Type: Seedling<br> Height: n/a<br> Caliper: n/a <br> Root System: Firm plug in container.<br> | Common Camas | Common camas propagates easily from seeds. It can be collected as soon as the pods mature (turn light brown) or split open to reveal the mature black seeds. Pods ripen from late May to July depending on latitude, longitude, moisture conditions, and elevation. Dry seeds can be stored frozen or in a cool, dry place prior to planting (Watson 1988). <br> | Camas seed requires 42 to 100 d of cold, moist stratification (1 to 4 øC [34 to 40 øF]) for maximum germination (90 to 100%) (Emery 1988; Thoms 1989; Deno 1993; Guerrant and Raven 1995; Northway 1998). "Moist stratification" means placement of dry seeds in layers of a moist medium at cool temperatures to allow for moisture uptake and to break seed dormancy. Germination itself also requires cool conditions and can occur in the dark (Northway 1998). An alternative is to plant seed outdoors in the fall (September to October). One-leafed, grass-like seedlings will emerge in February or March under suitable conditions where winters are comparatively mild. Germination occurs in early May in Montana or at 4 øC (40øF) (Wick and others 2000). Seedlings require moisture through the spring growing period to survive. Warm temperatures during seedling development can be lethal. | Suggested site preparation methods and seeding rates for wetland revegetation are notwell known, but in at least 1 unpublished study an estimated seeding rate was determined (Darris, unpublished data). At the Corvallis Plant Materials Center in Oregon, Darris used a broadcast rate of 210 live seeds per m2 (20/ft2) for both Camassia sub-species and found poor to good seedling counts the following spring (0 to > 105 per m2 ( 0 to > 10/ft2). Seedling success was dependent on weed competition, hydrology, type of disturbance, mulch, erosion, or other factors. Camas seedling establishment appeared inhibited by dense stands of perennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. [Festuceae]) but benefited from a thin mulch (straw) of tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. [Festuceae]) and less plant competition, at least on well-drained, stable, slightly higher ground.<br> In areas with wet, mild winters, soil scarification for shallow seed coverage or just constant moisture from irrigation or winter rains can result in good germination. At least 1 western Oregon grower sows seeds directly on the soil surface in fall (Robinson 1999). | However, growers in Idaho have found that a 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) covering of organic mulch is required during the first growing season to protect the tiny bulblet from exposure to dry soil, surface cracking, and extreme temperatures. Sawdust or a chemically killed dense stand of grass works well (Watson 1999). Seeds buried deeper than 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) will not germinate successfully (Watson 1988). | Ethnobotany, culture, management, and use of common camas,Stevens, M.,Darris,D.,and Lambert,S.Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<br> Brenzel KN, editor. 1995. Sunset western garden book. Menlo Park (CA): Sunset Publishing Corporation. p 200. 512 p.<br> Bryan J. 1989. Bulbs. Portland (OR): Timber Press. 430 p.<br> Craighead JJ, Craighead FC, Davis RJ. 1963. A field guide to Rocky Mountain wildflowers. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin Company.<br> Deno NC. 1993. Seed germination theory and practice. State College (PA): self-published and self-distributed. p 110.<br> De Hertogh AA, Noone C, Lutman A. 1990. Camassia. In: Geophyte, Version 2.2. Raleigh (NC): North Carolina State University, Department of Horticultural Science. 8 p.<br> De Hertogh AA, Gallitano LB, Pemberton GH, Traer ME. 1993. Guidelines for the utilization of flowering bulbs as perennial (naturalized) plants in North American landscapes and gardens. Hillegom, Netherlands: Holland flower bulb technical services, Netherlands Flower Bulb Center (IBC). Bulletin No. 37.<br> De Hertogh AA, Le Nard M. 1993. Chapter 37, general chapter on spring flowering bulbs. In: DeHertogh AA, Le Nard, editors. The physiology of flower bulbs. New York (NY): Elsevier Science Publishing Co. 734 p.<br> Emery DE. 1988. Seed propagation of native California plants. Santa Barbara (CA): Santa Barbara Botanic Garden.<br> Farr DF, Bills GF, Chamursi GP, Rossman AY. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. St Paul (MN): The American Phytopathological Society Press. 1252 p.<br> Guerrant EO Jr, Raven A. 1995. Seed germination and storability studies of 69 plant taxa native to the Willamette Valley wet prairie. Portland (OR): The Berry Botanic Garden. 65 p.<br> Gunther E. 1973. Ethnobotany of western Washington. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. Seattle University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 10(1).<br> Harbinger LJ. 1964. The importance of food plants in the maintenance of Nez Perce cultural identity [MSc thesis]. Pullman (WA): Washington State University. 82 p.<br> Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. An illustrated manual. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. 730 p.<br> Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Ownbey M, Thompson JW. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest: part 1. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. 914 p.<br> [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2000. Biological names. Version 4.0 [on-line database]. URL: http://www.itis.usda.gov/plantproj/itis/itis-query.html (accessed 7 Nov 2000).<br> Kruckeberg AR. 1996. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd edition. Vancouver (BC): Greystone Books/Douglas and McIntyre and University of Washington Press. 282 p.<br> Kuhnlein HV, Turner NJ. 1991. Traditional plant foods of Canadian indigenous peoples. Nutrition, botany, and use. Vancouver (BC): Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. 633 p.<br> Moulton GE, editor. 1983. The journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Volume 8, June 10 - September 26, 1806. Lincoln (NE): University of Nebraska Press.<br> Murphey E, Van Allen V. 1959. Indian uses of native plants. Ukiah (CA): Mendocino County Historical Society. 81 p.<br> Northway S. 1998. Personal communication. Corvallis (OR): Oregon Native Plant Society.<br> Piper CV. 1916. Notes on Quamasia with a description of a new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 24:77.<br> Robinson R. 1999. Personal communication. Lorane (OR): Balance Restoration Nursery.<br> Thoms A. 1989. The northern roots of hunter-gatherer intensification: camas and the Pacific Northwest [PhD dissertation]. Pullman (WA): Washington State University. 521 p.<br> Turner NJ, Bell MAM. 1983. The ethnobotany of the southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. Econonomic Botany 27:257-310.<br> Turner NJ, Efrat BS. 1982. The ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria (BC): British Columbia Provincial Museum. Cultural Recovery Paper No. 2.<br> Turner NJ, Kuhnlein HV. 1983. Camas (Camassia spp.) and riceroot (Fritillaria ssp.): two Liliaceous "root" foods of the Northwest Coast Indians. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 13:199-219.<br> Turner NJ, Thompson LC, Thompson MT, York AZ. 1990. Thompson ethnobotany: knowledge and usage of plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria (BC): Royal British Columbia Museum. Memoir No. 3. 335 p.<br> USDA NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 30 Oct 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. <br> Watson RD. 1999. Personal communication. Moscow, Idaho.<br> Wick D, Luna T, Evans J, Hosokawa J. 2000. Propagation protocol for Camassia quamash; Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery, West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://nativeplants.for.uidaho.edu (accessed 30 Oct 2000). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho Forest Research Nursery.<br> <2> Other Camas References Guard JB. 1995. Wetland plants of Oregon and Washington. Redmond (WA): Lone Pine Publishing. 239 p.<br> Pojar J, MacKinnon A. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia and Alaska. Redmond (WA): Lone Pine Publishing and the British Columbia Ministry of Forests 527 p.<br> | 2000. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Camassia quamash</i> plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
511 | Camassia (scilloides) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Camassia | scilloides | (Raf.) Cory | Quamasia | hyacinthina | (Raf.) Britt. | CAMSCI | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>C. scilloides</i> is found from Pennsylvannia and Wisconsin south to Georgia and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Wild Hyacinth | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. April 29 to May 15. Seed is harvested June 5.<br>This is a cool season perennial which germinates and dies early in the season, making its lifecycle different from the other warm season forbs. | 8 ounces of seed is savedto sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br>Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown to produce bulbs. Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in., respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7 to 11 months depending on weather and root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March. <br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one week.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. Do not prune back; allow the foliage to die back and replenish the roots.<br>After Wild Hycianth dies back, place the flats in the cooler until midsummer, then place them in the shadehouse. This allows for two seasons of growth in just one season. | 7 months | n/a | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged as soon as the foliage has died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing. Try to remove most of the dead foliage before bagging for storage. Store in plastic bags to ensure roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. They may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Camassia scilloides</i> (Raf.) Cory plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
512 | Camissonia (californica) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose family | Camissonia | californica | (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Raven | CAMCAL | C. californica is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California primrose | Seeds germinate at 23 C. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Camissonia californica</i> (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Raven plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
513 | Camissonia (cheiranthifolia) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose Family | Camissonia | cheiranthifolia | (Hornem ex Spreng.) Raimann. | Oenothera | cheiranthifolia | (Hornem ex Spreng.) | CAMCHE | Marin county, California | <i>C. cheiranthifolia</i> is found from Point Conception, Santa Barbara County north to Coos County, Oregon; and Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Beach Suncups | Seedsare collected between May 1st and September 13th.<br> Mature capsules turn from green to red to brown and split from the top at maturity. Capsules are 10 to 25 mm long, 2 to 2.5 mm wide, 4 angled, generally 2 coiled.<br> Seed is 1.2 to 1.3 mm long, minutely pitted in rows and dull brownish black at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation and mist system and placed on heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers (4 inch pots) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 85%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Camissonia cheiranthifolia</i> (Hornem ex Spreng.) Raimann. plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
514 | Camissonia (hirtella) | Onagraceae | Evenig primrose family | Camissonia | hirtella | (Greene) Raven | Oenothera | hirtella | Greene | CAMHIR | C. hirtella is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Santa Cruz island suncup | Seeds are treated with dry heat at 150 C for 5 minutes for increased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Camissonia hirtella</i> (Greene) Raven plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
515 | Camissonia (micrantha) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose family | Camissonia | micrantha | (Hornem. ex Spreng.) Raven | Oenothera | micrantha | Hornem. ex Spreng | CAMMIC | C. micrantha is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | miniature suncup | Sweeney, J. R. (1956). Responses of vegetation to fire. University of California Press, Berkeley.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.3 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Camissonia micrantha</i> (Hornem. ex Spreng.) Raven plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
516 | Camissonia (micrantha) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose Family | Camissonia | micrantha | (Hornem. ex Spreng.) Raven | Oenothera | micrantha | (Hornem. ex Spreng.) | CAMMIC | Marin County, California | <i>C. micrantha</i> is common in dry, disturbed places below 3,000 feet, near the coast from Marin County to Lower California and the Channel Islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Small Suncups | Seeds are collected between June 13th and July 26th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown and curled on the underside of the stem.<br> Seeds are very small (0.7 to 1.1 mm), and minutely pitted and dull brownish black at maturity. | None required. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Camissonia micrantha</i> (Hornem. ex Spreng.) Raven plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
517 | Campanula (scouleri) | Campanulaceae | Bellflower | Campanula | scouleri | CASC7 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Native to the coast and mountains of western North America from northern California to Alaska. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 14 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pale bellflower | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 weeks | Plants are fast-growing throughout the active growth phase. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 12 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Early October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Campanula scouleri Hook. ex A. DC. Pale bellflower. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CASC7 (accessed 14 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Campanula scouleri</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
518 | Campanula (divaricata) | Liliaceae | Lily | Campanula | divaricata | Michx. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | small bonny bellflower | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Campanula divaricata</i> Michx. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
519 | Campanula (divaricata) | Liliaceae | Lily | Campanula | divaricata | Michx. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | small bonny bellflower | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Campanula divaricata</i> Michx. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
520 | Campanula (rotundifolia) | Campanulaceae | Bellflower Family | Campanula | rotundifolia | L. | CARO2 | Found in dry woodlands, rocky outcrops, and sandy shorelines. Full sun to light shade. Blue-violet bell shaped flower. 4"-12" in height. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Harebell/Bluebell | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. The plant blooms from June to September. The seeds are very tiny and are harvested in September. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of vermiculite or perlite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with 1-3 months of moist cold stratification in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter)14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any size plug. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
521 | Campanula (rotundifolia) | Campanulaceae | Harebell family | Campanula | rotundifolia | L. | CAMROT | C. rotundifolia is a circumboreal species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Harebells | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
522 | Campanula (rotundifolia) | Campanulaceae | Harebell family | Campanula | rotundifolia | L. | CAMROT | Subalpine slope, 1,500m elev.,Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>C. rotundifolia</i> is a widespread circumboreal species that occurs south to Texas, Mexico, and California. It is found from the foothills and plains to the alpine. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainer | 9 Months | Months | Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Harebells | Hand collect mature capsules when they begin to split at the base and turn tan in color. Seed is black at maturity. Seeds are collected and stored in paper bags prior to cleaning. | 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are imbibed in water, and rolled in moist paper towels inserted into an opened ziplock bag. Seeds are stratified at 1 to 3 C. | Greenhouse<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B,0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 0.8 gram of Osmocote and 0.18 gram of Micromax per 160 ml conetainer.<br> | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination was non uniform and continued over a 4 week period. True leaves appeared 4 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are fully root tight 7 weeks after germination. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 2to 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
523 | Campanula (rotundifolia) | Campanulaceae | Campanula | rotundifolia | Cow Creek (98-198s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harebell | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from capsule. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Slow.<p> Cow Creek sowed 1/19/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
524 | Campanula (uniflora) | Campanulaceae | Harebell family | Campanula | uniflora | L. | CAMUNI | C. uniflora is a circumboreal species found growing south from Alaska to Colorado in North America at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | One flowered harebell | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458 | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Campanula uniflora</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
525 | Campanulastrum (americanum) | Campanulaceae | Harebell family | Campanulastrum | americanum | (L.) Small | Campanula | americanum | L. | CAMAME | C. americanum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American harebell | Seeds are non dormant. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin,C.C. The ecological life of Campanula americanum in northcentral Kentucky. Bull. Torrey Botanical Club 111,329-337.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Campanulastrum americanum</i> (L.) Small plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
526 | Campnosperma (brevipetiolata) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac family | Campnosperma | brevipetiolata | CAMBRE | Yap Islands | Romluw is endemic to the Caroline islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Romluw | Fruits must be collected before birds consume the entire crop. Trees typically produce some fruits throughout the year. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 4 weeks | Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Campnosperma brevipetiolata</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
527 | Cananga (odorata) | Annonaceae | Papaya Family | Cananga | odorata | (Lam.) Hooker f. & Thoms. | CANODO | American Samoa | Medium-sized tree occasional to common in disturbed forest, reported from 15 to 600 m elevation. A Polynesian introduction or possibly indigenous to American Samoa, widespread westward to southern Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Moso'oi | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds are sometimes soaked in water before planting to hasten germination and overcome dormancy. Water is absorbed by dry seeds and the moisture content increases rapidly at first, then it levels off. The seed swells and the seed coat may break open. Hot or cold water can be used. Hand-hot water (120-135 degrees F) is recommended for harder seed coats. At the same time, non-viable seeds can be discarded after soaking 12 hours or so. They tend to float while the, viable seed sink. Soaking time can vary from a couple of minutes to 72 hours or more, depending on the seed coat. Use about twice as much water as seeds. The thicker the coat, the longer the soaking time. Change water daily. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<br> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cananga odorata</i> (Lam.) Hooker f. & Thoms. plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
528 | Capparis (sandwichiana) | Capparaceae | Caper Family | Capparis | sandwichiana | DC. | Capparis | sandwichiana | DC. | Variety | zoharyi | O&I Deg. | CAPSAN | Hawaii | Endemic to Hawai'i. Scattered on coral, basaltic rocks, or in soil along the coast or somewhat inland, 0-100 m elevation. Historically known from Midway Atoll, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and Laysan, but thought to be extirpated from these locations today. It is present on all of the main islands. On Midway, Maiapilo was known from Eastern Island where it was last collected in 1923 by E. L. Caum in the central plain of the island. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Maiapilo | Because it no longer occurs in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, seeds will have to be obtained from the main islands where Maiapilo is also declining due to loss of habitat. It is locally abundant in rocky, lava, coastal sites of the main islands. It would have to be decided whether seeds should be cleaned before shipping, which would decrease potential introduction of invertebrates, or if fruit should be shipped whole, which would allow seeds to retain moisture during shipping.<br> Collect the fruits when ripe (soft, orange, and pulpy). | Pretreat seeds with a 24 hour soak in cold water. Seeds do not store, sow immediately.<br> Sowing Method:Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter.Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 1 to 2 months | 8 to 10 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Capparis sandwichiana</i> DC. plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
529 | Cardamine (californica) | Brassicaceae | Mustard Family | Cardamine | californica | (Nutt.) Rollins | Variety | intergrifolia | Dentaria | californica | Nutt. | Variety | integrifolia | Nutt. | CARCAL | MArin County, California | <i>C. californica</i> is found in shady banks and slopes, mostly below 2500 feet; from southwest Oregon to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Milkmaids | Seeds are collected between May 4th and May 25th.<br> Mature fruits begin to turn yellowish-brown and become stiff; eventually fruits split from the top.<br> | Seeds are stratified for 1 month. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 1.4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system and placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination:75%<br> This species has a high rate of germination; 0.7 grams of seed yielded 106 plants. | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | 2 months | After seedlings are well established, they are moved to the shadehouse for continued growth. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cardamine californica</i> (Nutt.) Rollins plants 2 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
530 | Cardamine (concatenata) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Cardamine | concatenata | (Michx.) Sw. | Cardamine | laciniata | (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood | CARCON | C. concatenata is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cut leaf toothwort | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. (1995). Warm plus cold stratification requirement for dormancy break in seeds of the woodland herb Cardamine concatenata (Brassicaceae), and evolutionary implications. Can. J. Bot. 73, 608-612. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cardamine concatenata</i> (Michx.) Sw. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
531 | Cardamine (concatenata) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Cardamine | concatenata | (Michx.) Sw. | CACO26 | BLM, Seeds of Success: Muskego Park Hardwoods State Natural Area, Waukesha County, Wisconsin: 850 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Cutleaf toothwort | Very small lot, 0.018 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cardamine concatenata</i> (Michx.) Sw. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
532 | Cardamine (penduliflora) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Cardamine | penduliflora | Schulz | CAPE2 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Weeks | Weeks | Root mass filling container. | Willamette Valley bittercress | Seed pods quickly turn from green to brown, shattering the seed. Careful monitoring is needed for this species. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1(a soil-less peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | 6-week old cone-tainers were transplanted into 3'X4'X1' tubs filled with 6-8" of Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Tub was placed in an outdoor shadehouse. | Conetainers were filled with roots within 6-weeks. | Plants went dormant by mid summer and re-emerged in early fall. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cardamine penduliflora</i> Schulz plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
533 | Cardionema (ramosissimum) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot Family | Cardionema | ramosissimum | (Weinm.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. | Loeflingia | ramosissima | Weinm. | CARRAM | Marin County, California | <i>C. ramosissimum</i> is found in sandy places in Coastal Strand and north coastal scrub communities; from Washington to Lower California, western Mexico, and Chile. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Sandcarpet | Seeds are collected between July 25th and August 19th.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system and placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:60%<br> This species germinates very well; careful not to oversow flats. Disadvantage to direct seeding is that weed seeds are often mixed in with sandmat seeds. | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers (4 inch pots)containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 85%. | 2 months | After seedlings are well established, they are placed in the shadehouse for continued growth. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cardionema ramosissimum</i> (Weinm.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
534 | Carex | Cyperaceae | Carex | CAREX | Colorado, LakeIrene (98-161s), Alpine Visitor Center (98-211s, 98-217s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sedge | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Strip seeds from head, seeds may be planted as is, or may need the perigymon removed. To do this, crush with hands or use sandpaper blocks.<p> Collected at the Alpine Visitor Center (98-211s) on 8/17/98; Alpine Visitor Center (98-217s) on 9/12/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in small pots, for ease of divisions later.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> Variable.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Variable.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> Not necessary if original planting is into small pots.<p> Lake Irene (98-161s) sowed on 12/17/98; Alpine Visitor Center (98-211s) sowed on 1/20/99; Alpine Visitor Center (98-217s) sowed on 1/20/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse (Alpine seed stored in refrigerator). | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
535 | Carex (aboriginum) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | aboriginum | M.E. Jones | CABA4 | Adams and Washington County, Idaho. The original seed lot was collected near Mesa, Adams County, Idaho (3251 feet /991 meters elevation). Several dozen plants were grown from this collection by Mering Hurd, USFS RMRS (retired), in approximately 2001. | Endemic to a narrow area in west-central Idaho. Grows on ephemerally moist sites in meadows and in gaps within shrub riparian zones. In general, its habitat is transitional between wet, flooded sites and dry, upland areas. It grows in full sun in clay-loam alluvial soils. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch square containers | 7 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling the container. | Indian Valley sedge | Seed was hand collected into paper bags on July 3, 2009 and stored in a cool, dark location prior to treatment. | The sac-like structure (perigynium) enclosing the achenes was not removed. These were soaked in distilled water for 40 hours and cold stratified on moist paper towel in a covered plastic tray at 40ø F for 9 months. Less than 5% of seed was lost to mold. The 2%-5% of seed that germinated after 5 months of cold stratification were moved to containers as they emerged and treated as described below. | Sowing Method: After 9 months, seed was sown 0.5 inch deep in 2.5 inch round coir containers. Soil was a standard commercial seedling mix (no fertilizer added). The flat of containers was covered with a plastic dome and placed on a heat register in a room heated to 68ø F (20ø C). When seed began to germinate, containers were moved to a plant stand with grow lights. Soil was kept moist. | The first germinants were observed 5 days after planting. Within 30 days, 85% of the seed had germinated. One month later, seedlings were repotted into 4 inch square containers and moved into an unheated sunroom where temperatures ranged from 75ø F (24ø C) to 50ø F (10ø C). Containers were moved outside in May and outplanted in September. | About 2 months | Containers were hand watered daily. A weak fish emulsion fertilizer was applied weekly from May through June. | Boufford, D. E. 1997. Fumaria. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 16+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 23, pp. 413-414.
Murphy, Chris. 2002. The status of Carex aboriginum (Indian Valley sedge) in Idaho -- an update. Conservation Data Center. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Natural Resources Bureau, Boise, Idaho. | DeBolt, Ann M.; Barrash, Kris. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex aboriginum</i> M.E. Jones plants 4 inch square containers; Idaho Botanical Garden Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
536 | Carex (abrupta) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | abrupta | Mackenzie | CAAB2 | Seeds were collected from Lassen National Park. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 4 Months | Months | Good looking plug with roots that have tightly filled the cone-tainer. | abruptbeak sedge | Seeds were hand stipped from plants when mature. | Germination trials were established with the following results: 90 days cold stratification, 43% germination; 120 days cold stratification, 33% germination; and 120 days cold stratification, 44% germination. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in greenhouse with daytime temperatures around 80 degrees F. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Carex abrupta</i> Mackenzie plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
537 | Carex (albonigra) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | albonigra | Mack. | CARABL | C. albonigra is found from British Columbia and Alberta south to Arizona at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black and white scaled sedge | Amen, R. D. and Bonde, E. K. (1964). Dormancy and germination in alpine Carex from the Colorado Front Range. Ecology 45, 881-884.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex albonigra</i> Mack. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
538 | Carex (amphibola) | Cyperaceae | sedges | Carex | amphibola | Steud. | CAAM8 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | eastern narrowleaf sedge | Seed of Stones River source eastern narrowleaf sedge was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 30 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by bottom watering. Flats are placed in shallow trays that permit water levels around the flats to be maintained at approximately a one inch depth. | Germination typically occurs 10- 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 10-14 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 4-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. Seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 4-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex amphibola</i> Steud. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
539 | Carex (amplifolia) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | amplifolia | CAAM10 | Willamette National Forest, Oregon | Carex amplifolia is confined to temperate western North America, where it is usually uncommon or rare from coastal lowlands to middle elevations in the mountains | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Bigleaf sedge | Seeds are sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow very quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Flora of North America. nd. Carex amplifolia Boott. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242357036 (accessed 9 Oct 2018). [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Carex amplifolia Boott bigleaf sedge. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CAAM10 (accessed 9 Oct 2018). Painter E. 2016. Common (vernacular) names applied to California vascular plants. Berkeley (CA): University of California Berkeley, The Jepson Online Interchange California Floristics. URL: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_painter_common.pl?17239 (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex amplifolia</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
540 | Carex (aquatilis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | aquatilis | Wahl. | CARAQU | C. aquatilis is a circumboreal species found growing south in North America to New Mexico, California, and New Jersery. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Water sedge | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex aquatilis</i> Wahl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
541 | Carex (aquatilis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | aquatilis | Wahlenberg | Variety | aquatilis | Bogs and marshes throughout Alaska | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cells of dimension: 3" x 3" x 4". Firm root system, healthy shoots (approximately 6 inches or more tall.) | Water Sedge | By gloved hand. Stem is sharp. Fruiting heads are ripe just before shattering. Seeds enclosed in perigynia. When ripe, seeds are brown and hard. Care needs to be taken when harvesting to avoid perigynia smut. | Place 1 g. of seed in cloth bags. Run cold water over them for 24 hours. Either place bags between layers of wet peat (peat sandwich) or plant directly into standard no hole flats containing 18 3x3" cells with obligate soil mixture. Store seeds for spring planting in a cooler over winter to enable a sheltered cold moist stratification (cooler was not turned on, but left to fluctuate with ambient temperature.) | In spring bring planted seeds into greenhouse. Those seeds in peat sandwiches can be planted either directly outside in wetland bed (coir mat with inch of obligate soil mix) or into cells filled with obligate soil mixture and then placed in greenhouse. | If using fishy peat as the peat portion of the obligate soil mix, fertilize with organic compost tea. If soil less mixture used, fertilize with non-organic fertilizer. | Seeds germinate readily with this cold, moist stratification. | Once temperatures outside remain above freezing, move cells to lathhouse. Try to plant C.aquatilis plugs before plants get potbound. If potbound then be sure to tease roots apart when planting. | Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2002. Flora of North America, Volume 23, Oxford University Press,p.397. Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of container Carex aquatilis Wahl. plants (Root Trainer 20); J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 9 April 2002). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery. | Moore, Nancy; Hunt, Peggy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex aquatilis</i> Wahlenberg plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
542 | Carex (aquatilis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | aquatilis | Wahlenb. | CAAQ | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Christmas Meadows, Uintah Mountains, Summit County, Utah: 8790 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Water sedge | Very small lot, 0.12 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex aquatilis</i> Wahlenb. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
543 | Carex (aquatilis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | aquatilis | Wahlenb. | CAAQ | Rocky Mountains, western Wyoming | Throughout North America with the exception of the southeastern states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 3 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling a 10 ci conetainer. | Water sedge | Seed is most commonly collected by hand. Fruiting heads can be cut from stems using shears or a hand scythe. Seed is hard and brown when ripe. | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10ø C (50ø F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. Seed is not stratified prior to planting. | Soil is a 1:1:1 mix of coconut fiber, compost and perlite. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to 25 seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is not covered with any soil or sand, but kept moist with an overhead mist irrigation schedule of 2 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 32 to 43ø C (90 to 110ø F). Night time temperatures average around 30ø C (85ø F). Grow lights are kept on during nighttime hours. | First emergence occurs around 5 to 7 days after planting under temperatures and moisture conditions specified. Full stands (90-100%) are reached in 12 days. | After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 daysthe irrigation amount is increased to 3 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm and grow lights are turned off. Greenhouse day time temperatures are reduced to 30 to 32øC (85 to 90ø F). | 3 months | Heat is turned off and temperatures reduced to ambient conditions. Watering is discontinued approximately 3 days prior to delivery. | Tilley DT, Ogle DG, Cornforth BC. 2010. Quick methods to estimate seed quality. Boise (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Materials Technical Note 35. 13p. | Tilley, Derek James. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex aquatilis</i> Wahlenb. plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
544 | Carex (aquatilis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | aquatilis | CAAQ | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Western United States and north through British Columbia and Alaska | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Aquatic sedge | Seeds are sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow very quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
[NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. aquatic sedge. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CAAQ (accessed 9 Oct 2018). Painter E. 2016. Common (vernacular) names applied to California vascular plants. Berkeley (CA): University of California Berkeley, The Jepson Online Interchange California Floristics. URL: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_painter_common.pl? 55640 (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex aquatilis</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
545 | Carex (aquatilis) | Cyperaceae | Carex | aquatilis | Wahl. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Root Trainer 20 | 0 | Minimum height 12 to 18in. Roots must fill container - 20 cubic inch - because of the propagation environment, many roots came out of the bottom of the plug. The Root Trainer 20 opens up and allows easy extraction of the root system. | Water sedge | Field collected from several sites in the high cacades along edges of lakes. Seeds were collected in the late summer when the seed was tan in appearance and came free when rubbed between the palms of hands. Green seed stays attached. Seed heads were cut or stripped from stem and placed in paper bags for several days before processing. This allowed for the seed to continue to dry. | Seed placed in linen bags and soaked in cold running water for 2 days. Bags were placed between layers of shagnum moss which was kept at 2 degrees C (35 degrees F) for thirty days and then seed was sown. Germination tests were run using 5 treatment methods. Results were as follows: 1) no stratification: 25%; 2) 30 day cold stratification (1C): 25%; 3) 30 day cold stratification in sphagnum moss: 40%; 4) 60 day cold stratification in sphagnum moss: 30%; 5) seed scarified for several minutes in a drum sander and placed in 30 day cold stratification: 15%. | Seed was hand-sown and and covered with a thin layer of quartz grit. Emergence occurred within 10 days of sowing. Media was a Peat:Vermiculite 1:1 ratio mix. Very controlled greenhouse environment for germination phase. Daily temperatures kept between 32 to 35C (90 to 95F) and nighttime temperatures 21C (70F). 90 to 100% humidity during germination through use of foggers. Lights were maintained during the night. | 1 month | After full emergence, the seedlings are moved into the cattle troughs, the troughs are filled with water to a level that is approximately one inch lower than the surface of the media. At this time, fertilizer is added to the water by mixing a Excel 21-5-20 into solution and pouring into the tank. We used enough fertilizer to bring the tank up to 100 ppm of nitrogen. We calculated the ppm of nitrogen using the filled volume of water. The trough is filled each after each time the water has drawn down to the bottom of the trough. This occurs three to five times during the growing season and is temperature dependent. | 2 months | No special measures were taken to harden the seedlings off. Late September to early fall. | Seedlings were lifted late September to early October. | No storage | Hurd HG, Shaw NL. 1991. Seed technology for Carex and Juncus species of the Intermountain Region. Intermountain Nurseryman Association Annual Meeting, 1991 August 12-16; Park City, Utah. P 74-83. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex aquatilis</i> Wahl. plants Root Trainer 20; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
546 | Carex (aquatilis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | aquatilis | Wahl. | CARAQU | Valley bottom, agricultural site | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 2 Months | Months | Stock Type: Root Trainer 20 Height: 12 to 18 inches Caliper: not applicable to sedges Root System: Filled container - 20 cubic inch - because of the propagation environment, many roots came out of the bottom of the plug. The Root Trainer 20 opens up and allows easy extraction of the root system. | Water sedge | Field collected from several sites in the high cacades along edges of lakes. Collector/Date: Steinfeld, late summer 1998. | Seed Treatments: Seed placed in linen bags and soaked in cold running water for 2 days. Bags were placed between layers of shagnum moss which was kept at 2 degrees C (35 degrees F) for thirty days and then seed was sown. % Germination: Germination tests were run using 5 treatment methods. Results were as follows: 1) no stratification: 99%; 2) 30 day cold stratification (1C): 99%; 3) 30 day cold stratification in sphagnum moss: 97%; 4) 60 day cold stratification in sphagnum moss: 95%; 5) seed scarified for several minutes in a drum sander and placed in 30 day cold stratification: 80%. | Propagation Environment: Very controlled greenhouse environment for establishment phase. Daily temperatures kept between 32 to 35C (90 to 95F) and nighttime temperatures 21C (70F). After establishment, seedlings are moved out of the greenhouse and placed in cattle troughs and filled with water. Growing period is from June to September. The climate in the Rogue Valley at during this period is very dry and clear. Average daily high in the summer is in the high 80's and with occasional highs of over 105F. Summer humidity is usually below 30%. Growing Media: Peat:Vermiculite 1:1 ratio Container Type: Root Trainer 20. 20 cubic inch.Sowing Date: Three to four sowings beginning early July and ending early August. % Emergence and Date: Emergence occurred within 10 days of sowing. Sowing Technique: Hand sowing and covering with a thin layer of quartz grit. | No special care | After the plants are moved into the cattle troughs, the troughs are filled with water to a level that is approximately one inch lower than the surface of the media. At this time, fertilizer is added to the water by mixing a Excel 21-5-20 into solution and pouring into the tank. We used enough fertilizer to bring the tank up to 100 ppm of nitrogen. We calculated the ppm of nitrogen using the filled volume of water. The trough is filled each after each time the water has drawn down to the bottom of the trough. This occurs three to five times during the growing season and is temperature dependent. | No special measures were taken to harden the seedlings off. | Total Time to Harvest: Seedlings were ready for outplanting in 2 months. Harvest Date:Late September to early fall Storage Conditions: Seedlings were not stored before outplanting | 0 | References: Hurd HG, Shaw NL. 1991. Seed technology for Carex and Juncus species of the Intermountain Region. Intermountain Nurseryman Association Annual Meeting, 1991 August 12-16;Park City, Utah. P 74-83. | Steinfeld, David. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex aquatilis</i> Wahl. plants 1+0 container; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
547 | Carex (athrostachya) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | athrostachya | Olney | CARATH | Glacier National Park; Camas area | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Seeds | 1 Years | Years | Slenderbeak sedge | In a cultivated seed production situation, seedheads can be either hand harvested or mechanically harvested with a swather. When harvested with a swather, it is necessary to hand harvest lateral seed heads afterwards. | It is assumed that cold moist chilling of 60 to 90 days is adequate for fresh seed. | Rototill the planting site prior to container planting. Several methods can be used to plant the seedlings including digging a shallow trench, digging individual holes, or drilling individual holes. Space the rows 3-feet apart and plant the seedlings 1-foot apart within the row. Irrigate the planting thoroughly to eliminate air pockets. | About 500, 1-0 plants yielded 5 g of seed at the end of the first field season, 1.271 kg the second year, and 0.674 kg the third year. No experience with artificial storage, although it is assumed that this species will store and ship well under proper conditions. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex athrostachya</i> Olney seeds Seeds; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
548 | Carex (athrostachya) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | athrostachya | Olney | CARATH | Glacier National Park, Camas area | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Slenderbeak sedge | Sow seeds onto a fine textured commercial peat-lite mix with high water holding capacity. Sow several seeds into each container, a 10-cubic-inch conetainer is adequate for 1-0 production. Moisten the seeds and media thoroughly and allow them to imbibe water overnight in a warm location. Move the containers to a 34 to 37øF cooler for a cold moist chilling. In one project, cold moist chilling of fresh seed for 75 days resulted in relatively high germination, although measurements were not taken. It is assumed that cold moist chilling of 60 to 90 days is adequate for fresh seed. | Grow the seedlings in a greenhouse maintained at 75 to 80øF days and 65 to 70øF nights. | Plants moved to an outdoor hoophouse in 10-cubic-inch conetainers in early October hardened off and overwintered very well. | Although we normally prefer 60 days of hardening off prior to outplanting or overwintering, this species became acclimated to ambient conditions in less than 30 days in an outdoor hoophouse. | No experience although this species overwintered well in 10-cubic-inch conetainers as previously described. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex athrostachya</i> Olney plants USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
549 | Carex (athrostachya) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | athrostachya | Olney. | CARATHÿ | Marsh, Camas- Glacier National Park, 1100m elev. Flathead Co., MT. | <i>C. athrostachya</i> is a widespread cordilleran species, occurring from low to mid-montane elevations, in wet habitats such as marshes, seeps or swales where water is standing at least part of the year. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 ml (10 cu. in.) conetainer.ÿ | Slender-beaked sedge | Hand collect mature inflorescences when perigynia and scales turn dark brown are are easily stripped from the stalk. Seeds are collected in early October and stored in paper bags prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold,moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept moist during germination. Seeds did not germinate until June, when temperatures reached into the 22C+ range during the day. This species appears to require warmer germination temperatures. Germination appeared to be very uniform. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after initial germination. | 4 weeks | Shoot and root development occur at a moderate rate compared to high elevation species. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Native and Introduced Species Statistics, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex athrostachya</i> Olney. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
550 | Carex (blanda) | Cyperaceae | sedges | Carex | blanda | Dewey | CABL | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | eastern woodland sedge | Seed of Stones River source eastern woodland sedge was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 30 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by bottom watering. Flats are placed in shallow trays that permit water levels around the flats to be maintained at approximately a one inch depth. | Germination typically occurs 10- 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 10-14 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 4-6 months to promote devlopment of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fiberous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. Seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 4-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex blanda</i> Dewey plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
551 | Carex (brevior) | Cyperaceae | Sedges | Carex | brevior | (Dewey) Mackenzie | CARBRE | Central Iowa | Broadly distributed across the U.S. east of the Rocky Mts to New Enland, south to Texas; excluding the Southeastern U.S. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2.5x16 cm 'Ray Leach' conetainer, 66 ml vol | 2 Months | Months | 'Conteainer-grown' seedling plugs | Plains oval sedge | Hand-harvested from native remnant prairies from late June through early July. | Perigynia will germinate fresh, but germination improves after a period of cold, moist stratification (40 F in moist sand for 10 days up to 4 weeks). | Sow perigynia at 1/8 inch depth (soiless mix amended with 15-9-12; 180 day Osmocote) | Medium should be kept moist throughout germination phase, either by bottom watering or overhead mist system. Germination occurs rapidly after stratification as described above. | 2 months | Seedling plugs transplanted into weedbarrier late-April, 8 inches on center as a block. Plants grow vigorously during cool spring and fall weather. Fall transplanted seedlings flower and set fruit the following summer. | Advisable to hardened-off if transplanted prior to last frost. | one week | Stores well under refrigeration | Houseal, Greg A. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex brevior</i> (Dewey) Mackenzie plants 2.5x16 cm 'Ray Leach' conetainer, 66 ml vol; Tallgrass Prairie Center Cedar Falls, Iowa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
552 | Carex (breweri) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | breweri | Boott | CABR12 | USFS, Deschutes National Forest, Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District, Oregon: 6500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Brewer's sedge | Very small lot, 0.39 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex breweri</i> Boott seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
553 | Carex (canescens) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | canescens | L. | CARCAN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Silver sedge | Seeds were cold stratified for 30 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 20/10 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Schuetz and Millberg. Seed dormancy in Carex canescens: regional differences and ecological consequences Oikios. 78, 420-428. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex canescens</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
554 | Carex (cherokeensis) | Cyperaceae | sedges | Carex | cherokeensis | Schwein | CACH3 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | Cherokee sedge | Seed of Stones River source Cherokee sedge was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 30 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by bottom watering. Flats are placed in shallow trays that permit water levels around the flats to be maintained at approximately a one inch depth. | Germination typically occurs 10- 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 10-14 days | After germination,flats are removed from the trays of water and placed on greenhouse benches. Seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 4-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. Seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 4-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex cherokeensis</i> Schwein plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
555 | Carex (comosa) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | comosa | Boot. | CARCOM | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Longhair sedge | Seeds were cold stratified for 84 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 25/20 C. Germination was greater in light than dark | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Baskin et al. 1996b. Effect of flooding on annual dormancy cycles in buried seeds of two wetland Carex species. Wetlands 16, 84-88. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex comosa</i> Boot. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
556 | Carex (complanata) | Cyperaceae | sedges | Carex | complanata | Torr. & Hook. | CACO9 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | hiruste sedge | Seedof Stones River source eastern woodland sedge was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 30 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by bottom watering. Flats are placed in shallow trays that permit water levels around the flats to be maintained at approximately a one inch depth. | Germination typically occurs 10- 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 10-14 days | After germination, flats are removed from the trays of water and placed on greenhouse benches. Seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 4-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. Seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 4-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex complanata</i> Torr. & Hook. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
557 | Carex (cusickii) | Cyperaceae | Carex | cusickii | CARCUS | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Root Trainer 20 | 3 Months | Months | Height - 30 to 45cm (12 to 18 in). Caliper is not applicable to sedges. Rootsystem must fill container but because of the propagation environment, many roots came out of the bottom of the plug. The Root Trainer 20 opens up and allows easy extraction of the root system. | Cusick sedge | Field collected from marshes around Parsnip Lake, 22km (14 miles) southwest of Ashland Oregon at 1200m (4000ft) in the Cascade Mountains by David Steinfeld, late summer 1998. Seeds were collected when the seed was tan in appearance and came free when rubbed between the palms of hands. Green seed stays attached. Seed heads were cut or stripped from stem and placed in paper bags for several days before processing. This allowed for the seed to continue to dry. Seed was rubbed between two small pieces of corrugated plastic until the seed was free. It wassieved through one screen and further cleaned by running it through a vacuum separator. Seed was stored in closed-lid jar and placed in a refrigerator at 2C (35F). | Seed was placed in linen bags and soaked in cold running water for 2 days. Bags were placed between layers of shagnum moss which was kept at 2C (35 F) for thirty days and then seed was sown. | Very controlled greenhouse environment for establishment phase. Daily temperatures are kept between 32 to 35C (90 to 95F) and nighttime temperatures 21C (70F). Lights are on all night. Foggers come on when humidity drops below 90% and irrigation by small set sprinklers occurs every hour. After establishment, seedlings are moved out of the greenhouse and placed in cattle troughs and filled with water. Growing period is from June to September. The climate in the Rogue Valley at during this period is very dry and clear. Average daily high in the summer averages 30C (86F) with occasional highs of over 40C (105F). Summer humidity is usually below | 1 month | After the plants were moved into the cattle troughs, the troughs were filled with water to a level approximately one inch lower than the surface of the media. At this time, fertilizer is added to the water by mixing a Excel 21-5-20 into solution and pouring into the tank. We used enough fertilizer to bring the tank up to 100 ppm of nitrogen. We calculated the ppm of nitrogen using the filled volume of water. The trough is filled each after each time the water has drawn down to the bottom of the trough. This occurs two to three times during the growing season and is temperature dependent. | 2 months | No special measures were taken to harden the seedlings off. | Harvested late September to early fall. Seedlings were not stored | Hurd HG, Shaw NL. 1991. Seed technology for Carex and Juncus species of the Intermountain Region. Intermountain Nurseryman Association Annual Meeting, 1991 August 12-16; Park City, Utah. P 74-83. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex cusickii</i> plants Root Trainer 20; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
558 | Carex (cusickii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | cusickii | CACU5 | Willamette National Forest, Oregon | Northwestern North America, except Nevada | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Cusick's sedge | Seeds are sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow very quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Carex cusickii Mack. ex Piper & Beattie Cusick’s sedge. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CACU5 (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex cusickii</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
559 | Carex (densa) | Cyperaceae | sedge family | Carex | densa | Carex | breviligulata | CADE8 | Seeds from Douglas Co. Oregon | Found on the west side of the Cascade Mountain range from central Washington (rare), throughout western Oregon, to northern California. Grows in dense tufts 1.5–3.5 feet tall in seasonally wet areas, such as in vernal pools, on ditchbanks, or wet meadows and marshes from coastal lowlands to western hillsides. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | dense sage | Moderate. Carex densa should be fairly easy to identify as it has a specific growth habit and generally has relatively large inflorescences (1 to 2¼ inches long by ½ to 1 inch wide) on tall stems (up to waist-height).Seeds per pound: 600,000–700,000 | Seeds germinated within 2 weeks when placed in a warm greenhouse (75 degrees). Trials were conducted using different lengths of cold moist stratification: Percent germination with no stratification = 75, 45 days cold-moist stratification= 40, 90 days cold moist stratification= 55 | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Carex densa</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
560 | Carex (deweyana) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | deweyana | Schwein | CADE9 | seeds were collected from Olympic National Park, in the Elwha river basin. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Good looking plug with roots that tightly fill the cone-tainer. | Dewey | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media? amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats were placed in a warm (80 degree) greenhouse. | Emergence occured withiin two weeks. Germination isusually around 90%. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex deweyana</i> Schwein plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
561 | Carex (deweyana) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | deweyana | Schwein. | CARDEW | Cedar/Hemlock forest margin, Avalanche, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT., 1100m elevation. | <i>C. deweyana</i> grows in moist forest openings and streambanks, from near sea level to near tree line, widespread throughout North America and eastern Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves; 15 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Dewey's sedge | Seeds are collected in late August when perigynia turn tan and are easily stripped from the inflorescence. Seeds ares collected in paper bags and stored in drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement. Aminimum of 30 day cold, moist stratification and germination under fluctuating temperatures is recommended for this species. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following 2 weeks of temperatures at 22C or above. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination.ÿ Plants were occasionally fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants were fully root tight 10 weeks after germination. | 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex deweyana</i> Schwein. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
562 | Carex (erythrorhizos) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | erythrorhizos | L. | CARERY | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red-root flat sedge | Seeds were cold stratified for 90 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 35/20 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br> Baskin et al. 1993a. Seed germination ecophysiology of of four summer annual mudflat species of Cyperaceae Aquatic Botany. 45-41-52. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex erythrorhizos</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
563 | Carex (exserta) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | exserta | Meadows; 7,000-10,000 feet elevation. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Shorthair Sedge | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Divisions were placed into Vitamin B-1 solution for 15 minutes to help prevent transplant shock. Seeds: none. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for seed maturity could not be found.<br>
<b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown; no known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex exserta</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
564 | Carex (feta) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | feta | L.H. Bailey | CAFE4 | Yosemite National Park | Western North America; British Columbia, WA, OR and CA. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 5 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Greensheath sedge | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%.
We compared germination of seed with the perigynium removed versus seed with the perigynium intact. We also compared germination in standard petri dishes with germination paper versus seed placed in an aerated bath. Aerated seed both with and without the perigynium achieved over 80% germination within 7 days. Seed on germination paper with the perigynium intact had 21% germination after 7 days, while seed on germination paper with the perigynium removed had 46% germination. | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Two to five seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is lightly covered with pea gravel, but not so much that it significantly restricts light reaching the seed. The soil surface is kept moist with 20 minutes of daily irrigation from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). | 8 weeks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution. | 4 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 1 week | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex feta</i> L.H. Bailey Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
565 | Carex (feta) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | feta | Bailey | CAFE4 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Greensheath sedge | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of containers were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures. (70 degree days/50 degree nights) Seeds germinated after 4 weeks in the greenhouse. | Bartow, Amy L. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex feta</i> Bailey plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
566 | Carex (grisea) | Cyperacea | sedge family | Carex | grisea | Wahlemb. | Carex | amphibola | Steud. | Variety | turgida | Fern. | CAGR24 | native plant nursery, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe , IL | Mesic deciduous forests and forest openings, N.B., Ont., Que., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 1/2 inch container | 10 Months | Months | firmly rooted in a 2 1/2 inch container | inflated narrow-leaf sedge | Seed was collected when ripe in late spring/early summer. | seedsown fresh | Growing Environments: A fully automated greenhouse and a quonset equipped with heater and limited cooling capacity.<br> Containers: Seed sown into ITML brand 128 cell plug trays.<br> Plugs transplanted into T.&O. Plastics brand SVD 2 1/2 inch containers. <br> Media: Seed sown into Fafard Super Fine Germinating Mix. Plugs transplanted into Sunshine SB300 Universal bark mix. | Sow date was late July. Seeds were hand sown 5 to 7 seeds per cell to produce a clump. Seed was not covered because light aids in germination. Flats were grown for 12 weeks in a shaded greenhouse under an automated mist system set at 3 seconds of mist every 30 minutes. Air temperature was set at 65 F and bottom heat was run at 60 F. Flats were moved to a shaded quonset for 16 weeks. Temperatures were kept as close to 38 F as possible but not allowed to go below freezing. Flats were then moved back to initial greenhouse until germination. After germination, flats were moved to a fully automated greenhouse. Temperatures were set at 68 F days and 64 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Seedlings were hand watered when dry and fertilized weekly with 20-2-20 fertilizer at 200 ppm. | 33 weeks | Plugs were transplanted when firmly rooted in mid March. Plants were grown in a fully automated greenhouse where temperatures were set at 65 F days and 61 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Plants were hand watered when dry and fertilized weekly with 20-10-20 fertilizer at 237 ppm. | 8 weeks | Plants were moved outdoors to a cold frame in late May. | 2 weeks | Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 12+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol 23, 2002.<br> USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http:/plants.usda.gov, 5 October 2007) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Thomas, Catherine Suzanne. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex grisea</i> Wahlemb. plants 2 1/2 inch container; Chicago Botanic Garden - Propagation Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
567 | Carex (gynodynama) | Cyperaceae | sedge family | Carex | gynodynama | Carex | blankinshipii | CAGY3 | seeds collected from Douglas Co, Oregon | This plant can be found in both Oregon and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | wonder-woman sedge | This seed needs 90 days of cool/moist (38F) stratification in order to break dormancy. Seeds that were not stratified and placed in a warm greenhouse only showed 2% germination. Seeds that were exposed to 90 days of c/m stratification showed 90% germination. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex gynodynama</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
568 | Carex (halliana) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | halliana | Bailey | Carex | oregonensis | Olney ex Bailey | CAHA2 | Crater Lake National Park; 5,500 to 6,500 ft elevation | Oregon, Washington, and northern California, on dry, open or thinly wooded meadows, often on pumice soils | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-gallon containers | 0 | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Hall's sedge | Seed heads are fairly large, with angular seeds and rather easily collected at maturity. Seed maturity was quite variable within and between sites and was collected throughout July and August. Seed heads were hand-stripped or carefully clipped and kept in paper sacks out of direct sunlight. | Seed coat dormancy: seed must be dehulled as noted above, and then cold-moist stratified. Germination of a 1-year old seed lot sown into seedling flats and held in cold moist stratification for 68, 173, and 282 days yeilded 25%, 46% and 49% germination, repsectively. The 173 - and 282-day stratified seed emerged at 14 days, vs 22 days for the 68-day strat treatment, and seedling vigor was also increased with the longer strat times. Seed that was not dehulled had less than 1% germination regardless of length of time held in stratification. | Seed was placed directly into Ray-leach "stubby" cones filled with Fisons' sunshine #1 soilless potting mix; or sown into 5" deep starter flats filled with Fisons' #1 and placed into a walk-in cooler for stratification (see above). | Flats were fertilized once with Peters' 9 -45-15 starter once after seedling emergence seemed complete. | 6 weeks | Seedlings were transplanted into Ray-Leach cone- tainers filled with Fisons Sunshine #1 soilless greenhouse mix for the first season, and moved out to a shade-house with 40% shade cloth in May when the poly greenhouse became too warm. Plants were fertilized every 2 to 3 weeks with half-strength Peters' Triple 20 N-P-K fertilizer and sprinkler irrigated as needed between fertilizations. Some leaf spot occurred transiently in the first year, but did not require treatment. In the spring of the 2nd year, the plants had filled the cones and some had new shoots developing from rhizomes that had grown down through the cones and out the drainage holes at the bottom. These were divided in April and repotted into 1-gallon ribbed containers filled with Sunshine #4 Aggregate-Plus and amended with Slow-release Osmocote and micromax micronutrients. | April to August | Fertilization was withheld after July, and irrigation intervals lengthened in August and September to encourage vegetative maturity. | 2 months | Plants were stored over winter in an unheated poly greenhouse. In September the 2nd year, plants in one-gallon pots were lightly watered in August and packed in waxed cardboard tree boxes and shipped to Crater Lake in a refrigerated semi. Plants arrived at Crater Lake in good shape and were held near their headquarters for a few additional weeks of acclimation prior to outplanting | see above | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex halliana</i> Bailey plants 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
569 | Carex (haydeniana) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | haydeniana | Olney | CARHAY | Logan Pass area of Glacier National Park. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Propagation Goal: Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration. | 0 | Cloud sedge | Our only experience is with a 6-month cold moist chilling in a refrigerator maintained at 34 to 37øF. The seeds were sown on germination pads in petri dishes and kept moist for the duration of the cold chill. The stratified seeds were subsequently exposed to 3 irradiance levels (full, partial, zero) in an environmental growth chamber maintained at 86øF days for an 8-hour daylight photoperiod and 68øF nights for 16 hours. Each treatment consisted of 5 reps of 25 seed/rep. This species was very sensitive to decreasing light intensities. Germination decreased from 44.8% at full irradiance (mean 268 footcandles) to 16% at partial (mean 23 foot candles) and 0.8% at zero irradiance. Seedling mortality was highest at the partial irradiance level at only 5%. No seedling mortality occurred in the full or zero treatments. A small amount (<2.5%) of additional germination occurred in the zero irradiance groups after a secondary full irradiance. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex haydeniana</i> Olney plants Propagation Goal: Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
570 | Carex (haydeniana) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | haydeniana | Olney. | CARHAY | Disturbed subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2200m elev. | <i>C. haydeniana</i> is a western North American species, mostly east of the Cascades, occurring near to above tree line, in wet to moderately dry habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 116 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 116 ml conetainers. | Hayden's sedge | Collect mature inflorescences in late August and early September when perigynia and scales turn dark brown. Scissors are used for cuttings mature tops. Seed is stored in paper bags in drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold-moist stratification. Fill rates may be highly variable. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown;needs light for germination.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0 .1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Seeds germinate under fluctuating temperatures in spring after snow melt and are irrigated with an overhead irrigation system. | Media is kept moist during germination. Shoot and root development occur rapidly occur rapidly following germination. | 4 weeks | This high elevation species is adapted to very rapid growth and development. Additional fertilization was not required for plants to attain root-tightness in 5 weeks. Plants held over in the nursery the second year were flowering 4 weeks after snowmelt. | 5 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date:July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press,7th printing, 1985.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Native and Introduced Species Statistics, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> The Sedge Family of British Columbia, Taylor,T.M.C., B.C. Provincial Museum, Handbook #43, 1983.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex haydeniana</i> Olney. plants 116 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
571 | Carex (hendersonii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | hendersonii | Bailey | CAHE7 | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Henderson's sedge | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.)Flats were covered with polyethlene bags and placed in the walk-in cooler for 90-days. After stratification flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Emergeence was oserved within two weeks. | Bartow, Amy L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex hendersonii</i> Bailey plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
572 | Carex (hoodii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | hoodii | Boot. | CARHOO | C. hoodii is found throughout the western United States and Canada; from lowlands to the subalpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hood's sedge | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 22D/17N C alternating temperature cycle. | McDonough, W. T. (1970). Germination of 21 species collected from high-elevation rangeland in Utah. Amer. Midl. Nat. 84, 551-554.<br> Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex hoodii</i> Boot. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
573 | Carex (hoodii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | hoodii | Boott | CAHO5 | Yosemite National Park | Western North America from the Rocky Mountain states west. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 4 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Hood’s sedge | We placed the seed into finely woven mesh bags and then placed the mesh bags into gallon freezer bags filled with wet soil mix. These were placed in a cooler at 4.5° C (40° F) for 90 days. After stratification the 5 to 15 seeds were planted onto the soil surface in 10 ci conetainers filled with Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer was added to the soil mix. | The soil surface is kept moist with short, intermittent 2 minute mistings at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00 and 17:00 from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Once each week the cones receive a longer duration misting of 40 to 60 minutes. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F).
Seed was planted on March 22. Plants were fully established within 8 weeks. | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution.
The 10 ci conetainers were fully rooted within 4 months; however we maintained the plants until late August (about 5 months) when the outplanting site was ready. | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 2 wks | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex hoodii</i> Boott Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
574 | Carex (hoodii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | hoodii | Boott | CAHO5 | BLM, Seeds of Success, North end of Trout Creek Ridge in a South facing meadow about 5 miles up Trout Creek Road from junction of US Hwy. 40, Wasatch County, Utah: 9380 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Hood's sedge | Very small lot, 0.46 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex hoodii</i> Boott seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
575 | Carex (hoodii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | hoodii | Boott. | CARHOO | Subalpine meadows, Granite Park, 2200 elevation. | <i>C. hoodii</i> is a western North American species, mostly east of the Cascades, occurring near to above treeline, in wet to moderately dry habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 490 ml containers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 490 ml (4.5 inch) pots. | Hood's sedge | Hand collect in early September when perigynia and scales turn dark brown. Mature inflorescences are cut with scissors and kept in paper bags in drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold-moist stratification. | Outdoor Nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown; needs light for germination.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Seeds are subjected to diurnal temperatures of 13 to 21C during the day and O to 5C at night during germination. Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. | 4 weeks | This high elevation species is adapted to very rapid growth and development. Additional fertilization was not required for plants to attain root-tightness in 5 weeks. Plants held over in the nursery the second year were flowering 4 weeks after snowmelt. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Native and Introduced Species Statistics, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Cox, Robin; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex hoodii</i> Boott. plants 490 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
576 | Carex (illota) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | illota | CAIL | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Western United States | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Sheep sedge | Seeds are sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow very quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Carex illota L.H. Bailey sheep sedge. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CACIL (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex illota</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
577 | Carex (jonesii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | jonesii | L. Bailey | CAJO | Seeds were collected from Lassen National Park. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 4 Weeks | Weeks | Good looking plug with roots that tightly fill the cone-tainer. | Jones' sedge | Seeds were hand stripped from plants when mature. | Germination trials were performed using different lengths of cold-moist stratification. No strat= 56% germination. 45 days of strat= 62% germination. 90 days strat= 48% germination. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers germinated in warm temperatures around 80 degrees F. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Carex jonesii</i> L. Bailey plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
578 | Carex (jonesii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | jonesii | L.H. Bailey | CAJO | USFS, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Chiloquin Ranger District, 450 Spring, Chiloquin, Oregon: 5700 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Jones' sedge | Small lot, 0.795 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex jonesii</i> L.H. Bailey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
579 | Carex (lenticularis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | lenticularis | CALE8 | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon; Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington | Most of Northern and Western North America | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Lakeshore sedge | Seeds are sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow very quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Carex lenticularis Michx. lakeshore sedge. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CALE8 (accessed 9 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex lenticularis</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
580 | Carex (leptopoda) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | leptopoda | CALE24 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Western North America | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Tapefruit shortscale sedge | Seeds are sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow very quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Painter E. 2016. Common (vernacular) names applied to California vascular plants. Berkeley (CA): University of California Berkeley, The Jepson Online Interchange California Floristics. URL: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_painter_common.pl?17564 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Carex leptopoda Mack. taperfruit shortscale sedge. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CALE24 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex leptopoda</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
581 | Carex (luzulina) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | luzulina | Olney | CALU7 | USFS, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Chiloquin Ranger District, 450 Spring, Chiloquin, Oregon: 5700 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Woodrush sedge | Very small lot, 0.085 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex luzulina</i> Olney seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
582 | Carex (macrocephala) | Cyperaceae | Carex | macrocephala | CAMA10 | Central Oregon Coast | coastal sands in Oregon north to Alaska | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Deepot D40 (2.5" diam. x 10" deep) | 6 months | large plug with greater resilience to drying out during summer growth period | big-head sedge | Female inflorescences with visible signs of seed set were collected from wild populations on the Central Oregon Coast in August and September | Germination requirements were evaluated in germination boxes by looking at three scarification treatments (none, medium mechanical scarification with sandpaper, heavy mechanical scarification with sandpaper and the subsequent physical removal of the achene from the peryginial bracts) and different periods of cold-moist stratification (0 weeks, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 4 weeks warm-moist stratification followed by 4 weeks cold-moist stratification). The highest germination was achieved with 8 weeks cold-moist stratification utilizing the achenes only that had been heavily mechanically scarified to remove them from the peryginial bracts prior to temperature treatment. After 8 weeks cold-moist stratification, seeds were placed at 80F; 67% germination occurred in 2-3 weeks. Suspicious that higher temperatures would promote more germination, after three weeks at 80F, temperature was increased to 95F; this stimulated mean germination to increase to 76% within one week. It is possible that putting seeds in a 95F environment immediately after cold-moist stratification would stimulate quicker germination. | Half of the containers were filled with ProMix-HP+, a high porosity peat and perlite-based medium. The remaining half of containers were filled with a mix of 1 part washed river sand to 2 parts ProMix-HP+. | Plugs were well rooted and ready for transplant in 6 months from emergence. Establishment from seed was 71% in the ProMix-HP+ medium and 85% in the sand and ProMix mixture. Large plugs were used in this effort because the project had goals other than plug production.
In another propagation effort, heavily scarified seeds (some achenes were incidentally removed from the peryginia during the scarification process but many still remained enclosed within the bracts upon sowing) were sown 5-7 seeds per cell in 73 cell trays (individual cells are 1.5" diam. x 2.75" deep and 2.5 in3) filled with ProMix-HP+, wrapped in plastic bags, and placed in a 40F refrigerator for cold-moist stratification. After 8 weeks in the refrigerator, trays were removed and placed on a heat mat at approx 95F in a greenhouse. Seedings emerged within 2 weeks and nearly all cells contained germinants. Roots adequately filled the cells and cells were transplantable after 12 weeks. | Silvernail, Ian. 2021. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex macrocephala</i> Plants Deepot D40 (2.5" diam. x 10" deep); USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
583 | Carex (mariposana) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | mariposana | Meadows; 3,900-10,400 feet in elevation in California. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mariposa Sedge | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Seed: none. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carriedout by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex mariposana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
584 | Carex (mertensii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | mertensii | Prescott ex Bong. | CAME6 | Mount Rainier National Park, 4,200 to 4,400 ft elev. | Pacific Northwest and northern California, north to Alaska, Idaho and Montana. In our collection, plants were found in open areas growing with Lupinus latifolius and other forbs along roadsides. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed | 2 Years | Years | Clean seed with no noxious weeds; seed weights averaged 1,565,500 seed / lb. | Merten's sedge | Seeds hand-stripped from individual plants into cloth or paper sacks; or seed heads clipped with hand pruners where plants were more abundant | none - our lots showed 53 to 63% germination. | Fine, weed-free seed bed. Due to lack of available herbicides to suppress weedy grasses, our best results were obtained by carbon-banding. In this method, seed was sown in spring with a Hege precision seeder, at 30 " rows, 100 seeds / ft row; overspraying the seed with an activated charcoal slurry (carbon-banding) followed by a field application of Karmex broad spectrum pre-emergent herbicide at 2.2 lbs ai/ acre (equipment for applying the carbon slurry was provided on loan from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in Corvallis). The system consists of a tank with mechanical agitator to keep the charcoal in solution, and an impeller pump connected to tubing with large-diameter nozzles directed over the seeding row to deposit the slurry in a 1/8 to 1/4 inch band directly over the seeded row. The system is front-mounted on the tractor while seeding equipment is pulled behind . | Irrigation applied in May through July of first year. Weed control was provided by hand-hoeing, shallow rototilling between rows, and spot applications of Roundup herbicide. Seedling emergence was somewhat slow and spotty; initial vigor is only fair. | 3 months | Continued weed control as needed - in subsequent years, early spring weed control was important t o reduce competition from weedy grasses and broadleaves. Low rates of ammonium nitrate (25 lbs N / ac) was applied in late winter; and three applications of Tilt fungicide for rust control were made from late March to early May, before flowering and seed set. | April to June; seeds ready to harvest in June of 2nd year. | Fields become summer-dormant after harvest | na | Seed heads were hand-clipped into sacks or pails and taken to a warm, dry poly greenhouse to be spread out on tarps to dry. Mechanical harvesting would be feasible with larger plots; as seed ripened fairly uniformly at Corvallis. Unlike seed threshing and cleaning operations; none of the staff noticed any irritating effects from handling and clipping the plants at harvest time. | not determined; our seeds stored well for a few years in cool ((40F) dry conditions at Corvallis. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996 <p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823 <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex mertensii</i> Prescott ex Bong. seeds seed; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
585 | Carex (mertensii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | mertensii | J.D. Prescott ex Bongard | Wet meadows and streambanks, Hatcher Pass, Alaska | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Multiple leaves, firm root plug. | Merten's Sedge | By hand when seeds start to shatter in late August, September. Seeds are brown. | Wash seeds for 12 hours in cold, running water before planting. | Soil type: Fac/Wet. Plant in spring in root trainer with 1 to 2 seeds per cell. Cover seeds very lightly with sifted soil. Initial propagation site is greenhouse. | Germination occurs between 15 and 30 days after planting with a uniform maintenance of warm, moist, and light environmental conditions. Plants moved to lathhouse to harden off after last frost. Fertilize minimally after true leaves appear. | Two months. | Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2002. Flora of North America, Volume 23, Oxford University Press, p.407. | Moore, Nancy; Hunt, Peggy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex mertensii</i> J.D. Prescott ex Bongard plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
586 | Carex (microptera) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | microptera | CAMI7 | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon | Western North America | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Smallwing sedge | Seeds are sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 20 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow very quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Painter E. 2016. Common (vernacular) names applied to California vascular plants. Berkeley (CA): University of California Berkeley, The Jepson Online Interchange California Floristics. URL: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_painter_common.pl?17628 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Carex microptera Mack. smallwing sedge. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CAMI7 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex microptera</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
587 | Carex (microptera) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | microptera | Mackenzie | CAMI7 | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | smallwing sedge | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers germinated in warm temperatures around 80 degrees F. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex microptera</i> Mackenzie seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
588 | Carex (microptera) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | microptera | Mack. | CAMI7 | BLM, Seeds of Success: Meadows and riparian areas along Trout Creek about 5 miles up Trout Creek Road from junction of US Hwy. 40, Wasatch County, Utah: 7925 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Smallwing sedge | Very small lot, 0.06 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex microptera</i> Mack. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
589 | Carex (multicostata) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | multicostata | Mackenzie | CAMU6 | Seeds were collected from Crater Lake. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | manyrib sedge | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats were covered with polyethlene bags and placed in the walk-in cooler for 90-days. After stratification flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) Trays removed at 5 weeks resulted in good emergence after two weeks. Seedlings were vigorous and germination was estimated at 80%. No significant differences in emergence or seedling vigor were noted between 5, 10 or 16 week-stratified seeds. 0 germinants were observed in control flats. | Bartow, Amy L. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex multicostata</i> Mackenzie plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
590 | Carex (nebrascensis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | nebrascensis | Dewey | CARNEB | Idaho | Nebraska sedge is found from Alberta and Saskatchewan south throughout the western United States and Great Plains to Nebraska and east to Missouri and Illinois. It inhabits wet meadows and swales in open grasslands from sea level to 2,500 m (0 to 8,202 ft). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nebraska sedge | Mature female spikes containing the achenes can be collected by hand stripping the flowering stems in late summer and early fall. Filled, ripe seeds will shatter or easily shake out of the seed head. | Removal of the perigynium, the
saclike structure around mature achenes, either with forceps or sandpaper, provided sufficient scarification to significantly increase total germination about 50% compared with that of nonscarified achenes.<p> A combination of scarification and 32 d of cold, moist stratification resulted in 25% higher total germination than stratification alone. Cold, moist stratification also improved germination rate.<p>Stratification of scarified achenes with <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss resulted in 17% more germination than when scarified achenes were stratified in distilled water only. Our results indicate Nebraska sedge can be efficiently germinated in nurseries if perigynia are removed by scarification and achenes stratified 32 days at 3øC (37øF) with a <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss substrate. More methods can be found in Hoag et al. 2001. | Hoag JC, Dumroese RK, Sellers ME. 2001. Perigynium removal and cold-moist stratification improves germination of <i>Carex nebrascensis</i> (Nebraska sedge) achenes. Native Plants Journal 2:63-66. | Sellers, Michael E.; Hoag, J. Chris; Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex nebrascensis</i> Dewey plants USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
591 | Carex (nebrascensis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | nebrascensis | Dewey | CANE2 | Intermountain West | Western U.S. and Canada | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 3 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Nebraska sedge | Seed is most commonly collected by hand. Fruiting heads can be cut from stems using shears or a hand scythe. Seed is hard and brown when ripe. | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10ø C (50ø F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. Seed can be stratified in cold-moist conditions (4ø C in water and sphagnum moss); however stratification is not necessary if temperatures are maintained at or above 32ø C (90ø F). | Soil is a 1:1:1 mix of coconut fiber, compost and perlite. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to 25 seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is not covered with any soil or sand, but kept moist with an overhead mist irrigation schedule of 2 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 32 to 43ø C (90 to 110ø F). Night time temperatures average around 30ø C (85ø F). Grow lights are kept on during nighttime hours. | First emergence occurs around 5 to 7 days after planting under temperatures and moisture conditions specified. Full stands (90-100%) are reached in 12 days. | After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation amount is increased to 3 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm and grow lights are turned off. Greenhouse day time temperatures are reduced to 30 to 32øC (85 to 90ø F). | 3 months | Heat is turned off and temperatures reduced to ambient conditions. Watering is discontinued approximately 3 days prior to delivery. | Tilley, Derek James. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex nebrascensis</i> Dewey plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
592 | Carex (nebrascensis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | nebrascensis | Dewey | CARNEB | from Trout Creek, near Jackpot, Nevada (Lat 41ø48'N Long 115ø7'W), and the Sterling Wildlife Management Area (WMA) near Aberdeen, Idaho (Lat 42ø57'N Long 112ø50'W). | <i>C. nebrascensis</i> is found in wet places, often where alkaline, from lowlands to mid montane elevations. It ranges from Washington to Calfornia, wholly east of the Cascades, east to South Dakota,Kansas, and Nebraska, and through the Rocky Mountain states to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Germination techniques | 0 | Height: n/a<br> Caliper: n/a <br> Root System: n/a <br> | Nebraska sedge | We collected achenes during September using a prairie seed stripper (Prairie Habitats, Argyle, Manitoba, Canada) and ran the material through a Jacobson hammer mill (Model "Little Jake", Jacobson Machine Works Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota) to break up the vegetative material and other large debris collected with achenes. | Germination of achenes is best after scarification and stratification. To scarify achenes with sandpaper, we use a scarification box that measures 10 X 14 X 2.5 cm (4 X 6 X 1 in) made out of pine lumber. The bottom of the box is lined with 100 grit sandpaper. A small piece of wood that fits into the box is wrapped with 100 grit sandpaper. We put about 60 to 100 achenes in the bottom of the box and using the block, lightly rub the achenes for about 10 to 15 sec. Place the achenes in a cloth or mess bag and then cold, moist stratify them with a sphagnum peat moss substratefor about 30 days at 3 øC (37 øF). During germination, keep temperatures very warm and the germination medium very moist. Diurnal temperatures of 26 øC (78 øF) and 37 øC (98 øF) work well. Achenes also germinate well when given a 24-h photoperiod. | Perigynium removal and cold-moist stratification improve germination of <i>Carex nebrascensis</i> (Nebraska sedge). Hoag, JC; Dumroese, RK; Sellers, ME. 2001. Native Plants Journal 2(1): in press. | Hoag, J. Chris. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex nebrascensis</i> Dewey plants Germination techniques; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
593 | Carex (nigricans) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | nigricans | C. Meyer | CANI2 | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | black alpine sedge | Germination trials were established with the following results: 90 days cold stratification, 49% germination; 120 days cold stratification, 43% germination; 120 days cold stratification, 39% germination; and no stratification, 7% germination. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nuturients (Micromax) and a slow- release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in a greenhouse with daytime temperatures around 80 degrees F. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex nigricans</i> C. Meyer seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
594 | Carex (nigricans) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | nigricans | Retz. | CARNIG | Wet subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2200m elevation. | <i>C. nigricans</i> ranges from Siberia to Alaska, south to California, and east to the Rocky Mountain states in wet, subalpine to alpine habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 490 ml containers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height:15 cm<br> Caliper:n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 490 ml pots. | Black alpine sedge | Hand collect mature inflorescences when perigynia and scales turn dark brown. Seeds are stored in paper bags in a drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are fall sown outdoors in conetainers and undergo a 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor Nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe,2 .5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate in April and early May when outdoor temperatures range from 13 to 21C during the day and 0 to 10 C during the night. Medium is kept moist during germination. Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. | 4 weeks | This high elevation species is adapted to very rapid growth and development.<br> Additional fertilizationwas not required for seedlings to reach root-tightness in 8 weeks. Seedlings require frequent irrigation. Plants held over in the nursery the second year were flowering 5 weeks after snowmelt. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July to August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press,7th printing, 1990.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service , General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Native and Introduced Species Statistics, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996. | Evans, Jeff. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex nigricans</i> Retz. plants 490 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
595 | Carex (obnupta) | Cyperaceae | sedge family | Carex | obnupta | Carex | magnifica | CAOB3 | Wet areas of lands including marshes, bogs, and wetlands. Low elevations; common where salt and fresh water meet. | This plant can be found along the western coast of the United States and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | slough sedge | In order to break dormancy, this plant requires 45 days of cool/moist(38F) stratification. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex obnupta</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
596 | Carex (obnupta) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | obnupta | Bailey | Carex | magnifica | Bailey ex Piper | CAROBN | Marin County, California | <i>C. obnupta</i> is common in dunes, flats and marshes,generally near the coast, in both fresh and saline soils; from sea level to 2000 feet elevatiom; from San Luis Obisipo County, California, north to southern Alaska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Slough Sedge | Seeds are collected between August 20 and November 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> | Soak seeds in water for 24 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system and placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:40% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 65%. | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex obnupta</i> Bailey plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
597 | Carex (oxylepis) | Cyperaceae | sedges | Carex | oxylepis | Torr. & Hook. | CAOX | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | sharpscale sedge | Seed of Stones River source sharpscale sedge was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 30 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by bottom watering. Flats are placed in shallow trays that permit water levels around the flats to be maintained at approximately a one inch depth. | Germination typically occurs 10- 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 10-14 days | After germination, flats are removed from the trays of water and placed on greenhouse benches. Seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 4-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. Seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 4-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex oxylepis</i> Torr. & Hook. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
598 | Carex (pachystachya) | Cyperaceae | sedge | Carex | pachystachya | Cham. ex Steud. | CAPA14 | Our collections were from Mt Rainier National park at around 4,600 ft elevation near Cayuse Pass, and from Crater Lake National park around 6,000 ft elev. Propagation characteristics very similar for both. | Western US, including Alaska, sea level to timberline on open, somewhat dry slopes in moister mountainous regions | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed | 0 | Clean seed free of noxious weeds and smut; dehulled seed averages about 1,375,000 / lb. | chamisso sedge, thick-headed sedge | Seed heads can be clipped or easily hand-stripped when seed is mature, brown, and starting to shatter. Seed heads can be clipped at hard-dough to shatter stage also, and held loosely in cloth sacks for air-drying out of direct sunlight. | Dehulling enhanced germination from 14% (control) up to 84% for dehulled seed which was useful for stand establishment. | Our best results were achieved by fall-sowing with Carbon-banding . In this method, seed was sown into a finely tilled, firm seed bed with a Hege precision seeder, at 30 " rows, 100 seeds/ ft row; overspraying the seed with an activated charcoal slurry (carbon-banding) followed by a field application of Karmex broad spectrum pre-emergent herbicide at 2.2 lbs ai/ acre (equipment for applying the carbon slurry was provided on loan from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in Corvallis). The system consists of a tank with mechanical agitator to keep the charcoal in solution, and an impeller pump connected to tubing with large-diameter nozzles directed over the seeding row to deposit the slurry in a 1/8 to 1/4 inch band directly over the seeded row. The system is front-mounted on the tractor while seeding equipment is pulled behind . | Until emergence, some weed control was achieved over the winter with broad spectrum herbicides; once seedling emergence started the following spring weed control was by means of spot-wicking with Round-up and by mechanical hoeing / cultivation between rows. Three applications of Tilt and Bravo fungicides were made at label rates during the late winter / spring of the first and following years to control rusts and other foliage diseases | over winter; about 6 months at Corvallis | After initially slow growth, crowns develop more rapidly as the soil warms in spring. Little seed is produced during the first year of stand establishment. Seed harvest really begins in the 2nd year; once established, stands remained fairly healthy as long as rusts and fungi are controlled in the spring and weed competition is kept in check. | March to June at Corvallis | Seed ripening was fairly uniform - entire seed heads were clipped in late May / early June when seeds could be easily shaken loose from the heads. Larger plots would lend themselves to mechanical harvest; because of our small plot size the hand-clipped heads were collected in barrels andtaken to the poly greenhouse in June and spread out on tarps to dry. Seed shattered easily from the drying seed heads and were collected of the tarps and processed similar to the native collections as noted, above. | at least 5 years; see comment secton below | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa. <p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex pachystachya</i> Cham. ex Steud. seeds seed; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
599 | Carex (pachystachya) | Cyperaceae | sedge family | Carex | pachystachya | CAPA14 | high elevation and low elevation populations | Widespread in mesic transition zones between wet and drier habitats, in moist meadows, wet prairie, marsh edges, forest edges, and roadsides; common at low elevations but extending to high elevations. Found from Alaska to California and west to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | chamisso sedge | Moderate. This species is usually found in large patches, but heads must be collected individually because they grow intermixed with other species. Carex pachystachya resembles other native sedges, but cannot be easily confused with any non-native sedges. Seeds per pound: 750,000–800,000 | Seeds are usually dormant and need six or more weeks cold-moist stratification before germinating when temperatures increase in late spring. . To overcome seed dormancy, sow seeds in containers and place in a cooler (45°F or lower) for at least six weeks. Alternately, containers can be placed outside in early September through December for six weeks. After a cold period, move containers to a greenhouse set between 70 and 80°F in late December. Seeds should germinate within 2–4 weeks if they receive heat, light, and water. | Bartow, Amy. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex pachystachya</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
600 | Carex (paysonis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | paysonis | Clokey | CARPAY | C. paysonis is found from southwest Alberta to Utah and Nevada growing at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Payson's sedge | Haggas, L., R. W. Brown and Johnston, R. S. (1987). Light requirement for seed germination of Payson sedge. J. Range Manage. 40, 180-184.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex paysonis</i> Clokey plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
601 | Carex (paysonis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | paysonis | Clokey | CARPAY | Ecotype collected from Logan Pass area of Glacier National Park. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Propagation Goal: Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration. | 0 | Payson's sedge | Our only experience is with a 6-month cold moist chilling in a refrigerator maintained at 34 to 37øF. The seeds were sown on germination pads in petri dishes and kept moist for the duration of the cold chill. The stratified seeds were subsequently exposed to 3 irradiance levels (full, partial, zero) in an environmental growth chamber maintained at 86øF days for an 8-hour daylight photoperiod and 68øF nights for 16 hours. Each treatment consisted of 5 reps of 25 seed/rep. This species was not as sensitive to decreasing light intensities as other Carex tested, but germination did decrease below the full irradiance level.Germination decreased from 49.6% at full irradiance (mean 268 footcandles) to 35.2% at partial (mean 23 foot candles) and 33.6% at zero irradiance. Seedling mortality was 0% at all irradiance levels. There was no gain in germination as the result of exposure of all three treatments to a secondary full irradiance. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex paysonis</i> Clokey seeds Propagation Goal: Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
602 | Carex (paysonis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | paysonis | Clokey | CARPAYÿ | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 6668' elevation | <i>C. paysonis</i> is a Pacific Northwest species that ranges from southwestern Alberta and B.C. south to Utah and Nevada. It inhabits moist meadows to rocky slopes in subalpine to alpine habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 8 to 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 ml container. | Payson's sedge | Hand collect mature inflorescences when perigynia and scales turn dark brown. Seeds are collected in late August to the end of September. Seeds are stored in paper bags in drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are fall sown in conetainers and undergo a 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Seeds germinate in early spring under fluctuating temperatures that range from 15 to 21 C during the day and 0 to 15 at night. After establishment, seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Shoot and root development occur slowly following germination. | 8 weeks | Root development of this species occurs at a moderate rate during the growing season. Plants were fertilized regularly with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Native and Introduced Species Statistics, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Hassell,Wendel, April 1996.<p> The Sedge Family of British Columbia, Taylor,T.M.C., B.C. Provincial Museum, Handbook No.43,1983.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex paysonis</i> Clokey plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
603 | Carex (pennsylvanica) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | pennsylvanica | Lam. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | Pennsylvania sedge | Barbour, Jill R. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex pennsylvanica</i> Lam. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
604 | Carex (phaeocephala) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | phaeocephala | Piper | CARPHA | C. phaeocephala is found in the alpine zone from Alaska south through the Rocky mountains to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dunhead sedge | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex phaeocephala</i> Piper plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
605 | Carex (phaeocephala) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | phaeocephala | Piper | CARPHA | Ecotype collected from Logan Pass area of Glacier NationalPark. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Propagation Goal: Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration. | 0 | Dunhead sedge | Our only experience is with a 6-month cold moist chilling in a refrigerator maintained at 34 to 37øF. The seeds were sown on germination pads in petri dishes and kept moist for the duration of the cold chill. The stratified seeds were subsequently exposed to 3 irradiance levels (full, partial, zero) in an environmental growth chamber maintained at 86øF days for an 8-hour daylight photoperiod and 68øF nights for 16 hours. Each treatment consisted of 5 reps of 25 seed/rep. This species was not sensitive to decreasing light intensities from the full to partial irradiance levels, but decreased sharply at the zero irradiance. Germination decreased only slightly from 27.2% at full irradiance (mean 268 footcandles) to 26.4% at partial (mean 23 foot candles). Germination decreased sharply at the zero irradiance level to 0%. Seedling mortality was 0% at all irradiance levels. There was, however, a measurable gain in the germination (+8% after 61 days) of the zero irradiance treatments when exposed to a secondary full irradiance. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex phaeocephala</i> Piper plants Propagation Goal: Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
606 | Carex (phaeocephala) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | phaeocephala | Piper | CARPHA | Subalpine meadows, Sperry Chalet, 2200m elev. | <i>C. phaeocephala</i> is a western North American species. It occurs near or above treeline in rocky soils, talus and scree slides and moraines. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 8 to 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 ml conetainers. | Dunhead sedge | Collect mature inflorescences when perigynia and scales turn dark brown. Seeds are collected in September. Seeds are stored in paper bags prior to cleaning. | Seeds are fall sown in containers and undergo a 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1.0 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. After germination and establishment, seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate in early spring under fluctuating temperatures of 15 to 21 C during the day and 0 to 15 C during the night. Medium is kept moist during germination. Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. Seedlings produce 2 to 4 true leaves 4 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | This high elevation species is adapted to very rapid growth and development. Additional fertilization was not required for plants to reach root-tightness in 15 weeks. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Potter, Rachel; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex phaeocephala</i> Piper plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
607 | Carex (radiata) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | radiata | (Wahlenb.) Small | Chicago Region (Illinois) | Central and Eastern United States | Seeds | Seed | 8 months | Determine germination requirements using move-along experimental method as outlined by Baskin and Baskin (2003) and determine seed longevity in a seed bank using 15 year old collections and 3 year old collections.
Baskin, C. C., and J. M. Baskin. 2003. When Breaking Seed Dormancy Is a Problem: Try a Move-along Experiment. Native Plants Journal 4:17-21. | Seed was wild-collected in 1) 2004 and stored at ambient conditions before being sealed in a foil envelope and frozen at -4 degrees Fahrenheit and 2) 2013 and dried to 15% relative humidity before being sealed in a foil envelope and frozen at -4 degrees Fahrenheit. All collections are held in the Dixon Tallgrass National Prairie Seed Bank at Chicago Botanic Garden, searchable at https://www.sciencecollections.org/content/search-collections. | 15 and 3 years | Germination was highest (up to 65%) when conditions were above 77 degrees Fahrenheit - germination occurred primarily between 4 and 16 weeks in this temperature. Similar germination was found when the seeds were exposed to 16 weeks of cold stratification (41 Fahrenheit) and then placed in to incubation at 59-68 Fahrenheit - germination also occurred primarily between 4-16 weeks after being placed in incubation. Germination was higher in the warmer incubation temperature.
Note that this was only true for the accession that was 3 years old and which had been dried and stored following standard protocols. Germination was extremely low (maximum of 6% germination under any treatment condition) for the 15 year-old accession that had not been processed and stored under optimal conditions. | Soares, Vanessa Couto; Kramer, Andrea T. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Carex radiata</i> (Wahlenb.) Small Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
608 | Carex (retrorsa) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Carex | retrorsa | Schwein. | CARRET | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Knotsheath sedge | Seeds were cold stratified for 270 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Shipley and Parent 1991. Germination responses in 64 wetland species in relation to seed size, minimum time to reproduction and seedling relative growth rate. Func. Ecology. 5, 111-118. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex retrorsa</i> Schwein. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
609 | Carex (rossii) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | rossii | Dry forest and meadows; 7,000-10,000 feet. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ross Sedge | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Divisions were placed into Vitamin B-1 solution for 15 minutes to help prevent transplant shock. Seed: none. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity, etc. could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special stor-age requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex rossii</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
610 | Carex (rostrata) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | rostrata | Stokes | CARO6 | Rocky Mountains, western Wyoming | Northern North America | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 3 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Beaked sedge | Seed is most commonly collected by hand. Fruiting heads can be cut from stems using shears or a hand scythe. Seed is hard and brown when ripe. | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10ø C (50ø F) and relative humidity of 20to 30%. Seed is stratified by placing 20g of seed in a 236 ml (1 cup) ointment jar with 8g of green sphagnum moss which is wrapped in a permeable cloth and held shut with a rubber band. The cup is filled with water and then stored at 4ø C (39ø F) for 30 days. | Soil is a 1:1:1 mix of coconut fiber, compost and perlite. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to 25 seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed can be sown wet (straight from stratification) or allowed to air dry for 2 to 4 hrs at room temperature to facilitate handling. Seed is not covered with any soil or sand, but kept moist with an overhead mist irrigation schedule of 2 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 32 to 43ø C (90 to 110ø F). Night time temperatures average around 30ø C (85ø F). Grow lights are kept on during nighttime hours. | First emergence occurs around 5 to 7 days after planting under temperatures and moisture conditions specified. Full stands (90-100%) are reached in 12 days. | After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation amount is increased to 3 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm and grow lights are turned off. Greenhouse day time temperatures are reduced to 30 to 32øC (85 to 90ø F). | Three months | Heat is turned off and temperatures reduced to ambient conditions. Watering is discontinued approximately 3 days prior to delivery. | Tilley DT, Ogle DG, Cornforth BC. 2010. Quick methods to estimate seed quality. Boise (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Materials Technical Note 35. 13p. | Tilley, Derek James. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex rostrata</i> Stokes plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
611 | Carex (senta) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | senta | Boott | CASE | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS, Coronado National Forest, mile marker 10 on the Catalina Highway, Bear Canyon, Pima County, Arizona: 5547 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Swamp carex | Very small lot, 0.175 pounds, hand collected into paper carton. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex senta</i> Boott seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
612 | Carex (senta) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | senta | Boott | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 4 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | We placed the seed into finely woven mesh bags and then placed the mesh bags into gallon freezer bags filled with wet soil mix. These were placed in a cooler at 4.5° C (40° F) for 90 days. After stratification the 5 to 15 seeds were planted onto the soil surface in 10 ci conetainers filled with Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer was added to the soil mix. | The soil surface is kept moist with short, intermittent 2 minute mistings at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00 and 17:00 from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Once each week the cones receive a longer duration misting of 40 to 60 minutes. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F).
Seed was planted on March 22. Plants were fully established within 8 weeks. | 8 wks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution.
The 10 ci conetainers were fully rooted within 4 months; however we maintained the plants until late August (about 5 months) when the outplanting site was ready. | 4-5 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 2 wks | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex senta</i> Boott Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
613 | Carex (spectabilis) | Cyperaceae | sedge family | Carex | spectabilis | Carex | invisa | CASP5 | wet soils; can be found at higher elevations. | Western US and Canada from California to Alaska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | showy sedge | This species appears to need 6 weeks of cool/moist (38F) stratification in order to germinate; however germination rates were still very low with this treatment. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex spectabilis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
614 | Carex (spectabilis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | spectabilis | Dewey | CARSPEÿ | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2200m elev. | <i>C. spectabilis</i> is a western North American species,found from the Yukon south to California and western Montana. It is also found in eastern Asia. It inhabits moist meadows and wet places, in subalpine to alpine habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves; 8 to 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 172 containers. | Showy sedge | Collect mature inflorescences when perigynia and scales turn dark brown. Seeds are collected in late August to mid September. Seeds are kept in paper bags in drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are fall sown and undergo a 5 month outdoor cold,moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Seedlings germinate in early spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures of 15 to 21 C during the day and 0 to 15 C at night. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. Media is kept moist during germination. Shoot and root development occur at a moderate rate following germination. Additional germination occured the second spring. | 8 weeks | Root development of this species occurs at a moderate rate during the growing season. Plants were fertilized regularly with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Native and Introduced Species Statistics, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> The Sedge Family of British Columbia, Taylor,T.M.C., B.C. Provincial Museum, Handbook No.43,1983.<p> 1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex spectabilis</i> Dewey plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
615 | Carex (stipata) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Carex | stipata | CAST5 | Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington | North America except Nevada, Texas, and Arkansas | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Awlfruit sedge | Seeds are sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow very quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. awlfruit sedge. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CAST5 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex stipata</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
616 | Carex (straminiformis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | straminiformis | L. Bailey | CAST7 | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be trasnplantd into raised beds for seed increase. | Shasta sedge | Germination trials were established with the following results: 90 days cold stratification, 46% germination; 120 days cold stratification, 40% germination; 120 days cold stratification, 58% germination; and no stratification, 8% germination. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nuturients (Micromax) and a slow- release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in a greenhouse with daytime temperatures around 80 degrees F. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex straminiformis</i> L. Bailey seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
617 | Carex (subfusca) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | subfusca | W. Boott | CASU6 | Yosemite National Park | Western North America from the Rocky Mountain states west. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 4 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Brown sedge | We placed the seed into finely woven mesh bags and then placed the mesh bags into gallon freezer bags filled with wet soil mix. These were placed in a cooler at 4.5° C (40° F) for 90 days. After stratification the 5 to 15 seeds were planted onto the soil surface in 10 ci conetainers filled with Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer was added to the soil mix.
| The soil surface is kept moist with short, intermittent 2 minute mistings at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00 and 17:00 from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Once each week the cones receive a longer duration misting of 40 to 60 minutes. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F).
Seed was planted on March 22. Plants were fully established within 8 weeks. | 8 wks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution.
The 10 ci conetainers were fully rooted within 4 months; however, we maintained the plants until late August (about 5 months) when the outplanting site was ready. | 4-5 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 2 wks | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex subfusca</i> W. Boott Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
618 | Carex (tumulicola) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | tumulicola | Mackenzie | CATU3 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | splitawn sedge | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats were covered with polyethlene bags and placed in walk in cooler for 90-days. After stratification, plants were placed in a green house set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.)This resulted in very sparse gerination. Some trays of conetatiners were left outside over the winter and gerination was observed in late spring. This species may need light or fluctuating temperatures during stratification. Further trials are being conducted. | Bartow, Amy L. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex tumulicola</i> Mackenzie plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
619 | Carex (utriculata) | Cyperaceae | Carex | utriculata | Carex | rostrata | utriculata | CARULT | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Root-trainer 20 | 3 Months | Months | Minimum height 12 to 18in. Roots must fill container - 20 cubic inch - because of the propagation environment, many roots came out of the bottom of the plug. The Root Trainer 20 opens up and allows easy extraction of the root system. | Northwest Territory sedge | Field collected from several sites in the high Cascade Mts along edges of lakes. Seeds were collected in the late summer when the seed was tan in appearance and came free when rubbed between the palms of hands. Green seed stays attached. Seed heads were cut or stripped from stem and placed in paper bags for several days before processing. This allowed for the seed to continue to dry. | Seed placed in linen bags and soaked in cold running water for 2 days. Bags were placed between layers of shagnum moss which was kept at 2 degrees C (35 degrees F) for thirty days and then seed was sown. | Seed was hand-sown and and covered with a thin layer of quartz grit. Emergence occurred within 10 days of sowing. Media was a Peat:Vermiculite 1:1 ratio mix. Very controlled greenhouse environment for germination phase. Daily temperatures kept between 32 to 35C (90 to 95F) and nighttime temperatures 21C (70F). 90 to 100% humidity during germination through use of foggers. Lights were maintained during the night. | 1 month | After full emergence, the seedlings are moved into the cattle troughs, the troughs are filled with water to a level that is approximately one inch lower than the surface of the media. At this time, fertilizer is added to the water by mixing a Excel 21-5-20 into solution and pouring into the tank. We used enough fertilizer to bring the tank up to 100 ppm of nitrogen. We calculated the ppm of nitrogen using the filled volume of water. The trough is filled each after each time the water has drawn down to the bottom of the trough. This occurs three to five times during the growing season and is temperature dependent. | 2 months | No special measures were taken to harden the seedlings off. | Seedlings were lifted late September to early October. No storage | Hurd HG, Shaw NL. 1991. Seed technology for Carex and Juncus species of the Intermountain Region. Intermountain Nurseryman Association Annual Meeting, 1991 August 12-16; Park City, Utah. P 74-83. | Steinfeld, David E. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex utriculata</i> plants Root-trainer 20; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
620 | Carex (vesicaria) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | vesicaria | L. | CAVE6 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | blister sedge | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of conetainers were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) Seeds germinated with no treatment. Seeds emerged after four weeks with low germination. This species may benefit from scarification or stratification. | Bartow, Amy L. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex vesicaria</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
621 | Carex (vesicaria) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | vesicaria | L. | CAVE6 | USFS, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Chiloquin Ranger District, 450 Spring, Chiloquin, Oregon: 5700 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blister sedge | Small lot, 0.8 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex vesicaria</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
622 | Carnegia (gigantea) | Cactaceae | Cactus Family | Carnegia | gigantea | CARGIG | Tohono O'odham Indian Nation, southern Arizona. | C. gigantea is found in southern Arizona and northwestern Sonora, Mexico and sparsely near the lower Colorado River in California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Seedling Type: Container Seedling in 3L containers.<br> Height: 10 to 15 cm<br> Caliper: 13 to 19 mm<br> Root Mass: Firm plug in container. | Saguaro cactus | Fruit is a fleshy red berry that contains up to 2500 seeds within the pulp.Seeds are black at maturity.<br> Fruits are collected by hand when they are deep red in color and are easily plucked from the plant. | None. | Growing Environment: Greenhouse at 32C day and 24C night on an 8 hour photoperiod.<br> Growing media:To prepare for planting, pumice granules are sifted through a 6 mm screen.Pumice is added to Super soil mix at a 1:1 ratio. Super soil mix contains: fir bark, redwood, sphagnum peat moss, and clean sand.<br> Pumice and potting soil mix is placed in 51x30x6 cm propagation trays. Seeds are spread evenly across soil to achieve a rate of 2 seeds per 6 cm2. This method is successful for producing 200 to 250 seedlings per tray.<br> Seeds are covered with pumice granules<br> Trays are covered with a tent like structure using a 30 cm tal wooden frame with a sheet of heavy duty clear plastic.<br> Light misting of trays is done 2 times per day.<br> Greenhouse temperatures should be maintained at 32C day/ and 24C night during germination. If temperatures fall below 24C, trays should be placed on a heating pad. Reduction in tempertures to 15 C greatly curtails germination. | Sagauro seedlings normally have a red color indicating they are getting sufficient light.<br> After germination, plastic tent should remain over seedlings for 60 days and watering to saturate the top 2mm of soil may be reduced to once per week.<br> Seedlings average 3mm tall at this stage. | 60 days | After 60 days, plastic tent should be removed and replaced with a shadecloth that filters out 70% of sunlight.<br> Greenhouse temperatures should be maintained at 32C.<br> After 8 months, seedlings can be transferred to 51x51x76mm cavity trays containing a 1:1 mix of Supersoil and large granule pumice.<br> After 6 months, larger plants can be transplanted into 3L containers. filled with 2:1:1 mix of Super soil, medium granule pumice and Forest Mulch and placed in a shade house. Pots accomodate growth up to 10 to 15 cm. | 4 to 5 years for 3L containers | If saguaro seedlings are to be held for a longer period of time before outplanting, they should be potted into 18L containers or planted in the ground under a shaded holding area. | Saguaro Cactus: Cultural Significance and Propagation Techniques in the Sonoran Desert, Pater, M.J. and Siquieros, B., Native Plants Journal, Fall 2000, 1:90-94. | 2000. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carnegia gigantea</i> plants USDA NRCS - Tucson Plant Materials Center Tucson, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
623 | Carphephorus (bellidifolius) | Asteraceae | Aster | Carphephorus | bellidifolius | (Michx.) Torr. & Gray | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | sandywoods chaffhead | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carphephorus bellidifolius</i> (Michx.) Torr. & Gray seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
624 | Carpinus (caroliniana) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Carpinus | caroliniana | CARCAR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Nova Scotia to Minnesota, and south to Florida and Texas. Found in moist soil and along streams. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> bareroot and container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> 24-48 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> In containers, full fibrous root ball. | Ironwood | Collected at George Washington Parkway by G. Meyer on 11/3/95; by J. Kujawski on 9/16/96, 10/3/97 and 10/13/00; Colected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by J. Englert on 9/19/95, 10/3/96, 10/26/98 and 10/25/99. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. We sow seed outdoors and use natural stratification to overcome any dormancy. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Plants harvested bareroot may be potted in 1 gallon containers and later 2 gallon containers for Parks.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Container materials are planted into woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> October/November.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seedlings generally emerge the spring following sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are sown in a thin continuous stream within rows). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 1/4" of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size and larger container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seeds are generally sown the same fall they are collected, but if stored, they are placed in paper envelopes in a seed cooler at 40F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Seeds require cold stratification to germinate. Sowing in the fall permits seed to undergo natural stratification. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Englert, J. 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999. Annual Report to the National Park Service for Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> Kujawski, J. 1996, 1997, 2000. Annual Report to the National Park Service for George Washington Memorial Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450.<p> White, J. 1995 Annual Report to the National Park Service for George Washington Memorial Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
625 | Carpinus (caroliniana) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Carpinus | caroliniana | Walt. | CARCAR | C caroliniana is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American hornbeam | Seeds are warm and cold stratified for 84 to 128 days and germinate at 27/15 C. | Rudolf, P. O. and Phipps, H. (1974). Carpinus L. Hornbeam. Pp. 266-268. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i> Walt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
626 | Carya (aquatica) | Juglandaceae | Walnut | Carya | aquatica | Found mostly in poorly drained, heavy clay flats; largest specimens are found in the lower Mississippi Valley (USDA 1977). Also, natural levees and banks of rivers and streams, and flood plain forests where the duration of flooding is relatively brief (Godfrey 1988). | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Water Hickory | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Hickories exhibit embryo dormancy. Pregermination treatments are stratification in moist medium at 33-40§F for 30 to 150 days. Seeds stored for more than a year may require only 30 to 60 days stratification. If cold storage facilities are not available, pit stratification with about 2 ft. of com-post, leaf, or soil cover to prevent freezing will suffice. Prior to cold treatment, nuts should be soaked in water at room temperature for 2 to 4 days with 1 to 2 water changes per day (ibid.). | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Container. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> <u>Flowers:</u> March-May. <u>Fruits:</u> September-November (USDA 1974).<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Nuts can be stored for 3 to 5 years in closed con-tainers at 41§F and 90% humidity (ibid.).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Nuts can be stored for 3 to 5 years in closed con-tainers at 41§F and 90% humidity (ibid.). | Godfrey, R.K. 1988. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.<p> U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974. | Fine, Gary. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carya aquatica</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
627 | Carya (glabra) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Carya | glabra | (Mill.) Sweet | CARGLA | C. glabra is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pignut hickory | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 to 120 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Bonner, F. T. and Maisenhelder, L. C. (1974a). Carya Nutt. Hickory. Pp. 269-272. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carya glabra</i> (Mill.) Sweet plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
628 | Carya (illinoinensis) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Carya | illinoinensis | (Wangenh.) K.Koch | CARILL | C. illinoensis is found within temperate deciduous forests of Midwest south to Texas in the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pecan | Seeds germinate at 30 to 35 C. In another study, seeds are cold stratifed for 60 to 90 days and germinate under greenhouse temperatures. | van Staden, J. and Dimalla, G. G. (1976). Regulation of germination of pecan, Carya illinoensis. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 78, 66-75.<br>Adams, J. C. and Thielges, B. A. (1978). Seed treatment for optimum pecan germination. Tree Plant. Notes 29(3), 12-13, 35. <br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carya illinoinensis</i> (Wangenh.) K.Koch plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
629 | Carya (illinoinensis) | Juglandaceae | Walnut Family | Carya | illinoinensis | (Wangenh.) K. Koch | CARILL | South Central Missouri | Pecan grows principally in the bottomlands of the Mississippi River valley. Its range extends westard from southern Indiana through Illinois, southeastern Iowa, and eastern Kansas, south to central Texas, and eastward to western Mississippi and western Tennessee. Pecan occurs locally in southwestern Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama, and central Mexico. Its best commercial development is on river-front lands of the Mississippi Delta and along major rivers west of the Delta to Texas. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Pecan | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Seeds are wild collected during late fall andearly winter months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are sown during late January and early February using a mechanical seeder. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow nuts at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing.<br> Pecan is slow to establish and 1 year old sotck is typically only 4 inches tall at the end of the first growing season. | 1 year | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4-5 months in year 1 and year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months year 1 and year 2 | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Carya. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Carya.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Carya illinoinensis</i> (Wangenh.) K. Koch plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
630 | Carya (laciniosa) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Carya | laciniosa | (Michx. f.) G. Don | Hicoria | laciniosa | (Michx. f.) Sarg. | CARLAC | South Central Missouri | Shellbark hickory is found from the upper northeastern and Midwestern States south to Georgia and west to Texas, Oklahoma and Nebraska. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 8 in<br> Caliper:0.25<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Shellbark hickory | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Nuts are sown in late October and early November using a spreader into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, wedisk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow nuts at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing.<br> Shellbark hickory is a slow growing species. Seedlings are usually 4 inches tall at the end of the first gorwing season. | 1 year | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: Shellbark hickory does not require top-pruning. | 4-5 months year 1 and year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months year 1 and year 2 | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Carya laciniosa</i> (Michx. f.) G. Don plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
631 | Carya (laciniosa) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Carya | laciniosa | (Michx. f.) G. Don | CALA21 | Stones River National Battlefield source | Shellbark hickory is widely distributed throughout most of the eastern and central states from Texas, Kansas and Nebraska eastward to Georgia and north to New York, Massachusetts and Maine. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 2 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 8" to 16" with a 1/16" to 3/16" caliper stem and a compact, well developed tap root system. | shellbark hickory | Seeds are collected from established natural stands within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield in the fall immediately after the nuts have matured and begun to fall from the tree. | Seed may be floated in water to help determine viability. Seed that floats is normally poorly filled and has low or no viability. Floaters are discarded, while the seed that sinks is retained for planting. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Seed are placed into 3/4" to 1" deep furrows scribed into the tilled soil. Furrows are spaced 2" apart and seed are placed 1" apart within furrows to optimize seedling development. Seed are covered with soil to a depth equal to 1and 1/2 times the average diameter of the seed; usually 3/4" to 1" of soil. Beds should then be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thick layer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | Germination and establishment occur from late April to early June. The seedlings rapidly develop a long taproot, but shoot growth is initially slow. | 2 months | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the seedlings. | 4-6 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | None | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | USDA, NRCS. 2014. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 7 February 2014). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Carya laciniosa</i> (Michx. f.) G. Don plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
632 | Carya (ovata) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Carya | ovata | (Mill.) k.Koch | CAROVA | C. ovata is found within temperate deciduous forests of central and eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Shagbark hickory | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 to 150 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1936a). Seedling production in Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, Juglans cinerea L., and Juglans nigra L. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 8, 1-6. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carya ovata</i> (Mill.) k.Koch plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
633 | Carya (ovata) | Juglandaceae | Walnut Family | Carya | ovata | (P. Mill.) K. Koch | CAROVA | South Central Missouri | Shagbark hickory is found from Maine to southeastern Minnesota south to eastern Texas and east to Georgia. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 8 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Shagbark hickory | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | We sow fresh seeds by hand into prepared field beds during October. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Readysoybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least 2 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing.<br> | 1 year | Hickory is slow to establish. Seedlings are usually only 4 inches tall at the end of the first growing season<br> Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June of the second year. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> We do not need to top prune hickory. | 4-5 months year one and year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Carya. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Carya.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Carya ovata</i> (P. Mill.) K. Koch plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
634 | Carya (ovata) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Carya | ovata | (Mill.) K. Koch | CAOV2 | Stones River National Battlefield source | Shellbark hickory is widely distributed throughout most of the eastern and central states from Texas, Kansas and Nebraska eastward to Georgia and north to New York, Massachusetts and Maine. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 2 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 8" to 16" with a 1/16" to 3/16" caliper stem and a compact, well developed tap root system. | shagbark hickory | Seeds are collected from established natural stands within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield in the fall immediately after the nuts have matured and begun to fall from the tree. | Seed may be floated in water to help determine viability. Seed that floats is normally poorly filled and has low or no viability. Floaters are discarded, while the seed that sinks is retained for planting. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Seed are placed into 3/4" to 1" deep furrows scribed into the tilled soil. Furrows are spaced 2" apart and seed are placed 1" apart within furrows to optimize seedling development. Seed are covered with soil to a depth equal to 1and 1/2 times the average diameter of the seed; usually 3/4" to 1" of soil. Beds should then be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thick layer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | Germination and establishment occur from late April to early June. The seedlings rapidly develop a long taproot, but shoot growth is initially slow. | 2 months | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the seedlings. | 4-6 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | None | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | USDA, NRCS. 2014. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 7 February 2014). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Carya ovata</i> (Mill.) K. Koch plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
635 | Carya (tomentosa) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Carya | tomentosa | (Poir.) Nutt. | CARTOM | C. tomentosa is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mockernut hickory | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 to 150 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Bonner, F. T. and Maisenhelder, L. C. (1974a). Carya Nutt. Hickory. Pp. 269-272. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carya tomentosa</i> (Poir.) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
636 | Cassia (chamaecrista) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Cassia | chamaecrista | L. | Cassia | fasciculata | Michx. | CASCHA | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>C. chamaecrista</i> is found throughout the eastern half of the United states west to Minnesota, South Dakota and eastern Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Partridge Pea | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. May 10 to July 15. Seed is harvested July 25. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one to two weeks.<br> Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cassia chamaecrista</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
637 | Cassia (fasciculata) | Caesalpiniaceae | Caesalpinia Family | Cassia | fasciculata | CASFAS | Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <i>Cassia fasciculata</i> grows in sandy or dry soils in open areas, from Massachusetts to Minnesota south to Texas and Florida. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Annual legume plug. Scarified and innoculated seed is usually direct-sown into a prepared planting area, however plugs are being grown to introduce plants into an already vegetated area.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Roots are thin and do not completely fill plug cells before the plant has started to flower. The roots of plugs planted in multipots tore when pulled, so plugs are now planted in 72 trays. | Partridge-pea | Collected at Great Smoky Mountains National Park at Tremont Road northbound spur before tunnel, FHP East (Old Paulownia burn) by G. Taylor, A. Johnson and J. Marshall in October 1994 (3 accessions). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seed is scarified for 50 seconds in pulses prior to planting (15, 15, 10 and 5 seconds). It is then inoculated with a slurry of nitrogen-fixing rhizobium appropriate to the species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 extended days with high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m. to keep them vegetative.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sown.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 72 plug trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine #5 with no nitrogen fertilizer. Supplemental P and K plus micronutrients may be added. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Scarified seed is inoculated with slurry of rhizobium, spread in one layer on blotter paper and held under mist until germination occurs. Germinated seedlings are immediately planted in 72 trays. If germination test is high, scarified and inoculated seeds are sown directly onto media in 72 trays and held under mist until germinated. (1-2 days).<br> <b>Sowing Date:</b> In the future we would sow seed about 70 days before outplanting date (March for May planting). Perhaps there would be enough natural light to keep plants vegetative.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seeds germinate on blotter paper under mist within 3 days. Germinated seeds can be picked out and planted into media in plug trays. Seeds surface-sown on media and placed under mist March 28, 2001 began to germinate within a day.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> <i>Cassia</i> is quick to establish. Foliage is delicate and responds immediately to dry media by wilting, even though it is found in dry infertile places natively. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Provide 14 hour extended days to delay flowering. Plants will develop a good canopy and may start to flower in the greenhouse before roots fill the plug cell if light intensity is low. Deterioration of the plants often follow flowering. Have tried a top layer cut back to remove buds and encourage new growth. Plants on one occasion flowered in plug trays during the winter, and re-seeded themselves in time for outplanting. Nitrogen fixing nodules are found on mature roots within 70 days. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plants are moved outdoors, weather permitting, two weeks before outplanting to a sheltered location. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Plugs were ready for outplanting about 70 days post germination (around mid-March). Roots had formed a semi-firm plug, stems were rigid and flower buds had appeared.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed is stored in seed bags in NPMC cooler @ 40§F, 35% relative humidity. | Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963.<p> Herbaceous Plants of Maryland, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, 1984. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cassia fasciculata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
638 | Cassiope (tetragona) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Cassiope | tetragona | (L.) D. Donn. | CASTET | C. tetragona is found from Alaska south to northern Washington and Glacier National park, Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White arctic mountain heather | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cassiope tetragona</i> (L.) D. Donn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
639 | Castanea (dentata) | Fagaceae | Beech | Castanea | dentata | (Marsh.) Borkh. | CADE12 | American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 1 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 8" to 16" with a 1/16" to 3/16" caliper stem and a compact, well developed tap root system. | American chestnut | Seeds are collected from established seed orchards in the fall immediately after the burrs (spiny husks) have split open to expose the nuts. | Seed may be floated in water to help determine viability. Seed that floats is normally poorly filled and has low or no viability. Floaters are discarded, while the seed that sinks is retained for planting. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Seed are placed into 3/4" to 1" deep furrows scribed into the tilled soil. Furrows are spaced 2" apart and seed are placed 1" apart within furrows to optimize seedling development. Seed are covered with soil to a depth equal to 1and 1/2 times the average diameter of the seed; usually 3/4" to 1" of soil. Beds should then be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thick layer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | A radicle is produced in the fall soon after planting. Top growth is initiated the following spring. | 4-6months which includes the overwintering period. | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the chestnut seedlings. | 6-8 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | None | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Castanea dentata</i> (Marsh.) Borkh. plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
640 | Castanea (pumila) | Fagaceae | Beech | Castanea | pumila | Mill. | Cultivar | Golden | Castanea | pumila | Mill. | Variety | pumila | (Ashe) Tucker; Mill. | CAPU9 | Chinkapin is native to the eastern and southern United States in USDA plant hardiness zones 6 to 10, where its range is from New Jersey and West Virginia west to Missouri and Oklahoma and south to Texas and Florida. Chinkapin typically occurs in mixed hardwood forests among pine and oak trees on high ridges and slopes that are free from limestone. It is also found on well-drained stream terraces, dry pinelands, and disturbed sites such as railroad rights-of-way, power line clearings, fence and hedgerows, pine plantations, and old fields. Chinkapin grows in droughty and well-drained sites on dry, rocky, sandy, or loamy soils. It will grow on black sandy dunes in the Carolinas, but not on frontal dunes. Chinkapin ranges in elevation from sea level to about 4,450 feet. It occurs in open areas and is tolerant of high heat. It is tolerant of acid soils (pH 5.5-6.0), but is not tolerant of coastal salt spray or shade. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 1 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 8" to 16" with a 1/16" to 3/16" caliper stem and a compact, well developed tap root system. | chinkapin, Allegheny chinkapin, American chinquapin, chinquapin, dwarf chestnut, golden chinquapin | Seeds are collected from established seed orchards in the fall immediately after the burrs (spiny husks) have split open to expose the nuts. | Seed may be floated in water to help determine viability. Seed that floats is normally poorly filled and has low or no viability. Floaters are discarded, while the seed that sinks is retained for planting. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Seed are placed into 3/4" to 1" deep furrows scribed into the tilled soil. Furrows are spaced 2" apart and seed are placed 1" apart within furrows to optimize seedling development. Seed are covered with soil to a depth equal to 1and 1/2 times the average diameter of the seed; usually 3/4" to 1" of soil. Beds should then be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thicklayer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | A radicle is produced in the fall soon after planting. Top growth is initiated the following spring. | 4-6months which includes the overwintering period. | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the chinkapin seedlings. | 6-8 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | None | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | Agricultural Research Center. 2004. GRIN taxonomy (http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index, 9 May 2004). USDA, Beltsville.<p> American Chestnut Growers Foundation. 2004. Genus Castanea (http://www.ppws.vt.edu/griffin/accfcast.html, 9 May 2004).Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.<p> Anagnostakis, S.L. 2004. Identification of American chestnut trees (http://www.caes.state.ct.us/FactSheetFiles/PlantPathology/fspp034f.htm, 9 May 2004). The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven.<p> Finical, L. 2004. Texas native trees (http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/natives/about.html 9 May 2004). Dallas Arboretum, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Dallas.<p> Hamel, Paul B. and M.U. Chiltoskey. 1975. Cherokee plants and their uses-a 400 year history. Herald Publishing, Sylva.<p> Johnson, F.L. and B.W. Hoagland. Catalog of the woody plants of Oklahoma (http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/cover.htm, 9 May 2004). Oklahoma University, Norman.<p> Nelson, G. 1996. Shrubs and woody vines of Florida. Pineapple Press Co., Sarasota.<p> Russell, A.B. 1997. Trees of the Maritime forest (http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/maritime/Castapu.htm, 9 May 2004). Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.<p> Sullivan, J. 1994. Castanea pumila. (http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/, 9 May 2004). Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula.<p> Taylor, L.A. 1940. Plants used as curatives by certain southeastern tribes. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge.<p> Wunderlin, R.P., and B.F. Hansen. 2003. Atlas of Florida vascular plants (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu, 9 May 2004). Institute of Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Castanea pumila</i> Mill. plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||
641 | Castanopsis (sempervirens) | Aquifoliaceae | Beech | Castanopsis | sempervirens | Rocky slopes, coniferous forest, cha-parral; 2,275-10,700 ft. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sierra Chinkapin or California Chinkapin | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. <br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Propagules were not stored for any significant time. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castanopsis sempervirens</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
642 | Castilleja (Castilleja ) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Castilleja | Castilleja | CAPR14 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Native to southern Oregon and California where it grows in several forest habitat types. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Frosted Indian paintbrush | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is somewhat uniform, but slow. It is usually complete in 3 weeks, but plants are quite small for an extended period of time. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 3 weeks. | 4 weeks | Root development is somewhat slow. Shoot growth can be considered moderate throughout the active growth phase, but can be pushed to reach target height and plug density in the first year. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. Plants will flower in the greenhouse in August.
| 16 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Early October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Castilleja pruinosa Fernald. Frosted Indian paintbrush URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CAPR14 (accessed 14 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja Castilleja </i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
643 | Castilleja (ambigua) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Castilleja | ambigua | Hook & Arn. | CASAMB | Marin, County, California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Paintbrush | Seeds are collected between August 1st and December 1st.<br> Mature seed capsules are dark brown.<br> Seeds are tiny and should be grey to brown and slightly spongy at maturity. | Soak seed for 24 hours. Drain. Place an equal amount of perlite or 100% peat moss in a plastic freezer bag. Refrigerate at 40F for 2 weeks. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 2 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system and misted periodically before germination.<br> Seeds are sown on January 1st.<br> % Germination:75% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers (3 inch pots) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 65%. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja ambigua</i> Hook & Arn. plants 3 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
644 | Castilleja (angustifolia) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Castilleja | angustifolia | (Nutt.) G. Don | Variety | dubia | A. Nelson | Castilleja | chromosa | A. Nelson (CACH7) | CAAND | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Mt. Rose, along trail, west of parking lot, Washoe County, Nevada: 9116 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Northwestern Indian paintbrush | Very small lot, 0.37 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Castilleja angustifolia</i> (Nutt.) G. Don seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
645 | Castilleja (applegatei) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Castilleja | applegatei | Castilleja | pinetorum | CAAP4 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant grows in Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming in hrub-Steppe, West-Side Forest, East-Side Forest type environments. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Wavyleaf Indian paintbrush | It can be challenging to locate dried stalks after flowering commences. However, seed retention is high, so seed can be collected late in the season. Cut stalks from the plant and place in paper bags to dry. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja applegatei</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
646 | Castilleja (cusickii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Castilleja | cusickii | Greenm. | Castilleja | lutea | Heller | CASCUS | Fescue grassland, Two Medicine, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 1585m elevation. | <i>C. cusickii</i> grows from 300 to 3,000 meters in elevation; from southwest Alberta, Montana, and Wyoming west through Idaho and eastern Washington and northeastern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height:5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Yellow Paintbrush | Seeds are hand collected in early August when capsules begin to split and seed is easily shaken out of the capsule. Seeds are gray at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well vetilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 2 treatments were applied: 5 month outdoor stratification resulted in 52% germination. 90 day cold, moist stratification using moistened paper towels in a refrigerator at 2C resulted in 90% germination. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility. <br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination was uniform and appeared complete in 3 weeks. Germination occurred at 21C or above during the day. Host root exudates are not required for germination; the seedlings grow vigorously until they produce 4 to 8 true leaves. At this stage, 3 to 4 weeks after germination, it is necessary to companion plant a host seedling (<i>Erigeron peregrinus</i> was used) to further growth and development of the seedling. The haustoria roots are then induced by the presence of the exudates of the host roots and the hemi-parasitic relationship is then established. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occur at a rapid rate after the haustoria are formed. Plants had formed 15 to 25 true leaves, were 3 cm in height and root tight in 8 weeks. It is necessary to keep the growth of the companion plant in check by pruning, so it does not out- compete the <i>Castilleja</i> seedling in the container. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell,Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja cusickii</i> Greenm. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
647 | Castilleja (linariifolia) | Scrophulariaceae | Castilleja | linariifolia | CALI4 | Colorado, Beaver Meadows (98-054s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Wyoming Paintbrush | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Shake from pod.<p> Collected from Beaver Meadows (98-054s) on 9/23/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heating pad (set to 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown in 4x8 flat, lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 7 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid after germination.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> Variable.<p> Beaver Meadows (98-054s) sowed on 12/4/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Castilleja linariifolia</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
648 | Castilleja (occidentalis) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Castilleja | occidentalis | Torr. | CASOCC | C. occidentalis is found growing at high elevations in the Canadian Rocky mountains south to Glacier National Park, Montana. It is also found in the alpine in Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western paintbrush | Chabot, B. F. and Billings, W. D. (1972). Origins and ecology of the Sierran alpine flora and vegetation. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 163-199.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja occidentalis</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
649 | Castilleja (puberula) | Orobanchaceae | Castilleja | puberula | Ryd. | Known from the central mountains of Colorado and southwestern Montana | None | Plants | Seed | 14 weeks or more | Downy Indian paintbrush | Seed was collected from the central mountains of Colorado in 2018 | Stratification at 2-4C for at least 12 weeks | Incubator set at 20/10C (day/night) led to over 75% germination | 2022. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Castilleja puberula</i> Ryd. Plants Denver Botanic Gardens Denver, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
650 | Castilleja (rhexiifolia) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Castilleja | rhexiifolia | Rydb. | Castilleja | rhexifolia | CASRHE | Moist forest meadows, Camas, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT., 1100m elevation. | <i>C. rhexiifolia</i> occurs from B.C. and Alberta, south through Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Utah; also in northeastern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 5 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Rhexi-leaved Paintbrush | Seeds are hand collected in late August when capsules begin to split and seed is easily shaken out of the seed capsule. Seeds are dark gray at maturity.<br> Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 150 day cold, moist stratification using moistened paper towels in an unsealed ziplock bag in a refrigerator at 2C or they can be fall sown outdoors. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br>Growing medum used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculitewith Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination was uniform and appeared complete in 3 weeks. Germination occurred at 21C or above during the day.<br> Host root exudates are not required for germination; the seedlings grew vigorously until they produce 4 to 8 true leaves. At this stage, 3 to 4 weeks after germination, it is necessary to companion plant a host seedling (<i>Carex hoodii</i> was used) to further growth and development of the seedling. The haustoria roots are then induced by the presence of the exudates of the host roots and the hemi-parasitic relationship is then established. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occur at a rapid rate after the haustoria are formed. Plants had formed 15 to 25 true leaves, were 3 cm in height and root tight in 8 weeks. It is necessary to keep the growth of the companion plant in check, so it does not out compete the <i>Castilleja</i> seedling in the container. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 5 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja rhexiifolia</i> Rydb. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
651 | Castilleja (subinclusa) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Castilleja | subinclusa | Greene | Sub-species | Castilleja | subinclusa | Sub-species | franciscana | Greene | CASSUB | MArin County, California | <i>C. subinclusa</i> is found in chaparral, foothill woodlands, and the foothills of the Sierra Mountains; from Butte to Tulare County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Longleaf Indian Paintbrush | Seeds are collected between June 20th and November 15th.<br> Mature pods turn dark brown and begin to open at maturity.<br> Seeds are tiny, light grey to brown and slightly spongy at maturity. | Soak overnight in fresh water. Cold stratify at 40F in ph neutral peat for 3 weeks, or until seeds start to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 40 cu. inch (Deepot) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%.<br>Transplant success is highly dependent on root mass at time of transplanting. To encourage, large roots in the flat, allow seedling to grow until root ball is well formed, and at least 2 inches long and 1.5 inches wide. Seedlings should be thinned in flats to 1 per square inch.<br> | 1 month | Castilleja species are hemi-parasitic. They depend in part on other plants for nutrients, particularly in low nutrient substrates. Fertilize with nutricote immediately after transplanting and every 3 months thereafter.<br> Cut back tops 2 months after transplanting; leaving at least 5 nodes. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja subinclusa</i> Greene plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
652 | Castilleja (tenuis) | Scrophulariaceae | indian paintbrush, owl's clover family | Castilleja | tenuis | (A.A. Heller) Chuang & Heckard | Orthocarpus | hispidis | CATE26 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | hairy owl's clover | Seed pods are clipped from plant when they begin to turn black and split. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights). | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja tenuis</i> (A.A. Heller) Chuang & Heckard plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
653 | Castilleja (wightii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Castilleja | wightii | Elmer | Castilleja | affinis | Hook & Arn. | Sub-species | affinis | Hook & Arn. | CASWIG | Marin County, California | <i>C. wightii</i> is found on dry slopes and banks from Medocino to Santa Cruz and Anacapa islands, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Paintbrush | Seeds are collected between June 12th and November 17th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> | Seeds are cold stratified for 14 days. Seeds can be stratified for 3 weeks or longer as this species sprouts well under refigeration. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system and placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 40 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 40 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Plants are moved to the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | 2.5 months | After seedlings are well established, they are companion planted with other species.<br> Plants require regular and heavy fertilization. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Castilleja wightii</i> Elmer plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
654 | Caulanthus (heterophyllus) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Caulanthus | heterophyllus | (Nutt.) Payson | Variety | heterophyllus | (Nutt.) Payson | Streptanthus | heterophyllus | Nutt. | CAUHET | C. heterophyllus v. hetrophyllus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | San Diego wild cabbage | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood oraqueous extracts of it: 24% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Caulanthus heterophyllus</i> (Nutt.) Payson plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
655 | Caulophyllum (thalictroides) | Berberidaceae | Barberry family | Caulophyllum | thalictroides | (L.) Michx. | CAUTHA | C. thalictroides is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blue Cohosh | Seeds are cold-warm-cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Barton, L. V. (1944). Some seeds showing special dormancy. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 13, 259-271.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i> (L.) Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
656 | Ceanothus (cordulatus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | cordulatus | CECO | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon | Oregon, California, Nevada | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | whitethorn ceanothus | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags, soaked for 10 seconds in boiling water and then immediately transferred in cold water. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 4 hours.
Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | 2 to 3 weeks | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. Whitethorn ceanothus. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CECO (accessed 14 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus cordulatus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
657 | Ceanothus (cuneatus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | cuneatus | CECU | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Oregon and California | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Buckbrush | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags, soaked for 10 seconds in boiling water and then immediately transferred in cold water. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 4 hours.
Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. buckbrush. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CECU (accessed 14 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus cuneatus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
658 | Ceanothus (integerrimus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | integerrimus | CEIN3 | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon | Native to the western US, including Arizona, New Mexico, California, Oregon, and Washington. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Buckthorn | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags, soaked for 10 seconds in boiling water and then immediately transferred in cold water. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 4 hours.
Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn. deerbrush. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEIN3 (accessed 14 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus integerrimus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
659 | Ceanothus (americanus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | americanus | L. | Ceanothus | intermedius | Pursh | CEAAME | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>C. americanus</i> is found from Quebec to Florida west to Minnesota and south to Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a.<br> Caliper: n/a.<br> Root System: firm root plug for the greenhouse crop. | New Jersey Tea | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 19 to July 1. Seed is harvested about August 18. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F.<br> | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse <br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br>Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March. Field grown crops are sown in the fall.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell.<br> | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one week.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. Weed the flats when they are being thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 8 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also.<br> Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage asyou can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them in plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out. Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Ceanothus americanus</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
660 | Ceanothus (americanus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Ceanothus | americanus | L. | Ceanothus | intermedius | Pursh | CEAAME | Illinios | <i>C. americanus</i> is found from Quebec to Florida west to Minnesota and south to Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Bareroot seedlings | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Well developed root system for field grown plants. | New Jersey Tea | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 19 to July 1. Seed is harvested about August 18. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore, is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping during the drilling process. | Field grown crops take 10 - 12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the Spring.<br> | Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam. Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 0.8 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. Per acre. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them in plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out. Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment.<br>Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Again, remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Ceanothus americanus</i> L. plants Bareroot seedlings; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
661 | Ceanothus (arboreus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Ceanothus | arboreus | Greene | CEAARB | Catalina Island, California | Felt Leaf Ceanothus is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits wooden canyon bottos and slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 9 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Felt Leaf Ceanothus | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected seeds from May to July. The fruit is a dry, three lobed capsule. Mature seeds are dark red-brown, hard, smooth and glossy. Seeds are rapidly dispersed by force when capsules open. | Inferred seed dormancy for Ceanothus is physical dormancy.<br>We have used a 5 minute 1 to 5%bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> We have tried several treatments to maximize germination rates: 20 to 30 hour hot water scarifcation, followed by 4 to 8 weeks of cold, moist stratification at 40 F.<br> Highest rates of germination were obtained by a 20 to 25 hour hot water soak followed by 6.5 to 8 weeks of cold moist stratifcation (72 to 77%). Combined germination percentages for all treatments have ranged from 36 to 77%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stagesof seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during early fall late winter and early spring months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into deepots (40 cubic inches) or #1 Treepots (173 cubic inches) filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded containers are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. | 2 to 4 weeks | Following establishment, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br>We shift deepots into #1 treepots (173 cubic inches)5 to 6 months after germination. We top prune as needed to encourage branching. | 5 to 8 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus arboreus</i> Greene plants Deepot 40; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
662 | Ceanothus (cordulatus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | cordulatus | Kellogg | CEACOR | C. cordulatus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White ceanothus | Seeds germinate at greenhouse temperatures. | Quick, C. R. (1959). Ceanothus seeds and seedlings on burns. Madrono 15, 79-81.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus cordulatus</i> Kellogg plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
663 | Ceanothus (cordulatus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | cordulatus | Kellogg | CECO | USFS, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Gold Beach Ranger District, Gold Beach, Oregon: 3800 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Whitethorn ceanothus | Small lot, 0.315 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ceanothus cordulatus</i> Kellogg seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
664 | Ceanothus (crassifolius) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | crassifolius | Torr. | CEACRA | C. crassifolius is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hoary leaf ceanothus | Seeds germinate under greenhouse temperatures.<br> In another study, seeds are treated with dry heat at 100 C for 60 minutes for increased germination. | Quick, C. R. (1959). Ceanothus seeds and seedlings on burns. Madrono 15, 79-81.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Christianson and Muller, 1975. In: Table 10.3 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus crassifolius</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
665 | Ceanothus (cuneatus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | cuneatus | (Hook.) Nutt. | CEACUN | C. cuneatus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Buckbrush | Seeds germinate under greenhouse temperatures. | Quick, C. R. (1935). Notes on the germination of Ceanothus seeds. Madrono 3, 135-140.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus cuneatus</i> (Hook.) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
666 | Ceanothus (cuneatus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | cuneatus | (Hook.) Nutt. | CECU | BLM, Seeds of Success, Clear Creek Management Area, San Benito County, California; 3290 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Buckbrush | Very small lot, 0.88 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ceanothus cuneatus</i> (Hook.) Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
667 | Ceanothus (fresnensis) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | fresnensis | Dry ridge in coniferous forest; 3,000-7,000 feet. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fresno Mat | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> <u>Cuttings</u>: two strengths of Hormex #16 and #3 were used. <u>Seeds</u>: 3 months cold stratification at 35§F mixed with moist vermiculite in a sealed plastic bag. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b>Data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special stor-age requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Propagules not stored for any significant time. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus fresnensis</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
668 | Ceanothus (incanus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | incanus | CEIN | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest | California and southern Oregon | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coast whitethorn | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags, soaked for 10 seconds in boiling water and then immediately transferred in cold water. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 4 hours.
Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Ceanothus incanus Torr. & A. Gray coast whitethorn. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEIN (accessed 14 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus incanus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
669 | Ceanothus (integerrimus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | integerrimus | H&A | CEAINT | C. integerrimus is found in the coast range of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California coastal ceanothus | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 20 to 30 C.<br> In another study, germination occurred under greenhouse temperatures. | Heit, C. E. (1970). Germinative characteristics and optimum testing methods for twelve western shrub species. Proc. Assoc. Offic. Seed Anal. 60, 197-205.<br>Table 10.35. Quick,1935 Table 10.2 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus integerrimus</i> H&A plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
670 | Ceanothus (integerrimus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | integerrimus | Hook. & Arn. | CEIN3 | USFS, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Gold Beach Ranger District, Indigo site, Gold Beach, Oregon: 3800 ft. elevation | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Deerbrush | Small lot, 0.48 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ceanothus integerrimus</i> Hook. & Arn. plants USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
671 | Ceanothus (leucodermis) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | leucodermis | Greene | CEALEU | C. leucodermis is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Chaparral whitethorn | Seeds germinate at 23 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus leucodermis</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
672 | Ceanothus (megacarpus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | megacarpus | Nutt. | CEAMEG | C. megacarpus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bigpod ceanothus | Seeds germinate at 23 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. In another study,seeds are treated with dry heat at 100 C for 5 minutes for germination. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>Hadley, E. B. (1961). Influence of temperature and other factors on Ceanothus megacarpus seed germination. Madrono 16, 132-138. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus megacarpus</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
673 | Ceanothus (oliganthus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | oliganthus | Nutt. | Ceanothus | divaricatus | Nutt. | CEAOLI | C. oliganthus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hairy ceanothus | Seeds germinate at 23 C. Germination was greater in dark than light.<br> In Quick's study germination occurred under greenhouse temperatures.<br> In Wright's study, seeds are treated with dry heat at 116 C for 5 minutes for germination. | Quick, C. R. (1935). Notes on the germination of Ceanothus seeds. Madrono 3, 135-140.<br>Wright,1931. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus oliganthus</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
674 | Ceanothus (purpureus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | purpureus | Jepson | Ceanothus | jepsonii | Jepson | Variety | purpureus | (Jepson)Jepson | CEAPUR | C. purpureus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hollyleaf ceanothus | Seeds germinate under greenhouse temperatures. | Quick, C. R. (1935). Notes on the germination of Ceanothus seeds. Madrono 3, 135-140.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus purpureus</i> Jepson plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
675 | Ceanothus (sanguineus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | sanguineus | Pursh | CEASAN | C. sanguineus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red stem ceanothus | Seeds germinate under greenhouse temperatures. | Gratkowski, H. (1973). Pregermination treatments for redstem Ceanothus seeds. USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper PNW-156.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus sanguineus</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
676 | Ceanothus (sanguineus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | sanguineus | Pursh | Ceanothus | oreganus | Nutt. | CEASAN | West Glacier,Middle fork of Flathead river | Redstem ceanothus is found from British Columbia south to California, and in Idaho and Montana. It is also found in northern Michigan. It inhabits dry rocky hillsides in mixed coniferous and ponderosa pine forests and in brush fields on open slopes in the mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml (10 cu in) | 8 Months | Months | Firm root plug with seedling height at 15 cm (6.0 in). | Red stem ceanothus | The fruit is a dry capsule that is 4 to 5 mm (0.15 to 0.19 in) wide and 3 lobed. Mature seeds are dark red-brown, hard, smooth and glossy at maturity. The dry fruits ripen from late June to early August, and seeds are rapidly dispersed by force when the capsules open.<br>As the capsules split, seeds are ejected with force so thatthey can fall some distance away from the mother plant. Using seed collection bags made from a mill spun uv resistant polyester fiber that are a made with a small enough weave to capture the seeds while allowing light transmission are very useful. Bags are tied onto developing fruit clusters and capture the seeds when they are dispersed by force.This also results in collecting mostly debris free seeds. Do not cut branches with immature capsules as they will not ripen properly. | Seeds exhibit physical-physiological dormancy.<br> Seeds can be scarified by hot water at temperatures of 80 to 90ø C (176 to 194ø F). Seeds are added to boiling water for only 5 to 10 seconds and then immediately transferred to a vat of cold water so that they cool quickly. Immediate transfer to cold water is important to avoid killing the seeds. The seeds remain in, and imbibe, water for 1 day.<br>Following scarification, seeds are cold stratified for 90 days.<br> Sowing Method: Direct seeding | Seedlings are grown in a fully automated greenhouse.Seedlings need a well drained medium such as 2:1 Sunshine mix and large grade perlite. | Seedlings need excellent drainage, good air flow, and sunlight. Damping off disease and foliar diseases can be a problem with this species. Careful attention to irrigation frequency is needed during the establishment phase and should be done in the early morning so foliage can dry during the day. | 1 month | During active growth, seedlings can be sub-irrigated to avoid disease problems. They need to dry down well between irrigations.<br> Seedlings do not need heavy fertilization; recommendations include using a low concentration (30 to 50 ppm Nitrogen) liquid fertilizer 1 to 2 times per week. Inoculated seedlings may not require additional doses of nitrogen fertilizer. | 3 months | During mid to late summer, seedlings should be moved to the outdoor nursery to undergo hardening until late fall. | 2-3 months | seedlings can be planted in late fall or overwintered in the nursery and planted the following spring. Special precautions should be taken for over-wintering this species in containers so that the seedlings do not receive excessive moisture during storage. | 5 months | Conard SG, Merten MJ. 2004.The genus Ceanothus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Ceanothus.pdf (accessed 26 May 2004).<br> | Luna, Tara. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus sanguineus</i> Pursh plants 172 ml (10 cu in); USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
677 | Ceanothus (sanguineus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | sanguineus | Pursh | CESA | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, south fork of the Payette River, north of upper Deer Creek, Boise County, Idaho: 3104 Ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Redstem ceanothus | Small lot, 0.525 pounds, hand collected into paper container. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ceanothus sanguineus</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
678 | Ceanothus (sanguineus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | sanguineus | CESA | Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon | It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Montana to far northern California; it is also known from Michigan. It grows in temperate coniferous forest habitat in forest openings amidst the conifers. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Redstem ceanothus | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags, soaked for 10 seconds in boiling water and then immediately transferred in cold water. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 4 hours.
Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh redstem ceanothus. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CESA (accessed 16 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus sanguineus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
679 | Ceanothus (thyrsiflorus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | thyrsiflorus | CETH | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Oregon and California | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Blueblossom | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags. Bags are placed in 27 °C (80 °F) and allowed to cool overnight. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours.
Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. blueblossom. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CETH (accessed 14 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
680 | Ceanothus (thyrsiflorus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Ceanothus | thyrsiflorus | Eschsch. | Ceanothus | thyrsiflorus | Eschsch. | Variety | repens | McMinn | CEATHY | Marin County, California | <i>C. thyrsiflorus</i> is found in the coastal range, from Santa Barbara County, California, to southern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Blueblossom Ceanothus | Seeds are collected between June 3rd and June 20th.<br> Seed is very dark brown, almost black at maturity.<br> Seeds/gram: 77 | Seeds are scarified in a hot water bath for 20 minutes and then soaked for 48 hours. Heat water to a boil, place seeds in water and immdeiately remove from heat source Add cool water after 20 seconds.<br> Seeds are placed in cold stratification for 84 days. many seeds sprout after 12 weeks in stratification. | Shadehouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 2 seeds are sown per 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) container containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are covered 2 times the depth to diameter of seed.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation/mist system.It is very important not to overwater seeds.<br> Seeds are sownon July 1st.<br> % Germination:59% | Seeds germinate 40 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 40 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%. | 2.5 months | Do not over water seedlings. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i> Eschsch. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
681 | Ceanothus (velutinus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | velutinus | CEVE | Deschutes, Umpqua, and Willamette National Forests, Oregon | Open, wooded, hillsides and ledges, from 1060 to 3050 m (3500 to 10,000 ft); southern California to northern British Columbia, and east to Colorado and Black Hills, South Dakota. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Snowbrush | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags, soaked for 10 seconds in boiling water and then immediately transferred in cold water. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 4 hours.
Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
| 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Ceanothus velutinus Douglas ex Hook. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEVE (accessed 16 Oct 2019). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Ceanothus velutinus Douglas ex Hook. snowbrush ceanothus. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEVE (accessed 16 Oct 2019). | Riley, Lee E.. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus velutinus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
682 | Ceanothus (velutinus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | velutinus | Dougl. ex Hook. | Ceanothus | velutinus | Dougl. ex Hook. | Variety | hookeri | M.C. Johnston | CEAVEL | West Glacier, MT | Snowbrush ceanothus is found from British Columbia and Alberta south to California, Nevada, and Utah. It ranges south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and east to South Dakota. It is found on dry rocky hillsides in open forests and open slopes in the mountains, chaparral and mountain shrub communities and in open mountain grasslands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml (10 cu in) | 8 Months | Months | Height: 15 cm Caliper: 7 mm Root system: Root tight plug | Snowbrush ceanthous | The fruit is a 3-lobed dry capsule that is 4 to 5 mm (0.15 to 0.19 in) wide. Mature seeds are dark red-brown, hard, smooth and glossy at maturity. Dry capsules ripen from August to early October. As the capsules split, seeds are ejected by force so that they can fall some distance away from the mother plant.<br> Using seed collection bags, made from a mill spun uv resistant polyester fiber with a small enough weave to capture seeds while allowing light transmission allows for the collection of mostly debris free mature seeds. Bags are tied onto developing fruit clusters and capture seeds when they are dispersed by force. | Seeds exhibit physical-physiological dormancy. Seeds can be scarified by hot water at temperatures of 80 to 90ø C (176 to 194ø F). Seeds are added to boiling water for 5 to 10 seconds and then immediately transferred to a vat of cold water so that they cool quickly. Immediate transfer to cold water is important to avoid killing the seeds. The seeds remain in, and imbibe, water for 1 day.<br>Following scarification, seeds are cold, moist stratified for 90 days. | Snowbrush ceanothus forms a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria. Seeds can be inoculated with <i>Frankia</i> bacteria at time of sowing.<br>Seedlings are grown in a fully automated greenhouse at 21 to 23 C (14hr)day/ 15 to 16 C (10hr)night alternating temperature cycle.<br> Seedlings require a highly aerated medium such as 2:1 (v:v)Sunshine mix and large grade perlite.<br> Seeds are lightly covered with perlite or grit during sowing. | Seeds germinate 7 to 10 days after sowing.<br>Seedlings require careful irrigation pratices, good air flow, and sunlight during growth. Careful attention to irrigation frequency is needed during the establishment phase and must be done in the early morning so foliage can dry during the day. Seedlings are very suseptible to damping-off disease. After seedlings are well established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 1 month | During active growth, seedlings can be sub-irrigated to avoid disease problems. Seedlings must dry down between irrigatons.<br>Seedlings do not need require frequent fertilization. Seedlings can be fertilized using a low concentration (30 to 50 ppm Nitrogen) liquid fertilizer 1 to 2 times per week. Inoculated seedlings may not require additional doses of nitrogen fertilizer. Top-pruning encourages stem diameter growth and branching. | 3 months | During mid to late summer, seedlings can be moved to the outdoor nursery to undergo hardening until late fall. | 2-3 months | Seedlings can be planted in the fall or overwintered in the nursery using Microfoam sheets and planted the following spring. Special precautions should be taken for over-wintering this species in containers so that the seedlings do not receive excessive moisture during storage. | 5 months | Conard SG, Merten MJ. 2004.The genus Ceanothus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Ceanothus.pdf (accessed 26 May 2004).<br> Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Ownbey M, Thompson JW. 1994 (sixth printing). Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Part 3 Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. University of Washington Press. Seattle (WA) 614p. ISBN 0-295-73985-1. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus velutinus</i> Dougl. ex Hook. plants 172 ml (10 cu in); USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
683 | Cedrela (odorata) | Meliaceae | Cedrela | odorata | tropical evergreen and deciduous forests | Spanish cedar is a fast-growing, early- successional species generally distributed between 24 N and 27 S latitudes from 0-1500 m elevation in the neotropics. It is present in upland areas of both evergreen and semi-deciduous rain forests. Growth may be optimum in areas of strong seasonal drought (4-5 months) and about 1,500 mm of annual rainfall. It grows well on calcerous soils with good drainage, but not on acidic, excessively dry, or waterlogged soils. During the dry season, leaves are shed. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | For bare root stock, 91-122 cm height is recommended with 13-19 mm root collar diam (rcd). For container grown stock, (polybag or rigid containers), minimum size is 40 cm height and 8 mm rcd. | Spanish cedar; cedro | C. odorata is monoceious with perfect flowers and are insect pollinated. Flowering period varies greatly by region. In Mexico, flowering begins in June. After fertilization, fruit requires 7-8 months to mature. Annual fluctuations in flower and fruit production are common. Trees begin producing seed at 10-15 age yrs, or 30 cm dbh, earlier in open areas. <p>Each woody capsule contains 25 - 40 winged seeds that are wind dispersed. One kg may contain between 16,000 - 60,000 seeds with an average of 32,000-40,000. Due to the abundance of seeds per tree (several hundred thousand), nurseries often derive their entire production from one or two trees greatly reducing genetic diversity. Seeds should be collected while pods are still closed, but brown in color, when wings are brown not green, using extendable pruners, otherwise they are difficult to find and rot quickly on the ground. Seeds should be placed on plastic mats or screens to ripen in the sun, (avoiding rain) allowing them to break open naturally. An unfortunate, but common practice is to scale the trees and cut whole branches with a machete eliminating flowering 5 years or longer. | Seeds do not require pre-treatment due to their high germination rates. Sowing depth is shallow, 1 cm. Germination begins 1-2 weeks after sowing. An unfortunate, but common practice is to germinate seeds in beds then `prick out' or transfer seedlings to containers that result in j-rooting of the tap root. Direct sowing in containers is recommend to avoid this problem. Nonetheless, unfortunately, many nursery guides continue the standard recommendation of using germination beds and pricking out with the appearance of the first true leaves. | Spanish cedar is commonly grown in bareroot beds, but also transplanting naturally regenerated seedlings, or branch and stem cuttings are possible. Stems appear to store water (some look like upside down carrots), which probably facilitates use of cuttings and bare root plants. In many community nurseries, soil fertility is not maintained and natural shade trees compete for water, sun and nutrients. Seedling densities should be under 200 plants per m, but are often over-stocked. Root pruning is not done, and roots are not dipped in clay solutions or wrapped for transport all of which greatly improve seedling survival. Production in polybags with soil and no organic additions is common (see description under <i>Swietenia macrophylla </i>).<p>Substrates studies were conducted by Wightman and Cruz (in review) using different local soil and organic material mixtures, granular fertilizer and copper treated (Spinout) polybags (Negreros and Wightman, in prep). In both bare root beds, and in poly bags, seedling growth was significantly better with the addition of composted vegetation and manure. Granular fertilizer did not increase growth as well as composted substrates, probably because they did not improve soil physical or biological properties as well as the composts. After two years' field growth, trends continued. Root length and stem diameter were smaller in copper treated bags. A mixture of 50% compost and soil is recommended for polybags. | Seedlings should be shaded during germination, but shade can be removed gradually once cotyledons appear. Germination rates without shade are poor probably also due to higher evaporation of soil water. | 1 month | Seedling should be grown in full sun. The lethal leaf fungus Cereospora sp. was detected in nurseries in the Yucatan, and should be treated with Previcur (Propamocarb clorhidrato 64%), and (Carbendazim 2 Metatoxicarbonilamino). Given the positive response to compost, organic or inorganic fertilizers should be applied. Foliar micronutrient solutions are regularly applied (1 l per 200 l of water), but rates have not been tested. Seedlings are vulnerable to leaf cutter ants; nests should be destroyed (difficult). Occasionally <i>Hypsipyla grandella </i>is present in nurseries and can be easily controlled with systemic insecticides. | 2-3 months, longer when not grown with compost | Generally, seedling should receive less water one month before going to the field. | 1 month | Only the best plant should be taken to the field; 10% of the crop should be culled. Trees should not be stored from one nursery season to the next. Trees should be well-watered before transport. Trees should be planted at the beginning of the rainy season to maximize growth. However, in many areas, farmers traditionally plant crops during this time, and trees are planted near the end of the rains. | no more than one season | Burns R, Mosquera M, and J Whitmore. 1998. Useful trees of the Tropical Region of North America. North American Forestry Commission Publ. No. 3. <p> Lamprecht H. 1989. Silviculture in the Tropics. GTZ, Germany. 296 pp.<p> Monsalvo, VS, Estrada V. 1998. Microorganismso para controlar el barrenador de brotes del cedro rojo y caoba. INIFAP Veracruz, Mexico.Follecto Tecnico # 25. <p> Patino-Valera F. 1997. Recursos geneticos de Swietenia y Cedrela en los Neotropicos: propuestas para acciones coordinadas. FAO, Rome. 58 pp. <p> Salazar R. 2000. Manejo de semillas de 100 especies forestales de America Latina. Vol. 1. CATIE, Costa Rica. <p> Wightman KEand B Santiago Cruz. (in review) Ensayos de substratos con cedro y caoba. | Wightman, Kevyn Elizabeth. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cedrela odorata</i> plants Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Managua, Nicaragua, Rhode Island. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
684 | Cedrela (odorata) | Meliaceae | Mahogany Family | Cedrela | odorata | L. | CEDODO | St. Croix | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 18 Months | Months | Height: 3 feet<br> Calpier: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Sanish Cedar | Collect whole fruits in clusters directly from tree once the fruits began to open.<br> | None | Seeds are sown in deep trays using a edium of vermiculite, compost, peat and local soil.<br> Seeds are sown into flats and lightly covered with perlite as a muclh. | Moderate germination period.<br>Perhaps 50% of the seeds germinated.<br>Seedlingsare transplanted from the tray to individual containers when they have 2 to 3 true leaves.<r> Establishment phase is longer than with other species; they are not fast growing. | Hayes, Margaret. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cedrela odorata</i> L. plants Database of Restoration Research on the Colorado Plateau St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
685 | Celtis (ehrenbergiana ) | Ulmaceae | Elm Family | Celtis | ehrenbergiana | (Klotzsch) Liemb. | Madrean Archipelago | Foothills and mesas 1,500-3,000 ft in Western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. Useful in erosion control due to extensive root systems (Vines 1984).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Spiny Hackberry | Berries are collected by hand in September-December. If it is early in the season and fruits are still moist, spread the berries to prevent mold. If it is later in the season, no additional drying is necessary (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008).
| Fermenting the seed and then removing the pulp prior to planting increases germination rates. Following pulp removal, all hackberry species should be cold-stratified at 5°C in a moist media to break dormancy (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Stratification for 90-120 days is effective for common hackberry, sugarberry and netleaf hackberry (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008), so it is reasonable to assume this method may be useful for spiny hackberry as well.
| Bonner, Franklin T. and Robert P. Karrfalt, eds.The woody plant seed manual, USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 727. Government Printing Office, Washington DC: U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2008.
Gucker, Corey L. 2011. “Celtis occidentalis.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Web. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, January 3]. Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Vines, Robert A. Trees of central Texas. University of Texas Press, 1984. Print. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Celtis ehrenbergiana </i> (Klotzsch) Liemb. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
686 | Celtis (laevigata) | Ulmaceae | Elm Family | Celtis | laevigata | Willd. | Variety | reticulata | (Torr.) L. Benson | Celtis | reticulata | Torr. | CELLAE | <i>C. laevigata v. reticulata</i> is found from Washington east to Wyoming and south to California and Louisiana. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height:12 in.<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Netleaf hackberry | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator 90 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 14 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Celtis laevigata</i> Willd. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
687 | Celtis (laevigata) | Ulmaceae | Elm family | Celtis | laevigata | Willd. | Variety | reticulata | (Torr.) L.D. Benson | Celtis | reticulata | Torr. CERE2 | CELAR | USFS, Deschutes National Forest, Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District, collected at Clarno site along the John Day River, Oregon: 1800 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Netleaf hackberry | Very small lot, 0.23 pounds, hand collected into paper carton. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Celtis laevigata</i> Willd. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
688 | Celtis (laevigata) | Ulmaceae | Elm Family | Celtis | laevigata | Willd. | Celtis | reticulata | Torr. | CERE | var. reticulata | C. laevigata v. reticulata is found from Washington east to Wyoming and south to California and Louisiana. Within New Mexico it is found in all portions of the state with the exception of the Northwest corner. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height 15 to 25 cm; firm root plug. | Netleaf hackberry | Seeds were collected in August from trees growing in natural stands in southwestern New Mexico. Seeds were rubbed to removed the dried pulp outer layer. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. The moistened seed is then placed in a self sealing plastic bag filled with moist vermiculite and stratified for 120 days from 2 to 40C. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). After 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 20 - 25 cm in height, the plants are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed, which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat moss: perlite: vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at a rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. The irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is providedvia a sub-irrigation system; generally every 4-5 days. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2-5 mm layer of perlite is placed of the media/seed. The containers are misted 3-5 minutes 3-5 times a day to keep the surface of the media moist, and maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night temperatures range from 12 to 21oC and day temperatures range from 15 to 26oC. No supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. Seedlots have variable germination responses so seed is monitored for germination for up to six weeks. | 2 to 6 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26oC and during the night 18 to 22oC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Seedlingsare irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J. L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Mimbres Publishing 464 pp. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov | Harrington, John T; Atencio, Lena E.. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Celtis laevigata</i> Willd. plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
689 | Celtis (occidentalis) | Ulmaceae | Elm family | Celtis | occidentalis | L. | CELOCC | C. occidentalis is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common hackberry | Seeds are cold stratified for 60 to 90 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1939). Experiments at Boyce Thompson Institute on germination and dormancy of seeds. Sci. Hort. 7, 186-193.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
690 | Celtis (occidentalis) | Ulmaceae | Elm Family | Celtis | occidentalis | L. | CELOCC | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park. | General Distribution: Moist rich soil, often in floodplains; s. Quebec to s. Manitoba, s. to Virginia, Arkansas and Oklahoma; locally to North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Variable. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991) | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 2 or 3-gallon containers | 0 | Time to grow: Bare root seedlings are harvested after two years in outdoor nursery beds.<br>Selected 2-0 bareroot seedlings are potted in 1-gallon containers as specimen plantings for park landscaping. They are bumped up to 2 and 3-gallon containers in successive springs. It takes about 3-4 years for roots to fill a 3-gallon container.<br> Bareroot seedlings should have well-developed root systems at harvest. Long roots are pruned as needed before storage.<br>Containerized stock should have fibrous, firm root balls that fill pots treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that promotes development of fibrous root systems and inhibits root girdling.<br> Height: Two-year bareroot seedlings are 8-10 inches. <br>1-gallon container plants are up to 36", 2-gallon range from 36-48" and 3-gallon are around 72". | common hackberry | Mature fruits were collected from the parks in October. | Embryo dormancy: Seeds have internal dormancy and require cold, moist stratification (60-90 days @41F))to overcome this. (Bonner, 1974)<br> Stratification: Seeds are sown outdoors in nursery beds in the fall soon after collection and cleaning to allow natural stratification to occur. | Propagation environment: bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds; container specimens are grown to finished size in a shade house.<br> Sowing date: November<br> Sowing/planting technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. (Rows are 5-6inches apart and seeds are sown less than 1 inch apart within each row). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed and the row is covered with about _ inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. | Seedlings generally emerge during the spring following a fall sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with 30% poly screening. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor, sandy loam, seedlings in the outdoor nursery beds are fertilized once weekly from mid-April through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br><br> Container nursery: Selected bareroot seedlings are potted up into 1 gallon containers as specimens and are held in a shade house during the growing seasons until reaching outplanting size at 2 or 3 gallons. Plants usually need a season or more after each bump up for the rootball to fill the containers. Daily overhead irrigation is adjusted depending on natural precipitation and pot size. Those plants that are ready are bumped up to the next container size in spring using a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 4 cups 180 day controlled release Nutricote 18-6-8 with micros and about 4 cups of endomycorrhizae per batch). Spin Out-treated pots are used to promote fibrous root growth. Pots that are too large or soil that remains too moist may retard plant growth. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. <br>Container nursery: frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go into dormancy, depending on natural rainfall. | Bareroot: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed.<br><br>Containers: dormant containerized stock is overwintered outdoors under a microfoam- insulating blanket after leaf fall. Clean, well-watered containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with microfoam. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket before the microfoam is secured to discourage gnawing rodents. | 3-5 months | Bonner, F. T. 1974. <i>Celtis</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 298-300.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD<br><br>Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> L. plants bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 2 or 3-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
691 | Celtis (occidentalis) | Ulmaceae | Elm Family | Celtis | occidentalis | L. | Variety | occidentalis | CELOCC | Colorado | <i>C. occidentalis v. occidentalis</i> is found from Wyoming to New Mexico and eastwards to the Atlantic coast; from New Engalnd to Florida. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Western hackberry | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator 90 days. | Soils: Our field soils are: Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 14 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> L. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
692 | Celtis (occidentalis) | Ulmaceae | Elm Family | Celtis | occidentalis | L. | CELOCC | South Central Missouri | Common hackberry is found throughout the eastern United States; from New England south to Florida and west to Wyoming and Utah. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Common hackberry | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.<br>The fruit is an orange to reddish, purplish, or black drupe that contains a single seed or nutlet.The hard, bony seeds are cream-colored and approximately 5.5 mm (0.22 in) in diameter at maturity. | We plant seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear at 7.5 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004.The genus Celtis. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Celtis.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
693 | Centaurium (arizonicum) | Gentianaceae | Gentian family | Centaurium | arizonicum | (Gray) Heller | CEAR12 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Agua Fria National Monument, Badger Springs Trail to Agua Fria River, Arizona; 3019 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Arizona centaury | Very small lot, .25 pounds, hand collected into paper envelope. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Centaurium arizonicum</i> (Gray) Heller seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
694 | Cephalanthus (occidentalis) | Rubiaceae | Madder | Cephalanthus | occidentalis | Buttonbush is found in swamps, sloughs, shallow ponds, and in and on the banks of small streams, marshes, and swamps (Godfrey 1988). Widespread in Louisiana in wet habitats (Brown 1965). | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common Buttonbush | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Container. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> <u>Flowers:</u> June-September. <u>Fruits:</u> September-October.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Brown, C.A., 1965. Louisiana Trees and Shrubs. Louisiana Forestry commission Bulletin No. 1. Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publications.<p> Godfrey, R.K. 1988. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.<p> U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974. | Fine, Gary. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
695 | Cephalanthus (occidentalis) | Rubiaceae | Coffee Family | Cephalanthus | occidentalis | L. | CEPOCC | South Central Missouri | Buttonbush is found from New Brunswick south to Florida and west to Minnesota, Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. It also occurs in Cuba, Mexico and Central America. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 7 Months | Months | Height: 30 to 48 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Buttonbush | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Seedheads are mature when they turn reddish brown. | We plant seeds in early May using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 15 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inchesfor 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 2 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 20004. The genus Cephalanthus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Cephalanthus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
696 | Cephalanthus (occidentalis) | Rubiaceae | Madder Family | Cephalanthus | occidentalis | L. | CEOC2 | Buckhorn Area | It grows in low wet areas throughout most of Texas, east to Florida, west to California, and in northern Mexico. Common along rivers, swamps, ponds, lakes, and wet canyons in either full or partial sun | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Taproot. | Buttonbush | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Rudy G. Esquivel on 10/24/1996. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Fresh seeds will not need pretreatment to germinate. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse and lath house for planting and growing. <br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallons.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #3. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> October. | How to Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest, 133-134; Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, 301-302; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
697 | Cerastium (arcticum) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Cerastium | arcticum | CERARC | C. arcticum is a circumpolar species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic chickweed | Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br> Bell, K. L. and Bliss, L. C. (1980). Plant reproduction in a high arctic environment. Arctic Alpine Res. 12, 1-10.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cerastium arcticum</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
698 | Cerastium (berringianum) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Cerastium | berringianum | Cham.&Schlecht. | CERBER | C. berringianum is found in alpine zones from British Columbia and Alberta south to Colorado, California and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine chickweed | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cerastium berringianum</i> Cham.&Schlecht. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
699 | Cerastium (nutans) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Cerastium | nutans | Raf. | CERNUT | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common chickweed | Seeds are placed into warm stratification. Germination occurs at 23/12 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished,1988. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cerastium nutans</i> Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
700 | Cercis (canadensis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Cercis | canadensis | L. | CERCAN | C. canadensis is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastern redbud | Seeds are scarified and cold stratified for 35 to 56 days and germinate at 21 C. | Afanasiev, M. (1944). A study of dormancy and germination of seeds of Cerciscanadensis. J. Agric. Res. 69, 405-419.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cercis canadensis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
701 | Cercis (canadensis) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Cercis | canadensis | L. | CERCAN | South Central Missouri | Eastern redbud is found from Connecticut west to southern Ontario, Michigan, and Nebraska and south to Texas and central Mexico. It is a minor component of a variety of mixed, eastern deciduous forests and is widely planted elsewhere as an ornamental. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 30 to 48 in<br>
Caliper:0.25 to0.50 in<br>
Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Eastern redbud | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The woody legumes are 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in)long, containing reddish brown hard seeds. | We scarify seeds with concentrated sulfuric acid 1:1 (v:v) acid to seeds for 30 minutes. After acid treatment, seeds are thoroughly rinsed in water to remove residual acid.<br> We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 10 setting in prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field eachyear. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Banner VA, Stein WI. 2004. The genus Cercis. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Cercis.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cercis canadensis</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
702 | Cercis (canadensis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Cercis | canadensis | L. | CECA4 | Stones River source | Eastern redbud is common throughout the eastern two-thirds of the continental United States with the exception of the New England states of Vermont, New Hampshire,and Maine and the North Central states of Wisconsin, North Dakota, and South dakota. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 2 Years | Years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting by hand with at least 8 inches of top growth and a healthy, dense root system. | eastern redbud | Mature seed pods were harvested by hand from existing healthy stands of eastern redbud within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.seed pods can be collected in autumn after the pods have turned tan or brown. | Seeds are direct sown into prepared beds in the fall to achieve natural cold stratification. Seed maybe mecanically scarified priot to planting in order to weaken the hard, water impermeable seed coat. | Slightly raised beds are prepared by deep plowing in a manner that throws the soil toward a central point, resulting in a n area roughly five feet in width and varying in length. The deep plowed area is then rototilled to break up large clumps and smooth the bed surface. The surface of the bed may require a final raking by hand to create a smooth, uniform surface for planting. | Seeds are sown by hand onto the surface of the prepared bed and pressed into the soil by deliberate foot traffic to ensure good seed to soil contact. Planted beds are covered with a light layer of straw to help prevent frost heaving overwinter. Mulched beds are then covered with heavy hardware cloth to anchor the straw mulch and to deter rodents from feeding on the seeds. | 6 months | Germination of redubd seed is epigeous; that is, the cotyledons are lifted above the soil surface by rapid growth of the stem below the cotyledons or seed leaves. Seedlings may achieve a height of 6 to 12 inches during the first growing season. | 6 -8 months | N/A | N/A | Seedlings are lifted with a mechanical bed lifter/shaker in late winter or early spring before the plants break dormancy. Plants are stored at 35 degrees Farhenheit in plastic garbage barrels until shipped to planting sites. Roots are covered with aged, moistened sawdust to prevent dessication while in storage. Seedlings are typically bundled together in groups of 25 plants for shipment and the roots are covered with damp sphagnum moss to prevent dessication during shipment. | 4-6 weeks | Bonner, F.T. and R. P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody PLants seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727.<p> Dirr, Michael A.,1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th ed. Stipes Publishing, LLC. Champaign, IL.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 August 2013). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA<p> | Vandevender, John. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cercis canadensis</i> L. plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
703 | Cercis (canadensis) | Leguminosae | Legume Family | Cercis | canadensis | L. | CECA4 | Veterans Lake Dam | Eastern United States: Connecticut to Iowa southward to Texas and Florida. Found on abandoned farmlands, cutover woodlands, or in forest understories. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Eastern redbud | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Morris Houck, James Alderson and Gary Bates in 10/1991. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Sulfuric acid is added to seeds for a predetermined period. After treatment, the seeds should be washed thoroughly and then stored in a refrigerator with moist sphagnum peat moss until spring planting or sowed immediately (without pretreatment) after collection in the fall in well-prepared seed beds. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> In the greenhouse and then set in the lath house for growing and hardening-off.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1 gallon.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seeds sown in late fall or early spring.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand seeding in containers or flats. <br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding by hand.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> September.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A. | Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, 305-308; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cercis canadensis</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
704 | Cercis (canadensis) | Caesalpiniaceae | Caesalpinia Family | Cercis | canadensis | CERCAN | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Iowa, Nebraska, south to Florida and Mexico. Found in rich, moist soil, partial shade. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bareroot and container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> Up to 24 inches for bareroot seedlings (after 2 years), up to 60 inches for container plants (after an additional 2-3 years in pots).<br> <b>Root System:</b> Roots on container plants are fibrous, should form a full rootball when plant is pulled from container. | Redbud | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park by National Park Service staff on 8/24/94 - 10/18/94, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by J. Englert on 9/19/95, J. Copeland on 10/7/96-10/15/96, 10/3/97, 10/26/98, 9/7/99-9/10/99 and 9/18/00-10/30/00; Shenandoah National Park by J. Englert on 9/92, 10/92 and 10/5/93; by G./D. Meyer on 8/25/94-11/3/94, by J. White on 10/4/95, by J. Kujawski on 9/24/96-10/28/96; George Washington Memorial Parkway by G. Meyer on 10/14/94, by J. Kujawski on 10/9/96-11/5/96. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> We simply fall plant seeds to overcome barriers to germination, but scarification and chilling are necessary for seeds not fall sown (USDA, 1974). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sown seeds.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Some bareroot seedlings are transplanted into 1-, 2-, then 3-gallon containers after harvest.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> In containers, plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> November-December.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seedlings emerge the spring after fall sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are sown just about touching each other in rows, because of low germination expectations). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 3/4 inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b>Rapid Growth Phase: Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Bareroot plants are generally harvested 2 years after sowing; in some cases where we've seen good growth and want to end up with container plant material, we will harvest after 1 year.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Root trimmings are saved for vegetative propagation use. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size and larger container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seeds are stored dry in paper envelopes, cloth bags, or plastic bottles in a seed cooler maintained at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Seeds have both hard seedcoats and embryo dormancy to overcome before they will germinate (USDA, 1974). | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450.<p> USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished data. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Cercis canadensis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
705 | Cercis (orbiculata) | Fabaceae | Legume Family | Cercis | orbiculata | Greene | Cercis | occidentalis | Torr. ex Gray | Variety | orbiculata | (Greene) Tidestrom | CERORB | Sierra Foothills | Dry, shrubby slopes, canyons, ravines, stream banks, chaparral, foothill woodlands to yellow pine forests throughout California Floristic Province | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deep pots | 8 Months | Months | Container stock for restoration, multi branched, 6-8" high, fully rooted in container before out-planting | Californina Redbud | Collected 12/6/02, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Park, Ash Mountain, Buckeye Housing by M. B. Keeley | Hot water soaking treatment. 200F water is poured over seed to crack seed coat. Seed is left to soak in water overnight, then near boiling water is again poured over seed & left to soak. Continue to soak seed in fresh water for four more days, allowing seeds to imbibe water. Refresh water each day. Floating seeds are not viable and should be removed. Plant immediatly after treatment. Germination should occur within a couple of weeks. | Seeds are planted in 5%bleach-sanitized 2 1/2" deep nursery flats, filled with sterile well-draining soiless mix. (Suggested 1:3 parts perlite to soil mix) Neither orgainic nor inorganic fertilizers of any type should be in the soil. Keep seeds moist until well germinated, then reduce watering-- watering when soil is dry. | Transplant immediately from flats into sanitized pots when two true leaves unfurl. Protect from rodents. Seedlings are subject to pythium and phytophthera, so, light applications of systemic Subdue fungicide are effective. Transplant directly into deep pots approximately 2 1/2" w x 8" h. Add 1/2 recommended dosages of time-release-balanced fertilized. | Approximately 2 months | Thereafter, water when almost dry only. Stop fertilizing by late spring and over the summer | 1 1/2 years | Collecting, Processing, Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants By Young & Young Seed Propagation of Native California Plants By Dara Emery, Santa Barbara Botanic Garden The Jepson Manual Edited by James Hickman | Baer-Keeley, Melanie. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cercis orbiculata</i> Greene plants Deep pots; USDI NPS - Sequoia Kings Canyon National Park Three Rivers, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
706 | Cercocarpus (ledifolius) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Cercocarpus | ledifolius | Nutt. | CERLED | C. ledifolius is found from Wahington to California and east to Montana south to Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Curl leaf mountain mahogany | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 21 days. Germination occurs at 10C. | Young, J. A., Evans, R. A. and Neal, D. L. (1978). Treatment of curlleaf Cercocarpus seeds to enhance germination. J. Wildl. Manage. 42, 614-620.<br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
707 | Cercocarpus (ledifolius) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Cercocarpus | ledifolius | Nutt. | CERLED | Utah | <i>C. ledifolius</i> is found from southeastern Washington across the mountains of Idaho, Montana andWyoming south to California and Arizona. It is found occasionally in Colorado. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height:10 in.<br> Caliper:5/32 in.A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Curlleaf mountain mahogany | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Fruit is an achene with a long feathery appendage. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 30 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March)of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i> Nutt. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
708 | Cercocarpus (ledifolius) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Cercocarpus | ledifolius | Nutt. | CERLED | Utah | <i>C. ledifolius</i> is found from southeastern Washington across the mountains of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming south to California and Arizona. It is found occasionally in Colorado. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 10 in.<br> Caliper: 5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Curlleaf mountain mahogany | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br>Mature fruit is an achene with a long feathery appendage. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 30 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March) when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i> Nutt. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
709 | Cercocarpus (ledifolius) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Cercocarpus | ledifolius | Nutt. | CELE | C. ledifolius Nutt. occurs naturally from southeastern Washington south to southern California and eastward to Montana and western Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height 15 to 25 cm; firm root plug. | Curl-leaf mountain mahogany, Curlleaf mountain mahogany | Seeds were obtained from a commercial nursery. | Seeds are soaked in water for 48 hours then are placed in a self sealing plastic bag and placed in cold stratification (2 - 40C) for 75 days. Seeds should be monitored for germination and sown once germination has begun. One seed lot evaluated had significant amount of germination in stratification after 42 days. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlingsare over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). After 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 20 - 25 cm in height, the plants are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed, which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat moss: perlite: vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at aerate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. The irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system; generally every 4-5 days. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2-5 mm layer of perlite is placed of the media/seed. The containers are misted 3-5 minutes 3-5 times a day to keep the surface of the media moist, and maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night temperatures range from 12 to 21oC and day temperatures range from 15 to 26oC. No supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every oneto two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26oC and during the night 18 to 22oC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest, sixth edition. Texas: University of Texas Press, Austin 635 pp. | Harrington, John T; Atencio, Lena E.. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i> Nutt. plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
710 | Cercocarpus (ledifolius) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Cercocarpus | ledifolius | CERLED | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Curl leaf Mountain Mahogany | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 1 to 2 months.<br> <b>Cold Stratification:</b> Those species which require cold stratification are typically sown in plug trays and placed on the watering bench for several days to ensure that the media is thoroughly moist and seed are imbibed. The seeded plug flats are covered with an inverted empty plug flat; to allow the 4 to 5 seeded flats are stacked with the inverted flats acting as spacers. These stacked flats are placed in clean or disinfected polyethylene bags used for soilless media and are sealed with twist-ties; these bags contain perforations punched by the media manufacturer, which allow air exchange. These plug tray stacks are placed in a walk-in cooler held at 40 F and periodically checked for signs of germination or the need for adding moisture. When germination has started or when a sufficient stratification period has passed, the plug flats are moved to the greenhouse and placed on the watering bench.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</bSeed Treatment: Wet tumbling has been used, followed by 3% hydrogen peroxide soak for 1 hour for disinfecting purposes. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklersautomatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flatpowder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Wet tumbling has been used, followed by 3% hudrogen peroxide soak for 1 hour for disinfecting purposes.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seedling ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the greenhouse. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cercocarpus ledifolius</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
711 | Cercocarpus (montanus) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Cercocarpus | montanus | Raf. | CERMON | C. montanus is found from Oregon and Wyoming south to California and Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain mahogany | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 28 days. Germination occurs at 22 to 27 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Piatt, J. R. (1973). Seed size affects germination of true mountainmahogany. J. Range Manage. 26, 231-232. Piatt, J. R. (1976). Effects of water stress and temperature on germination of true mountainmahogany. J. Range Manage. 29, 138-140. <br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i> Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
712 | Cercocarpus (montanus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Cercocarpus | montanus | Raf. | CEMO | True mountain mahogany occurs on dry, rocky, shallow soils at elevations of 3,500-10,000 ft from Montana and South Dakota south to Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona (Vines 1960). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | True mountain mahogany | When ripe, achenes are easily striped from branches. Ripening data varies from August to October depending on latitude and elevation of the seed source (Deitschman et al. 1974). | Seeds are soaked overnight in water and stratified for 60 days at 3 to 5 C. Within some seed lots, a high percentage of seeds will have little or no stratification requirement, and these seeds will germinate readily during stratification beginning around the fourth week of treatment. After 4 weeks of stratification, seeds are checked every week and germinants removed from stratification and transplanted. Removing germinants frequently helps to reduce fungal build up in the seed lot during the remainder of stratification, and increases the survival odds for those seeds germinating during stratification. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early May and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of medium chicken grit is place of the top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 4 to 5) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 12 to 15 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. | 5 months | Deitschman, G.H., Jorgenson, K.R. and A.P. Plummer. 1974. Cercocarpus H.B.K. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington DC: USDA Forest Service: 309-312. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed 11 Nov 2002. Rosner, L.S., Harrington, J.T., Dreesen, D.R. and L Murray. 200x. Overcoming dormancy in New Mexico mountain mahogany seed collections. Journal of Range Management (In Press). Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 1104 pp. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i> Raf. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
713 | Cercocarpus (montanus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Cercocarpus | montanus | Raf. | CERMON | Utah | <i>C. montanus</i> is found in coastal chapparal, pine forests and deserts from eastern Oregon south to Baja Mexico, and east through the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin states to central Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height:8 in.<br> Caliper:5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balancetop growth. | Birch leaf mountain mahogany | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Fruit is an achene with a long feathery appendage. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 40 plants per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizerapplications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March)when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with goodair circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i> Raf. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
714 | Cercocarpus (montanus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Cercocarpus | montanus | Raf. | CERMON | Utah | <i>C. montanus</i> is found in coastal chapparal, pine forests and deserts from eastern Oregon south to Baja Mexico, and east through the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin states to central Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: 5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Birchleaf mountain mahogany | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br>Mature fruit is an achene with a long feathery appendage. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 40 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days tofurther settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March) when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br> They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i> Raf. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
715 | Cercocarpus (montanus) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Cercocarpus | montanus | Raf. | CEMO2 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Elden Spring, Mount Elden, Pipeline Trail, Arizona; 7054 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Alderleaf mountain mahogany | Very small lot, 0.46 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i> Raf. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
716 | Chaenactis (douglasii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Chaenactis | douglasii | (Hook.) H. & A. | Wyoming sagebrush habitat, Owyhee County, ID, 1615 m | Widespread, occurring in all western states, including North and South Dakota. Four varieties have been described. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Douglas false-yarrow, Dusty maiden | The creamy white flowers bloom from April to July. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. When mature, the composite head is similar to that of a dandelion in appearance. The brown achenes have relatively uniform maturation, typically 4-5 weeks after flowering. They have a fluffy pappus that is not removed during collection. Seed is easily dispersed by the wind, and can be hand stripped into containers. When collected at the appropriate time, it comes off the plant easily and requires minimal cleaning. After collecting and drying, seed was placed in a freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. It was then stored uncleaned in an unheated warehouse for one year prior to propagation trials. | One hundred seeds were placed in each of two clear plastic germination boxes on two layers of blotter paper and placed in cold stratification at 4§C for 30 days. The trays were then moved to a germination chamber set at 22§C with a 12 hour light/dark regime. Moistened tissue was placed over the seeds as the stiff pappus prevented the seeds from directly touching the blotter paper, potentially reducing their ability to imbibe water. A Thiram (fungicide) solution was applied to the seeds after three days of incubation to reduce fungal growth. Seeds germinated over the course of 6 days. Final germination was 12%. Additional work is necessary to determine if the low germination reflected low seed viability (no TZ tests were conducted), seed dormancy, or other factors. | Upon first signs of germination, seeds were sown in styrofoam conetainers filled with a 50% peat and 50% vermiculite mixture. Containers were watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system which turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80%, and turns off when soil reaches 100% fieldcapacity. Greenhouse temperature was set at a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | Of the 24 that germinated, 14 were healthy enough to transplant to the greenhouse. About one-third of the germinants planted in containers developed into healthy seedlings. | USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chaenactis douglasii</i> (Hook.) H. & A. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
717 | Chaenactis (douglasii) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Chaenactis | douglasii | (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. | CHDO | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, northeast of Boise off of Bogus Basin Road, Boise County, Idaho: 5685 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Douglas' dustymaiden | Small lot, 0.73 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chaenactis douglasii</i> (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
718 | Chaenactis (douglasii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Chaenactis | douglasii | (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. | CHDO | Intermountain West | Dustymaiden occurs throughout western North America at elevations from 1,000- 3,000 m (3,000- 10,000 ft) from British Columbia to Arizona, ranging as far east as South Dakota. Variety douglasii is known in and east of the Sierra and Cascade ranges extending to the western edge of northern Great Plains. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 2 Months | Months | Douglas' dustymaiden | Collect wildland seed by bending the top of the plant into a bag and vigorously shaking the ripe seed off. This method produces little intert matter for further cleaning. | Plant as a fall-dormant seeding in November or December to allow for natural stratification. | Seed is sown into weed barrier fabric at 23 to 45 cm (9 to 18 in) spacing. Seed should be planted in late fall into slightly roughened soil and then lightly packed. Each hole is seeded at a target rate of 12 to 25 seeds using a "Penstemon Popper" seeder, a 3 inch diameter tube with a spur at the bottom. The spur is used to roughen the soil, then seed is dropped through the tube into the roughened area and the soil is then compacted by foot. Weed control efforts should begin prior to planting. Planting into a weed-free seed bed, or using weed barrier fabric greatly reduces management inputs. Weeds can be controlled using pre-emergent herbicides and by hand rouging or by mowing along the edges of weed barrier fabric. Weedy grasses can be controlled with selective herbicides. | Seed germinates in early spring. Some light irrigation may be used to assist germination if soil crusting is a problem. | 1 month | When using weed barrier fabric, supplemental irrigation is notnecessary.Flowering begins in early summer and continues for several weeks. | 3-4 months | Seed can be collected by hand, combine, flailvac, or vacuum-type harvester. We use a "jet combine" with the fan running at 6000 rpm. This ensures that only ripe seed is harvested and allows for multiple harvests during the seasonSeed readily disarticulates from flower heads when ripe. The jet harvester also limits the amount of trash and other inert matter being collected and makes post-harvest cleaning easier. Harvesting by other methods significantly adds to the inert matter which can be very difficult to clean out. | Bair, C. and D. Tilley. 2010. The Jet Harvester: A New Tool for Harvesting Native Forb and Shrub Seed. USDA-NRCS. Technical Note 55. Boise, ID. | Tilley, Derek James. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chaenactis douglasii</i> (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
719 | Chaenactis (douglasii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Chaenactis | douglasii | (Hook.) H. & A. | CHDO | Intermountain West and Rocky Mountains | Throughout western North America at elevations from 1,000- 3,000 m (3,000- 10,000 ft) from British Columbia to Arizona, ranging as far east as South Dakota. Variety douglasii is known in and east of the Sierra and Cascade ranges extending to the western edge of northern Great Plains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Douglas' dustymaiden | Seed can be collected by hand, combine, flailvac, or vacuum-type harvester. We use a "jet combine" to harvest seed production fields. This ensures that only ripe seed is harvested and allows for multiple harvests during the seasonSeed readily disarticulates from flower heads when ripe. | We tested cold/moist stratification at 36ø F for 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. The highest germination was obtained with the 90 and 60 day stratification periods (30.5 and 27.0 %). These did not significantly differ from one another. The 90 and 60 day treatments yielded significantly greater germination rates than the other two treatments. The 30 day stratification treatment (14.0%) likewise yielded better germination than the non-stratified control (0.5%). | Tilley, Derek. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chaenactis douglasii</i> (Hook.) H. & A. plants USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
720 | Chaenactis (douglasii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Chaenactis | douglasii | (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. | CHDO | Along Blacks Creek Road in Elmore County, about 30 miles east-southeast of Boise, Idaho. 4,560 feet/1,390 m elevation. | On well-drained soils in a variety of habitats throughout western North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2.875 inch x 5.5 inch plant band (container) | 6 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling container | Douglas' dustymaiden | Seed was hand collected on August 11, 2010. Mature seed (white to tan achene) was removed from seed heads and placed directly into large paper bags, taking care to minimize dispersal into the wind. Seed was air dried in paper bags at room temperature. A small piece of No-Pest Strip was placed in each bag for 2-3 days to reduce insect predation. Seed readily separates from flower heads when ripe. | Hand-cleaned seed was stored at room temperature in a dark location prior to sowing. No treatment was applied. | Sowing Method: On December 13, 1000 seeds were sown ¬" deep into 10 seed flats with drainage holes (100 seeds per flat) and covered with a 1/8" layer of chicken grit. Soil was a 3:1:5 mix of lava fines, perlite and Sunshine Mix #4. Containers were hand watered and placed outside. No fertilizer was added to the soil mix. | The first seedlings were observed on February 13 (2 months after sowing). Full emergence was reached in 4 months. As seedlings developed secondary leaves, they were tranplanted from flats into 5.5" containers. | About 4 months | Containers were allowed to dry slightly between hand waterings. A weak fish emulsion fertilizer was applied once a month from April through June. Plants were grown outside until outplanting in early October. | 6 months | No special hardening phase needed as seed germination and plant growth occurs outside. | Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A., Vol. 5, Asterales. Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal, P.K. Holmgren. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 1994. | DeBolt, Ann M.; Barrash, Kris. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chaenactis douglasii</i> (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. plants 2.875 inch x 5.5 inch plant band (container); Idaho Botanical Garden Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
721 | Chaerophyllum (procumbens) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Chaerophyllum | procumbens | (L.) Crantz | CHAPRO | C. procumbens is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spreading chervil | Seeds are warm stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished. In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chaerophyllum procumbens</i> (L.) Crantz plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
722 | Chamaebatiaria (millefolium) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Chamaebatiaria | millefolium | CHAMIL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Fern Bush | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 2 to 4 weeks.<br> <b>Cold Stratification:</b> Those species which require cold stratification are typically sown in plug trays and placed on the watering bench for several days to ensure that the media is thoroughly moistand seed are imbibed. The seeded plug flats are covered with an inverted empty plug flat; to allow the 4 to 5 seeded flats are stacked with the inverted flats acting as spacers. These stacked flats are placed in clean or disinfected polyethylene bags used for soilless media and are sealed with twist-ties; these bags contain perforations punched by the media manufacturer, which allow air exchange. These plug tray stacks are placed in a walk-in cooler held at 40 F and periodically checked for signs of germination or the need for adding moisture. When germination has started or when a sufficient stratification period has passed, the plug flats are moved to the greenhouse and placed on the watering bench.<br> | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible lightrequirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> No seed cover OR very light covering.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seedling ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the greenhouse. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamaebatiaria millefolium</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
723 | Chamaecrista (fasciculata) | Fabaceae | Pea | Chamaecrista | fasciculata | Erect or spreading annual herb adapted to dry sandy sites from Massachusetts to Florida west to Minnesota and Texas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Partridge Pea | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> August.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Hand pick pods to harvest all seed, or monitor for optimum seed maturity to mechanically harvest with combine.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> After cleaning, store in dehumidified room at less than 40§F in cloth bags.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Maximum storage period is unknown. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chamaecrista fasciculata</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
724 | Chamaecyparis (lawsoniana ) | Cupressaceae | Cypress | Chamaecyparis | lawsoniana | CHLA | Coastal northern California through northern Oregon | Grows well in average, moist but well-drained soils in full sun/part shade. Needs to be sheltered from wind. Does best in areas with warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Found in California and Oregon, mostly from Coos Bay to the Klamath river with some additional isolated populations near the Trinity Mountains and Mount Shasta. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 163 ml (10 in3) container | 22 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Port Orford Cedar, Lawson’s Cypress | Female cones are green and mature to brown. Generally ready to collect in the fall. They start to produce seed relatively early. They produce seed every year but is heavier every 4 to 5 years. | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21 °C) at the rate of 0.9 g Nutricote per 163 ml container.. | Germination is fairly even, and is usually complete in 3 weeks. Once the majority of germination has occurred, seedlings are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 4 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at a rate of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Breen P. 2019. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, College of Agricultural Science, Department of Horticulture. URL:
https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/chamaecyparis-lawsoniana (accessed 23 Oct 2019). Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. Missouri Botanical Garden. nd. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. St Louis (MO): Missouri Botanical Garden. URL: http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279607 (accessed 23 Oct 2019). Uchytil RJ. 1990. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, Online. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/chalaw/all.html (accessed 23 Oct 2019). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl. Port Orford cedar. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHLA (accessed 23 Oct 2019). | Riley, Lee E.; Kamakura, Renata. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana </i> Plants 163 ml (10 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
725 | Chamaecyparis (lawsoniana) | Cupressaceae | Cypress family | Chamaecyparis | lawsoniana | (A. Murray) Parl. | CHLA | Collected at an Oregon seed orchard for USDA, Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, Cottage Grove, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | Port Orford cedar | Small lot, hand collected. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Day, Linda A.. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> (A. Murray) Parl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
726 | Chamaecyparis (nootkatensis) | Cupressaceae | Juniper family | Chamaecyparis | nootkatensis | (D.Don) Sudworth | CHANOO | C.nootkatensis is found in coastal mountain ranges from Alaska to northern California; from 0 to 1500 m elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alaska cedar | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 24C. | Pawuk, W. H. (1993). Germination of Alaska-cedar seed. Tree Plant. Notes 44(1), 21-24.<br> In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamaecyparis nootkatensis</i> (D.Don) Sudworth plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
727 | Chamaecyparis (nootkatensis) | Gymnosperm | Cypress family | Chamaecyparis | nootkatensis | (D. Don) Spach | CHNO | USFS, Malhuer National Forest, Blue Mountain Ranger District, John Day, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Alaska cedar | Small lot, hand collected. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chamaecyparis nootkatensis</i> (D. Don) Spach seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
728 | Chamerion (angustifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose | Chamerion | angustifolium | Epilobium | angustifolium | CHAANG | Central-Western Yukon | Perennial, cirumboreal native species that is found in all Canadian provinces. Usually inhabits well drained soils, waste and disturbed grounds, stony slopes, river gravels and subalpine screes and meadows. Fireweed is one of the first species to repopulate newly burned forests. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Petri Dish | 2 weeks | 25 seeds were placed in each Petri dish, with a target of 60% successful germination rate. | Fireweed | Capsules were collected August 16-18, 2015. Both individual capsules, and stalk containing multiple capsules were collected. Capsules were partially open at the time of collection. Capsules and stalk were placed in paper bags, which were kept closed prior to drying. | Seeds were stored in cold storage before being germinated. Seeds were not moist stratified prior to being germinated, however cold moist stratification has been recommended.
Seeds were germinated on a Whatman #2 filter paper set in a Petri Dish. The filter paper was moistened prior to placing the seeds on the paper. The Petri dish was kept in a sealed Ziploc bag, along with a wet paper towel to ensure the seeds remained moist during germination. | Seeds were successfully germinated in a growth chamber at temperatures of 14°C and 24°C, using a high light level(~200umol). | Cleaned seeds are viable in cold storage for 18-24 months | Dawes,D. 2002. Using a Shop Vacuum to Clean Salicacea Seeds. Native Plants. Fall 2003, pp 140.
Environment Canada. 2013. Biological Test Method: Test for Growth in Contaminated Soil using Terrestrial Plants Native to the Boreal Region. Environmental Protection Series, EPS 1/RM/56. Ottawa, ON. | Gordon, Denise. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> Plants Petri Dish; In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
729 | Chamerion (angustifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose | Chamerion | angustifolium | Epilobium | angustifolium | CHAANG | Central-Western Yukon | Perennial, cirumboreal native species that is found in all Canadian provinces. Usually inhabits well drained soils, waste and disturbed grounds, stony slopes, river gravels and subalpine screes and meadows. Fireweed is one of the first species to repopulate newly burned forests. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Petri Dish | 2 weeks | 25 seeds were placed in each Petri dish, with a target of 60% successful germination rate. | Fireweed | Capsules were collected August 16-18, 2015. Both individual capsules, and stalk containing multiple capsules were collected. Capsules were partially open at the time of collection. Capsules and stalk were placed in paper bags, which were kept closed prior to drying. | Seeds were stored in cold storage before being germinated. Seeds were not moist stratified prior to being germinated, however cold moist stratification has been recommended.
Seeds were germinated on a Whatman #2 filter paper set in a Petri Dish. The filter paper was moistened prior to placing the seeds on the paper. During germination, the Petri dish was kept in a sealed Ziploc bag, along with a wet paper towel to ensure the seeds remained moist during germination. | Seeds were successfully germinated in a growth chamber at temperatures of 14°C and 24°C, using a high light level(~200umol). | Cleaned seeds are viable in cold storage for 18-24 months. | Dawes,D. 2002. Using a Shop Vacuum to Clean Salicacea Seeds. Native Plants. Fall 2003, pp 140.
Environment Canada. 2013. Biological Test Method: Test for Growth in Contaminated Soil using Terrestrial Plants Native to the Boreal Region. Environmental Protection Series, EPS 1/RM/56. Ottawa, ON. | Gordon, Denise. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> Plants Petri Dish; In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
730 | Chamerion (angustifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose family | Chamerion | angustifolium | (L.) Holub. | Sub-species | angustifolium | Epilobium | angustifolium | L. | CHAANG | C. angustifolium is found throughout temperate, boreal, and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fireweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 21 C. | McLean, A. (1967). Germination of forest range species from southern British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 20, 321-322.<br> Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> (L.) Holub. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
731 | Chamerion (angustifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose family | Chamerion | angustifolium | (L.) Holub. | Sub-species | angustifolium | Epilobium | angustifolium | L. | CHAANG | Waterton Lakes National Park | Fireweed is a perennial, circumboreal species ranges from Alaska south throughout the western United states to Arizona and New Mexico, and east the upper Midwestern and northeastern states south to south to Tennessee and North Carolina. It is drought resistant and well adapted to a variety of upland sites. It is common on shallow soils or on heavier loam soils in forests, mountain meadows and hillsides; often forming pure stands following a fire or other disturbances(Hitchcock et al 1994). The subspecies angustifolium is found only in Alaska south to Washington, Montana, and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 116 ml (7 cu in) | 9 Months | Months | Root tight plug with a rossette of multiple leaves. | Fireweed | Fireweed flowers in July and August and produces lavender to bright pink flowers borne in a terminal raceme. The fruits are long elliptical dehiscent follicles that are tan at maturity. Seeds are small grey to black embedded in white hairs. Seeds mature in September and are dispersed by wind.<br>Collect fully seeds just prior to dispersal by hand. | Seeds exhibit physiological dormancy.<br> General recommendations include cold, moist stratifying seeds for 30 to 60 days at 2 C results in ore uniform germination. Seeds germinate at 21øC (70ø F)(day and 15 C (night) temperatures. | Seedlings are grown in a fully automated greenhouse. Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Seedlings need to be kept evenly moist during germination and establishment. | 1 month | During active growth, seedlings are watered as needed and are allowed to dry down slightly between irrigations. Seedlings are spaced and trimmed back as needed. | 3 months | During early summer, seedlings are moved to the outdoor growing area to undergo hardening during the late summer and fall months. | 3 months | Seedlings can be outplanted in fall or overwinterd in the nursery under Microfoam sheets and planted in early spring. | 5 months | Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Ownbey M, and Thompson JW. 1994 (sixth printing). Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Part 3 Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. University of Washington Press. Seattle (WA) 614p. ISBN 0-295-73985-1. | Luna, Tara; Dedekam, Sara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> (L.) Holub. plants 116 ml (7 cu in); USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
732 | Chamerion (angustifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose family | Chamerion | angustifolium | (L.) Holub | Sub-species | angustifolium | Epilobium | angustifolium | L. EPAN2 | CHANA2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS Land, near the Mission Ridge Ski Area, along Trail 1200, at an opening in the forest, about 1/4 mile from the Trailhead, Chelan County, Washington: 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Fireweed | Very small lot, 0.11 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> (L.) Holub seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
733 | Chamerion (latifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose family | Chamerion | latifolium | (L.) Holub. | Epilobium | latifolium | L. | CHALAT | C. latifolium is found in gravel bars and alpine slopes from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south to California, Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine fireweed | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamerion latifolium</i> (L.) Holub. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
734 | Chamerion (latifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening Primroses | Chamerion | latifolium | (L.) Holub | Epilobium | latifolium | L. | Sandy riverbars, roadsides, foothills in Alaska | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Root trainer, 10.5 cu.in./cell. Multiple leaves, firm root plug. | Dwarf Fireweed, River Beauty | Collection of seeds begins when capsule starts to show signs of splitting. Collecting by hand into bucket seems to catch much of the fluff. Seeds are golden when ripe - approximately the end of July. | Using a facultative soil mix, plant 2 seeds per cell in the fall. Subject them to ambient temperature fluctuations (cold/moist stratification.) | Bring cells into greenhouse in spring. Seeds germinate in about 10 days. | Plants moved to lathhouse to harden off after last frost. Fertilize minimally after true leaves appear. | Two months | Kartesz, J.T. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC. | Moore, Nancy; Hunt, Peggy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chamerion latifolium</i> (L.) Holub plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
735 | Chasmanthium (latifolium) | Poaceae | Grass | Chasmanthium | latifolium | (Michx.) Yates | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | Indian woodoats | Barbour, Jill R; Karrfalt, Bob. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chasmanthium latifolium</i> (Michx.) Yates seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
736 | Chasmanthium (latifolium) | Poaceae | Grass | Chasmanthium | latifolium | (Michx.) Yates | CHLA5 | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | Indian woodoats | Seed of Stones River ecotype Indian woodoats was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. Seed is conspicuously tufted or covered with silky white rather stiff racemes. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chasmanthium latifolium</i> (Michx.) Yates plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
737 | Chenopodium (californicum) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose Foot Family | Chenopodium | californicum | (S. Wats.) S. Wats. | CHECAL | Marin county, California | <i>C. californicum</i> is found throughout California below 5000 feet elevation, to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Goosefoot | Seeds are collected between April 1st and July 1st.<br> | Soak seeds in fresh water overnight. Cold stratify for 2 weeks or until seeds begin to sprout. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 8 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation and mist system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 15th.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 85%. | 1 month | Fertilize with Nutricote if held in containers longer than 4 months.<br> Prune back to promote branching 1 month after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chenopodium californicum</i> (S. Wats.) S. Wats. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
738 | Chilopsis (linearis) | Bignoniaceae | Trumpet-creeper Family | Chilopsis | linearis | (Cav.) Sweet | Madrean Archipelago | Found along washes and riverbanks below 5,000’ in the southwestern United States and Mexico (Row 2014). Desert willow is a valuable nectar source for hummingbirds and other pollinators, and it provides cover for wildlife (Row 2014). It provides streambank stabilization and is an important species for riparian restoration and erosion control (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Desert Willow | Ripe seed pods are dark brown, brittle, and they will snap fairly easily off the plant. Entire pods should be collected.
| Seeds are not dormant and do not require stratification or scarification (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Germination rates of well-stored seeds is around 40-60%, though this most likely decreases with increasing storage times (Uchytil, 1990).
| Bonner, Franklin T. and Robert P. Karrfalt, eds.The woody plant seed manual, USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 727. Government Printing Office, Washington DC: U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2008.
Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Row, J. M. “Plant Guide for desert willow (Chilopsis linearis).” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Manhattan, Kansas, 2014. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_chli2.pdf [2017, January 6]. Uchytil, Ronald J. “Chilopsis linearis.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 1990. Web. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, January 11]. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chilopsis linearis</i> (Cav.) Sweet Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
739 | Chilopsis (linearis) | Bignoniaceae | Bignonia Family | Chilopsis | linearis | (Cav.) Sweet | CHILIN | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Chilopsis linearis</i> is common along washes and riparian areas from western Texas and northern Mexico west to southern California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Desert Willow | Seeds are hand collected in sumer when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are directly sown into containers using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Germination %: 80% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedilings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (1N:13P205:13K20) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22g per 6L(2gal). PVC containers are 3.5 cm tall (15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. Following transplanting they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season. | 7 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chilopsis linearis</i> (Cav.) Sweet plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
740 | Chionanthus (pygmaeus) | Oleaceae | Olive | Chionanthus | pygmaeus | Small | Florida | non-invasive, endangered | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Pygmy Fringe Tree | 2012 - ripe seed collected - fruits at the raisin stage, dark brown/black and shriveled. | immediately plant in damp well drained media in warm sunny location | after 1 month when taproots have all formed, germinated seed is stratified in refrigerator for 90 days | 90 days | after stratification phase, plant seeds with taproots, 1 per plug, into plug trays filled with well drained media. Keep moist, not wet and in high light until shoots form (approximately 60 days) | Cheryl Peterson, Bok Tower | Geiger, David Brian. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chionanthus pygmaeus</i> Small plants David Bgeiger Provincetown, Massachusetts. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
741 | Chionanthus (virginicus) | Oleaceae | Oleaster family | Chionanthus | virginicus | L. | CHIVIR | South Central Missouri | White fringe tree is found from New York to Missouri and south to Texas and Florida. It grows along limestone cliffs and bluffs, wooded riparian areas, and wet woods in southern Missouri. Our seeds sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | White fringe tree | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Fruits are borne in clusters, purple-black, each bearing a large single seed. Fruits mature from August to October. | We sow seeds in fall using a mechanical seeder. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Germination occurs during the second spring. | 1 year | Year 2: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 2+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> | 4-5 months | ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3-4 months | Gill JD, Pogge FL, Bonner FT. 20004. The genus Chionanthus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Chionanthus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Chionanthus virginicus</i> L. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
742 | Chlorogalum (angustifolium) | Liliaceae | Lily | Chlorogalum | angustifolium | Seed collected from The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek and Vina Plains Preserves in Tehama County, California | California to southern Oregon. Heavy soils of grasslands or woodlands below 500 meters (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Narrow-leaved soap-plant; Amole | Seed may be rapidly collected by stripping fruit capsules (typically 3 seeds per capsule) when capsules split open. Seed can be rapidly cleaned with a seed or soil seive and/or blowing off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 74% (Dye Creek) and 27% (Vina Plains) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts wereestablished within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chlorogalum angustifolium</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
743 | Chlorogalum (pomeridianum) | Liliaceae | Lily | Chlorogalum | pomeridianum | CHPO3 | Seed collected from The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek and Preserves in Tehama County, California | California to southwestern Oregon. Bluffs, grasslands, chaparral and dry open woodlands below 1500 meters (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Wavy-leaved soap-plant; Amole | Seed may be rapidly collected by stripping fruit capsules (typically 3 seeds per capsule) when capsules split open. Seed can be rapidly cleaned with a seed or soil seive and/or blowing off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 85% for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F and and 98% for seed sown in outdoor coldframes. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (latefall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John Wl; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
744 | Chlorogalum (pomeridianum) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Chlorogalum | pomeridianum | (DC) Kunth. | CHLPOM | Marin County, California | <i>C. pomeridianum</i> is found on dry open hills below 5000 feet elevation; from southern Oregon to San Diego County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Wavyleaf Soapplant | Seeds are collected between July 11th and September 21st.<br> Seed is black and rough textured, about 5 t0 7 mm long at maturity. | Dry seeds for 2 weeks and then cold stratify in perlite for 2 months. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 10 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on March 1st.<br> % Germination: 40% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 20 days | 3 months after transplanting, fertilize with Nutricote fertilizer NPK (13-13-13). It will produce 1 leaf and die back by summer, Developing bulbs should not be overwatered. Plants will resprout in the greenhouse by mid winter. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i> (DC) Kunth. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
745 | Chorisiva (nevadensis) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Chorisiva | nevadensis | (M.E. Jones) Rydb. | CHNE12 | BLM, Seeds of Success: Churchill County, Nevada | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nevada sumpweed | Very small lot, 0.16 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chorisiva nevadensis</i> (M.E. Jones) Rydb. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
746 | Chrysopsis (gossypina) | Asteraceae | Aster | Chrysopsis | gossypina | (Michx.) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | cottony goldenaster | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chrysopsis gossypina</i> (Michx.) seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
747 | Chrysopsis (mariana) | Asteraceae | Aster | Chrysopsis | mariana | (L.) Ell. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | Maryland golden aster | Barbour, Jill R; Karrfalt, Bob. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chrysopsis mariana</i> (L.) Ell. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
748 | Chrysothamnus | Asteraceae | Chrysothamnus | CHRYS9 | Colorado, Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-040s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Rabbitbush | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed removed from head.<p> Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-040s) collected on 9/28/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70?F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat, seed lightly covered with germinating mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 7 days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 3 weeks.<p> Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-040s) sowed on 11/04/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chrysothamnus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
749 | Chrysothamnus (nauseosus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Chrysothamnus | nauseosus | (Pall.) Britt. C. | CHRNAU | C. nauseousus is a widespread and highly variable species found throughout western North America to Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rubber rabbitbrush | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 30D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was equal in liht and dark and greater in light than dark. | Khan, M. A., Sankhla, N., Weber, D. J. and McArthur, E. D. (1987). Seed germination characteristics of Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. viridulus (Astereae, Asteraceae). Great Basin Nat. 47, 220-226.<br>Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chrysothamnus nauseosus</i> (Pall.) Britt. C. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
750 | Chrysothamnus (nauseosus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Chrysothamnus | nauseosus | CHRNAU | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Rubber rabbitbrush | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> None required.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Bulk sowing of plumed seed with light covering.<br> | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole forthe plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Chrysothamnus nauseosus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
751 | Chrysothamnus (viscidiflorus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Chrysothamnus | viscidiflorus | (Hook.) Nutt. | CHRVIS | Utah | <i>C. viscidiflorus</i> is found throughout western North America east to Nebraska and the Desert Southwest. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 6 in.<br> Caliper: 5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Yellow rabbitbrush | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Mature fruit is a winged achene. | None | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior tosowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are surface sown by hand during the spring. Seeds are lightly pressed into prepared seed bed and irrigated immediately after sowing. Seeds are irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 23 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 3 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus</i> (Hook.) Nutt. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
752 | Cicendia (quadrangularis) | Gentianaceae | Gentian family | Cicendia | quadrangularis | (Lam.) Griseb. | CIQU3 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Oregon timwort | This tiny plant produces a capsule that slowly splits open revealing many grey seeds that resemble fine grains of sand. Capsules were hand collected when the top just began to spilt. They were placed in paper seed collection envelopes to dry in a warm greenhouse. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of conetainers were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) Seeds germinated readily with no treatment. Most seeds germinated within one to two weeks. | Plants are so small that they were left in conetainers to flower and produce seed. | After four months they began to flower | Bartow, Amy L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cicendia quadrangularis</i> (Lam.) Griseb. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
753 | Cimicifuga (elata) | Ranunculaceae | buttercup | Cimicifuga | elata | Actaea | elata | ACEL4 | lower elevations; forested areas | This plant may be found in Oregon, Washington and the western portion of Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | tall bugbane | We found this plant to have its best germination rate with two weeks exposure to warm temperatures followed by 90 days of cool/moist (38F)stratification. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cimicifuga elata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
754 | Circaea (alpina) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose family | Circaea | alpina | L. | Circaea | pacifica | Asch.&Magn. | CIRALP | C. alpina is found in moist forests throughout the northern hemisphere. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Enchanter's nightshade | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 71 to 112 days. Germination occurs at under greenhouse temperatures. | Nichols, G. E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various native American plants. Ecology 15, 364-373.<br> Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Circaea alpina</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
755 | Cirsium (arizonicum) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Cirsium | arizonicum | (A. Gray) Petr. | CIAR3 | USFS, Boise National Forest, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho: 2842 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Arizona thistle | Small lot, 0.5 pounds, grown and harvested at USFS, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cirsium arizonicum</i> (A. Gray) Petr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
756 | Cirsium (brevistylum) | Asteraceae | aster | Cirsium | brevistylum | CIBR | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | This plant can be found in parts of Southeastern Canada as well as portions of Oregon, Washington and Northern California.It typically prefers habitats that fall into the categories of either Coastal, Meadow, or West-Side Forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | short-styled thistle | Cirsium brevistylum seeds are not dormant and readily germinate in warm or cool temperatures. With a cool treatment of 35 degrees F the germination rate rose to 71% from the 65% seen when the seeds were placed directly into the 75 degree warm growth chamber. The seeds in the cooler germinated after 4 weeks. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cirsium brevistylum</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
757 | Cirsium (clokeyi) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Cirsium | clokeyi | S.F. Blake | CICL2 | USFS, Boise National Forest, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho: 2842 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Whitespine thistle | Small lot, 2.0 pounds, grown and harvested at USFS, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cirsium clokeyi</i> S.F. Blake seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
758 | Cirsium (edule) | Asteraceae | aster | Cirsium | edule | CIED | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | This plant resides in Oregon, Washington and Southeastern Canada. Their habitats include West-Side Forest, Meadow, Coastal and Subalpine. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Edible thistle | Cirsium edule seeds are not dormant and grow readily in warm or cool temperatures. In our tests cool temperature (35 degrees F) germination was only slightly higher than warm temperature (75 degrees F), showing germination rates of 66% and 60% respectively. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cirsium edule</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
759 | Cirsium (foliosum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Cirsium | foliosum | (Hook.) DC. | Cirsium | foliosum | (Hook.) DC. | Variety | minganense | CIRFOL | C. foliosum is found throughout the western United States in moist meadows and upland forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Elk thistle | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 2 C. | McDonough, W. T. (1969). Effective treatments for the induction of germination in mountain rangeland species. Northw. Sci. 43, 18-22.<br> Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cirsium foliosum</i> (Hook.) DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
760 | Cirsium (hookerianum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Cirsium | hookerianum | Nutt. | CIRHOO | C. hoookerianum is found from British Columbia and Alberta south to Idaho, Washington and western Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White thistle | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cirsium hookerianum</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
761 | Cirsium (hookerianum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Cirsium | hookerianum | Nutt. | CIRHOO | Subalpine slope, Haystack Butte, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.. | <i>C. hookerianum</i> occurs on open slopes east of the Cascades; B.C. and Alberta south to northern Wyoming, northern Idaho, and northwest Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gallon) containers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 7 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer in 172 ml conetainers. | White thistle | Collect mature achenes when in mid September when they turn grey and are easily separated from the receptacle. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct seeding. Seeds are covered wth medium.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0.1%B,0.5%Cu,12%Fe,2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo,1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination occurs when temperatures reach 22C or above during the day and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Seedlings are thinned at this stage.<br>After seedlings are well established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings were uppotted into a well aerated medium media and were root tight in 3L (1 gallon) containers in 8 weeks. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:9 months<br> Harvest Date:September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cirsium hookerianum</i> Nutt. plants 3L (1 gallon) containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
762 | Cirsium (occidentale) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Cirsium | occidentale | (Nutt.) Jeps. | CIOC | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Medicine Creek, Oregon: 3500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Cobwebby thistle | Very small lot, 0.015 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cirsium occidentale</i> (Nutt.) Jeps. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
763 | Cirsium (occidentalis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Cirsium | occidentalis | (Gray) | Cirsium | californicum | (Gray) | CIROCC | Marin County, California | <i>C. occidentalis</i> is found in sandy places, from Mendicino County to Monterey County and San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Cobweb Thistle | Seeds are collected between April 1st and June 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown and pappus is silver and beginns to fluff out. Collect early to avoid seed predatiob by weevils.<br> | Soak fresh seeds overnight in frsh water and stratify for 2 weeks or until seeds begin to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 8 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system and misted as needed. Remove from mist as soon as first leaves appear; Cirsium leaves rot easily.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 1 month | Fertilize with Nutricote (NPK 13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting. Be careful not to over fertilize; lush foliar growth attracts aphids. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cirsium occidentalis</i> (Gray) plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
764 | Cirsium (scariosum) | Asteraceae | aster | Cirsium | scariosum | Carduus | americanus | CISC2 | Scrubland and forested areas. | This plant can be viewed in the western portions of the United States and Canada. They can also be found in the eastern-most portion of Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Meadow Thistle | Seed will germinate when placed in a warm greenhouse environment. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cirsium scariosum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
765 | Cistanthe (monosperma) | Montiaceae | Miner’s Lettuce | Cistanthe | monosperma | CIMO5 | Deschutes National Forest, Oregon | Grows in a variety of habitats including forests and woodlands but is mostly found in open, sandy or gravelly soils in sun or part shade. Found in the western US in Oregon, Nevada, and California. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | One-seeded Pussypaws, Mt. Hood Pussypaws, Umbellate Pussypaws | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is not very uniform, and slow. It is usually complete in 3 weeks, but plants are quite small for an extended period of time. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 3 weeks. | 4 weeks | Root development is somewhat slow. Shoot growth can be considered moderate throughout the active growth phase, but can be pushed to reach target height and plug density in the first year. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 16 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Early October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p.
Calscape. nd. One seeded pussypaws Calyptridium monospermum. California Native Plant Society. https://calscape.org/Calyptridium-monospermum-() (accessed 13 Jan 2020). Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Cistanthe monosperma (Greene) Hershk. URL: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=501561#null (accessed 13 Jan 2020). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Cistanthe monosperma (Greene) Hershkovitz oneseed pussypaws. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=cimo5 (accessed 13 Jan 2020). | Riley, Lee E.; Kamakura, Renata. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cistanthe monosperma</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
766 | Clarkia (amoena) | ONAGRACEAE | Evening Primrose Family | Clarkia | amoena | (Lehm.) Nelson & J.F. Macbr | CLAM | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | farewell to spring | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 95% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clarkia amoena</i> (Lehm.) Nelson & J.F. Macbr plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
767 | Clarkia (pulchella) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose | Clarkia | pulchella | Pursh | CLPU | Paradise Creek drainage, Pullman, WA. | Northwestern US east to South Dakota. Usually found on south slopes in dry, open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container | Elkhorn clarkia, Ragged robin | Wild seeds are collected when the caspules begin to split. Plants in seed increase plantings are cut and dried in paper bags at room temperature. The plant flowers and matures seed indeterminantely, thus a judgement must be made as to when to cut the plants to maximize seed production. Seeds are small and dark brown in color.<br>We determined 2,090,323 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | None required. There may be an after-ripening requirement. Seed lots have been observed to germinate at higher rates after storage in cold, dry conditions. <p> 30 days cold, moist stratification did not enhance germination in trials conducted at the PMC. | In February, seeds are sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Supercell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4. Seeds are covered lightly with media. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds and media from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. Using planting soils with slower drainage has been observed to increase diseases of this species in the Plant Materials Center greenhouse. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually occurs in 5-7 days and is complete in 10-12 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer containing micronutrients. | 2 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. Exposure to direct sunlight and cool temperatures is increased over a period of two weeks. Plants may begin flowering by this time. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rdedition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young and Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clarkia pulchella</i> Pursh plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
768 | Clarkia (pulchella) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose family | Clarkia | pulchella | Pursh | CLPU | BLM, Burns District, Steens Mountains, Hines, Oregon; 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pinkfairies | Very small lot, 0.024 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Clarkia pulchella</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
769 | Clarkia (purpurea) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose family | Clarkia | purpurea | (W. Curtis) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. | CLAPUR | C. purpurea is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Winecup clarkia | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 32% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clarkia purpurea</i> (W. Curtis) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
770 | Clarkia (rhomboidea) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose family | Clarkia | rhomboidea | Dougl. ex Hook. | CLARHO | C rhomboidea is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Diamond clarkia | Seeds germinate at 27/18 C. | Sweeney, J. R. (1956). Responses of vegetation to fire. University of California Press, Berkeley. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clarkia rhomboidea</i> Dougl. ex Hook. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
771 | Clarkia (rhomboidea) | Onagraceae | willowherb family | Clarkia | rhomboidea | CLRH | forested areas | These plants can be found in the western United States and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | diamond clarkia | This plant needs no treatment prior to placement in a greenhouse-type growing environment for germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clarkia rhomboidea</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
772 | Clarkia (rubicunda) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose Family | Clarkia | rubicunda | (Lindl.) HF & ME Lewis | Clarkia | rubicunda | (Lindl.) HF & ME Lewis | Sub-species | blasdalei | (Jepson) HF & ME Lewis | CLARUB | Marin County, California | <i>C. rubicunda</i> is found in coastal scrub and evergreen forests from southern Marin county to Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Ruby Chalice Clarkia | Seeds are collected between July 15th and September 15th.<br> | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are lightly covered with media.<br> Flats are hand watered. .<br> Seeds are sown on September 15th.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing 3:1 standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand to sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clarkia rubicunda</i> (Lindl.) HF & ME Lewis plants Leach tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
773 | Claytonia (megarhiza) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot family | Claytonia | megarhiza | (Gray) Parry | CLAMEG | Alpine fellfield, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>C. megarhiza</i> grows in rock crevices and talus slopes; from the Wenatchee mountains, Washington, and the Cascades of Oregon, east to Alberta, Montana, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainer | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container Seedling<br> Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 2 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Alpine springbeauty | Seeds are collected in late summer when the capsules turn tan. Seeds are shiny black at maturity. | 5 month outdoor cold moist stratification, Germination occurs at 21C. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0.1%B,0.5%Cu,12%Fe,2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo,1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | True leaves appeared 3 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Plants produced 4 to 6 true leaves in a tight rosette with a fleshy taproot. Plants were root tight in containers 5 weeks after germination. This high elevation species is adapted to very rapid growth and development following germination.<br> Seedlings must dry down between irrigations. | 8 weeks | Plants were outplanted the first year. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Claytonia megarhiza</i> (Gray) Parry plants 160 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
774 | Claytonia (megarhiza) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot family | Claytonia | megarhiza | (Gray)Parry | CLAMEG | C. megarhiza is found at high elevations from Alberta and British Columbia south to New Mexico, utah and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine spring beauty | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Claytonia megarhiza</i> (Gray)Parry plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
775 | Claytonia (perfoliata) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot Family | Claytonia | perfoliata | Donn. ex Willd. | Montia | perfoliata | (Donn.) | CLAPER | Marin County, California | <i>C. perfoliata</i> is found in many different habitats from Lower California to British Columbia and inland to Alberta and south through the Rocky Mountain states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container Seedling | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Miner's Lettuce | Seeds are collected between April 4th and July 7th.<br> Mature inflorescences begin to split at maturity.<br> Seeds are disc shaped and shiny black at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are sown in containers. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Claytonia perfoliata</i> Donn. ex Willd. plants Container Seedling; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
776 | Clematis (drummondii) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Clematis | drummondii | Torr. & A. Gray | Madrean Archipelago | Typically grows along washes and streams from southern California to Texas and into Mexico (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+). Flowers March-September and found in elevations below 4,000 ft with other shrubs (Kearney and Peebles 1960).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | old man’s beard | Seeds can be collected when fruits are brown and soft white plume-like styles are effortlessly removed from the plant with seeds attached. Pinch seed plumes with your fingers to collect them. | The scientific literature generally agrees that Clematis drummondii requires cold stratification to achieve maximum germination results (Ajilvsgi 2013). To stratify, place seeds in a moist media 1-5°C for 60-180 days (Ajilvsgi 2013, Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Following proper stratification, Clematis drummondii can reach 74% germination when subsequently placed in sand flats or germinators at 20°C and 30°C during the night and day respectively for 40 days (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Other sources suggest that Clematis drummondii propagation by seed is relatively simple and may not require prior stratification (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center).
| Ajilvsgi, Geyata. Butterfly Gardening for Texas. No. 46. Texas A&M University Press, 2013.
Bonner, Franklin T. and Robert P. Karrfalt, eds.The woody plant seed manual, USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 727. Government Printing Office, Washington DC: U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2008. Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. “Clematis drummondii.” Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, The University of Texas, Austin, TX. Web. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clematis drummondii</i> Torr. & A. Gray Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
777 | Clematis (hirsutissima) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Clematis | hirsutissima | Pursh | CLEHIR | C. hirsutissima is found from southeastern British Columbia to eastern Washington and Oregon and east to Montana and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sugarbowls | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. | McDonough, W. T. (1969). Effective treatments for the induction of germination in mountain rangeland species. Northw. Sci. 43, 18-22.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clematis hirsutissima</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
778 | Clematis (lasiantha) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Clematis | lasiantha | Nutt. | CLELAS | C. lasiantha is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pipestem clematis | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 47% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clematis lasiantha</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
779 | Clematis (ligusticifolia) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Clematis | ligusticifolia | Nutt. | CLELIG | Marin County, California | <i>C. ligusticifolia</i> is found from southern California north to British Columbia and east to Alberta, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon containers | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | White Clematis | Seeds are collected between February 1 and Februrary 28th.<br> Mature inflorescences are dark brown plumose achenes in clusters.<br> Seed is dark brown with a long plumose tail at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on March 1st.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to 1 gallon (3 liter) containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 1 month | Seedlings are placed in the shadehouse after establishment.<br> Plants require pruning prior to outplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clematis ligusticifolia</i> Nutt. plants 1 gallon containers; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
780 | Cleome (isomeris) | Capparaceae | Caper Family | Cleome | isomeris | Greene | Isomeris | arborea | Nutt. | CLEISO | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Cleome isomeris</i> is found the western Mojave and Colorado deserts west to coastal sage scrub communities; from San Luis Obispo County to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 8 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Bladderpod | Seeds are hand collected in early summer when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are scarified by carefully clipping the seed coat on the side away from the embryo. It is easy to damage the seeds, so it is important not to overclip into the cotyledons. Seeds are soaked overnight following scarification in water.<br>Seeds are placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. Seeds can also be directly sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal). PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season | 5 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cleome isomeris</i> Greene plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
781 | Cleome (lutea) | Capparaceae | Cleome | lutea | Hook. | CLLU2 | wild collected from Uinta County, Utah | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | yellow spiderflower | Seeds of Success collection | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from Uinta County, Utah germinated to 75% or more in all three treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had very little to no germination (0-5%). This suggests that seeding during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationCLLU shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. Note that separate research found that the number of days in cold stratification required for germination varied significantly by the source population (Hintz et al. 2016). | Hintz, L., A. Foxx, M. Eshleman, T. E. Wood, and A. T. Kramer. 2016. Population differentiation in early life history traits of Cleome lutea var. lutea in the Intermountain West. Western North American Naturalist 76: 6-17. | Foxx, Alicia; Kramer, Andrea T. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Cleome lutea</i> Hook. Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
782 | Clethra (acuminata) | Clethraceae | Clethra family | Clethra | acuminata | CLEACU | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Sw. Pennsylvania to e. Kentucky and w. Virginia, s. to Tennessee and ne. Georgia. Found in rich woods in the mountains. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991). It has not been found in Maryland. (Brown and Brown, 1992.) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 or 3-gallon container shrubs | 0 | Finished height: between 48" and 72" in 3 gallon containers.<br>Root system: fibrous root ball that fills a Spin-Out treated container. | mountain sweetpepperbush | Source: Cumberland Gap national Historical Park, KY. Seed was also collected from mature Cumberland Gap container plants in the NPMC nursery.<br>Collection dates: February, 1992 and October, 2000. . | No pretreatment is indicated. (Dirr and Heuser, 1987). | Propagation environment: Because seed is so tiny, it was started in flats under artificial light in an indoor propagation area (a converted office) rather than outdoors in the woody nursery beds or in the PMC greenhouses. (Temperature fluctuations in the greenshouse have resulted in seedling mortality in the past.) Temperatures were maintained at around 70-75F with 24 hour fluorescent lighting set about 4-6" above trays during germination. <br>When seedlings reached transplant size they were moved to greenhouse benches. | Sowing date: late winter or early spring; however, seedlings started on 3/1/01 were not ready for bump-up to quarts until late August.<br> Sowing technique: Seeds were surface-sown in 4"x4" trays filled with screened peat or fine germination mix and given a fungicidal drench. The 4x4's were placed in solid-bottomed 10x20 trays with clear plastic covers to prevent dehydration and were bottom-watered to keep evenly moist.<br>Emergence: seeds germinated readily in 11-14 days.<br> Transplant: between 4 to 8 weeks, tiny seedlings were separated and transplanted individually to multipots in a mix of Sunshine #1 and slow release Nutricote with micros (18-6-8) at 20 oz ber bale of mix. Supplemental water soluble fertilizer was supplied approximately bi-weeklyat rates for sensitive plants.<br>Extended 14 hour day lengths were provided in the greenhouse. Multipots were moved in mid-June to protected shade outdoors for the summeer where they were hand-watered. Survival was about 60%. Seedlings were subsequently bumped up to quarts the first season. | Bump-ups: plants were bumped up in spring to the next pot size or repotted in the same sized container with fresh media if the root ball was not full. A custom woody mix was used (3.8 cu. ft. Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 20 oz. 180 day controlled release 18-6-8 with micros, and endomycorrhizae). Containers spent the growing season in a shade house with overhead irrigation. | Irrigation was decreased in the fall as the plants entered dormancy. | Larger container plants are overwintered outdoors under microfoam. Dead leaves and debris are removed from the containers of dormant plants prior to storage. Pots are watered, overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with a microfoam insulating blanket. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then anchored/ | Early December to mid-March | Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br>Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> The New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, NY. | Davis, Kathy; Englert, John. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clethra acuminata</i> plants 2 or 3-gallon container shrubs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
783 | Clethra (alnifolia) | Clethraceae | Pepperbush family | Clethra | alnifolia | L. | CLEALN | C. alnifolia is found within temperate coastal deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coastal sweet pepperbush | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 days and germinate under spring temperatures. | Nokes, J. (1986). How to grow native plants of Texas and the Southwest. Texas Monthly Press, Austin.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clethra alnifolia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
784 | Clethra (alnifolia) | Clethraceae | Sweet-pepperbush | Clethra | alnifolia | L. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | pink-spire | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Clethra alnifolia</i> L. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
785 | Clinopodium (douglasii) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Clinopodium | douglasii | (Benth.) Kuntze | Satureja | douglasii | (Benth.) Briq. | CLIDOU | Marin county, California | <i>C. douglasii</i> is found in shaded woods below 3,000 feet elevation; from Los Angeles County, California north to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treebend #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yerba Buena | Seeds are collected between May 1st and August 1st.<br> Mature capasules are brown.<br>Seeds are tiny. | Soak seeds in fresh water overnight. Cold stratify in peat in the refrigerator until seeds begin to germinate. Check seeds weekly. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 3 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" tubes (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 28 days | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back as needed. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clinopodium douglasii</i> (Benth.) Kuntze plants Treebend #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
786 | Clintonia (borealis) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Clintonia | borealis | (Ait.) Raf. | Draceana | borealis | Ait. | CLIBOR | C. borealis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bluebead | Seeds are warm? and cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. | Baskin and Baskin,1988,unpublished.In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clintonia borealis</i> (Ait.) Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
787 | Clusia (rosea) | Clusiaceae | Mangosteen Family | Clusia | rosea | Jacq. | CLUROS | Cultivated in St. Croix with few plants existing in the wild. | C. rosea is found throughout the West Indies from Bahamas to Cuba to Trinidad. Very rare is Florida Keys. Found also in southern Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela and French Guiana | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 gallon | 0 | Height: 24 to 26 inches<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root Plug: Firm root plug in 3 gallon container.<br> | Autograph tree | C. rosea fruits most heavily in late summer but sporadically throughout the year. When fully ripe, it opens at ripeness into 7-9 parts, exposing seeds and orange flesh. It does not give much indication of ripening. Fruits should be taken directly from the tree because ants and bats consume fruit very quickly. | Break apart fruits and smear fruit pulp and seeds onto a paper towel. Plant the towel covered with seeds,immediately and cover lightly with growing media and irrigate until thorughly watered. immediately and cover with thin layer of potting material.<br>Plante into open flats using a commercial potting soil.<br> Germination %: Close to 100%. | Maintain in germination tray for about a month. Root structure will be developed, but still quite fragile. Remove seedlings from germination flar by teasing the seedlings apart in water to remove soil from roots.Transplant into individual containers. | Seedlings grow very quickly and can be planted in large pots (up to 3 gallon) to avoid transplanting and future handling.<br> Mortality is low under 10%. | Salable size in a 3 gallon pot is about 24-30". | Little, E.J., Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook No. 249 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 548 pp.<br> Jones, K., 1995 Native Trees for Community Forests. St. George Village Botanical Garden of St Croix, Inc. 124 pp. | Briggs, Gary. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clusia rosea</i> Jacq. plants 3 gallon; Geographic Consulting LLC Estate Calquohoun, St Croix,, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
788 | Coccothrinax (alta) | Arecaceae | Palm Family | Coccothrinax | alta | (O.F. Cook) Becc. | Coccothrinax | sancti-thomae | Becc. | COCALT | Saint Thomas | Tyre Palm is found in the west-end hills, Analy Bay and estate St. John on St. Croix. In St Thomas, it is found in northern coastal forests up nearly 1500 ft. It is also found on southern facing slopes at higher altitudes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 in containerized seedlings | 18 Months | Months | Height: 24 inches<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root Plug: Firm root system in a 6 in. container.<br> | Tyre Palm | Seeds are collected from the tree and ground on the north coast of St. Thomas. It appears to flower and fruit intermittently as often as four times per year. | Seeds (with fruit) were soaked in water for up to a week. | Soaked seeds were planted directly into 6 inch pots, at the sowing rate of 3 per container.Seeds germinated in about three weeks. Germination rates were over 50%. | This species is fairly slow growing. | Seedlings harden off well and are ready to outplant when they are 24 inches in height. | Little and Wadsworth. 1974.Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin islands. Jones. 1995.<br> Liogier, H.A. and Martorell, L.F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: a systematic synopsis. | Thomas, Toni. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coccothrinax alta</i> (O.F. Cook) Becc. plants 6 in containerized seedlings; Database of Restoration Research on the Colorado Plateau St. Thomas, USVI, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
789 | Coccothrinax (argentata) | Arecaceae | Palm Family | Coccothrinax | argentata | (Jacq.) Bailey | Coccothrinax | garberi | (Chapman) Sarg. | COCARG | St. Croix | C. argentea is found in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. On St. Croix, the species is scattered in distribution: Carambloa Hills, Princess Hill, Kingshill, and east end of the island. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 18 Months | Months | Tyre Palm | Ripe fruits are collected directly off the tree; usually in January and February.<br> C. argentea sometimes flowers and fruits twice per year. | None | Seeds are planted into deep flats using a growing medium of local soil mixed with compost and peat. | Seeds are very slow to germinate; some may germinate within a month of sowing while others may take up to 1 year.<br> Following germination, seedlings are transpanted out of flats in 2 to 3 months. | up to 1 year | Little,E.J., Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook No. 249 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 548 pp.<br> Jones, K., 1995 Native Trees for Community Forests. St. George Village Botanical Garden of St Croix, Inc. 124 pp. | Hayes, Margaret. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coccothrinax argentata</i> (Jacq.) Bailey plants Database of Restoration Research on the Colorado Plateau St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
790 | Cocos (nucifera) | Arecaceae | Palm | Cocos | nucifera | L. | Palmas | cocos | Miller | Coconut is prinarily a coastalspecies that is believed to have originated in the Old World tropics, but the natural range is unknown and is the subject of considerable debate. Dispersal by humans has played a major role in the naturalization of the species on tropical and subtropical shores throughout the world. <p> It is widely grown throughout the Pacific Islands. Two primary types exist, a wild type with a long, angular fruit and thick husk and a type derived through selection that is more spherical, with a thinner husk and more endosperm. Many varieties exist, including dwarf and tall forms and varieties with differing fruit characteristics.<p> | Coconut is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 Months | Months | Seedlings have reached target size when three seed-leaves have grown. Seedlings may be container or field grown. | Coconut, narel; niu (Fiji; Tonga; Samoa; Cooks; Hawaii); nu (Cooks); ha'ari (Societies); te ni (Kiribati) | Coconut fruits ripen throughout the year. Collection of fully mature seeds that have turned brown, but not fallen to the ground, is best. Seeds with apparent insect damage, cracks or oozing should be discarded. Seeds that have no water remaining inside should also be discarded. | Removal of the husk is not necessary nor recommended. Seeds may be scarified by cutting a notch through the smooth, hard, outer husk. Soaking in water for up to, but not longer than, two weeks may hasten germination. | Coconuts should be sprouted in beds of well-drained medium in full sun. | After preparing beds of loose, organically rich soil, lay the coconuts on their sides and bury about 3/4, leaving 1/4 exposed. Seeds sprout in about 16 weeks. The soil must be kept moist throughout this time period, to facilitate germination. A covering of loose mulch may be used to enhance moisture retention, and to suppress weed growth. Late germinating or weak seedlings should be discarded, as these tend to produce less vigorous plants. Protect the area from rodents throughout the growth and establishment phases. | 4 months | Seedlings may continue to be grown in the field, or transplanted to individual containers. For container growing, transplant the seedlings just as the first green leaf tip begins to emerge from the eye of the coconut. Usually this first leaf emerges before the first root, making transplanting easy and non-traumatic for the plant. Amending monthly with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. Weeds should be prevented from entering the growth area to avoid competition for light and nutrients. Diseases and pests are not a major concern with coconut in the nursery. | 5 months | If the seedlings are not already growing in full sun, move them into a sunny area, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 1 month | When the plants have reached the three leaf stage or later, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping plants in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Although coconut plants tolerate root pruning, damage to the root system should be avoided to encourage fast early growth in the field. | Allen, James A. 2002. Cocos nucifera L. In: Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721.<p> Duke, James A. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. Web: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cocos_nucifera.html<p> F.W. Martin. unk date. Bananas, Coconuts & Breadfruit. ECHO Technical Note. ECHO, N. Ft. Myers, FL. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Uhl, N.W. and J. Dransfield. 1987. Genara Palmarum. The L.H. Bailey Hortorium and The International Palm Society. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cocos nucifera</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
791 | Coleogyne (ramosissima) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Coleogyne | ramosissima | Torr. | COLRAM | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Coleogyne ramosissima</i> is found in the Colorado and Mojave deserts on dry slopes below 5,000 ft elevation; from southern California to Colorado and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Blackbrush | Seeds are hand collected in May and June. | Seeds are imbibed with water overnight and stratified at 7 C for 4 to 8 weeks or until the radicle emerges from the seed coat.<br> Germinants are sown into flats or directly into containers. | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal). PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coleogyne ramosissima</i> Torr. plants 2 gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
792 | Collinsia (parryi) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Collinsia | parryi | Gray | COLPAR | C. parryi is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Parry's blue eyed mary | Seeds germinate at 23 C. Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 53% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 and Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Collinsia parryi</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
793 | Collinsia (parviflora) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Collinsia | parviflora | Lindl. | COPA3 | Paradise Creek drainage, Pullman, WA | British Columbia and western US east to North Dakota and south to Nebraska and New Mexico. Prefers areas that are moist in spring. It is tolerant of some shade and frequently grows in small openings next to taller plants in the early spring. Usually found in areas which receive 16-50 inches mean annual precipitation (USDA NRCS 2004). | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 7 Months | Months | Blue-eyed Mary | Flowers are borne in the leaf axils and plants flower and ripen seed indeterminantly. Collecting the tiny capsules by hand is tedious. Plants are cut or pulled up and dried in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. Seed is reddish brown when ripe and shatters readily. Seed usually ripens in late May.<p> We determined 350,000 seeds/lb. | None required. This is a winter annual species and must be seeded in the fall. Spring germination will occur under exceptional climatic circumstances, but plants are less vigorous and seed yield is much lower than fall seeded plants. | In the fall, seed is sown at a rate of 30-40 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. Seed should be placed so that it is barely covered by soil. | Seedlings will emerge when fall rains begin and may develop 2-4 true leaves before winter. | Plants resume growth in late winter or early spring and may flower as soon as late March, depending on weather conditions. | 2 months | Plants are harvested by cutting or pulling them up when the capsules toward the middle of the plant are drying but not splitting. Capsules on the lower stem will already have split and shattered their seed by this time. Harvester must use judgement in determining when the greatest amount of seed will be obtained from the plants. | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston,MA. 277 pp.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1956. Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington. J.M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Limited. Vancouver, BC. 211 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York. <p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p>Winegar, David. 1982. Desert Wildflowers: Drylands of North America. Beautiful America Publ. Co. Beaverton, OR. 144 pp. | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Collinsia parviflora</i> Lindl. seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
794 | Collinsia (verna) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Collinsia | verna | Nutt. | COLVER | C. verna is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blue eyed Mary | Seeds are warm stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1983b). Germination ecology of Collinsia verna, a winter annual of rich deciduous woodlands. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110, 311-315.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Collinsia verna</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
795 | Collomia (grandiflora) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Collomia | grandiflora | Dougl. ex Lindl | COGR4 | Paradise Creek drainage, Pullman, WA., USA | Dry, open prairies and lightly wooded areas in western North America from British Columbia east to Colorado and south to Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Large-flowered collomia | Seed is collected when inflorescence begins to dry and the capsules begin to open by cutting the stalk below the inflorescence. Maturity usually occurs in late July or early August. Seeds are dark brown at this point. Plants, especially the inflorescence, are muscilaginous. Disposable gloves are helpful during seed collection. <p> Seed is expelled forcefully when mature. Collected material must be covered by a material which permits air circulation but prevents seed loss. <br>Small amounts are stored in paper bags at room temperature with the top of the bag covered with open weave cloth.<br> In seed increase plantings, entire plants are cut and dried on tarps in a shed or greenhouse. Plants are covered with garden row cover. Fans are used to assure good air circulation. Stems and leaves are green at this point and mold can be a problem with poor air circulation.<p>We determined 146,986 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | None required. There may be an after-ripening requirement. Seed which has been stored under cool, dry conditons has been observed to germinate at a higher rate than newly harvested seed.<p> Trials at the PMC showed stratifying seed did not increase germination rates. | In February seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Germination begins in 5-6 days and is complete in 10 days. Medium is kept moist during this period. | 2 weeks | Roots develop quickly after germination. Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer containing micronutrients. | 2 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. | 2-4 weeks | Ellstrand, N.C., E.M. Lord, and K.J. Eckard. 1984. The Inflorescence as a Metapopulation of Flowers: Position-Dependent Differences in Function and Form in the Cleistogamous Species <i>Collomia grandiflora</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. (Polemoniaceae).<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p>Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lord, E.M. and K.J. Eckard. 1984. Incompatibility between the Dimorphic Flowers of Collomia grandiflora, a Cleistogamous Species. Science 223(4637):695-696. <p>Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp. <p>Minter, T.C. and E.M. Lord. 1983. A Comparison of Cleistogamous and Chasmogamous Floral Development in <i>Collomia grandiflora</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. (Polemoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 70:1499-1508.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p>St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p>Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p>USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Online Database. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl (12 April 2005)<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p>Underhill, J.E. 1986. Sagebrush Wildflowers. Hancock House Publishers, Inc. Blaine, WA. and Surrey, BC, Canada. 64 pp.<p> Wilken, Dieter H. 1982. The Balance between Chasmogamy and Cleistogamy in <i>Collomia grandiflora</i> (Polemoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 69:1326-1333. | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Collomia grandiflora</i> Dougl. ex Lindl plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
796 | Collomia (grandiflora) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Collomia | grandiflora | Lindley Ann | COGR4 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | grand collomia | Entire plants were cut off at the base when top seeds shatter. Plants were placed in a screen-covered container and left to dry. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 4 weeks | Flats were removed from the cooler after 4 weeks and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights). | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Collomia grandiflora</i> Lindley Ann plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
797 | Collomia (linearis) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Collomia | linearis | Nutt. | COLI2 | Across much of North America except the southern US from dry, open ground to moist,open meadows and open forest.<br>In the Pacific Northwest region its wetland status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Tiny trumpet, Narrow-leaf collomia | Seed is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the capsules begin to open by cutting the stalk below the inflorescence. Maturity usually occurs in late July or early August. Seeds are dark brown at this point. Plants, especially the inflorescence, are muscilaginous. Disposable gloves are helpful during seed collection.<p>Seed is expelled forcefully when mature. Collected material must be covered by a material which permits air circulation but prevents seed loss. Small amounts are stored in paper bags at room temperature with the top of the bag covered with open weave cloth. In seed increase plantings, entire plants are cut and dried on tarps in a shed or greenhouse. Plants are covered with garden row cover. Fans are used to assure good air circulation. Stems and leaves are green at this point and mold can be a problem with poor air circulation. | None required. There may be an after-ripening requirement. Seed which has been stored under cool, dry conditons has been observed to germinate at a higher rate than newly harvested seed.<p>Seeds from subalpine rangeland of Utah and Montana were found to germinate at 98% under alternating greenhouse temperatures of 17/12 degrees Centigrade, while warmer temperatures reduced germination. (McDonough 1969). | In February, seeds are sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell containers filled with Sunshine # 4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds and media from floating and the containers are watered deeply. | Germination begins in 5-6 days and is complete in 10 days. Medium is kept moist during this period. | 2 weeks | Roots develop quickly after germination. Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer containing micronutrients. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. | 2-4 weeks | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> McDonough, Walter T. 1969. Effective Treatments for the Induction of Germination in Mountain Rangeland Species. Northwest Science 43:18-22.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p>USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Collomia linearis</i> Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
798 | Comarostaphylis (diversifolia) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Comarostaphylis | diversifolia | (Parry) Greene | COMDIV | C. diversifolia is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Summer heath | Seeds treated with dry heat at 70 C for 1 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds:Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Comarostaphylis diversifolia</i> (Parry) Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
799 | Commersonia (bartramia) | Sterculiaceae | Sterculia Family | Commersonia | bartramia | COMBAR | Yap islands | Wapof is found in the central Pacific islands south to Australia. it inhabits wet coastal floodplain forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Wapof | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 4 weeks | Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved tooutplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Commersonia bartramia</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
800 | Conioselinum (Pacifica) | Pinaceae | Pine | Conioselinum | Pacifica | Tsuga | heterophylla | COPA | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling the soil profile in its container. | pacific hemlock | The Pacific Hemlock seeds in our research did not germinate at a higher percent from receiving a warm treatment prior to the cold (35F) treatment, so we conclude that this species will germinate after 90 days of cold-moist stratification. Our highest germination was 47% in the seeds that spent 90 days in the cooler before heading to the 75F warm growth cooler. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Conioselinum Pacifica</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
801 | Conoclinium (coelestinum) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Conoclinium | coelestinum | (L.) DC. | COCO13 | Stones River National Battlefield source | Blue mistflower is widely distributed throughout most of the eastern and central states from Texas and Nebraska eastward to Flordia and north to Pennsylvania and New York. | Blue mistflower is recognized as potentially invasive in Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States: A Field Guide | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | blue mistflower | Seed of Stones River National Battlefield source blue mistflower was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | Haragan, P.D. Weeds of Kentucky and adjacent states: a field guide. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.<p>
USDA, NRCS. 2014. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 23 January 2014). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Conoclinium coelestinum</i> (L.) DC. plants 1+0 container plug; In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
802 | Cordia (rickseckeri) | Boraginaceae | Borage Family | Cordia | rickseckeri | Millsp. | Sebesten | rickseckeri | (Millsp.) Britt. | CORRIC | C.rickseckeri is native to only Puerto rico and the Virgin Islands. It is found mostly on dry slopes and shores in St Croix but is not very common anywhere in its range. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 gallon | 0 | Height: Caliper: Root Plug: Firm root plug in 3 gallon containers. | Orange manjack | Fruits are collected from ground after they have fallen from the tree. Fruits should be white and soft at maturity. | Seeds were planted in mid July in open trays using a commercial growing medium.<br> 159 seeds were planted. First germination was seen 12 days later. After 3 weeks, there were 29 and 61 germinated by Aug 28.<br>Seeds are polyembryonic containing 2 to 3 embryos. During germination, the cotyledons look almost like an adult fan palm leaf.<br> Germination %: about 80%.<br> | Seedlings were transplanted after roughly 9 weeks into individual containers. | 9 weeks | Seedlings were transplanted into 3 gallon containers. growth is fairly rapid.Juvenile and adult leaves are quite different with the orange mid-vein much more pronounced in the adult leaves. <br> No disease or insect problems occurred during production of this species. | Jones, K., 1995 Native Trees for Community Forests. St. George Village Botanical Garden of St Croix, Inc. 124 pp. | Briggs, Gary. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cordia rickseckeri</i> Millsp. plants 3 gallon; Geographic Consulting LLC Estate Calquohoun, St Croix,, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
803 | Cordia (rickseckeri) | Boraginaceae | Borage Family | Cordia | rickseckeri | Millsp. | Sebesten | rickseckeri | (Millsp.) Britt. | CORRIC | St. Croix | C.rickseckeri is found only on Puerto Rico and its surrounding islands and the Virgin islands.<br>On St. Croix, this species is found primarily in the east end, north shore to mount eagle and south shore east of great pond and also around Green Cay. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Orange manjack | Ripe and past fruits were collected from the ground. | Seeds were planted in a commercial potting soil directly in containers. | Only a few seeds were planted at a time but germination percentages are consistently high.<br> Seedlings are established in 2 weeks. | Following establishment, growth rate is moderate to fairly rapid. | Seedlings are hardend for 1 month prior to out-planting. | 1 month | Jones, K. 1995. Native Trees for Community Forests. St. George Village Botanical Garden of St Croix, Inc. 124 pp | O'Reilly, Rudy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cordia rickseckeri</i> Millsp. plants USDA NRCS Virgin Islands Field Office Gallows Bay, Christiansted, St. Croix, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
804 | Cordia (subcordata) | Boraginaceae | Borage | Cordia | subcordata | Lam. | low elevation, dry, coastal areas | Native to Malesia, spread throughout the Pacific and along Indian Ocean Shores. Once thought to be a Polynesian introduction to Hawaii, but recently discovered fossil evidence now indicates this tree is native to Hawaii. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 35 cm in height, stem diameter 9 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | Sea trumpet, beach cordia; kou (Hawaii), nawanawa (Fiji); puataukanave (Tonga); tuanave (Samoa); tou (Cooks, Societies, Marquesas) | Blooms throughout the year, most abundantly in the spring. Seed capsules are often collected from the ground, but can also be picked from the tree once mature(dry and brown). | No pretreatment is required. However, germination can be hastened by cutting off one end of the seed capsule and soaking 12-24 hours prior to sowing. | Kou seedlings can be grown in an uncovered growing area. If available, some cover (greenhouse or temporary cover) is ideal during germination to protect sprouts from hard rains. Rodents (especially rats) seek out and eat germinating kou seeds, and the nursery area must be protected from them. Containers used are Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep, although copper-coated grow bags or similar size also work well. A well-drained media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Seeds are sown at a depth of 1.5 - 2 cm. Because multiple seeds usually germinate per capsule, a germination bed can be used, then small seedlings transplanted into the growing containers. Germination begins in 3-4 weeks. Seed capsules break apart begin to decay as the germinating seeds sprout. Transplants of seedlings at the cotyledon phase can be made. Even tiny germinants transplant well, when they have a short root (about 5 mm) and before the cotyledons turn green. Once germinants have been transplanted into containers prefilled with premoistened media, the media can be topped by a thin layer of mulch such as from #2 poultry grit. Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Full sun is best. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. | 2-3 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in full sun. Seedlings grow slowly for the first 6-10 weeks, then grow rapidly. Overwatering can lead to fungal diseases on the leaf and stem. A coastal environment for growing may help preclude some fungal problems in the nursery. In wetter areas or higher elevations, cultural practices can reduce problems with fungal pathogens. After about ten weeks, seedlings are spaced as widely as possible to prevent leaves from overlapping and to allow maximum penetration of sunlight, which creates an environment more hostile to fungal pathogens. Watering first thing in the morning is best, so leaves spend most of the day dry and go into the night dry. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 4-6 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 4-6 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | n/a | National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1996. Ten native Hawaiian trees for urban landscapes. Lawai, Hawaii. <p> Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). 2002. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721.<p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cordia subcordata</i> Lam. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
805 | Cordylanthus (rigidus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Cordylanthus | rigidus | Benth. | Sub-species | rigidus | (Benth.) Jepson | Cordylanthus | filifolius | Nutt. ex Benth. | CORRIG | C. rigidus ssp. rigidus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Stiffbranch bird's beak | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cordylanthus rigidus</i> Benth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
806 | Cordylanthus (tenuis) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Cordylanthus | tenuis | COTE3 | forested areas, scrubland and Chaparral | This plant can be found in portions of Oregon, California and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | slender bird's beak | This plant germinates best when placed in a cooler (avg.38F) where is is exposed to cool/moist stratification for 90 days. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cordylanthus tenuis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
807 | Coreopsis (lanceolata) | Compositae | Aster family | Coreopsis | lanceolata | L. | CORLAN | Full sun to light shade. Dry to somewhat moist sites. Sandy to rocky soils. Shorelines, alvar, openings. Bright yellow flowers. Plant height 8" to 3'. Foliage luxuriant. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lanceleaf coreopsis/Tickseed | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from early July through September. Seed is a small black achene and is harvested throughout the summer, the majority in August-September. | None are used. Seed readily germinates. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Greehouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: Grows best in deep cell plug trays; 100 cell (1"-1/2" diameter), 18"x12"x6.5" deep. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells withnewspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow February until late July. | From Jan. thru Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistenly damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffused sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed, leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Transplant if they outgrow initial containers. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coreopsis lanceolata</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
808 | Coreopsis (lanceolata) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Coreopsis | lanceolata | CORLAN | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Dry sandy soils from Michigan and Lake Superior to Florida and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> About 4-6" after cutbacks.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug. | Lance-leaf coreopsis | Collected at Cumberland Gap National Park, Kentucky Portal by National Plant Materials Center staff in 10/90. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Have tried stratifying seeded trays for 3 weeks with no appreciable change in % germination. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 406 cell germination plug trays and Ropak multipots (67 cell).<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine #1 potting mix plus 180 day 18-6-8 Nutricote SR with micronutrients added at 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of mix (0.15 lb./cu. ft.). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> January for spring outplanting; July for fall. In the future at the National Plant Materials Center, plugs for fall planting will be started in mid-June.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Overall germination was estimated at 19% of seeds sown. 50% of those had germinated in 11 days, the balance in 28 days.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed was hand sown at approximately 3-6 seeds per cell directly into multipots filled with the Sunshine mix. Seeds were lightly covered with germination mix, watered,covered with clear plastic, and put on a greenhouse bench. Plastic was removed after about 10 days. About 70% of the multipot cells germinated. A 406 germination tray was started at the same time, and empty multipot cells were plugged with seedlings from this tray.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> No special needs. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> It appears that maturation of the root mass may be slowed by prolonged cloudy weather in summer. Plugs were fertilized as needed with Technigro 16-17-17 at low rates (100 ppm). Plugs were cut back 2-3 times to encourage development of uniform foliage and full root mass. Cutbacks also controlled aphids and other greenhouse pests. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to outplanting, greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 14 weeks from germination to finished plug in spring, 1999; 17 weeks in fall, 2000. (Slower maturation may have resulted from lowered solar radiation, as summer 2000 was unseasonably cool and cloudy.)<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Park outplanting is done in spring. At National Plant Materials Center fields are plugged in the fall (October). Seed is harvested from National Plant Materials Center seed production beds in July.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Overwintering plugs in cool storage will be attempted this year (December - April).<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed is stored in seed bag in cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None indicated. | Gleason, H. and A. Cronquist. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. 1991. New York Botanical Garden. Pg. 538. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Coreopsis lanceolata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
809 | Coreopsis (lanceolata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Coreopsis | lanceolata | L. | Coreopsis | crassifolia | Ait. | CORLAN | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>C. lanceolata</i> is found from New England west to Wisconsin and south to Oklahoma and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firmroot plug. | Lance Leaf Coreopsis | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. May 15 to June 10. Seed is harvested June 22. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3- 4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br>Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day,and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one week.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 8 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugsthat are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coreopsis lanceolata</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
810 | Coreopsis (major) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Coreopsis | major | CORMAJ | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Southern Pennsylvania and Ohio, south to Florida and Mississippi. Found in dry open woods. <u>Note:</u> A variation, `<i>rigida</i>' with narrower leaves occurs in the mountains from Virginia to Tennessee. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug; roots fill container. | Whorled coreopsis | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Skyland Road by RR/AR on 10/10/90; Great Smoky Mountains National Park Covew Mt. Trail, FHP West (Wears Valley Sect.), Little River Road by G. Taylor and J. Marshall on 9/16/96; by M. Kloster and S. Altman on 9/11/97; by S. Altman on 10/2/97. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F; night temperatures average around65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour day lengths extended with high pressure sodium lighting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown into plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Started in 392 germination plug trays; transplanted to Ropak Multipots or 72 plug trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is sown into germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR @ 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> February (first sowing) March (second sowing).<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Less than 10% from both 1996 and 1997 seed; uneven germination occurring over 7 to 43 days. (Recommend a stratification period for future sowings to see if germination amount or uniformity improves.)<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Because of the extremely low germination of this seed, it was sown heavily (6 grams/392 tray). Tripling the amount of seed resulted in only double the amount of seedlings.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings are transplanted to multipots or 72 trays approximately 3 weeks after germination. Keep potting mix evenly moist but not saturated and do not allow crust to form. | <b>Rapid Gowth Phase:</b> Transplanted plugs are lightly fertilized approximately bi-weekly, or as needed, with a soluble fertilizer (Technigro 16-17-17 @ about 100 ppm). Cutbacks are performed at around 8-9 weeks to promote healthy top growth, and to control pests. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, temperatures are reduced in the green house or plants are moved outdoors to a sheltered location, weather permitting, and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 13 weeks from germination to outplanting.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs were not overwintered. <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed was stored in seed collection bags in National Plant Materials Center cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> This seed would probably benefit from a 2-3 week cool stratification period. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coreopsis major</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
811 | Coreopsis (major) | Asteraceae | Aster | Coreopsis | major | Walt. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | greater tickseed | Barbour, Jill R; Karrfalt, Bob. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Coreopsis major</i> Walt. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
812 | Coreopsis (palmata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Coreopsis | palmata | Nutt. | CORPAL | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>C. palmata</i> is found from western Minnesota and eastern South Dakota through eastern Kansas and Oklahoma. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 12 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Stiff Tickseed | Seed is collected by a custom designed combine from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 5 to July 1. Seed is harvested about August 17. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br>Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 1.8 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 2 to 4 weeks | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Coreopsis palmata</i> Nutt. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
813 | Coreopsis (pubescens) | Asteraceae | Aster | Coreopsis | pubescens | Ell. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | star tick seed | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Karrfalt, Bob; Kaufmann, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Coreopsis pubescens</i> Ell. seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
814 | Coreopsis (tinctoria) | Asteraceae | Coreopsis | tinctoria | Nutt. | COTI3 | Native range of the species extends from Minnesota to Washington, south to California, Texas, and Louisiana. It is naturalized in most areas of Mississippi. It is fairly tolerant of wet soils. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Plains coreopsis, Calliopsis, Golden tickseed | Collected in Natchez Trace Parkway (actual collection location was not noted - designated collection area was the lower section of the Natchez Trace Parkway, from around Jackson, Mississippi to the terminus in Natchez, Mississippi) by B.B. Billingsley, Jr. in 1990. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct sown. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> August to September.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> September to October.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Broadcast a mixture of seed and sand onto the soil surface of a mowed field. Heavy layers of residue will prevent germination. Also, there was some success drilling seeds very shallowly in rows in a clean tilled field. If seeds are to be broadcast on a clean tilled field, soil should be cultipacked or otherwise firmed before planting. Planting rateis 3.35 to 4.48 kilograms PLS per hectare (3 to 4 pounds per acre).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seeds germinate in the fall and the plants overwinter as a rosette. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plants begin to rapidly elongate in April. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Mid-July. Wait until seeds are fully mature (see seed processing above). Seeds stay in the seed head for a fairly long period time, so seed shattering is not a problem.<br> <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 10 to 11 months.<br> <b>Storage Duration:</b> Seeds were stored for 3 to 5 years before planting on the Natchez Trace Parkway. Under the proper conditions, seeds of C. auriculata L. can be stored for at least 3 years (Phillips, 1985). | <b>Storage Duration: </b> 3-5 years. | Hartmann, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1975. Plant propagation principles and practices. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Engelwood Cliffs, NJ. 662 p.<p> Phillips, H.R. 1985. Growing and propagating wildflowers. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 330 p. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Coreopsis tinctoria</i> Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
815 | Coreopsis (tripteris) | Asteraceae | Aster | Coreopsis | tripteris | Alexander County, North Carolina (first sowing), and Jefferson County, Alabama (second sowing). | Native to North America, Coreopsis tripteris is found in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. In the United States it ranges from the eastern edge of Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, east to Pennsylvania and south to Florida. Also including Southeast New York and southern Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 1 quart container | 11 to 12 weeks | Well-rooted 1 quart container. | tall tickseed | Seed should be collected when beginning to turn gray-brown in color but before they are wind-dispersed from the plant.
Store seed in a paper bag at room temperature until cleaned, ideally keeping seeds in a well-ventilated, dry environment. | Seed is cold stratified for 90 days at 3.8˚Celcius (39˚Fahrenheit), in a Ziploc bag with a small amount of Metro-Mix 510 media. A squirt bottled is used to moisten the media to a slightly damp consistency, not wet. Seed is checked on a monthly interval to monitor moisture level and check for possible germination. | After 90 day cool stratification seed are hand sown into propagation tray or a 6" clay pot, then placed in the propagation house. Bottom heat is provided by hot water tubes under flats 18-24˚Celcius (65-75˚Fahrenheit).
The greenhouse propagation environment alternates day/night temperatures. Daytime temperatures vary from 18-26˚Celcius (65-80˚Fahrenheit). Night temperature is set at a minimum of 16˚Celcius (62˚Fahrenheit). High pressure sodium lighting is utilized to extend the day length to 16 hours. | The first sowing occurs February 3 with germination in 11 days on February 14. The second sowing occurs February 21 with germination in 8 days on March 1.
A germination rate of 11% occurs with the first sowing and a rate of 86% in the second sowing. This shows the viability differences possible in wild collected seed sources. For both sowings, 2 weeks after germination seed pans are moved from the propagation house into a shaded greenhouse, with average temperatures of 18-24˚Celcius (65-75˚Fahrenheit), and still under extended day length of 16 hours. | 3 to 4 weeks | After true-leaves appear and seedlings are sturdy, they are transplanted into 5 centimeter (2 inch) peat pots using a commercial potting media with a minor amount of added fertilizer. For both sowing groups this is approximately 3 weeks after germination occurs.
When roots begin to show through the edges of the peat pots they are transplanted into 1 quart containers using a commercial potting media. For both sowing groups this is approximately 9 weeks after germination occurs. Fertilizers available in the media are in two forms, immediately available 11-5-11 and slow-release Nutricote 18-6-8. No additional fertilizer is added. | 4 to 6 months | Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting in mid-to-late May, plants are moved outside to a semi-sheltered location. | 2 weeks | Cullina, W. (2000). Growing and propagating wildflowers of the United States and Canada. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Illinois wildflowers. (2015) Tall tickseed. Retrieved from http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/index.htm Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.) Coreopsis tripteris. Retrieved from http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g470 U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.) Coreopsis tripteris. Retrieved from http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=cotr4 Weakley, A. S. (2015, May 21). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Retrieved from http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/FloraArchives/WeakleyFlora_2015-05-29.pdf | French, Shelby J.. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coreopsis tripteris</i> Plants 1 quart container; Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, Delaware. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
816 | Coreopsis (verticillata) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Coreopsis | verticillata | CORVER | Shenandoah National Park | Maryland to Florida and Arkansas; has escaped northward. Found in dry soils, open woodlands and along roadsides. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug; roots fill container. | Thread-leaf coreopsis | Collected at Shenandoah National Park, Sawmill Ridge Overlook, Mile 96 by G. Meyer and D. Meyer on 8/26/94; by J. Englert on 8/20/92 and 9/21/92. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None needed. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seeds were hand-sown in germination trays at 1-2 per cell and lightly covered.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Started in 392 germination plug trays; transplanted to Ropak Multipots or 72 plug trays. Occasionally bumped up to quarts if held for more than 6 months.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is sown into germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Dates:</b> 1) August - plants were bumped up to quarts and held until planting in April. 2) January - for April outplanting as plugs.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seedlings begin to emerge within 8-12 days. Uniformity of germination may be improved by a two week stratification period.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seedlings in germination trays need to be kept evenly moist. We have put trays under mist, but slowing of growth may occur if left too long.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings are transplanted to multipots or 72 trays approximately 3 weeks after germination. Keep potting mix evenly moist but not saturated and do not allow crust to form on surface. | <b>Rapid Gowth Phase:</b> Transplanted plugs are lightly fertilized approximately bi-weekly, or as needed, with a soluble fertilizer (Technigro 16-17-17 at about 100 ppm). Cutbacks are performed at around 8-9 weeks to promote healthy top growth, and to control insect pests and powdery mildew. Spot treat with insecticides and fungicides as needed. Powdery mildew may be a problem during wet, rainy weather. Horticultural oil has been used successfully as a barrier treatment. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, temperatures are reduced in the green house or plants are moved outdoors to a sheltered location, weather permitting, and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 13 weeks from germination to outplanting.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs have not been overwintered at the National Plant Materials Center. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coreopsis verticillata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
817 | Cornus (alternifolia) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | alternifolia | L.f. | COAL2 | Deciduous and mixed forests (rarely in spruce-fir stands) either as an understory shrub or along borders; floodplains and cedar swamps, banks and thickets above lakes and streams. A shrub or small tree. 3-9'tall. Flowers clustered in white cymes. Stems are especially showy in winter and early spring. Alternate arrangement of leaves at the ends of twigs. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alternate-leaved dogwood | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to August. Fruits are white berries (drupes). Seed is harvested from from September to October. | Two to three months of moist cold stratification is required. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid style container to mix an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or garage (33-42 degrees F) for two to three months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damps soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs wiht soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus alternifolia</i> L.f. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
818 | Cornus (amomum) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | amomum | P. Mill. | CORAMO | South Central Missouri | Silky dogwood is found from The Upper Midwestern and New England states south to Mississippi to Florida and west to Iowa and Missouri. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Silky dogwood | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Fruits are one seeded drupes that are white to blue at maturity. Fruits are typically 4 to 7 mm (0.15 to 0.27 in) in diameter, white or bluish tinged, and mature from August to October. Each fruit contains a single bony stone that contains 1 or 2 seeds. Mature seeds are round, grey to light brown in color. | We sow treated seeds in early October with a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 9 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br>The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Silky dogwood isfertlized 2 times during the growing season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Brinkman KA, Vankus V. 2004. The genus Cornus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Cornus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cornus amomum</i> P. Mill. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
819 | Cornus (canadensis) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | canadensis | L. | CORCAN | C. canadensis is found in moist, forested habitats, from Alaska to Greenland, south to California, New Mexico, New Jersery and Ohio. It is also found in Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bunchberry dogwood | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 71 to 112 days. | Nichols, G. E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various native American plants. Ecology 15, 364-373.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus canadensis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
820 | Cornus (canadensis) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | canadensis | L. | COCA13 | Coniferous and mixed woods and swamps (esp. cedar); jack pine plains (except the driest sites) not often in strictly deciduous woods (except for young aspen-birch stands). Found in moist acid woods in partial to full shade. Showy, white, terminal flowers bloom in the spring. Small plants to 4" in height. Spreads via woody rhizomes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bunchberry/Dwarf cornel | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from April to June. Seed is a cyme of small red berries. Seed is harvested from August to September. | Scarification: Boil enough water to cover the cleaned seeds. Place the seeds in a mug/cup. Add boiling water onto the seeds and leave for one day. Drain. Stratification: Mix the scarified seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite in a sealable plastic bag. Add enough water to the mixture to saturate it. Place sealed bag/container in a room temperature setting for 2-4 months and in a refrigerator or cold garage for 2-3 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper to keep the soil from falling through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the cell plugs again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer ofsoil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to their unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From September to the end of Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus canadensis</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
821 | Cornus (canadensis) | Cornaceae | Dogwood | Cornus | canadensis | L. | COCA13 | Our collection from Mount Rainier National Park at lower elevations - about 1,900 ft elevation along highway 123; growing in understory with Acer Circinatum; ferns. | Across Northern US in moist woods - Alaska, rocky mountain states south to New Mexico, also occurs in Greenland, East Asia | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-year plugs | 1 Years | Years | Healthy foliage and crown with roots free of rot, insect damage | bunchberry dogwood | ripe berries collected from native stands in August. Often occurring in large patches; the low-growing plants with their fruit are easily identified and collected. Berries were not present in dry, hot years. | Seeds require a period of warm - moist stratification for 45 days; followed by cold-moist stratification for 140 days. | Stratified seed sown into Ray-Leach 10" "cone-tainers" filled with Fisons' Sunshine # 1 soilless potting mix amended with low rates of 3-month slow-release Osmocote fertilizer and Micromax micronutrients; then covered with a 1/2" layer of native "duff" - compost / leaf litter gathered from around the plants in their native stands. | Seedlings started in a moderately cool poly greenhouse in spring under shadecloth; soil profile kept moist during germination / establishment. | 2 months | Established cones moved to a shadehouse outdoors in May and maintained over summer with frequent watering and low rates of Peters' triple-20 applied monthly. Established plants can be protected from fungal root-rot with "Subdue" or other fungicides at label rates. Roots should be carefully inspected for root-damaging insects. At Corvallis, Black-vine root weevils were a frequent pest and were controlled using soil drenches of Bio-Safe or Exhibit parasitic nematodes applied at label rates. | May through July | Fertilizer discontinued in July and irrigation intervals gradually lengthened. Plants remained in Lathhouse to avoid leaf-burn from full-sun exposure. | August - September | Plants can be fall-shipped in their containers for outplanting; well-watered before shipping and kept cool during transport. | Not recommended to overwinter: see comments | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Kruckeberg, Aurthur R. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Guide. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.<p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus canadensis</i> L. plants 1-year plugs; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
822 | Cornus (canadensis) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | canadensis | L. | CORCAN | Lodgepole pine forest, West Glacier,Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. 1000m elevation. | <i>C. canadensis</i> occurs from Alaska to Greenland, south to California and New Mexico, east to Minnesota and Pennsylvania, also in Asia. It inhabits the understory of moist, shaded forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainer | 6 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Bunchberry dogwood | The drupes are hand collected in late August and early September when they turn orange-red.Seeds are tan at maturity. Fruits are collected in plastic bags are are kept refrigerated prior to cleaning. | Seeds are scarified using H2S04 acid bath for 10 to 30 minutes, followed by a neutralization with lime and rinsed with water for 30 minutes to remove acid residue. Seeds are soaked with water for 48 hours, then placed in a 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are covered with medium. There was no appreciable difference in germination percentages between acid scarified seed/ 90 day cold, moist stratification vs. non-scarified seed/5 month cold, moist stratification. | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, %Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Containers are irrigated thoroughly. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C day and 13 to 18C night. Seedlings are moved from the greenhouse to the shadehouse 4 months after germination. | Seedlings germinate uniformly in 10 to 15 days. The first true leaves appear 15 to 20 days following germination. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants are rhizomatous and quickly fill containers during the rapid growth stage. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Plants are flushed with clear water prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 6 to 9 months<br> Harvest Date:September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<pr> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1991.<p> Propagation of Plants of the Pacific Northwest, Rose,R., Chachuluski, E.C., and Haase, Diane, Oregon State University Press,1998.<br> | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus canadensis</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
823 | Cornus (drummondii) | Cornaceae | Dogwood | Cornus | drummondii | Low woods and swamp forests (Radford et al. 1978). | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Roughleaf Dogwood | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Seeds of all species show delayed germination due to dormant embryos; in most species, hard pericarps also are present. Warm strati-fication for at least 60 days in a moist environment followed by a longer period at a much lower temperature is required. Immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid for 1 to 3 hours or mechanical scarification can be used in place of warm stratification. Soaking stones in gibberellic acid for 24 hours has also been successful with <i>C. drummondli</i> (ibid.). | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seeding transfer to containers. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> <u>Flowers:</u> April-May. <u>Fruits:</u> August-October (USDA 1974).<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Seed should be cleaned to reduce pulp bulk. Clean, air-dried stones may be stored in sealed containers at 38-41§F (ibid.).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Limited data indicates that stones may be stored for 2 to 4 years. | Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1978. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.<p> U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974. | Fine, Gary. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus drummondii</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
824 | Cornus (drummondii) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | drummondii | C.A. Mey. | Cornus | priceae | Small | CORDRU | South Central Missouri | Roughleaf dogwood is a small tree or large shrub that is found from South Dakota south to Texas and east through the upper Midwestern and eastern states to Georgia and north to New York. It inhabits swamps and wet woodlands, marshes and lake and river shores.Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 36 in<br> Caliper:0.37 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Roughleaf dogwood | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Fruits are one seeded fleshy drupes that are white or sometimes light blue at maturity. Fruits are typically 4 to 7 mm (0.15 to 0.27 in) in diameter and mature from August to October. Mature seeds are round and 3 to 5 mm (0.11 to 0.19 in) in diameter. | We sow treated seeds in early October with a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 9 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Roughleaf dogwood is usually fertlized 2 times during the growing season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Brinkman KA, Vankus V. 2004. The genus Cornus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Cornus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cornus drummondii</i> C.A. Mey. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
825 | Cornus (florida) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | florida | CORFLO | Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Maine to southern Ontario, Michigan, Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and northeast Mexico. Found in acid woodlands. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bareroot and container plant material.<br> <b>Height:</b> Bareroot plants only about 10 inches after 2 years.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Information unavailable. | Flowering dogwood | Collected at Shenandoah National Park by J. Englert on 10/21/92 and 10/5/93; by J. Kujawski on 10/28/96; George Washington Memorial Parkway by J. Kujawski on 11/5/96. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None; seeds are sown in early fall totake advantage of warmer temperatures for natural stratification prior to winter. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sown.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1/2 gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> In containers, plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, and 20 oz. Nutricote). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> September-October.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seedlings emerge the spring after fall sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are imbibed in water overnight, dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 3/4 inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Bareroot plants are harvested after 2 years in the ground.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups, and long roots are trimmed. Root trimmings are saved for vegetative propagation use. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Half-gallon container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seeds that are not sown right away are stored in paper seed envelopes or plastic screw-lid bottles in a seed cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Seeds have both embryo dormancy and a hard pericarp; warm, moist stratification followed by cold, moist stratification will break dormancy (USDA, 1974). | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450.<p> USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished data. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Cornus florida</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
826 | Cornus (florida) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | florida | L. | CORFLO | C. florida is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Flowering dogwood | Seeds are cold stratified for 100 to 130 days and germinate at 15 to 27 C. | Davis, O. H. (1927). Germination and early growth of Cornus florida, Sambucus canadensis, and Berberis thunbergii. Bot. Gaz. 84, 225-263.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus florida</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
827 | Cornus (florida) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | florida | L. | CORFLO | South Central Missouri | Flowering dogwood is found from central Florida northward to southwestern Maine and west through southern Ontario to central Michigan, central Illinois, Missouri, southeastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. It is also is found in the mountains of Nuevo Leon and Veracruz in eastern Mexico. It occurs as an understory species in many eastern deciduous or coniferous forests. Our seed sources are form south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Flowering Dogwood | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Fruits mature from August to October. | Seeds are sown in late September with a Love seeder set at 3rd gear @4. We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing.<br> | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Seeds require frequent irrigation during fall months for good rates of germination. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Flowering dogwood is usually fertilized 7 to 8 times during the growing season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> We do not root or top prune flowering dogwood. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | We lift flowering dogwood just prior to shipment in February. We don't hold flowering dogwood in cooler storage prior to shipment because it does not hold well and we have had high rates of mortality in the past. | 2-3 months | Brinkman KA, Vankus V. 2004. The genus Cornus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Cornus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cornus florida</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
828 | Cornus (nuttallii) | Cornaceae | Dogwood | Cornus | nuttallii | Benthamidia | nuttallii | CONU4 | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon | Grows in full sun to part shade in average-deep, medium moisture, well-drained soils but prefers moist, rich, acidic soils in part shade. Soil texture can range from clay to sand loam. Mature plants have some drought tolerance. It has low frost tolerance but high flood tolerance. Found in western North America (BC, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and California). It is in the coastal regions west of the cascade mountains. Then there is a disjunct population in northern Idaho along the lower Lochsa and Selway rivers. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific Dogwood, Mountain dogwood, Canadian Dogwood | Two treatments yield similar germination results.
1) Seeds are placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and layered in peat in a covered container. The containers are then placed in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 100 days. 2) Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 48 hours. Seeds are placed in a sealed container and into warm stratification (10 °C) for 10 days. Following warm stratification, seeds are placed into cold stratification (1 to 3 °C) for an additional 90 days. It is very important to check seeds in warm strat and peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 18 weeks, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. Average growing season of nursery is from mid-March until early October. | Germination can be slow, and is sometimes low depending on seed quality. It is usually complete in 3 to 4 weeks. | 3 weeks | Seedlings grow slowly early in the active growth phase. When secondary leaves have formed (approximately 3 weeks following germination), soluble fertilizer is applied. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 16 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to early winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. |
| Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p.
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. Gucker CL. 2005. Cornus nuttallii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cornut/all.html (accessed 13 Jan 2020). [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Cornus nuttallii. URL: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=27809#null Missouri Botanical Garden. Cornus nuttallii. URL: https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279341&isprofile=0& (accessed 13 Jan 2020). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & A. Gray Pacific dogwood. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= CONU4 (accessed 13 Jan 2020). | Riley, Lee E.; Kamakura, Renata. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus nuttallii</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
829 | Cornus (nuttallii) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | nuttallii | Audubon ex Torr. & A. Gray | CONU4 | Willamette National Forest, Fisher Creek, Oregon; 2550 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pacific Dogwood | Small lot, 23 pounds, hand collected into plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cornus nuttallii</i> Audubon ex Torr. & A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
830 | Cornus (racemosa) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | racemosa | Lam. | Cornus | foemina | P. Mill. | Sub-species | racemosa | (Lam.) J.S. Wilson | CORRAC | South Central Missouri | Gray dogwood is found throughout the northeastern and north central United States south to Arkansas, Texas and east to South Carolina.Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 36 in<br> Caliper:0.37 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Gray dogwood | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Fruits are white at maturity. Each fruit contains a single bony stone that contains 1 or 2 seeds. Mature seeds are round, and brown in color. | We sow treated seeds in late October with a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 8.5 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Gray dogwood is usually fertilized 7 to 8 times during the growing season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Brinkman KA, Vankus V. 2004. The genus Cornus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Cornus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cornus racemosa</i> Lam. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
831 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Sub-species | stolonifera | (Michx.) Fosb. | Cornus | stolonifera | Michx. | CORSER | C. sericea ssp. stolonifera is found from Alaska east to Newfoundland and throughout the United States south to Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Redstem dogwood | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 25D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. | Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
832 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Sub-species | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Michx. | CORSER | C. sericea ssp. sericea is a circumboreal species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red oiser dogwood | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 to 120 days and germinate at 30/10 C. | Heit, C. E. (1968b). Propagation from seed. Part 15: Fall planting of shrub seeds for successful seedling production. Amer. Nurseryman 128(4), 8-10, 70-80.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
833 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Raf. | CORSER | Utah | <i>C. sericea</i> is a circumboreal species found throughout North America. It is an imporant component of riparian areas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height:12 in.<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Red stem dogwood | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Mature fruit is a fleshy drupe. | Seeds are scarified using 10% H2SO4 bath for 40 minutes. Following scarification, seeds are immediately imbibed in water for 2 days. After pretreatment, we artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator 60 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br> Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
834 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Raf. | CORSER | <i>C. sericea</i> is a circumboreal species found throughout North America. It is an important component of riparian areas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 10 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Red stem dogwood | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Mature fruit is a bluish fleshy drupe. | Seeds are scarified using 10% H2SO4 bath for 40 minutes. Following scarification, seeds are immediately imbibed in water for 2 days. After pretreatment, we artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator 60 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
835 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Michx. | CORSER | South Central Missouri | Red osier dogwood is circumboreal species shrub found in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to California, New Mexico, and Nebraska and south into northern Mexico. In the northeastern United States, it ranges south from the upper Midwestern states to Virginia. It mostly inhabits riparian areas in a variety of deciduous and coniferous forests, open meadows and grasslands at low to high elevations. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 to 30 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Red oiser dogwood | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Fruits are one seeded drupes that are white to blue at maturity. Fruits are typically 4 to 7 mm (0.15 to 0.27 in) in diameter, white or bluish tinged, and mature from August to October. Each fruit contains a single bony stone that contains 1 or 2 seeds. Mature seeds are round, grey to light brown in color and 3 to 5 mm (0 .11 to 0.19 in) in diameter. | We sow treated seeds in late September and early October with a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 6.5 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Brinkman KA, Vankus V. 2004. The genus Cornus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Cornus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
836 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Sub-species | sericea | COSES | USFS, Malhuer National Forest, Blue Mountain Ranger District, Hwy. 26/Rd. 2614, Bridge Creek, Oregon; 4400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Redosier dogwood | Small lot, 8.8 pounds, hand collected into plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
837 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | sericea | L. | COSE16 | USFS, Olympic National Forest, Pacific District South, Upper Quin, Quinault, Washington: 220 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Redosier dogwood | Small lot, 1.98 pounds, hand collected into plastic zip-lock bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
838 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Sub-species | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Michx. | CORSER | Riparian zone, Camas road, Glacier National Park, Flathead County, MT., 1000m elevation. | <i>C. sericea</i> ssp. <i>sericea</i> occurs from Alaska to Newfoundland, south through the Rocky Mountains to Mexico; also south through the Cascades and Sierras to southern California and Nevada; further east in Missouri and Pennsylvania. It is found in mixed, open coniferous and aspen forests, riparian zones, wetlands, flood plains, and is invasive of wet meadows.ÿ | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 L ( gal) containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 30 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Red stem dogwood | Mature fruits are collected from July to October. Red-oiser dogwood can produce 2 crops of fruit per growing season. The first crop of the season is usually the largest and has the most fruit. Seeds are hand collected in late August and early September when fruit turns blue. Seeds are brown at maturity. Fruits are collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds are scarified with sulfuric acid for 20 to 30 minutes followed by a neutralization of lime, and a running water rinse for 48 hours to remove acid residue. After rinsing, seeds are placed into a 90 day cold, moist stratification.<br> Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers at 1 to 3C.<br> Some seedlots may not require acid scarification for acceptable germination rates. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Germination is uniform and usually complete in 2 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly. Plants increased in height to 17 centimeters in 10 weeks. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation was gradually reduced in October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months for 172 ml conetainers and 1.5 years for 3L (1 gallon containers.<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants 3 L ( gal) containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
839 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Sub-species | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Michx. | CORSER | Muir Woods, California | <i>C. sericea</i> ssp. <i>sericea</i> is a circumboral species found throughout North America, Europe and Asia in moist woods and riparian areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Redstem Dogwood | Hardwood cuttings are collected between February 1st and February 28th.<br> Cutting length is 45 cm (15 inches). | Cuttings are treated with Hormex (1000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 2:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> % Rooting: 95% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic irrigation system until roots are fully developed. | Sowing Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:60 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
840 | Cornus (stolonifera) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | stolonifera | Michaux | COST4 | Marshes, swamps (even coniferous, with tamaracks, spruce and/or cedar) wet shores, sides of rivers and streams, on rock out crops and talus slopes, coniferous and mixed thickets on shores and on sand dunes. A striking shrub with bright red stems. Stems are especially showy in the winter and early spring. Branches are typically red, but may be green. 3-9 feet tall. Flowers clustered in white cymes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red osier dogwood | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to August. Seed is a white berry (drupe). Seed is harvested in September and October. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least 2-3 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnsons's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the cell plugs again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 Degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stagesof growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus stolonifera</i> Michaux plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
841 | Corydalis (flavula) | Fumariaceae | Fumitory family | Corydalis | flavula | (Raf.) DC. | Fumaria | flavula | Raf. | CORFLA | C. flavula is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pale corydalis | Seeds are warm stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1994). Nondeep simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of the mesic woodland winter annual Corydalis flavula (Fumariaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121, 40-46.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Corydalis flavula</i> (Raf.) DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
842 | Corylus (americana) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Corylus | americana | Walt. | Corylus | americana | Walt. | Variety | indehiscens | Palmer & Steyermark | CORAME | South Central Missouri | Hazelnut is found from Maine to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia and west to Missouri and Oklahoma. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Hazelnut | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | We sow seeds during late October by hand in prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow nuts at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. We use a sickle bar mower to top prune hazel nut seedlings. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Barbour J and Brinkman KA.2004.The genus Corylus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Corylus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Corylus americana</i> Walt. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
843 | Corylus (cornuta) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Corylus | cornuta | Marshall | Sub-species | cornuta | CORCOR | C. cornuta is found from British Columbia east to Newfoundland and south through the United States to Georgia and the upper midwest; and south through the Cascade mountains to California and east to Idaho and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hazelnut | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 to 120 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Brinkman, K. A. (1974e). Corylus L. Hazel, Filbert. Pp. 343-345. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Corylus cornuta</i> Marshall plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
844 | Corylus (cornuta) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Corylus | cornuta | Marsh. | COCO6 | USFS, Siuslaw National Forest, Hebo Ranger District, Blaine Road, Hebo, Oregon: 322 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Beaked hazelnut | Very small lot, 0.16 pounds, hand collected into plastic zip-lock bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Corylus cornuta</i> Marsh. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
845 | Corylus (cornuta) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Corylus | cornuta | (A.DC) Sharp | Sub-species | californica | (A.DC) Sharp | CORCOR | Marin County, California | <i>C. cornuta</i> ssp. <i>californica</i> is found on moist slopes, mostly below 7,000 feet elevation in the Coast ranges and the Sierra Nevada from Santa Cruz County, California north to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Hazelnut | Seeds are collected between September 1st and December 1st.<br> Seed is a brown, marble sized nut and is ripe when the surrounding sheath turns brown.<br> Seeds are recalcitrant; they must not dry out after collection and should be treated immediately. | Soak fresh seed for 24 hours. Remove seeds that float and discard. Place viable seeds (sinkers) in plastic freezer with some dry perlite. Place in the refrigerator. Seeds begin to germinate in 90 to 180 days. Check seeds for germination every two weeks.<br> After seeds start germinating in stratification, check weekly and sow seeds with emerging radicles that are 1/4 inch long.Keep checking until all seeds have germinated. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Sowing Germinants.<br> 1 seed is sown per container and planted 1 times the depth to diameter. Seeds are suface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 40% Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> individual containers 2" x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on March 1st.<br> % Germination:75% | Seeds germinate 90 days after sowing.<br> Extra seedlings are transplanted 90 days after germination to individual containers.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 3 months | After seedlings are established, fertilize with Nutricote (NPK 13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Corylus cornuta</i> (A.DC) Sharp plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
846 | Cowania (mexicana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Cowania | mexicana | D. Donn | Variety | stansburiana | Torr. | Cowania | stansburiana | Torr. | COWMEX | C. mexicana var. stansburiana is found from southern Colorado to southeastern California, south to central Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mexican cliff rose | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 30D/10N C alternating temperature cycle and at 25 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Heit, C. E. (1970). Germinative characteristics and optimum testing methods for twelve western shrub species. Proc. Assoc. Offic. Seed Anal. 60, 197-205.<br>Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cowania mexicana</i> D. Donn plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
847 | Crataegus (douglasii) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Crataegus | douglasii | Lindl. | CRADOU | Lake McDonald Creek margin, 1100 m elevation, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>C. douglasii</i> occurs form Alaska to California, from the coast inland to Alberta, the Dakotas, Wyoming, and east to Ontario. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 22 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in containers. | Black hawthorn | Seeds are hand collected in late summer and early fall when fruit turns dark purple. Seeds are tan at maturity. Fruits are collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds are washed 3:1 Water/Hydrogen Peroxide for 20 minutes followed by a 48 to 72 hour running water soak. Seeds are placed into a 90 to 120 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and is buried in milled sphagnum peat moss in a ventilated container under refrigeration set at 1 to 3C. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with media.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer 12%S, 0.1%B ,0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination is uniform and usually complete in 2 weeks. Seed germination occurs at 21C. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Plants respond to thinning quickly and produce 4 to 6 true leaves in 2 weeks. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and increase in height to 16 centimeters in 13weeks. Plants are root tight in 17 weeks. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Crataegus douglasii</i> Lindl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
848 | Crataegus (douglasii) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Crataegus | douglasii | Lindl. | CRADOU | <i>C. douglasii</i> is found from Alaska to California from the coast inland to Alberta and the Dakotas and south to Wyoming. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Douglas hawthorn | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 14 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid-Novemer of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Crataegus douglasii</i> Lindl. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
849 | Crataegus (douglasii) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Crataegus | douglasii | Lindl. | CRDO2 | USFS, Umatilla National Forest, Heppner Ranger District, Road 21/2107, Alder Creek, Ukiah, Oregon: 4195 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Black hawthorn | Small lot, 5.75 pounds, hand collected into plastic zip-lock bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Crataegus douglasii</i> Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
850 | Crataegus (phaenopyrum) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Crataegus | phaenopyrum | (L. f.) Medik | Crataegus | cordata | Ait. | CRAPHA | South Central Missouri | Washington hawthorn is found from Maine and southern Canada south to Florida, Missouri and Arkansas. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in<br> Caliper:0.12 to 0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Washington hawthorn | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Fruits are bright red and mature during fall months. | We plant seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear at 9 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Lazeigne FT,Blazick FA.2004.The genus Crataegus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Crataegus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Crataegus phaenopyrum</i> (L. f.) Medik plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
851 | Crepis (acuminata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Crepis | acuminata | Nutt. | CRAC2 | USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station - Westbound Interstate Highway 84, Idaho; 2560 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Tapertip Hawksbeard | Small lot, 1.2 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Crepis acuminata</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
852 | Crepis (nana) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Crepis | nana | Rich. | CRENAN | C. nana is a circumpolar species found in alpine zones south to Utah, Nevada, and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dwarf hawksbeard | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Crepis nana</i> Rich. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
853 | Crepis (nana) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Crepis | nana | Rich. | CRENAN | Alpine slope, southeastern B.C. | <i>C. nana</i> is a dwarf alpine to subalpine species that occupies talus and scree slopes throughout western North America and northern Asia. It inhabits talus and scree slopes above treeline. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 2 cm, 10 to 12 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer | Dwarf hawksbeard | Seeds are hand collected in late August when achenes turn grey and are easily removed from the disc. Seeds are collected in paper envelopes and kept in a well ventilate drying shed prior to cleaning. | Fresh seeds were sown in the outdoor nursery and subjected to a 5 month winter stratification. Germination occurs in late May when daytime temperatures reach 22C or higher. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Sowing. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> This species requires a well aerated medium and careful irrigation practices during germination and growth.<br> Growingmedum used is 70% milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30%perlite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following 2 weeks of temperatures at 22C or above. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizerat 100 ppm during the growing season. Careful attention should be made to irrigation as this species is susceptible to overwatering. | 12 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Crepis nana</i> Rich. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
854 | Crepis (occidentalis) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Crepis | occidentalis | Nutt. | CROC | USFS, Boise National Forest, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho: 2842 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Largeflower hawksbeard | Very small lot, 0.042 pounds, grown and harvested at USFS, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Crepis occidentalis</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
855 | Crescentia (cujete) | Bignoniaceae | Bignonia FAmily | Crescentia | cujete | L. | Amphitecna | latifolia | CEDCUJ | St. Croix | C. cujete is found throughout the Caribbean islands and coastal central America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 18 Months | Months | Height: 2 to 3 Ft<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container.<br> Trees are used for restoration and landscaping. | Black Calabash | Ripe, whole fruits are collected from the ground after they have dropped from the tree. There are 4 to 6 pea sized seeds per fruit. | Germination is fairly rapid and is complete within a month.<br> Seedlings are transplanted out of deep teys when they have 2 to 3 leaves. | Little, E.J., Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook No. 249 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 548 pp <p> Jones, K., 1995.<br> Native Trees for Community Forests. St. George Village Botanical Garden of St Croix, Inc. 124 pp. | Hayes, Margaret. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Crescentia cujete</i> L. plants Database of Restoration Research on the Colorado Plateau St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
856 | Crossosoma (californicum) | Crossosomataceae | Crossosoma Family | Crossosoma | californicum | Nutt. | CROCAL | Catalina Island, California | Catalina Crossosoma is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits chaparral, and oastal sage shrub communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Treepot (173 c ubic inches) | 9 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Catalina Crossosoma | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected seeds from December to May. Seeds are shiny black at maturity. | We have used a 5 to 10 minute Physan disinfectant soak or a 3 to minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> We soak seeds in distilled water for 24 hours. We use a brief 30 minute hot water soak or use Wrights Liquid Smoke at the rate of 1:2 (v:v) liquid smoke to water for 24 hours. Seeds undergo naturl cold, moist stratification during early winter months.<br> Germination percentages have ranged up to 56% using these treatments. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are sown in late fall and germinate in early spring in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into flats filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> | 1 to 2 months | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into Deepots (40 cubic inch) containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> We shift Deepots into treepotsas needed. | 7 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Crossosoma californicum</i> Nutt. plants #1 Treepot (173 c ubic inches); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
857 | Croton (californicus) | Euphorbiaceae | Spurge Family | Croton | californicus | Muell.-Arg. | CROCAL | Marin County, California | <i>C. californicus</i> is found in dry sandy places and washes below 4,000 feet elevation; from San Francisco south to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Croton | Seeds are collected between July 15th and November 17th.<br> Mature seeds are brown with tan spots. | Soak seeds for 24 hours in water and cold stratify for 30 days. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are covered well so radicles do not emerge above soil line.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 40% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers (2 inch pots) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Croton californicus</i> Muell.-Arg. plants 2 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
858 | Cryptantha (celosioides) | Boraginaceae | Borage Family | Cryptantha | celosioides | (Eastw. ) Pays. | Cryptantha | nubigena | Variety | celosioides | (Eastw.) Bovin. | CRYCEL | Open scree slope, Scenic Point, Two Medicene, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2000m elevation. | <i>C. celosioides</i> is a biennial to short lived perennial that occurs in dry areas of southern B.C. to central Oregon and east to Montana and the Great Plains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 10 to 12 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Miner's candle | Seeds are collected in late August. Hand collect mature seed capsules when they begin to split and turn tan in color. Seed is black at maturity. Seeds are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seed is lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo,1 %Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination appeared uniform under fluctuating temperatures in late May. Taproot development is rapid. It is important to protect seedlings from excessive moisture during the establishment phase. Seedlings must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings form 4 to 7 true leaves in a tight rosette 7 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13-liquid NPK at 100ppm fertilizer during the growing season. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm before outplanting and winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cryptantha celosioides</i> (Eastw. ) Pays. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
859 | Cryptantha (intermedia) | Boraginaceae | Borage family | Cryptantha | intermedia | (Gray) Greene | CRYINT | C. intermedia is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common cryptantha | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 19% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cryptantha intermedia</i> (Gray) Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
860 | Cryptantha (muricata) | Boraginaceae | Borage family | Cryptantha | muricata | (Hook. & Arn.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. | CRYMUR | C. muricata is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Prickly cryptantha | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 43% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cryptantha muricata</i> (Hook. & Arn.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
861 | Cryptantha (nubigena) | Boraginaceae | Forget-me-not family | Cryptantha | nubigena | (Greene) Pays. | CRYNUB | C. nubigena is found from Montana to California from mid to upper elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Miner's candle | Chabot, B. F. and Billings, W. D. (1972). Origins and ecology of the Sierran alpine flora and vegetation. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 163-199.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cryptantha nubigena</i> (Greene) Pays. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
862 | Cupressus (arizonica) | Cupressaceae | Cypress family | Cupressus | arizonica | Greene | Sub-species | arizonica | CUARA | BLM, Seeds of Success, USFS, Tonto National Forest, Mazatzal Mountains, Forest Road 25, 0.5 miles on Trail 91, Saddle Mountain Trail, Arizona; 5054 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Arizona cypress | Small lot, 15.9 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Cupressus arizonica</i> Greene seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
863 | Cupressus (arizonica) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Cupressus | arizonica | Greene | Sub-species | ssp. arizonica | Greene | CUAR | ssp. arizonica | This species occurs on well-drained and gravelly sites at elevations of 3000 - 8500 feet. The eastern most location of this species is the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. The range continues through southern New Mexico and Arizona to portions of southern California (Vines1960). The southern portion of this species' range extends well into Mexico including the states of Durango, Chihuahua and Sonora. Typically this species can be found in the bottom and sides of canyons and arroyos, often on northern aspects. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper:2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Arizona cypress | Seeds, 50 to 110+ per cone, are contained in round cones. Cones can remain serotinous, hence some collections may contain older and younger seed. Mature cones are dark brown to purple brown. Older cones become gray in color. | Leach the seed under a running tap for 24 to 36 hours. Place moist seed into self-sealing plastic bags and stratify from 45 to 60 days at 3 to 5 F. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early April and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 10 and 13 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of medium chicken grit is place of the top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. This process also begins after 14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 10) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. During the first 3 to 4 weeks of the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with progressively increasing concentrations of a liquid based fertilizer (20-7-19; N-P-K) starting at 50 ppm N and increasing to 125 ppm N. Throughout the remainder of the active growth period seedlings are fertilized every other irrigation with 125 ppm N until seedlings attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 17 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 16 to 20 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. Arizona cypress does not set a terminal bud so strict regulation of nutrient and water availability is used to control height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (4-25-35; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. All irrigations are done early in the morning, as this species is particularly susceptible to Phomopsis and Botrytis. Early irrigations usually allow sufficient time for the foliage to dry before nightfall. | 5 months | [IT IS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed 11 Nov 2002. U.S.D.A. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No. 450. 883 pp. Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 1104 pp. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cupressus arizonica</i> Greene plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
864 | Cynoglossum (grande ) | Boraginaceae | Borage | Cynoglossum | grande | Adelinia | grande | CYGR | Southern Oregon | Grows mostly in relatively dry climates in Chaparral and woodlands in part shade or shade and at low to mid elevation. It can grow in sandy, loamy, or clay soils as long as they are moist and well-drained. Found in the west coast of the US from California up to southern and western Washington. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 18 weeks to 19 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific hound’s tongue | Seeds ripen in late summer to early fall (August/September) | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 18 weeks, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. Seedlings may be held over in a greenhouse for an additional year. Average growing season of nursery is from mid-March until early October. | Germination is not uniform and is usually complete in 3-4 weeks. | 3 weeks | Seedlings grow very slowly throughout the active growth phase, and then become dormant in mid-summer. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 2 weeks. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather, and only occurs through the end of July. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly. | 7 to 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late August. If held over for an additional year, seedlings are moved outside in July. | 8 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings can be outplanted in fall to early winter, but are often held over for an additional year to ensure a full root plug. No storage except in outdoor growing area. | Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p.
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Cynoglossum grande Douglas ex Lehm. URL: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=501561#null (accessed 15 Jan 2020). Kelley RB. 2012, Cynoglossum grande. Berkley (CA): Jepson Flora Project URL: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=21750 (accessed 15 Jan 2020). Nguyen K. 2017. Plant Propagation Protocol for Cynoglossum granda ESRM 412 – Native Plant Production. Seattle (WA): University of Washington. URL: https://courses.washington.edu/esrm412/protocols/CYGR.pdf (accessed 15 Jan 2020). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Cynoglossum grande Douglas ex Lehm. Pacific hound's tongue. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CYGR (accessed 15 Jan 2020). | Riley, Lee E.; Kamakura, Renata. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cynoglossum grande </i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
865 | Cyperus (granitophilus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Cyperus | granitophilus | McVaugh | CYPGRA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Granite flat sedge | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 25/15 C temperature cycle. Germination is in the presence of light. | Baskin et al,unpublished,. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cyperus granitophilus</i> McVaugh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
866 | Cyperus (polystachyos) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Cyperus | polystachyos | (Rottb.) | Variety | polystachyos | Rottb. | Pycreus | polystachyos | (Rottb.) Beauv. | CYPPOL | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Native to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. In Hawai'i, common on open or grassy, often disturbed areas, from mesic coastal sites to mesic and wet forest, 0-1,420 m, on Midway Atoll and documented from all the main islands except Kaho'olawe. On Midway Atoll, Pycreus can be found in wet areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Many spike flatsedge | Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked overnight in water.<br> Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 2 months | 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cyperus polystachyos</i> (Rottb.) plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
867 | Dalea (candida) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Dalea | candida | Michx. ex Willd. | DALCAN | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>D. candida</i> is found from southern Alberta east to Ontario south through the United States to Texas, Alabama and west through the great Plains states; also Arizona and Utah and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | White Prairie Clover | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 10 to July 30. Seed is harvested about August 10. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br>Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br>Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 1.2 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 2 to 4 weeks | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 8 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the liftingprocess. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Dalea candida</i> Michx. ex Willd. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
868 | Dalea (ornata) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Dalea | ornata | (Douglas ex Hook.) Eaton & Wright | Petalostemon | ornatus | Douglas ex Hook. | DAOR2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: Near Grand View in Owyhee County, southeast of Boise, Idaho. Elevation 2356 feet (718 m). Accession Number SOS-931-117-09. | Rocky or sandy salt desert shrub and sagebrush-steppe habitats at low to moderate elevations in southeast Washington, western Idaho, eastern Oregon, northeast California and northwest Nevada. Often on ash outcrops in Idaho and Oregon. | None known. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2.875 inch x 9 inch plant band (container) | 5 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling container | Blue Mountain prairie clover | Seed was hand collected in mid-summer in 2009 by BLM botany technicians. Seed was placed directly into brown paper bags. A small piece of No-Pest Strip was placed in each bag for 2-3 days to reduce insect predation. Seed was air dried in paper bags at room temperature. | Seed was stored at room temperature in a dark location prior to sowing. | Sowing Method: Each seed was scarified by swiping once across a fingernail file. Seed was then soaked in distilled water at room temperature for 20 hours. Of the 600 seeds, more than 50% germinated while soaking. Two to three seeds were sown ¬ inch deep in each container. Potting soil was a 2:1:5 mix of lava fines, perlite, and Sunshine Mix #4. Chicken grit was spread on the surface of each container. Containers were hand watered and placed outside on April 16th. No fertilizer was added to the soil mix. | 40%-50% of the seed resulted in established seedlings. | About 2 months | Containers were allowed to dry slightly between hand watering. A weak fish emulsion fertilizer was applied twice a month from April through June. Plants were grown outside in full sun until outplanting in early October. Some seedlings were dormant by mid-September. | 4 months | Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A., Fabales, Vol. 3B. Barneby, R. C. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 1990. | DeBolt, Ann M.; Barrash, Kris. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dalea ornata</i> (Douglas ex Hook.) Eaton & Wright plants 2.875 inch x 9 inch plant band (container); Idaho Botanical Garden Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
869 | Dalea (pulchra) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Dalea | pulchra | Gentry | Madrean Archipelago | Found in uplands commonly on rocky slopes or mountain foothills from 2500-5000 ft in southern Arizona and Mexico (Kearney and Peebles 1960). It’s early flowering time makes it a beneficial plant for enhancing pollinator habitat in the region.
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Santa Catalina Prairie Clover | Populations have been collected from in late spring (mid-late May). When collecting D. pulchra seeds begin by removing terminal inflorescence spikes that have few remaining flowers on them. Run your hand along the spike to allow the seed to fall into your hand.
| The Borderlands Restoration nursery staff has seen germination rates increase from 2% to roughly 30-35% with light scarification with sandpaper on the seed coat. Further experiments are recommended using more intensive physical scarification and cold stratification. Little information is available about this species.
| Epple, Anne Orth., and John F. Wiens. Plants of Arizona: a field guide. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides, 2012. Print.
Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dalea pulchra</i> Gentry Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
870 | Dalea (pulchra) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Dalea | pulchra | Gentry | DAPU4 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Coronado National Forest, Molino Canyon, Arizona Trail, 1 mile northeast of Molino Campground, Pima County, Arizona: 4639 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Santa Catalina prairie clover | Very small lot, 0.5 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Dalea pulchra</i> Gentry seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
871 | Dalea (purpurea) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Dalea | purpurea | Vent. | DALPUR | D. purpureum is found from Alberta to Manitoba south to Texas, Louisiana, Alabama,and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Purple prairie clover | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs under spring temperatures. | Dickerson, J. A., Longren, W. G. and Hadle, E. K. (1981). Native forb seed production. Pp. 216-222. In: R. L. Stuckey and K. J. Reese (eds.). The Prairie Peninsula - in the "shadow" of Transeau. Proc. 6th North Amer. Prairie Conf., The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, 12-17 August 1978. Ohio Biol. Surv. Biol. Notes. No. 15.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dalea purpurea</i> Vent. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
872 | Dalea (purpurea) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Dalea | purpurea | Vent. | DALPUR | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>D. purpurea</i> is found from southern Maitoba and southern Alberta south to Texas; throughout the Great Plains states. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Purple Prairie Clover | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 10 to July 30. Seed is harvested about August 12. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds. Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the Spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 1.2 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the middle of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the firsttrue leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process.<br>Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br>Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br>Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Dalea purpurea</i> Vent. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
873 | Dalea (searlsiae) | Fabaceae | Legume Family | Dalea | searlsiae | (A. Gray) Barneby | DASE3 | Eastern Nevada and Southern Utah | Portions of the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and northern Mojave Desert in the states of Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah at elevations ranging from 3,000-7,500 feet above sea level. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 2 Years | Years | Field produced seed with >95% purity. | Searls' Prairie Clover | Wildland seed is easily hand collected. The pods disarticulate readily from the stems, and very clean, small collections can be made by shaking ripened inflorescences over a bag or tarp. | Seed must be scarified prior to planting to improve germination. As with many native legumes, Searls' prairie clover has a highpercentage of hard seed (as high as 90 % or greater in one year old seed). Studies at the USDA-ARS Forage and Range Research Laboratory indicated that germination may be increased to more than 90 % when seed is scarified using a five-minute treatment in 98 % concentrated sulfuric acid. Germination was also improved when seeds were scarified with sand paper. Additional studies are underway to examine seed treatments and seeding methods to improve germination and seedling establishment in Searls' prairie clover. Rhizobial strains that inoculate other perennial Dalea species (D. purpurea and D. candida) may be effective at nodulating D. searlsiae, but has not been evaluated. | There is little known about direct seeding Searls' prairie clover. The USDA-NRCS Aberdeen, Idaho Plant Materials Center has direct-seeded this species into weed barrier fabric as a dormant planting. Seed was surface-planted by hand and pressed into the soil surface and allowed to naturally stratify over winter. No plants germinated from this seeding. Successful stands have been achieved using greenhouse grown transplants. | The plants will rarely produce flowers in the first growing season. | 1 yr | Good weed control can be achieved through the use of weed barrier fabric and hand roguing. | 2 yrs | Seed can be harvested in production fields via a vacuum type harvester or flail vac. Seed is cleaned using an air screen cleaner. Purities approximating 100% are achievable with minimal effort. There are approximately 132,000 seeds/lb. | St. John, L, D. Tilley, D. Ogle, D. Johnson, S. Bushman. 2011. Plant guide for Searls' prairie clover (Dalea searlsiae). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, Idaho and USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah. | Ogle, Dan; Bushman, Shawn; Johnson, Doug; St. John, Loren; Tilley, Derek. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Dalea searlsiae</i> (A. Gray) Barneby seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
874 | Danthonia (compressa ) | Poaceae | Grass | Danthonia | compressa | DACO | Southern Appalachian Region | Common in old meadows, open woods,and open ground in moist or dry woods. This collection was made along paths or open areas where little or no other vegetation was competing. This species is found at high and low elevations from Quebec to Georgia, mostly in the Appalachian Mountains. | N/A | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | A well developed plant suitable for hand or mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | Mountain Oatgrass | Collected by hand stripping plants. Seed is small and light. Seed ripening is uneven and seed shatters readily at maturity. Seed collection is very time-consuming and quality of seed is questionable. | Seed was planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium. | Seeded flats were placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting. Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 July 2016). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
| Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Danthonia compressa </i> Plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
875 | Danthonia (californica) | Poaceae | Grass | Danthonia | californica | Moist, open sites; meadows, forest; above 6,500 feet. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California Oatgrass | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> <u>Divisions:</u> Vitamin B-1solution for 15 minutes. <u>Seed:</u> None required. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Danthonia californica</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
876 | Danthonia (californica) | Poaceae | Grass family | Danthonia | californica | Boland. | DACA3 | USFS, Siskiyou National Forest, Skookumhouse, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | California oatgrass | Small lot, 10.5 pounds, hand collected into plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Danthonia californica</i> Boland. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
877 | Danthonia (californica) | Poaceae | Grass family | Danthonia | californica | Bol. | DACA3 | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, (for BLM, Butte Falls Resource Area) Central Point, Oregon: 1272 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | California oatgrass | Large lot, 170.4 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Danthonia californica</i> Bol. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
878 | Danthonia (californica) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Danthonia | californica | Boland | Danthonia | americana | Scribn. | DANCAL | Marin County, California | <i>D. californica</i> is found in open grassy meadows to rocky ridges, from coastal prairies to montane forests; from southern California to British Columbia east to Montana and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. It is also found in Chile. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Oatgrass | Seeds are collected between May 1st and July 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are light brown.<br> Seed is light brown at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:60% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers (4 inch) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%. | 1 month | After translants are wel established, move to the shadehouse after 2 weeks. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Danthonia californica</i> Boland plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
879 | Danthonia (compressa) | Poaceae | Grass | Danthonia | compressa | Meadows, open woods, open ground in moist or dry woods. It was collected along paths or open areas where little or no other vegetation was competing. At the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, this species is found at high and low elevations from Quebec to Georgia, mostly in the Appalachian Mountains. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mountain Oatgrass | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>PROPAGATION METHOD:</b> Seed, vegetative transplants. Seed was directly sown to field in September and August 1990 and 1991, respectively. Germination was spotty, and stand poor. Vegetative transplants in 1992 had excellent survival. Propagation from seed in the greenhouse for transplanting to the field is being attempted in 1993. Germination has been poor. Seed was also planted August 13, 1992 in the field. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> From seed: seed was planted at 80 seeds (bulk)/Iinear foot in 42-inch spaced rows using a Planet Jr. (Plate planter). Seeding was not successful. Attempts to seed with a belt seeder were also unsuccessful as seed did not drop properly. Seed planted by hand had fair germination. Plants were very small at freeze-up. Soil washing due to excess rain covered many of the seedlings in the fall of 1992. Seedlings are very shallow-rooted and noncompetitive. Weeds may compete severely with this species. | <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Field size is very small at this time at the QPMC. Seed has been harvested by hand stripping at various times because of the uneven ripening.<br> <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data not available at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Unknown. Seed was stored in airtight containers in cold storage (relative humidity less than 50%, temperature less than 50§F).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Danthonia compressa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
880 | Danthonia (intermedia) | Gramineae | Danthonia | intermedia | Vasey | DAIN | Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Timber oatgrass | Collected in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or fall. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvested Date:</b> July.<br> <b>Storage conditions:</b> Cool and dry. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Danthonia intermedia</i> Vasey plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
881 | Danthonia (intermedia) | Poaceae | Grass family | Danthonia | intermedia | Vasey | DANINT | D. intermedia is found from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to Michigan and in the mountains and prairies of the western United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Timber oatgrass | Seeds exhibit physiological dormancy. | Germination occurs at 20 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in highelevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Danthonia intermedia</i> Vasey plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
882 | Danthonia (intermedia) | Poaceae | Grass family | Danthonia | intermedia | Vasey | DAIN | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Site 3, Betensen, Piute County, Utah: 9595 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Timber oatgrass | Very small lot, 0.27 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Danthonia intermedia</i> Vasey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
883 | Danthonia (intermedia) | Poaceae | Danthonia | intermedia | DAIN | Lake Irene (98-162s) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Intermediate Oatgrass | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from stalk. Seeds may need to be removed from glume for full germination. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 3 inch pots. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 21 days.<br> <b>Time to potting: </b> Divisions after 2 months. Lake Irene (98-162s) sowed 12/17/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Danthonia intermedia</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
884 | Danthonia (parryi) | Poaceae | Grass family | Danthonia | parryi | Scribn. | DANPAR | D. parryi is found from Alberta to New Mexico, from sagebrush hills to treeline in the mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Parry's oatgrass | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Danthonia parryi</i> Scribn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
885 | Danthonia (parryi) | Poaceae | Danthonia | parryi | DAPA2 | Colorado, MPCG (98-024), Twin Sisters, McGraw Ranch | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Parry's Oatgrass | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed removed with tweezers, slow and tedious. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat, seed lightly covered with germinating mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 7 days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> MPCG (98-024) sowed on 10/28/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Danthonia parryi</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
886 | Danthonia (spicata) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Danthonia | spicata | L. (R.&S.) | DASP2 | Sandy or rocky, more or less open ground, including aspen, oak, and pine woodlands on plains or dunes, particularly common on jack pine plains, where it may form a solid carpet after disturbance, occasionally found in marshy or boggy places. Distinct grass with strongly curled lower leaves and a prominent tuft of white hairs on each side of the summit of the sheath. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Poverty oat grass | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to July. Seed is an achene and is harvested from July to September. Sparce producer of seed. | One month of moist cold stratification is required. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least one month. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: Poverty grass grows best in deep cell plug trays; 100 cell (1-1/2" diameter), 18"x12"x6.5" deep. It will grow in nearly all shapes and sizes of containers. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow January until late July. High germination percentage and out planting success rate. If seeds do not germinate within 2 months of planting, consider reseeding th plugs with seeds cold moist stratified longer than the time specified. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Plugs may be transplanted if necesary. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Danthonia spicata</i> L. (R.&S.) plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
887 | Danthonia (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Danthonia | spicata | (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. | DASP2 | Boulder County Parks and Open Space, Heil Ranch, Longmont, Colorado: 4984 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Poverty oatgrass | Small lot, 3.47 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Danthonia spicata</i> (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
888 | Danthonia (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass | Danthonia | spicata | (L.) Beauv. Ex Roemer & J. A. Schultes | DASP2 | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | The plant is found in the eastern half of the United States.<br> This plant likes dry to sterile or rocky soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> plant plugs, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 to 5 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm plug with good root system. | Poverty Oatgrass | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten.<br> | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse for seeding at 70ø F and lathe house for growing and hardening off.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed is sown in Rootrainersin the greenhouse in late winter using Metro-Mix 250. There is germination in about 14 days.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Rootrainer with 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Metro-Mix 360 media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed is sown into Rootrainers in greenhouse in late winter.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> A few seeds are sown in each planting cell, lightly covered with Metro-Mix 360 and firmed. Germination is rather uniform within 14 days. Monitor watering daily.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The plant cells will fill in and have a nice planting plug for spring/early summer planting. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> The plugs can be planted easily in the field, using a planting dibble. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The Rootrainers of grass are moved to the lathe house from the greenhouse prior to being transplanted in the field. Plants can be fertilized with Miracle-Gro and monitored for watering. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Seed is harvested mid to late July.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store at 40ø F in seed cooler. | Manual of the Grasses of the U.S., Hitchcock, USDA Publication 200, 1951.<p> Grasses - An ID Guide, Brown, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1979.<p> Native Grass Seed Production Manual, Smith & Smith, Ducks Unlimited Canada, 1996. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Danthonia spicata</i> (L.) Beauv. Ex Roemer & J. A. Schultes plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
889 | Darlingtonia (californica) | Sarraceniaceae | pitcher plant | Darlingtonia | californica | Chrysamphora | californica | DACA5 | Moist areas such as bogs, seepage slopes and even ultramafic soils. | This plant's range generally runs along the far western edge of the United states (California, Oregon and Washington) and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | California pitcher plant | Darlingtonia californica need 90 days of cool/moist (38F in our situation) stratification in order to break dormancy and display peak germination. It should also be noted that we planted into peat moss and concluded that access to light is needed for germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Darlingtonia californica</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
890 | Dasiphora (floribunda) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Dasiphora | floribunda | (Pursh) Kartesz | Potentilla | fruticosa | L. | DASFLO | D. floribunda is found throughout North America at all elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Shrubby cinquefoil | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br> Table 10.32 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dasiphora floribunda</i> (Pursh) Kartesz plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
891 | Datura (wrightii) | Solanaceae | Potato Family | Datura | wrightii | Regel | Madrean Archipelago | Found in disturbed areas and sandy washes <7,200ft in elevation across the southwest (Nee n.d.). Flowers are pollinated in the evening by sphinx moths and in the early morning by honey bees and native bees (Raguso 2003).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Sacred Thornapple | Entire fruits can be collected once the capsule has begun to split. Wear work gloves to protect from spiny fruits and toxic alkaloids. | Nee, Michael H. “Datura wrightii.” Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora. n.d. Web. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=22389 [January 19, 2017].
Raguso, Robert A., et al. "Trumpet flowers of the Sonoran Desert: floral biology of Peniocereus cacti and sacred Datura." International Journal of Plant Sciences 164.6 (2003): 877-892. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Datura wrightii</i> Regel Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
892 | Daucus (pusillus) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Daucus | pusillus | Michx. | DAUPUS | D. pusillus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American wild carrot | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 12% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Daucus pusillus</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
893 | Daucus (pusillus) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Daucus | pusillus | Michx. | DAUPUS | Marin County, California | <i>D. pusillus</i> is common on dry slopes below 5,000 feet elevation from British Columbia to southern California and northern Mexico. It is also found in the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | American Wild Carrot | Seeds are collected between June 20th and November 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is dark brown and 3 to 5 mm long at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Daucus pusillus</i> Michx. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
894 | Deinandra (clementina) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Deinandra | clementina | (Brandeg.) B.G. Baldwin | Hemizonia | clementina | Brandeg. | DEICLE | Catalina Island, California | Catalina tarweed is endemic to the Channel islands where it is considered common within its range. It inhabits dry rocky sea cliffs, rocky bluffs and valley foothills and grasslands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 cubic inch pine cells | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Catalina tarweed | Achenes are hand collected when they are fully matured. We usually collect during July and August. | We have used several treatments to enhance germination. We have pretreated seeds with a 3 to 5 minute Physan fungicide soak or a 5 minute 1% bleach solution to surface sterlize seed coats.<br> We have also imbibed seeds in distilled water for 24 hours and cold, moist stratified seeds at 40 F for up to 4 weeks.We have also applied a smoke treatment using "Instant Smoke Plus Seed Primer" (Distributer: D. Orrneil-Perth Australia)by soaking seeds for 24 hours in primer solution.<br> Germination percentages have typically been low regardless of treatment. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter months in a shadehouse were they remain forseveral weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into pine cell containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deinandra clementina</i> (Brandeg.) B.G. Baldwin plants 4 cubic inch pine cells; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
895 | Delphinium (alabamicum) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Delphinium | alabamicum | Krahl. | DELALA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alabama larkspur | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 5 C. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished.Table10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium alabamicum</i> Krahl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
896 | Delphinium (cardinale) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Delphinium | cardinale | Hook. | DELCAR | D. cardinale is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Scarlet larkspur | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium cardinale</i> Hook. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
897 | Delphinium (carolinianum) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Delphinium | carolinianum | Walt. | DELCAR | D. carolinianum is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of southeastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Carolina larkspur | Seeds germinate at 20/10 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished. In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium carolinianum</i> Walt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
898 | Delphinium (decorum) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Delphinium | decorum | Fisch. & C.A. Mey. | DELDEC | Marin County, California | <i>D. decorum</i> is found on open grassy slopes below 2000 feet elevationnear the coast, from Mendocino County to Santa Cruz County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container Seedling | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coastal Larkspur | Seeds are collected between April 1st and June 1st.<br> Mature follicles are brown.<br> Seed is black and 1 mm long at maturity. | Soak seeds overnight in fresh water. Moisten peat or perlite. Mix seeds with an equal amount of peat or perlite and place in new freezer bags. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus ( Peat moss, Perlite, Major and Minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation and mist system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 10% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16)containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 1 month | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 2 months after transplanting or as needed. Approximately 10 grains of fertilizer are applied per container.<br> Pruning: Maintain 1:1 shoot/root ratio and remove flowers. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium decorum</i> Fisch. & C.A. Mey. plants Container Seedling; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
899 | Delphinium (exaltatum) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Delphinium | exaltatum | Ait. | DELEXA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tall larkspur | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 15/6 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin et al,unpublished,. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium exaltatum</i> Ait. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
900 | Delphinium (menziesii) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup | Delphinium | menziesii | DC. | DEME | seeds were collected in Lane Co, Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Menzies' larkspur | Weeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 ( a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/ 50 degree nights.) | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium menziesii</i> DC. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
901 | Delphinium (nudicaule) | Ranunculaceae | buttercup | Delphinium | nudicaule | DENU | canyons,slopes, foothills, and mountain ranges of lower elevations | Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | red larkspur | This species germinates best after 90 days cool/moist stratification (38F) and darkness seems to be preferred. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium nudicaule</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
902 | Delphinium (nuttallianum) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup | Delphinium | nuttallianum | Pritz. ex Walp. | Delphinium | nelsonii | Greene | DENU2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Western North America from British Columbia east to Alberta and South Dakota and south to New Mexico and California. In eastern Washington it is usually found in dry areas of open grassland and Ponderosa pine forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | Years | Tight root plug in container. | Upland larkspur, Low larkspur, Yellow pine larkspur | Fruit is a follicle and seed is black in color when mature. Seed is collected when the follicles begin to split in June. Seed may be shaken from the follicles into an envelope or whole follicles may be collected. Collected material is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned.<p> We determined 617,143 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Cool spring temperatures may also be necessary. In trials at the Pullman PMC, no germination occurred without stratification and no seed germinated after 30 days cold, moist stratification. Seed sown in late December and left outside did not germinate the first season, but germinated well after a second winter. Seed sown outdoors in November will germinate the following spring. Seedlings which germinated outside died when placed in the greenhouse. | In mid November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Plants remain outside. They are watered only during dry spells. Germination begins in March and may continue over 2-3 weeks. | 1 month | Plants are watered as needed while outside and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. They are moved to the lath house in June.<br> Fertilizer is withheld after dormancy and the conetainers are watered only enough to prevent complete desiccation of the soil. | 2 months | Hardening is not needed, as plants are grown outside and are dormant as winter approaches. | Plants will go dormant during the summer and begin growing early the following spring. They are stored over the winter in the lath house with no protection except snow cover. Plants exposed to extreme low temperatures with no snow cover should be afforded some insulation. The roots are fleshy and fiberous and a tight root plug was not obtained after 2 years. | Bosch, Maria, and Nickolas M. Waser. 1999. Effects of Local Density on Pollination and Reproduction in <i>Delphinium nuttallianum</i> and <i>Aconitum columbianum</i> (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany 86: 871-879.<p> Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1956. Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington. J.M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Limited. Vancouver, BC. 211 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants ofSouthern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> Schulke, Bradd, and Nickolas M. Waser. 2001. Long-distance Pollinator Flights and Pollen Dispersal Between Populations of <i>Delphinium nuttallianum</i>. Oecologia 127:239-245.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Online Database. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl (12 April 2005).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Whitson, Tom D., Larry C. Burrill, Steven A Dewey, David W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, Richard D. Lee, and Robert Parker. 1996. Weeds of the West. 5th ed. Western Society of Weed Science. Newark, CA. 630 pp.<p> Winegar, David. 1982. Desert Wildflowers: Drylands of North America. Beautiful America Publ. Co. Beaverton, OR. 144 pp.<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp. | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium nuttallianum</i> Pritz. ex Walp. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
903 | Delphinium (parryi) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Delphinium | parryi | Gray | DELPAR | D. parryi is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | San Bernardino larkspur | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium parryi</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
904 | Delphinium (tricorne) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Delphinium | tricorne | Michx. | DELTRI | D. tricorne is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dwarf larkspur | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. Germination is greater in light than dark. | In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Delphinium tricorne</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
905 | Deschampsia (atropurpurea) | Poaceae | Grass family | Deschampsia | atropurpurea | (Wahl) Scheele | Vahlodea | atropurpurea | DESATR | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>D. atropurpurea</i> occurs from Alaska south to California, and in the Rocky Mountains to Idaho, Montana, Wyoming and Colorado, and across Canada to Newfoundland and New Hampshire, Eurasia, also in South America. It is common in moist meadows and open forests in subalpine and alpine habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Mountain Hairgrass | Seeds are collected in mid to late August when florets turn papery and light tan and seeds are easily stripped out of florets. Hand held sickles are also used to cut entire inflorescence. Seeds are spread on an open tarp in a drying shed and turned twice a day during the drying and curing process. | 5 month outdoor stratification.<br>A minimum of 12 day cold, moist stratification is needed to break dormancy for greenhouse grown material. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 21C or above during the day. | 2 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. | 6 weeks | Plants are hardened off just prior to outplanting. | 2 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 7.5 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest,Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia atropurpurea</i> (Wahl) Scheele plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
906 | Deschampsia (atropurpurea) | Poaceae | Grass family | Deschampsia | atropurpurea | (Wahl.) Steele | DESATR | D. atropurpurea is found from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south to New Hampshire and south to Colorado and California. It is a circumboreal species found in subalpine and alpine meadows. It also occurs in the Andes in South America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain hairgrass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 12 days. Germination occurs at 20 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia atropurpurea</i> (Wahl.) Steele plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
907 | Deschampsia (caespitosa) | Poaceae | Grass | Deschampsia | caespitosa | DECE18 | See | Coastal marshes and prairies to alpine ridges and talus slopes; Alaska to Greenland, south to most of United States and northern Mexico. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 48 kg/ha (43 lbs/ac). | Tufted hairgrass | Wildland collection occurs early to mid August when caryopsis are golden tan, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the open, salt and pepper-colored panicle; easily hand-harvested. | <b>Seed treatment:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with two-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup- -no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> . Cultivated harvest occurs early to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 10 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Seed dormancy is classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b>5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Deschampsia caespitosa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
908 | Deschampsia (caespitosa) | Poaceae | Grass family | Deschampsia | caespitosa | (L.) Beauv. | DESCAE | D. caespitosa is a circumboreal species found from Alaska to Greenland south to most of the United States and northern Mexico. It grows at all elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tufted hairgrass | Germination occurs at 20 C. Germination occurred equally well in light and dark. | Sayers, R. L. and Ward, R. T. (1966). Germination responses in alpine species. Bot. Gaz. 127, 11-16.<br>Chambers, J. C., MacMahon, J. A. and Brown, R. W. (1987). Germination characteristics of alpine grasses and forbs: A comparison of early and late seral dominants with reclamation potential. Reclam. Reveg. Res. 6, 235-249.<br>Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia caespitosa</i> (L.) Beauv. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
909 | Deschampsia (caespitosa) | Poaceae | Grass | Deschampsia | caespitosa | DECE18 | See | Coastal marshes and prairies to alpine ridges and talus slopes; Alaska to Greenland, south to most of United States and northern Mexico. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 21 kg/ha (19 lbs/ac). | Tufted hair grass | Wildland collection occurs early to mid-August to mid-September when caryopsis are golden tan, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the open, salt and pepper-colored panicle; easily hand harvested. | <b>Seet Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seed bed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with two-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helpsprevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <B>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N.A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 10 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage: Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physilogical dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Deschampsia caespitosa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
910 | Deschampsia (caespitosa) | Poaceae | Grass | Deschampsia | caespitosa | (L.) Beauv. | Deschampsia | cespitosa | (L.) Beauv. | DECA18 | near Moscow, Idaho | Widespread in temperate portions of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. In North America it is found where soils are wet at least early in the growing season. It ranges from coastal marshes to alpine meadows from Alaska south to California and east to Maine, except the central and southern Great Plains and the southeastern US.<br>Wetland indicator status is FACW (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Tufted hairgrass | Seed ripens in late June or early July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Dormancy is sometimes encountered and may vary by ecotype.<br>Laboratory germination is best with gibberillic acid and a 5 day prechill at 5 degrees centigrade (Chirco & Turner 1986). Cold storage and light may enhance germination (Walsh 1995). Seed from an Oregon alpine source required cool, moist stratification (Kaye 1997), while seed from a Colorado alpine environment germinated best at alternating temperatures without pretreatment (Sayers & Ward 1966). They also reported light to enhance germination. Seed from western Oregon requires no stratification (Rose et al 1998).<p>Seed of the Moscow ecotype germinates well in the dark without pretreatment. 99% of the containers had at least one plant and many containers had to be thinned. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 7 days and is complete in 12 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Chirco, Ellen, and Terry Turnoer. 1986. Species without AOSA Testing Procedures. The Newsletter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 60(2):2-66. Available online at http://www.aosaseed.com/Species%20wo%20AOSA%20list%20plus%20adds.pdf. Updated November 11/10/03. Accessed 2/16/06.<p> Guard, B. Jennifer. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon and Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Renton, WA. 238 p.<p> Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, A.S. 1971. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 2nd edition. Revised by Agnes Chase. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY. 2 volumes.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kaye, T.N. 1997. Seed Dormancy in High Elevation Plants: Implications for Ecology and Restoration. In; Kaye, T.N., A. Liston, R.M. Love, D. Luoma, R.J. Meinke, and M.V. Wilson [editors]. Conservation and Management of Native Plants and Fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon, Corvallis, Oregon.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Pohl, Richard. W. 1968. How to Know the Grasses. Wm. C. Brown Co., Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa.<p> Rose, Robin, Caryn E.C. Chachulski, and Diane L. Haase. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. 248 pp.<p> Sayers, Richard L., and Richard T. Ward. 1966. Germination Responses in Alpine Species. Botanical Gazette 127:11-16.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (02 February 2006).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> Walsh, Roberta A. 1995. <i>Deschampsia cespitosa</i>. In: Fire Effects Information System, USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [accessed 2/16/06] | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia caespitosa</i> (L.) Beauv. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
911 | Deschampsia (cespitosa) | Poaceae | Grass family | Deschampsia | cespitosa | (L.) P. Beauv. | Deschampsia | caespitosa | (L.) P. Beauv. | Variety | orth. | DECE | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon: 1272 ft. elevation (grown for USFS, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Chetco Ranger District , Windy Valley, Brookings, Oregon) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Tufted hairgrass | Small lot, 10 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Deschampsia cespitosa</i> (L.) P. Beauv. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
912 | Deschampsia (cespitosa) | Poaceae | Grass | Deschampsia | cespitosa | (L.) P. Beauv. | Deschampsia | caespitosa | (L.) P. Beauv. | DECE | Rocky Mountains, western Wyoming | throughought northern North America except southeastern states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 3 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Tufted hairgrass | Seed is most commonly collected by hand. Fruiting heads can be cut from stems using shears or a hand scythe. Seed is hard and brown when ripe. | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10ø C (50ø F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. Seed is not stratified prior to planting. | Soil is a 1:1:1 mix of coconut fiber, compost and perlite. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Fiveto 25 seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is not covered with any soil or sand, but kept moist with an overhead mist irrigation schedule of 2 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 32 to 43ø C (90 to 110ø F). Night time temperatures average around 30ø C (85ø F). Grow lights are kept on during nighttime hours. | First emergence occurs around 3 to 5 days after planting under temperatures and moisture conditions specified. Full stands (90-100%) are reached in 12 days. | After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation amount is increased to 3 minutes/hr from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm and grow lights are turned off. Greenhouse day time temperatures are reduced to 30 to 32øC (85 to 90ø F). | Three months. | Heat is turned off and temperatures reduced to ambient conditions. Watering is discontinued approximately 3 days prior to delivery. | Tilley DT, Ogle DG, Cornforth BC. 2010. Quick methods to estimate seed quality. Boise (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Materials Technical Note 35. 13p. | Tilley, Derek James. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia cespitosa</i> (L.) P. Beauv. plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
913 | Deschampsia (danthonioides) | Poaceae | Grass | Deschampsia | danthonioides | (Trin.) Munro | DEDA | Seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | annual hairgrass | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 ( a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia danthonioides</i> (Trin.) Munro plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
914 | Deschampsia (danthonioides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Deschampsia | danthonioides | (Trin.) Munro | DEDA | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Upper Tablerock Trail, Jackson County, Oregon: 2032 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Annual hairgrass | Very small lot, 0.092 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Deschampsia danthonioides</i> (Trin.) Munro seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
915 | Deschampsia (elongata) | Poaceae | Grass | Deschampsia | elongata | (Hook.) Munro | DEEL | Seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | slender hairgrass | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia elongata</i> (Hook.) Munro plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
916 | Deschampsia (elongata) | Poaceae | Grass | Deschampsia | elongata | (Hook.) Munro | DEEL | near Albion, WA | Western North America from Alaska east to Alberta and south to New Mexico (Hitchcock & Cronquist 1973). Mean annual precipitation range is from 10-24 inches (USDA NRCS 2006). It may be found in moist meadows and along streams (Hitchcock & Cronquist 1971, Mohlenbrock undated). In eastern Washington it may also occur on drier soils (Piper & Beattie 1914, St. John 1963). Wetland indicator status is FACW- (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 0 | Tight root plug in container. | Slender hairgrass | Seed is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. | Laboratory germination is best with gibberellic acid and a 5 day prechill at 5 degrees centigrade (Chirco & Turner 1986).<br>Seed germinates readily without pretreatment. Trials conducted at the PMC comparing untreated seed with cold, moist stratified seed showed no benefit from stratification. Seeds given 30 days on cold, moist stratification began germinating a few days earlier than untreated seed, but took longer to reach maximum germination levels. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #1 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 7 days. | 1 week | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Chirco, Ellen, and Terry Turnoer. 1986. Species without AOSA Testing Procedures. The Newsletter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 60(2):2-66. Available online at http://www.aosaseed.com/Species%20wo%20AOSA%20list%20plus%20adds.pdf. Updated November 11/10/03. Accessed 2/16/06.<p>Hitchcock, A.S. 1971. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 2nd edition. Revised by Agnes Chase. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY. 2 vol.<p>Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Mohlenbrock, Robert H. Undated. Western Wetland Flora: A Field Office Guide to Wetland Species. USDA, NRCS Western Region. Sacramento, CA.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia elongata</i> (Hook.) Munro plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
917 | Deschampsia (flexuosa) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Deschampsia | flexuosa | (L.) Beauv. | DEFL | Open, generally dry sandy or rocky shores, dunes, and plains, usually associated with pine, oak, and aspen, particularly characteristic of jack pine plains and timbered and burned over sand ridges. Circumboreal. Slender leaves of grass growing in tufts, distinct or clumps. Height is 1'-3'. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hairgrass | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Seed is quite small and easiest to harvest by cutting the entire plant head. Flowers from late summer to fall. Seed is an achene and is collected in October. | One to three months of moist cold stratification is required. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container.) Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least one month. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of Standard U.V. 3Hl Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter), 14"x8.5"x4" deep. Hairgrass does not do well in deep plug trays. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow the seeds by hand at arate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round in the greenhouse due to its slow germination rate and variable success rates. Approximately 50% germination. If seeds do not germinate within 2 months of planting, reseeding the plugs with seeds that were stratified for longer than the time specified may be considered. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilzers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Transplant if necessary. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia flexuosa</i> (L.) Beauv. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
918 | Deschampsia (flexuosa) | Poaceae | Grass | Deschampsia | flexuosa | (L.) Trin | DEFL | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | This plant is found from Newfoundland south to Georgia and west to Wisconsin. Adapted to dry or rocky woods, slopes and partially shaded sites. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> plant plugs, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 to 4 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm plug with good root system. | Crinkled hairgrass | Collected at Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in mid to late July by hand harvesting. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse for seeding at 70øF and lathe house for growing and hardening off.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed is sown in Rootrainers in the greenhouse, using Metro-Mix 360 in late winter. There is germination in about 14 days.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Rootrainers - 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Metro-Mix 360 media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed is sown in late winter<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> A few seeds are sown in each planting cell, lightly covered with Metro-Mix 360 and firmed. Germination occurs in about 14 to 18 days. Monitor daily watering.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The plant plug will fill in the cell and it can be planted in spring/early summer. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> The plugs can be planted easily in the field, using a planting dibble. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The Rootrainers are removed from the greenhouse to the lathe house prior to being transplanted in the field. Plants can be fertilized with Miracle-Gro and monitored for watering. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Seed is harvested in mid to late July.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store at 40øF in a seed cooler. | Manual of the Grasses of the U.S., Hitchcock, USDA Publication 200, 1951.<p> Grass - An ID Guide, Brown, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1979.<p> Native Grass Seed Production Manual, Smith & Smith, Ducks Unlimited 1996. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Deschampsia flexuosa</i> (L.) Trin plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
919 | Descurainia (pinnata) | Brassicaceae | Descurainia | pinnata | (Walter) Britton | DEPI | SI - Garfield County, CO | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | western tansymustard | Seeds of Success collection | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from Garfield County, Colorado germinated to 50% or more in all three treatments that included 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had very little germination (6-20%). This suggests that seeding this species during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationDEPI shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Foxx, Alicia; Kramer, Andrea T. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Descurainia pinnata</i> (Walter) Britton Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
920 | Desmanthus (illinoensis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Desmanthus | illinoensis | (Michx.) MacM. | DESILL | D. illinoensis is found from Ohio, Minnesota, and North Dakota south to Colorado, New Mexico, and through the eastern states to Florida. It inhabits prairies, woods, streambanks and roadsides. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Illinois bundleflower | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs at room temperature. | Latting, J. (1961). The biology of Desmanthus illinoensis. Ecology 42, 487-493.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Desmanthus illinoensis</i> (Michx.) MacM. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
921 | Desmanthus (illinoensis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Desmanthus | illinoensis | (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern. | Mimosa | illinoensis | Michx. | DESILL | Illinois | <i>D. illinoensis</i> is found from Ohio andMinnesota east to North Dakota and Colorado south to New Mexico and throught the East to Florida. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Illinois Mimosa | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 8 to August 7. Seed is harvested about August 24. | Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 4.7 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination.<br>If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally. Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out. Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary J.; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Desmanthus illinoensis</i> (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
922 | Desmodium (batocaulon) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Desmodium | batocaulon | A. Gray | Madrean Archipelago | Found in southern Arizona, southern New Mexico and northern Mexico in pine woods 3,500-6,500 ft in elevation (Kearney and Peebles 1960). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | San Pedro ticktrefoil | Collect when seed pods are brown, brittle and easily detach from the plant. Collect entire pods. | There is little information on germination requirements for D. batocaulon. One study examined germination rates of three other Desmodium species native to the eastern US found that untreated seeds achieved germination rates of 76-97% (Cushwa et al 1968). Subjecting seeds to warm moist and warm dry stratification did not significantly increase these rates (Cushwa et al 1968).
| Bogler, David. “Desmodium batocaulon, San Pedro Ticktrefoil.” Encyclopedia of Life. USDA NRCS PLANTS Database. Web. http://www.eol.org/pages/639533/data [2017, February 6].
Cushwa, Charles T., Robert E. Martin, and Robert L. Miller. "The effects of fire on seed germination." Journal of Range Management (1968): 250-254. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+. Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra; Allen-Cantú, Juniper. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Desmodium batocaulon</i> A. Gray Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
923 | Desmodium (canadense) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Desmodium | canadense | (L.) DC. | Meibornia | canadensis | (L.) Kuntze | DEDCN | mesic prairie, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL | Prairies, wet meadows and open thickets. Range: Quebec to North Dakota and Saskatchevan south to Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illionis, Missouri and Oklahoma. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 1/2 inch container | 16 Weeks | Weeks | Firmly rooted 2 1/2 inch container. | showy ticktrefoil | Scarification: rubbed between two pieces of coarse emery cloth. Stratification: mixed with damp sand and stored at 38 F for 4 weeks in a sealed plastic bag. Inoculation: inoculated with inoculum for Desmodium. | Growing Environment: Fully automated greenhouse. Containers: Seed sown into ITML brand 128 cell plug trays. Plugs transplanted into T.&O. Plastics brand SVD2 1/2 inch containers. Media: Seed sown into Fafard Super Fine Germinating Mix. Plugs transplanted into Sunshine SB300 Universal bark mix. | Sow date was late February. Seeds were hand sown 2 to 3 seeds per cell to compensate for possible lower germination rates. Seed was then covered with a thin layer of coarse vermiculite and watered in under a mist system. Flats were places in a shaded greenhouse under an automated mist system set at 3 seconds of mist every 30 minutes. Air temperature was set at 65 F and bottom heat was run at 70 F days and 65 F nights. Seedlings were moved to a fully automated full sun greenhouse after germination. Temperatures were set at 68 F days and 64 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Constant feed with 20-2-20 fertilizer at 100 ppm was used. Seedlings were thinned to one per cell. | 5 weeks from sowing until plugs were ready to transplant | Plugs were transplanted when firmly rooted. Plants were grown in a fully automated greenhouse where temperatures were set at 65 F days and 61 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Plants were hand watered when dry and fertilized with 20-10-20 fertilizer at 237 ppm weekly. | 5 weeks | Plants were moved outdoors to a cold frame in early May. | 2 weeks | N/A | N/A | USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http:/plants.usda.gov, 27 October 2006) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Thomas, Catherine Suzanne. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Desmodium canadense</i> (L.) DC. plants 2 1/2 inch container; Chicago Botanic Garden - Propagation Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
924 | Desmodium (illinoense) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Desmodium | illinoense | Gray | Meibomia | illinoensis | (Gray) Kuntze | DESILL | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>D. illinoense</i> is found from northern Ohio west to South Dakota and south to Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Illinois Tick Trefoil | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 6 to August 7. Seed is harvested about August 10. | Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br>Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring. Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned. Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 5.9 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally. Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out. Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Desmodium illinoense</i> Gray plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
925 | Diamorpha (smallii) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop family | Diamorpha | smallii | Britt. ex Small | Diamorpha | cymosa | (Nutt.) Britt. ex Small | DIASMA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Elf orpine | Seeds are placed into warm stratification. Germination occurs at 15 C temperature cycle. Germination is in the presence of light. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1972b). Germination characteristics of Diamorpha cymosa seeds and an ecological interpretation. Oecologia 10, 17-28. <br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Diamorpha smallii</i> Britt. ex Small plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
926 | Diarrhena (americana) | Poaceae | Grass family | Diarrhena | americana | Beauv. | Diarina | festucoides | Raf. | DIAAME | D. americana is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American beakgrain | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin and Baskin,1988. Germination ecophysiology of herbacceous plant species in a temperate region. Am. J. Bot. 75,286-305.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Diarrhena americana</i> Beauv. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
927 | Dichanthelium (acuminatum) | Poaceae | Grass | Dichanthelium | acuminatum | (Sw.) Gould & C. A. Clark | DIAC2 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | tapered rosette grass | Seed of Stones River source tapered rosette grass was hand harvested from the primary (spring) flowering heads from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Conditioned seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichanthelium acuminatum</i> (Sw.) Gould & C. A. Clark plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
928 | Dichanthelium (commutatum) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Dichanthelium | commutatum | (J.A. Schultes) Gould | DICCOM | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky, 1150' elevation, Kentucky Portal | <i>Dichanthelium commutatum</i> grows in woods and thickets from Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri, and south to Florida and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 11 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Height:</b> 6-8" at outplanting.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug which leaves no loose soil when pulled. | Variable panicgrass | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by R. Russell on 10/15/90; National Plant Materials Center, Maryland by D. Dusty on 10/9/96, 10/17/97 and 9/30/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (set at 75/68F) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high-pressure sodium lights.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> hand sown into plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1) Seed is sown in 392 plug trays and seedlings are transplanted to either 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots. 2) Seed is directly sown into 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> 1) Seeds are sown in Fafard Germinating Mix and seedlings are transplanted into a 2:1 mix of Sunshine #5:Compro (1 bale Sunshine and 2 bags of Compro), with 180 day Nutricote Total Plus (18-6-8) SR incorporated @ 20 oz/batch of mix. 2) Seeds are direct sown into a 1/4 to 1/2 | <b>Sowing Date:</b> February for spring planting; July for fall planting.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 50% of total seedlings emerge in 14 days; the balance by 3 weeks after sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is sown into 392 plug trays or direct sown into 72 or Ropak multipots (see "Growing Media"), lightly covered with germination mix, and watered. The plug trays are placed on heat mats (7SF) and under mist for about 1 week during winter or just under mist during summer.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> If started in 392 plug trays, seedlings are transplanted to 72 plug fiats or Ropak multipots about 30 days after germination. If direct-sown, germination in cells may be uneven requiring division of some cells to fill gaps in others. Seedlings from a 392-plug tray may also be transplanted into empty cells. | <b>Rapid growth phase:</b> Occurs when greenhouse solar levels increase in the spring. Plugs are fertilized as needed with Technigro 16-17-17 Plus. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to outplanting, fertilization is stopped, water is decreased and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Winter-grown greenhouse plugs are ready for out-planting about 75 days after they germinate or late spring, early summer. July- planted plugs are field planted at NPMC in late September, early October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> N/A. | Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichanthelium commutatum</i> (J.A. Schultes) Gould plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
929 | Dichanthelium (commutatum) | Poaceae | Grass | Dichanthelium | commutatum | (Schult.) Gould | DICO2 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | variable panicgrass | Seed of Stones River source variable panicgrass was hand harvested from the primary (spring) flowering heads from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichanthelium commutatum</i> (Schult.) Gould plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
930 | Dichanthelium (dichotomum) | Poaceae | Grass | Dichanthelium | dichotomum | (L.) Gould | DIDI6 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | cypress panicgrass | Seed of Stones River source cypress panicgrass was hand harvested from the primary (spring) flowering heads from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichanthelium dichotomum</i> (L.) Gould plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
931 | Dichanthelium (laxiflorum) | Poaceae | Grass | Dichanthelium | laxiflorum | (Lam.) Gould | DILA9 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | openflower rosette grass | Seed of Stones River source openflower rosette grass was hand harvested from the primary (spring) flowering heads from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichanthelium laxiflorum</i> (Lam.) Gould plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
932 | Dichanthelium (malacophyllum) | Poaceae | Grass | Dichanthelium | malacophyllum | (Nash) Gould | DIMA5 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | softleaf rosette grass | Seed of Stones River source softleaf rosette grass was hand harvested from the primary (spring) flowering heads from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichanthelium malacophyllum</i> (Nash) Gould plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
933 | Dichanthelium (villosissimum) | Poaceae | Grass | Dichanthelium | villosissimum | (Nash) Freckmann | DIVI7 | Stones River | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | whitehair rosette grass | Seed of Stones River source whitehair rosette grass was hand harvested from the primary (spring) flowering heads from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | De-tufted seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichanthelium villosissimum</i> (Nash) Freckmann plants 1+0container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
934 | Dichelostemma (capitatum) | Amaryllidaceae | Amaryllis Family | Dichelostemma | capitatum | (Benth.) Wood | Brodiaea | pulchella | (Salisb.) Greene | DICCAP | Marin County, California | <i>D. capitatum</i> is found on plains and hillsides, from Douglas County, Oregon to lower California, and east to southern Utah and northern Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Bluedicks | Seeds are collected between April 1st and September 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is hard and black at maturity.<br> After collection, sow fresh seed immediately or dry for 2 weeks and soak and stratify. | Soak seeds in fresh water overnight. Cold stratify for 3 months or longer; until seeds begin to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on November 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 5 inch (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%.<br> | 1 month | After seedlings are established, place in the shadehouse for continued growth.<br> After transplanting, the seedlings develop one true leaf that dies back as summer approaches. At this stage, it has formed a small bulb. Be careful not to overwater while the plant is in the dormant stage.<br> The second winter, the plant will grow leaves and die back by summer.<br> Fertilize every 3 months with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13). | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichelostemma capitatum</i> (Benth.) Wood plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
935 | Dichelostemma (congestum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Dichelostemma | congestum | (Sm.) Kunth | Brodiaea | congesta | Sm. (BRCO2) | DICO19 | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Copeland Creek, Oregon: 3000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Ookow | Small lot, 0.23 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Dichelostemma congestum</i> (Sm.) Kunth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
936 | Dichelostemma (volubile) | Liliaceae | Lily | Dichelostemma | volubile | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve and Hog's Back Ridge, eastern Tehama County, California | Foothill woodland and scrub surrounding California's Central Valley below 1,600 meters (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Snake lily; Twining brodiaea | Whole fruits can be collected from heads immediately prior to or after ripening (i.e. browning and splitting of capsules). Seed may be shaken from capsules which ahve split, but capsules which have not opened may need to be mechanically split (dry heat or repeated drying and cooling may encourage capsules to split). If necessary, large numbers of dry fruits may be shattered rapidly by very brief blending (dry in a blender). Blending typically does not damage the very hard viable seed, but may increase overall viability of seed lots by destroying readily shattered unviable seed. After blending, seed may be cleaned by sifting and/or blowing (e.g. with a thrift store blow-drier) off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 34% for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichelostemma volubile</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
937 | Dicranopteris (linearis) | Gleicheniaceae | Forked Ferns | Dicranopteris | linearis | (Burm.f.) Underw. | Gleicheniales | Dicranopteris | dichotoma | (Thunb.) Bernh. | DILI | Puʻu Pia trail, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, U.S.A. | Mesic to wet forests. Hawaiʻi, all major islands. Tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia, and Indonesia. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Spore | 5 months | Sporophyte development of immature fronds. Hight: 5cm | Bengkawang (Malay), Coral fern, Dilim, False staghorn fern, Uluhe (Hawaiian), Hasam (Lampung), Kiku kachoei (Thai), Kilob (Tagalog), Kloutervaring, Kut pit (Thai), Kut taem (Thai), Máng ch'í (Chinese), Paku andam (Sudanese), Old world forked fern | Mature fertile fronds were collected when sporangia begin to change from green to yellow. Spores likely dispersed if sporangia are brown and frond is beginning to senesce. | Individual 5.0 mg packets of D. linearis spores were portioned using an analytical balance (Mettler AE100). A fine paintbrush was used to disperse spores onto the medium. The brush was held approximately 5 cm above the medium’s surface and spores were sown by lightly tapping the brush. | Sphagnum moss (Spagmoss, New Zealand) was dampened and microwaved for 5 minutes for sterilization. The moss was then placed in clear plastic container (15x7.5x2.5cm). closed and allowed time to cool. Containers were placed in an air-conditioned room (20°C), on metal shelving, covered in plastic sheeting, under cool white fluorescent lights (~50 μmol⁻²s⁻¹ ) (14/24 hr). Medium should be wetted with deionized water once a month or if no condensation is visible on the container. Gametophytes were sprayed with fertilizer (Organics Rx, Sea-kelp 100 (1tbs/gal)) 30-40 days after sowing. | Spores to gametophyte. | 1 month | Gametophytes to sporophyte. | 5 months | Spores can be stored in fridge. Loss of spore viability after 1 year | Romanchak, E., R.A. Criley and N. Sugii. 2005. The propagation of Uluhe fern (Dicranopteris Linearis): vegetative versus spores. International Plant Propagators Society, Combined Proceedings. 55:517-519.; Palmer, Daniel D. Hawaiʻi's Ferns and Fern Allies. Univ of Hawaii Pr, 2008. | 2019. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dicranopteris linearis</i> (Burm.f.) Underw. Plants Spore; Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
938 | Dicranostegia (orcuttiana) | Orobanchaceae | Broomrape | Dicranostegia | orcuttiana | (A. Gray) | Pennell | Cordylanthus | orcuttianus | Coastal Sage Scrub | San Diego County and northern Baja California | none | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 6-8 months | Our goal is to produce as many seeds as possible to use in a reintroduction project. | Orcutt's bird's-beak | We wild collected seeds from Dennery Ranch and Otay River Valley, San Diego County, California. | none | pots were sterilized using Physan 20 | Seeds were started in Sunshine Mix #3 in 2" rose pots. The seeds were planted into a pre-moistened mixture and were kept moist until germination was observed. The plants were allowed to become well established in 2" pots before transplant to 8" pots. | 4-6 weeks | Seedlings were transplanted to 8" shallow pots with or without a host. watering is reduced to approximately weekly and plants were given a monthly feeding with 100 ppm of a balanced soluble fertilizer.
| 12-16 weeks | As plants begin flowering, watering is reduced to emulate natural conditions. Plants begin to decline after starting flowering | 6 weeks | We have not successfully produced seed from this species yet. | We have had difficulty getting this plant to grow to maturity. The plants grow vigorously into the flowering stage and then rapidly decline. This species appears to be very sensitive to watering regime and is also prone to pest infestations both by aphids and caterpillars. We believe that a best management practice for cultivating this species may be to direct seed into raised beds with host plants, allowing the plants to become established through the cool season and dry with the summer naturally. | Heineman, Katherine D. ; Anderson, Stacy; Weatherson, Tobin. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Dicranostegia orcuttiana</i> (A. Gray) Seeds San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
939 | Diospyros (virginiana) | Ebenaceae | Ebony Family | Diospyros | virginiana | DIOVIR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park | Southeastern Connecticut and southern New York to Florida, west to Iowa, Kansas and Texas. Found in well drained or dry soil. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bareroot and container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 2 year old bareroot up to 36 inches; 2 gallon container plants (grown an additional 2-3 years) up to 72 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Bareroot plants have a somewhat thick deep taproot; it is important to set a seedling harvester deep enough so as not to slice off part of the main root system. Spin Out copper hydroxide spray is used on the inside of containers to prevent the roots from circling or from growing outside of the containers into the ground. | Persimmon | Collected at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by R. Caldwell on 12/21/90; by J. Englert on 10/24/94, 9/20/95 and 10/3-4/96, by J. Copeland on 11/12/97 and 11/24/98; Shenandoah National Park by J. Englert on 11/15/93; by J. Kujawski on 10/28/96. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None; we sow seeds directly in the ground after they have been cleaned. Winter temperatures and moisture act as a natural stratification treatment. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sown.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Some bareroot seedlings are transplanted into 1- and 2-gallon containers after harvest.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> In containers, plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft.bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae).<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seeds are generally planted in the fall after cleaning, but if stored, are kept in plastic bottles or paper envelopes in a seed cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Persimmon may have delayed germination because of the hard seed coat; this restriction can be removed by moist, cold stratification (USDA, 1974). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> November-December.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seedlings generally emerge the spring after fall sowing (USDA [1974] notes delayed germination can occur 2 or 3 years after sowing).<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are imbibed in water, dusted with a fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are sown about 1 inch apart within rows). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 1 inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rateof water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Bareroot plants are generally harvested 2 years after sowing; in some cases where we've seen good growth and want to end up with container plant material, we will harvest after 1 year.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Root trimmings are saved for vegetative propagation use. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size and larger container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seeds are generally planted in the fall after cleaning, but if stored, are kept in plastic bottles or paper envelopes in a seed cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Persimmon may have delayed germination because of the hard seed coat; this restriction can be removed by moist, cold stratification (USDA, 1974). | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450.<p> USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished data. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Diospyros virginiana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
940 | Diospyros (virginiana) | Ebenaceae | Ebony | Diospyros | virginiana | Usually dry deciduous forest, pinelands, and old fields; however, has a wide range of sites varying in moisture and fertility conditions (Godfrey 1988). | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Persimmon | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENTUSED:</b> Cold stratification at 40§F for 90 days. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Container. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> <u>Flowers:</u> March-June. <u>Fruits:</u> September - November.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Seedlings have strong taproots and should be field planted at the end of the first season.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Cleaned seed should be spread out to dry for a day or two. Prolonged storage requires thorough drying (ibid.).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Unknown; however, seeds stored for prolonged periods should be stored in sealed, dry containers at 41§F (ibid.). | Godfrey, R.K. 1988. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.<p> U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974. | Fine, Gary. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Diospyros virginiana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
941 | Diospyros (virginiana) | Ebenaceae | Persimmon Family | Diospyros | virginiana | L. | DIOVIR | South Central Missouri | Common persimmon is found throughout the eastern and central United States, from New York west to Iowa and Nebraska and south to Texas and Florida. It inhabits rich bottomlands and coastal plains forests. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Common persimmon | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The fruits are green to yellow to almost black at maturity, each containing 3 to 5 seeds. | We plant seeds by hand in late October into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least 2 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Olson DF, Barnes DL, Johnson WG.2004.The genus Diospyros. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Diospyros.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Diospyros virginiana</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
942 | Diospyros (virginiana) | Ebenaceae | Ebony Family | Diospyros | virginiana | L. | DIVI5 | Buckhorn and UpperGuy Sandy Area. | In woods, old fields and open thickets in east Texas to Florida. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Eastern persimmon | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Rudy G. Esquivel on 10/25/1995. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Stratify seeds in damp sphagnum peat moss for three or four months in 36§ to 40§ Fahrenheit refrigerator, before planting. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Refrigerator, greenhouse and lath house for stratifying, planting and growing.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed in pots or flats, after stratification process.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallons.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | How To Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest, 174-175; Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, 373-375; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Diospyros virginiana</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
943 | Diplacus (aurantiacus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Diplacus | aurantiacus | Sub-species | aurantiacus | (W. Curtis) Jepson | Mimulus | aurantiacus | W. Curtis | DIPAUR | D. aurantiacus ssp. aurantiacus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bush monkeyflower | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Diplacus aurantiacus</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
944 | Diplacus (aurantiacus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Diplacus | aurantiacus | W. Curt. | Sub-species | aurantiacus | (W. Curt.) Jepson | Mimulus | aurantiacus | Curt. | DIPAUR | Marin county, California | <i>D. aurantiacus</i> is found in rocky places in the coastal range and foothills of the Sierras, below 3,000 feet elevation; from Santa Berbara and Placer counties to western Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Scarlet Monkey Flower | Seeds are collected between Jun 1st and August 1st.<br> Mature capsules are brown.<br> Seed is black and tiny at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 2 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 15th.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 20 days | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back to 4 nodes 3 months after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Diplacus aurantiacus</i> W. Curt. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
945 | Dirca (palustris) | Thymelaeaceae | Mezereum family | Dirca | palustris | L. | DIRPAL | South Central Missouri | Southern leatherwood is found throughout the east; from Quebec and Ontario south to Florida, Louisiana and Oklahoma. It is a common understory shrub in a variety of forest types. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Southern leatherwood | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The red to orange fruits mature in May and June. | We sow seeds in June after cleaning. Seeds a warm after ripening period prior to cold, moist stratification. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 year | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June of the second year. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Dirca palustris</i> L. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
946 | Disporum (lanuginosum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Disporum | lanuginosum | (Michx.) Nichols. | Streptopus | lanuginosus | Michx. | D. lanuginosum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yellow fairybells | Seeds are warm? and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. (1988). Germination ecophysiology of herbaceous plant species in a temperate region. Amer. J. Bot. 75, 286-305.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Disporum lanuginosum</i> (Michx.) Nichols. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
947 | Distichlis (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Distichlis | spicata | (L.) | Variety | stricta | DISSPI | D. spicata var. stricta is found from the Great Plains region of North America to the Pacific coast; also in South America, Australia, Tasmania, and Tahiti. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Inland saltgrass | Mechanical injury of the caryopis or covering layers resulted in 98% germination. | Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Distichlis spicata</i> (L.) plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
948 | Distichlis (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Distichlis | spicata | (L.) Greene | DISSPI | Marin County, California | <i>D. spicata</i> is found in coastall salt marsh from Orange County, California to Oregon, and on Catalina and Santa Cruz islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Seashore Saltgrass | Seeds are collected between September 11 th and November 4th.<br> Mature inflorescences are panicles 2 to 8 cm long.<br> Seed is 2 mm long and brownish grey in color at maturity. | Seeds are soaked for 24 hours in water. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 5 inch (TreeBands) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Distichlis spicata</i> (L.) Greene plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
949 | Dodecatheon (clevelandii) | Primulaceae | Primrose | Dodecatheon | clevelandii | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Vina Plains Preserve, Tehama County, California | Northern and central Sierra Nevada foothills, central High Sierra Nevada, Great Central Valley, Central Western California (except Central Coast), Southwestern California (except San Gabriel Mountains)and Baja California. Grassy slopes and flats below 600 meters (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 9 Months | Months | Small delicate rosette forms by the end of the first spring. | Lowland shooting stars | Fruiting heads may be collected from late spring until late summer (capsules can split open and lose seed by midsumer). | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging from D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 47% (Hogback) and 24% (Lower Dye Creek) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. For seed sown in outdoor coldframes germination rates of 44% (Lower Dye Creek) to 46% (Hogback) were observed. A vigorous rosette will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodecatheon clevelandii</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
950 | Dodecatheon (clevelandii) | Primulaceae | Primrose Family | Dodecatheon | clevelandii | Greene | Sub-species | DODCLE | Catalina Island, California | Island shooting star is a frequent species throughout southern California and on Catalina Island. It inhabits grassy slopes that are typically clayey. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 or 4 inch containers | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Island Shooting Star | Seeds are hand collected when seed capsules have fully matured. Seeds are orange at maturity. We have collected capsules from early August until October. Early August is optimum for collection. | No pre-treatment is necessary. Seeds are held in cold storage until they are sown in late fall (October through mid-December).<br> Total average germination: 46% | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seedlings emerge 1 to 2 months after sowing. By mid April to early June, seedlings begin to go dormant in flats and re-emergein early winter during the rainy season. | After seedlings are 9 months to 1 year old (September-November), and are well established and have at several true leaves, they are transplanted into 2 or 4 inch containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium.<br> These are watered thorughly once and then allowed to become dry so that seedlings go dormant. Growth resumes during second winter with rains.<br> Finished nursery stok have thick fleshy horizontal roots that hold a firm plug and multiple true leaves. | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodecatheon clevelandii</i> Greene plants 2 or 4 inch containers; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
951 | Dodecatheon (hendersonii) | Primulaceae | primrose | Dodecatheon | hendersonii | DOHE | adaptible and tollerant of many conditions, including forests and grasslands | This plant's range generally runs along the far western edge of the United states (California, Oregon and Washington) and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Broad-leaf shooting star | Dodecatheon hendersonii germinates best with 90 days of cool/moist stratification (around 38F)to break dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodecatheon hendersonii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
952 | Dodecatheon (jeffreyi) | Primulaceae | Primrose family | Dodecatheon | jeffreyi | Houtte | DODJEF | D. jeffreyi is found from Alaska to California east to Idaho and Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Jeffrey's shooting star | Chabot, B. F. and Billings, W. D. (1972). Origins and ecology of the Sierran alpine flora and vegetation. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 163-199.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodecatheon jeffreyi</i> Houtte plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
953 | Dodecatheon (meadia) | Primulaceae | Primrose family | Dodecatheon | meadia | L. | DODMEA | D. meadia is found from Virginia to Wisconsin and south to Georgia and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Shooting star | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 84 days. Germination occurs at 27D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was in light. | Turner, B. H. and Quarterman, E. (1968). Ecology of Dodecatheon meadia L. (Primulaceae) in Tennessee glades and woodland. Ecology 49, 909-915.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodecatheon meadia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
954 | Dodecatheon (meadia) | Primulaceae | Primrose family | Dodecatheon | meadia | L. | DODMEA | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>D. meadia</i> is found from Virginia and west to Wisconsin and south to to Georgia and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Common Shooting Star | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. April 10 to May 10. Seed is harvested June 30.<br>This is a cool season perennial which germinates and dies early in the season, making its lifecycle different from the other warm season forbs.<br>After Shooting Star dies back, place the flats in a cooler and store until mid-summer, then place these flats in the shadehouse. This allows for a second season of growth in just one season. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br>Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculiteand lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown to produce bulbs. Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7 to 11 months depending on weather and root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3 - 5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br> 75% germination is reached in about one week. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. Do not prune back. Allow the foliage to die back and replenish the bulbs. | 8 months | N/A | Harvest Date: Bulbs may be lifted as soon as the foliage has died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Bulbs are stored for shipping in the fall at 34-36 degrees F.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months.<br> | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodecatheon meadia</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
955 | Dodecatheon (pulchellum) | Primulaceae | Primrose family | Dodecatheon | pulchellum | (Raf.) Merr. | DODSPP | Subalpine meadows | <i>Dodecatheon pulchellum</i>occurs in perennially moist to wet soils of meadows and along streams from mid elevations in the mountains to the alpine. It ranges from Alaska to Manitoba south to California, Colorado, Nebraska, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Shooting Star | Seeds are collected when capsules turn tan. Seeds are brown at maturity. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlingsgerminate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First average frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Germination occurs at fluctuating temperatures during May. Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Seedlings were root tight 4 weeks after germination. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodecatheon pulchellum</i> (Raf.) Merr. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
956 | Dodecatheon (pulchellum) | Primulaceae | Primrose | Dodecatheon | pulchellum | (Raf.) Merr. | Dodecatheon | pauciflorum | Greene | DOPU | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Western North America from Alaska to California and east to New Mexico and Manitoba. In eastern Washington it is usually found in vernally moist, open prairies and meadows to Ponderosa pine woods.<br>Mean annual precipitation range is from 12-30 inches (USDA NRCS 2006).<br>Wetland indicator status is FACW (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 3 Years | Years | A tight root plug may not be attainable with this small statured species. | Darkthroat shooting star | Seeds are collected when the capsules begin to split in June. Seed is brown in color and small. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. | Extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Cool spring temperatures may also be necessary. In trials at the PMC, no germination occurred without stratification and no seed germinated after 30 days cold, moist stratification. Seed planted in containers in November and left outside began emerging in late March and reached 65% by late April.<br>Seed of <i>Dodecatheon meadia</i> requires 2 months of cool, moist stratification (Greene & Curtis 1950). | In early November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cells filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Conetainers remain outside. They are watered only during dry spells. Plants begin emerging in late March. Germination occurs over a 3-4 week period. | 4 weeks | Plants are watered as needed while outside and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. They are moved to the lath house in June. The plants develop small rosettes with several true leaves. They will not go dormant with summer temperatures but cease growing. | 2 months | Fertilizer is withheld in September and water decreased to harden the plants for winter. Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not needed. | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter. They should be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in late winter or early spring as temperatures begin to rise. | Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p>Greene, H.C. and J.T. Curtis. 1950. Germination Studies of Wisconsin Prairie Plants. American Midland Naturalist 43:186-194.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p>Mohlenbrock, Robert H. Western Wetland Flora: A Field Office Guide to Wetland Species. USDA, NRCS Western Region. Sacramento, CA.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Patterson, Patricia A, Kenneth E. Neiman, and Jonalea R. Tonn. 1985. Field Guide to Forest Plants of Northern Idaho. General Technical Report INT-180. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, Utah. 246 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (02 February 2006).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodecatheon pulchellum</i> (Raf.) Merr. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
957 | Dodonaea (viscosa) | Sapindaceae | Soapberry | Dodonaea | viscosa | Jacq. | widely adapted, elevation 3 m - 2,350 m | Pantropical; Indigenous to all Hawaiian Islands except Kaho'olawe. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 25 cm, Stem diameter: 10 mm | `a'ali'i, `a'ali'i ku makani, `a'ali'i ku ma kua, kumakani (Hawaii); native hop bush (English); te kai boia (Kiribati); lala vao (Samoa) | Seeds are contained in papery winged capsules (commonly seen in lei haku). Mature seeds are small, round and black, about 2 mm in diameter. Although not true to seed, it is best to collect seed from the same bioregion as where the planting stock will be planted. | It is said that fresh `a'ali'i seeds require no pretreatment to germinate. A'ali'i seeds will germinate faster if pretreated with hot water. Pour 3 parts near boiling water over the seeds, and let the seeds soak for 24 hours. Floaters should be discarded. Germination may be increased for certain seedlots by first soaking the seeds in a 1 part bleach to 9 parts water solution for 2-3 minutes, then rinse. | Because the seeds of `a'ali'i are so small, it's a good idea to pregerminate the seeds in trays of 1 part peat to 3 parts perlite. Transplant emergents to individual containers at the 4 leaf stage. A rain protected but sunlit area is necessary for germination in trays (such as a cold-frame with clear film roof). After the germination and early establishment phase, light shade to full sun is recommended for growing out the individual seedlings in containers. <p> The growth medium must be well-drained. Otherwise, `a'ali'i is not too particular. Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or other root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) work well. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. Once the seedlings reach 15-20 cm, they can be moved up to larger root training containers (such as Tall Ones, available from Steuwe & Sons), or outplanted. | Sprinkle the pretreated seeds over a mix consisting of 3 parts perlite to 1 part peat or a similar fine commercial potting mix. Cover lightly using 2-4 mm of mix. Keep moist with a fine mist sprayer so as not to disturb the tiny germinants. Some light (partial shade) is recommended. Germination generally takes 7 - 28 days or longer for certain seedlots. Emergents are transplanted at the 4-leaf stage into larger containers. | 2 - 6 weeks | Seedlings should be grown in light shade or full sun. Keep seedlings well spaced apart to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. Over-fertilization with nitrogen can lead to scale infestation, which should be treated with insecticidal soap and a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer. | 3 - 4 months | Space seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. If fertilization is necessary during the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be minimized or eliminated, with emphasis on P, K, and micronutrients. | 1 month | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Keeping them in their containers helps protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1990. Plant of the Month: `A`ali`i. Hawaii Plant Conservation Center, NTBG, Lawai, HI <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/dod-visc.htm <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dodonaea viscosa</i> Jacq. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
958 | Douglasia (montana) | Primulaceae | Primrose family | Douglasia | montana | Gray | Gregoria | montana | (Gray) House | DOUMON | Festuca idahoensis grassland, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT.,1585m elevation. | <i>D. montana</i> occurs from foothills to open ridges and scree slopes, from extreme southeastern B.C. to Idaho, Montana, and northern Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: Multiple leaves in a tight cushion, 2cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Rocky Mountain Dwarf Primrose | Collect mature capsules when they begin to split and turn tan in color in July and August. Seeds are brown at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor stratification. Germination did not occur until the second spring; 1.5 years after sowing. Germination occurred under fluctuating spring temperatures. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during after-ripening period. 1.5 years, alternating cycles of cold stratification for 5 months/ warm stratification for 5 months/ cold stratification for 5 months and above 21C induced germination. | 6 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident in a tight rosette 6 weeks after germination. Plants were uppotted into a sharply drained mix in 800 ml pots. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years<br> Harvest Date: September of 2nd year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Douglasia montana</i> Gray plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
959 | Downingia (elegans) | Campanulaceae | Bellflower Family | Downingia | elegans | Torrey | DOEL | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into a field covered with weed fabric for seed increase. | Elegant calicoflower | Pods were allowed to split on the weed fabric and drop seed. Most pods did not shatter upon ripening. All plants were cut and put through a large brush machine to thresh them. The weed fabric was vaccuumed using small battery-powered hand vaccuums to collect seed that had shattered. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in an unheated greenhouse. Seeds will germinate in warm or cold temperatures. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Downingia elegans</i> Torrey seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
960 | Downingia (yina) | Campanulaceae | Bellflower Family | Downingia | yina | Applegate | DOYI | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into a field covered with weed fabric for seed increase. | Cascade calicoflower | Pods were allowed to split on the weed fabric and drop seed. Most pods did not shatter upon ripening. All plants were cut and put through a large brush machine to thresh them. The weed fabric was vacuumed using small battery-powered hand vacuums to collect seed that had shattered. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in an unheated greenhouse.Seeds will germinate in warm or cold temperatures. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Downingia yina</i> Applegate seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
961 | Draba (aurea) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Draba | aurea | Vahl. | DRAAUR | D. aurea is found from Alaska to Arizona at mid to high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Golden whitlow-wort | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Draba aurea</i> Vahl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
962 | Draba (crassifolia) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Draba | crassifolia | R. Grah. | DRACRA | D. crassifolia is found from British Columbia south to Arizona at mid to high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Thick leaf whitlow-wort | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Draba crassifolia</i> R. Grah. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
963 | Draba (lemmonii) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Draba | lemmonii | DRALEM | D. lemmonii is found from British Columbia southt to Sierran California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lemmon's whitlow-wort | Chabot, B. F. and Billings, W. D. (1972). Origins and ecology of the Sierran alpine flora and vegetation. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 163-199.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Draba lemmonii</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
964 | Draba (oligosperma) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Draba | oligosperma | Hook. | Draba | andina | DRAOLI | Alpine fellfield, scree slope, Scenic Point, Two Medicine, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2500m elevation. | <i>D. oligosperma</i> is a widespread species in much of western Canada and the United States; occurring from the plains to the alpine zone on well drained soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: multiple leaves in a tight rosette, 3 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 160 ml conetainer | Few seeded draba | Hand collect mature silicles in late August when they begin to split and turn tan in color. Seeds are brown at maturity. Seeds are stored in paper bags in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 6 month outdoor, cold, moist stratification. Dry storage of fresh seed for 6 months prior to stratification is recommended for higher germination percentages for many species in this genus. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seed is covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of .8 gram of Osmocote and 0.18 gram of Micromax per 160 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination is complete in 2 weeks in the outdoor nursery during May under fluctuating temperatures. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident in a tight rosette 6 weeks after germination. Plants quickly fill containers and were potted into a well aerated mix of 50% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% sand with 1.5 grams of lime in 490 ml inch pots. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13- liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm fertilizer. Plants are then leached with clear water before winterization. | 2 to 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: late September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p>Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Draba oligosperma</i> Hook. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
965 | Dracopis (amplexicaulis) | Asteraceae | Dracopis | amplexicaulis | (Vahl) Cass. | Rudbeckia | amplexicaulis | Vahl | DRAM | Natchez Trace Parkway close to Port Gibson, Mississippi. | This species occurs from Missouri and Kansas to Mississippi and Texas. Blackeyed susan is much more common in Mississippi than this species. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Clasping coneflower | Collected in the lower section of the Natchez Trace Parkway collection area, close to Port Gibson, Mississippi by B.B. Billingsley, Jr. in 1990. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. Direct seed. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> August to September.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> September to October.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Broadcast seeding on a field following burning, disking, and cultipacking. In the initial planting, seed was mixed with sand and broadcast on the soil surface. The sand is not necessary if the distributor can handle fairly small quantities of small seed. Planting rate is 4.48 to 5.56 kilograms PLS per hectare (4 to 5 pounds PLS per acre).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seeds germinate in the fall and overwinter as small plants (not rosettes). It is an annual species that establishes readily. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plants begin to elongate to form flowering shoots in March to April. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 11 months.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Early July. Timing of harvest is critical. The receptacles on the plants eventually become brown and wooly in appearance due to the shedding of the disk florets. Seed must be harvested soon after this occurs or much will be shattered and lost, but if harvest is attempted before this time, the seed is held too tightly in the receptacles for optimum harvest.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.70 C (550 F) and 45% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Seeds appear to have no dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 1 to 5 years. | Hartmann, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1975. Plant propagation principles and practices. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Engelwood Cliffs, NJ. 662 p. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Dracopis amplexicaulis</i> (Vahl) Cass. plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
966 | Dryas (drummondii) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Dryas | drummondii | Richards. | DRYDRU | Gravelly riverbank, Middle Fork of Flathead River, | <i>D. drummondii</i> is found from riverbanks and foothills to the alpine zone; from Alaska through the Rocky Mountain states, and south to southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon, and east to the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. It frequently colonizes gravel bars and open slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainer | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm, multiple leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yellow Mountain-avens | The plumose achenes are hand collected in mid to late August when they are easily detached from the receptacle. Seeds are light tan at maturity.<br> Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings germinate uniformly in late spring when daytime tempertures reach 21 C during the day. Seedlings are thinned at the true leaf stage. | 4 weeks | Seedlings develop rapidly and quickly fill conetainers. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the active growth stage. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are flushed with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p>1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Johnson, Kathy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dryas drummondii</i> Richards. plants 160 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
967 | Dryas (integrifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Dryas | integrifolia | Vahl. | DRYINT | D. integrifolia is found from the Arctic to high elevations in the Rocky mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic dryad | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.32 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dryas integrifolia</i> Vahl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
968 | Dryas (octopetala) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Dryas | octopetala | L. | DRYOCT | D. octopetala is a circumboreal species; found in arctic and alpine elvations throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine-arctic dyrad | Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. | Weilenmann, K. (1981). Importance of germination and first developmental phases of alpine taxa from various habitats. Ber. Beobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel 48, 68-119. (In German with English summary).<br>Table 10.32 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dryas octopetala</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
969 | Dryas (octopetala) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Dryas | octopetala | L. | Sub-species | hookeriana | (Juz.) Hult. | DRYOCT | Subalpine meadow on exposed bedrock, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>D. octopetala</i> is a circumpolar species that is found from mid-montane to the alpine zone; from Alaska to the Rocky Mountains and Cascades, and east to southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon, and east across Canada to Labrador, and across Asia and Europe. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Containerseedling<br> Height: 3 cm, multiple leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Arctic Dryad | The plumose achenes are collected in mid August when they are easily detached from the receptacle. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings germinate in May and June. Germination is uneven and continues over a 2 month period in the outdoor nursery. True leaves develop 4 weeks after germination. | 8 weeks | Seed grown plants did not reach root tightness the first growing season. Initial root growth is slow. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.8 years from seed<br>Harvest Date: July of the 2nd year<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dryas octopetala</i> L. plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
970 | Drymocallis (fissa) | Rosaceae | Drymocallis | fissa | POFI3 | Colorado, : MPCG, Sprague Lake (98-009s, 98-125s), Long's Peak Campground (98-128s), Glacier Gorge (98-126s), Endovalley, Beaver Meadows, McGraw (98-127s), Hollowell Park (98-084s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Drymocallis | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head by crushing. Use of screens helpful.<p> Sprague Lake (98-009s) collected on 9/16/98; Glacier Gorge (98-126s) collected on 10/3/98; McGraw (98-127s) collected on 12/4/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None, cold. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heat pad (set to 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media: </b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2.<p> Sprague Lake (98-009s) sowed 10/27/98; Spargue Lake (98-125s) sowed 12/4/98; Long's Peak Campground (98-128s) sowed 12/4/98; Glacier Gorge (98-126s) sowed 12/4/98; McGraw (98-127s) sowed 12/4/98. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in seed flat, 5-10 seeds/slot, seed lightly covered with germinating mix.<br> </b>Time to germination:</b> 13 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination slow and uneven.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Drymocallis fissa</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
971 | Dryopteris (carthusiana) | Dryopteridaceae | Wood Fern family | Dryopteris | carthusiana | (Villers) H.P. Fuchs Bull. | Dryopteris | austriaca | (Jacq.) Woyner | DRYCAR | Cedar/Devil's Club habitat, understory species, | <i>D. carthusiana</i> is a circumboreal species, common in moist forests and streambanks, from lowland to mid-montane elevations. It is found across Canada, the upper Mid-Western states and Washington, Idaho and northwestern Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 800 ml container | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container sporophyte<br> Height: 25 cm, 7 mature fronds<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Fully developed short rhizomatous root mass in container. | Spreading wood fern | An indusium is present; collect fronds when indusium begins to lift and spore color is black. Fronds are collected by hand in July and August. | Spores are surface sown on sterilized milled sphagnum peat moss in sterilized flats with drainage holes. Water spores with distilled water only and seal flats promptly after sowing with clear plastic wrap to seal in moisture and prevent fungal contamination. Place flats under 60 watt soft incandescent lights set at 12 hour per day illumination. Germination of spores will occur after 15 days. The thread like germ filaments can be seen with the aid of a microscope and will appear as a fine green threads on the surface of the medium. A constant temperature of 20 to 25C should be maintained throughout the growth of the prothalli.<br> Container Type and Volume: Sporophytes are translanted into 800 ml (4.5" containers).<br> Growing Medium: Promix #1 medium | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery. Sealed flats are grown under grow lights and sterile conditions, for 2 to 3 months. Continued growth under greenhouse conditions at 20 to 25C for 2 to 3 months, followed by growth in the outdoor shadehouse for 6 months.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting sporophytes. | Spores germinate 10 to 20 days after sowing. The heart shaped prothalli continue to grow for 6 to 8 weeks. Examination of the prothalli under a microscope will reveal the presence of the reproductive structures; the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), located along the margins and notch of the prothalli. At this stage, it is critical to maintain a thin film of distilled water over the surface of the prothalli for fertilization to occur. It is critical to maintain sterile conditions during germination and establishment. Trays must be inspected for fungal contamination on a regular basis. If fungal contamination occurs, remove infected portions of the medium and treat trays with a highly diluted (1/4 recommended rate)fungicide drench. Treat with dilute fungicide only if prothalli are well developed. Reseal flats immediately and water only with distilled water.<br>Once sporophytes appear, clear plastic is removed from the trays and aseptic conditions are no longer necessary. | 2 to 3 months | Appearance of sporophytes occurred 5 months after spore germination. Individual plants are transplanted from flats to pots when they are 4 cm tall. After establishment in the greenhouse, they are moved to the outdoor shadehouse in late spring. Plants are fertilized with time released Osmocote (13-13-13) and Micromax micronutrients mixed into medium. Plants are root tight in 800 ml (4.5") containers by fall, one year after germination. | 8 months | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Plants are watered before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year <br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Ferns to Know and Grow, Foster, F.G., Timber Press, 1984.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Flora ofNorth America, Volume 2 Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, FNA Editorial Committee, Oxford University Press, 1993. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dryopteris carthusiana</i> (Villers) H.P. Fuchs Bull. plants 800 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
972 | Dryopteris (filix-mas) | Dryopteridaceae | Woof Fern family | Dryopteris | filix-mas | L. (Schott) | DRYFIL | Cedar/Devils Club habitat, Glacier National Park, Flathead County, MT. | <i>D. filix-mas</i> is a circumboreal species, common in moist forests and stream banks, from lowland to mid-montane elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 L container | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container sporophyte<br> Height: 30 cm, 7 mature fronds<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Fully developed short rhizomatous root mass. | Male fern | An indusium is present; collect fronds when indusium begins to lift and spore color is black. | Collect spores from the surface of paper and surface sow in sterilized flats filled with sterile, finely milled sphagnum peat moss. Water spores with distilled water and seal flats with clear plastic wrap to seal in moisture and prevent fungal contamination. Place flats under 60 watt soft incandescent lights set at 12 hour per day illumination. Germination of spores will occur after 15 days. The thread like germ filaments can be seen with the aid of a microscope and will appear as a fine green threads on the surface of the media. A constant temperature of 20 to 25C should be maintained throughout the growth of the prothalli. | Sealed flats are grown under grow lights for 2 to 3 months.<br> Continued growth under greenhouse conditions at 20 to 25 C for 2 to 3 months, followed by growth in the outdoor shadehouse for 6 months. | Sowing/Planting Technique: Moisten trays with distilled water before sowing. Surface sow spores evenly by hand using sterile gloves or other sterile sowing implement. Spores require light for germination. Seal trays immediately after sowing.<br> Establishment Phase: Germination of the spores occurs 3 weeks after sowing. The heart shaped prothalli continue to grow for 10 to 12 weeks.<br>Examination of the prothalli under a microscope will reveal the presence of the reproductive structures; the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), located along the margins and notch of the prothalli.<p>At this stage, it is critical to maintain a thin film of water over the surface of the prothalli for fertilization to occur. It is critical to maintain sterile conditions during germination and establishment. Trays must be inspected for fungal contamination on a regular basis. If fungal contamination occurs, remove infected portions of the medium and treat trays with a highly diluted (1/4 recommended rate)fungicide drench. Treat with dilute fungicideonly if prothalli are well developed. Reseal flats immediately and water only with distilled water.<br>Once sporophytes appear, clear plastic is removed from the trays and asceptic conditions are no longer necessary. | 2 to 3 months | Appearance of sporophytes occurred 5 months after spore germination. Individual plants are transplanted from flats to pots when they are 2 inches tall. After establishment in the greenhouse, they are moved to the outdoor shadehouse in late spring. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 NPK controlled release Osmocote (4 g) and Micromax microtnutrients (2g) mixed into Promix media per 800 ml container. Plants are root tight in containers by fall, one year after germination. | 8 months | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water. Plants are watered before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Ferns to Know and Grow, Foster, F.G., Timber Press, 1984.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant NurseryPropagation Records, unpublished. | Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dryopteris filix-mas</i> L. (Schott) plants 3 L container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
973 | Dudleya (brevifolia) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop | Dudleya | brevifolia | Moran | Dudleya | blochmaniae | Moran | susbp. | brevifolia | DUBLB2 | Coastal sage scrub, chaparral | Bluff edges in coastal San Diego County | None | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Wild Collected Seeds | 6-12 months | Our goal is to produce transplantable corms for a population augmentation project on Torrey Pines State Reserve Extension | Short leaved Dudleya | Wild collected seeds from Torrey Pines State Reserve extension | None for soil planted plants | Pots were sterilized using Physan 20 | Seeds were surface sown on a blend of 50% pasturized native sand and Sunshine mix #3.Pots were placed in a tray and were maintained moist with bottom watering. Bottom watering is important with this species in order to prevent disturbing or burying tiny seeds and seedlings. We started these seedlings under t5 fluorescent lighting. | 8-12 weeks | Plants were placed in a relatively shady part of our outdoor growing area once they had several true leaves. we reduced watering to approximately once per week to allow for some drying in between watering. | 12-16 weeks | As the weather begins to get hotter and drier in May and June the plants are allowed to slowly dry down and become dormant. | 6-8 weeks | Once plants were dormant we placed them in a dry, cool storage area to protect them from extreme summer heat. We plan on placing the plants into the outdoor growing area once cooler temperatures have arrived in the fall. | 16 weeks | We reintroduced 46 dormant corms in January, 2019. Above ground growth was noted in 9 individuals in 2019. In 2020 above ground growth was noted in 5 individuals. | Anderson, Stacy; Weatherson, Tobin. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dudleya brevifolia</i> Moran Plants Wild Collected Seeds; San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
974 | Dudleya (farinosa) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop Family | Dudleya | farinosa | (Lindl.) Brit. & Rose | DUDFAR | Marin County, California | <i>D. farinosa</i> is found on sea bluffs, coastal sage and scrub communities from Los Angeles county, California, north to southern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Powdery Liveforever | Seeds are collected between June 1st and September 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown cymes which rises from succulent basal leaves.<br>Seeds are tiny and dust like. | Seeds are cold stratified for 2 weeks in moist peat moss. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 2 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual 3 inch containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 85%. | 1 month | After seedlings are established, fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting. Plants require good drainage. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dudleya farinosa</i> (Lindl.) Brit. & Rose plants 3 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
975 | Dulichium (aurundinaceum) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Dulichium | aurundinaceum | (L.) Britt. | DULARU | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dulichium | Seeds were cold stratified for 270 days.Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Shipley and Parent 1991. Germination responses in 64 wetland species in relation to seed size, minimum time to reproduction and seedling relative growth rate. Func. Ecology. 5, 111-118. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dulichium aurundinaceum</i> (L.) Britt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
976 | Echinacea (angustifolia) | Asteraceae | Aster | Echinacea | angustifolia | Open rocky prairies and plains on the Great Plains, less frequent on the far-western edge; rarely existing east to central New Mexico and northwest Iowa. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Black Samson | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> 9 to 15 weeks cold-moist stratification for best results. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> In field in rows. Seedlings in flats should be transplanted after first growing season. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> July 22 - August 21.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Field grown plants may be lifted in early spring for transplanting.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Low humidity and temperature extends viability.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> At least 2 years under controlled environment (see storage requirements). | Art, Henry W. 1986. A Garden of Wildflowers. Storey Communications, Inc., Pownal, VT 05261. P. 120-121.<p> Great Plains Flora Assoc., T. M. Barkley, Ed. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. P. 921-922.<p> Hesse, MargaretC. 1973. Germination of Seven Species of Wild Flowers as Affected By Different Pregermination Conditions. MS Thesis, U. of Nebraska. P. 29-34.<p> Sullivan, Gene A. and Richard H. Daley 1981 Directory to Resources of Wildflower Propagation, National Council of State Garden Cluds, Inc., Missouri Botanical Garden. P. 98 and 225. | Wynia, Richard. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Echinacea angustifolia</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Manhattan Plant Materials Center Manhattan, Kansas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
977 | Echinacea (angustifolia) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Echinacea | angustifolia | DC. | ECHANG | E. angustifolia is found in the eastern half of the United states; ranging west to eastern Minnesota and Iowa. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black samsonconeflower | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Hoffman, G. R. (1992). Seed dormancy in the prairie forb Echinacea angustifolia var. angustifolia (Asteraceae): Afterripening pattern during cold stratification. Int. J. Plant Sci. 153, 239-243.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Echinacea angustifolia</i> DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
978 | Echinacea (pallida) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Echinacea | pallida | (Nutt.)Nutt. | ECHPAL | E. pallida is found from Wisconsin to Montana and south to Texas and Arkansas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pale purple coneflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 25 C. | Albrecht, M. L. and Smith-Jochum, C. (1990). Germination and establishment of Echinacea spp. (Compositae). Wildflower 3 (2), 6-11.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Echinacea pallida</i> (Nutt.)Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
979 | Echinacea (pallida) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Echinacea | pallida | (Nutt.) Nutt. | Echinacea | angustifolia | DC. | Variety | pallida | Nutt. | ECHPAL | Stony soils on summits of slopes or hills, prairie grassland, eastern MT. | <i>E. pallida</i> occurs in dry open prairies from Minnesota to Montana, south through the Great Plains to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainer | 2 Years | Years | Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 8 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 160 ml conetainer with well developed taproot. | Pale Purple Coneflower | Collect mature seeds when they are easily removed from the head in August and September. Seeds are dark grey at maturity. | The best germination rates are obtained with seeds that have been dry stored for 1 to 2 years. seeds are placed into a 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification at 1 to 3 C and are surface sown for the light requirement. Seeds germinate at 21 C.<br> | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown and irrigated thoroughly.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are set at 21 to 23C (12 hrs) day/15 C (12hrs) night alternating temperature cycle.. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Seedlings emerged uniformly. Germination continued for 3 weeks after sowing.<br>After seedlings are well established, they ust dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings had 4 to 6 true leaves 12 weeks after germination.<br> Seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer during active growth. | 16 weeks | Seedlings begin to go dormant in late summer. Leaves begin to die back to the crown by early to mid August. Increase in root growth continues until frost, and seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer once per week. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years for sizable seedlings with a well developed taproot.<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed: A State of the Art, Vol. 3: Forbs, U.S.D.I. National Technical Information Service, 1982.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Echinacea pallida</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. plants 160 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
980 | Echinacea (pallida) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Echinacea | pallida | (Nutt.) Nutt. | Echinacea | angustifolia | DC. | Variety | pallida | ECHPAL | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>E. pallida</i> is found from southwestern Iowa to eastern Kansas and Oklahoma. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Pale Prairie Coneflower | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. May 14 to July 10. Seed is harvested about August 18. | If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the Spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 6.0 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage,above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Echinacea pallida</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
981 | Echinacea (pallida) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Echinacea | pallida | (Nutt.) Nutt. | ECHPAL | Pale purple coneflower is found from Ontario south through the Midwestern and Great Plains states to northern Texas, and throughout the southeastern US. It inhabits open rocky prairies and plains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 90, 105, and 340 ml (5.5, 6.4, and 21 cu. in, respectively) styrofoam containers | 0 | Firm root plug with multiple leaves. | Pale purple coneflower | Pale purple coneflower flowers from May to early August. Flowerheads are sunflower-like with strap-shaped ray flowers that are pink to purple, surrounding a tight cluster of deep purple tubular disc flowers. Flowers are pollinated by a variety of insects.
Seeds mature from mid July to mid September. Mature fruits are indehiscent, 4-sided achenes that are dark grey to brown, thickened, smooth, and hairless. Seeds are usually 4 to 5 mm (0.15 to 0.19 in) long. | Seeds may exhibit physiological dormancy. If so, cold, moist stratification for 28 days at 1 to 2øC (34 to 36øF) may improve germination. | Seedlings were grown within three
container volumes (90, 105, and 340 ml) under subirrigation and overhead irrigation treatments.<p> The subirrigation system consisted of three separate, benchtop, plastic trays (1.2 m by 2.4 m by 5 cm) each outfitted with a 375-L tank, pump, and drain tube (Ebb-Flo; Midwest GroMaster Inc., St. Charles, Illinois). The overhead irrigation system was a traveling boom moving at 5 cm per second; nozzles (110ø flat spray tip) were spaced at 0.26 m and were 0.77 m above the container. Seeds were sown in late May 2005 and grown for 93 days.<p>Six containers of each size were filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium (Phillips Soil Products, Molalla, Oregon) amended with Apex 14N-6P- 11.6K controlled-release fertilizer with a 3 to 4 monoth release rate; JR Simplot Company, Boise, Idaho) at 3.17 kg per cu. m. Seeds were sown and media brought to field capacity and weighed. Containers were overhead irrigated at 85% saturated block weight. | Pinto JR, Chandler R, Dumroese RK. 2008. Growth, nitrogen use efficiency, and leachate comparison of subirrigated and overhead irrigated pale purple coneflower seedlings. HortScience 48: 897-901.
Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947. | Pinto, Jeremiah R.; Chandler, Rhiannon; Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Echinacea pallida</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. plants 90, 105, and 340 ml (5.5, 6.4, and 21 cu. in, respectively) styrofoam containers; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
982 | Echinacea (simulata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Echinacea | simulata | R.L. McGregor | ECHSIM | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wavy- leaf purple coneflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Hoffman, G. R. (1992). Seed dormancy in the prairie forb Echinacea angustifolia var. angustifolia (Asteraceae):Afterripening pattern during cold stratification. Int. J. Plant Sci. 153, 239-243. Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Leck, M. A. (1993c).<br>Afterripening pattern during cold stratification of achenes of ten perennial Asteraceae from eastern North America, and evolutionary implication. Plant Species Biol. 8, 61-65. <br>Table 10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Echinacea simulata</i> R.L. McGregor plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
983 | Echinacea (tennesseensis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Echinacea | tennesseensis | (Beadle) Small | Echinacea | angustifolia | Sub-species | tennesseensis | ECHTEN | E. tennesseensis is an endemic to Tennessee; growing in limestone soils in cedar glade habitat. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tennessee purple coneflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Leck, M. A. (1993c). Afterripening pattern during cold stratification of achenes of ten perennial Asteraceae from eastern North America, and evolutionary implication. Plant Species Biol. 8, 61-65. <br>Table 10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Echinacea tennesseensis</i> (Beadle) Small plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
984 | Echinacea (tennesseensis) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Echinacea | tennesseensis | endangered species | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | 10 weeks to seedlings ready for to transplant to the field. | Tennessee Purple Coneflower | Anytime after seed head peduncles are brown and dried. | Seeds are soaked for 24 hours in a 1mmol solution of ethephon (30 ml was adequate per 100 seeds in germination boxes with no blotters). The ethephon solution is then discarded and the seeds are transferred to germ boxes with blotters moistened with distilled water. The boxes are placed in cold storage (38F) for four weeks. Boxes are then transferred to germinators at a constant 25C. Radicles emerged in as little as 2 days and transplanting to celled flats is started in 1 week. 3.3 liters distilled water + 0.4786 grams ethephon = 1mmol Ethephon. Another procedure that works well is GA3 at 1mM concentration. (i.e. 0.346g/l) | After about a month of growing in celled flats, seedlings with two or three fully elongated true leaves are moved to field sites (tilled ground). Seedlings are watered and mulched. | Seedlings establish quickly with some plants flowering the first year but most do not until the following year. Water occasionally during the first weeks after transplanting to the field. | one summer | 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Echinacea tennesseensis</i> plants USDA ARS - North Central Research Plant Introduction Station Ames, Iowa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
985 | Elaeagnus (commutata) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster family | Elaeagnus | commutata | Bernh. | ELACOM | E. commutata is found from British columbia to Quebec and south to Utah in the western United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Silverberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 to 90 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Morgenson, G. (1990). Pregermination treatment and stratification of silverberry seed. Tree Plant. Notes 41(1), 24-25.<br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> Bernh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
986 | Elaeagnus (commutata) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster Family | Elaeagnus | commutata | Bernh. Ex Rydb. | ELACOM | Pondera Floodplain Germplasm, Pondera County, Montana; Dupuyer Streambank Germplasm, Pondera County, Montana; and a Bridger PMC source, Wheatland County, Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Containerized material in 40-cubic-inch to 2-gal containers, | 2 Years | Years | Silverberry | Seeds are hand collected at Bridger, MT from early September through October and stored in woven synthetic sacks in a cooler at 34 to 37›XF until processing. | Fresh seed requires little or no cold, moist chilling to germinate. A cold, moist chilling of 30 to 60 days may increase the rate and total germination of fresh seed slightly. Imbibed seed may be chilled in a ventilated ziploc bag in a perlite, vermiculite, or sand media and then sowed into containers or the seeds can be sowed directly into containers and then chilled in a cooler or unheated coldframe. Sow seeds in at least 10-cubic-inch pots for 1-year-old production and in 40-cubic-inch to 2-gal pots for 2-year-old stock. | For container production, sow seeds in a well drained commercial peat lite mix in 10- to 40-cubic-inch cones. | After chilling, place containers in a greenhouse maintained at 75 to 80›XF days for 16-hour photoperiods and 60 to 65›XF nights. Germination is variable often ranges from 60 to 80 percent under greenhouse conditions. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months since germination or rooting) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in thefall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in a hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40›XF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10›XF. Containers as small as 10-cubic-inch overwinter well this way. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37›XF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Fully dormant container store well for several weeks at 34 to 37›XF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> Bernh. Ex Rydb. plants Containerized material in 40-cubic-inch to 2-gal containers,; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
987 | Elaeagnus (commutata) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster Family | Elaeagnus | commutata | Bernh. Ex Rydb. | ELACOM | Pondera Floodplain Germplasm, Pondera County, Montana; Dupuyer Streambank Germplasm, Pondera County, Montana; and a Bridger PMC source, Wheatland County, Montana. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 bareroot | 2 Years | Years | Silverberry | Seeds are hand collected at Bridger, MT from early September through October and stored in woven synthetic sacks in a cooler at 34 to 37›XF until processing. | Fall sowing in the field can be used as a substitute for the cold, moist treatment. Sow approximately 25 seeds per linear foot at a depth of 0.25 to 0.50 inches in rows at least 1 foot apart for the production of 2-0 stock. Under ideal conditions, a suitably sized plant may be produced in one year. Excelsior mat may help germination percentage. | For bareroot production, rototill the seedbed to break up clods and level the site. Soil moisture needs to be such that rototilling leaves behind a fine, fluffy seedbed. Lightly firm the seedbed with a roller or packer prior to sowing if the soil surface is too soft. Sow about 25 seeds per linear foot to a depth of 0.25 to 0.5 inches. We maintain a 4-ft wide bed (5-ft between beds), and plant 3 to 4 rows of seeds per bed depending on production interval. We cover our seeds with excelsior mat to maintain soil moisture and minimize animal predation. | For bareroot production, we fall sow fresh silverberry seeds in October or November. Germination occurs the following spring and usually averages 40 to 50 percent. Early spring sowing of fresh (last yearÝs) seed should result in good germination the same spring. Under intensive management, 1-0 stock is adequately sized for outplanting the next year, although we prefer to produce and use 2-0 stock. | We harvest 2-0 bareroot plants as soon as the ground thaws in early spring. A "U" blade mounted to a 3-point system on the back of a tractor is used. Beds are undercut in two directions (lengthwise) prior to using the blade to lift the plants. Bundles of 10 to 25 plants are tied together, trimmed to a uniform size, then the roots packed in moist sphagnum or peat moss wrapped in plastic. The plants are stored in a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37›XF and 80+% relative humidity until needed and then shipped in heavy wax coated boxes as priority ground mail early in the week. Ship as described above for containerized seedlings. | Fully dormant bareroot plants store well for several weeks at 34 to 37›XF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> Bernh. Ex Rydb. plants 2+0 bareroot; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
988 | Elaeagnus (commutata) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster family | Elaeagnus | commutata | Bernh. ex Rydb. | Elaeagnus | argentea | Pursh, non Moench | ELECOM | Open rocky slopes, Saint Mary, 1500m elevation, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>E. commutata</i> occurs from B.C. to Quebec, south through the Rocky Mountains to Idaho, Montana and Utah. It is frequently found in moist slopes and in riparian zones at mid to low elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 30 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 172 ml containers. | Silverberry | Seeds are hand collected when fruit turns silver in late August through September. Seeds are brown at maturity. Seeds are stored in plastic bags under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 48 hour running water rinse in warm water to remove a soluble inhibitor. Next, seeds are placed in a 60 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3 C. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium. Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First average frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Germination is uniform and usually complete in 2 weeks. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Seedlings increase in height to 17 centimeters in 10 weeks. | 14 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art. Vol. 1: Shrubs, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT., U.S.F.S. General Technical Report INT-103.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy; Johnson, Kathy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> Bernh. ex Rydb. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
989 | Eleocharis (acicularis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Eleocharis | acicularis | (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes | ELEACI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Needle spikerush | Seeds were cold stratified for 90 days. Seeds germinated at 15 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Yeo, 1986. Dormancy in slender spikerush seed.J.Aquatic Plant Mangement. 24, 11-16. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eleocharis acicularis</i> (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
990 | Eleocharis (acicularis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Eleocharis | acicularis | (L.) Roemer & J.A. Shultes | ELAC | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | needle spikerush | Seeds were sown into 4"deep sqaure flats with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-basedmedia) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats wer left outside over winter for natural stratification. In early spring flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) Fair germination occured within two weeks. | Seedlings developed slowly, and were bottom watered to prevent seedling disturbance. | Flats were moved to a shadehouse and watered all summer. | Bartow, Amy L. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eleocharis acicularis</i> (L.) Roemer & J.A. Shultes seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
991 | Eleocharis (coloradoensis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Eleocharis | coloradoensis | (Britt.) Gilly | ELECOL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Colorado spikerush | Seeds were warm stratified for 21 days. Seeds germinate at 22C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br> Yeo and Thurston, 1979. Survival of seed and tubers of dwarf spikerush (Eleocharis coloradoensis)after exposure to extreme temperatures. Weed Science 27, 434-436. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eleocharis coloradoensis</i> (Britt.) Gilly plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
992 | Eleocharis (obtusa) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Eleocharis | obtusa | Schultes | ELOB2 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | blunt spikerush | Seed heads are cut off plants using hand-held grass trimers and then raked into pils and put on tarps in an open greenhouse to dry. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in a cooler for 5 weeks cold stratification. | Seeds germinate once they have been exposed to warm temperatures (80 degrees). | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eleocharis obtusa</i> Schultes seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
993 | Eleocharis (palustris) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Eleocharis | palustris | ELPA3 | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | Creeping Spikerush | Collect ripe seed in mid-September in western Washington. | Cold, wet stratification for one month. | Sow into 10 cubic inch tubes filled with Sunshine Mix #1 at the end of March. Sow 8 grams of seed per rack of 98 tubes. Place outside in wet beds to grow to size through the summer. Fertilize with Osmocote Pro 20-4-8 with IBDU in July. Overall success rate: 63%. | 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eleocharis palustris</i> plants Sound Native Plants Olympia, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
994 | Eleocharis (palustris) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Eleocharis | palustris | Roemer & J.A. Schultes | ELPA3 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be trasplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | Common spikerush | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers received 5 weeks warm stratification. | Seeds germinated after 5 weeks in a warm greenhouse. Germination might occur sooner in a hot greenhouse (80+ degrees). | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eleocharis palustris</i> Roemer & J.A. Schultes seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
995 | Elymus (alaskanus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | alaskanus | (Scribn.&J.G. Sm.) A. Love | Sub-species | latiglumis | Agropyron | latiglume | (Scribn.&J.G. Sm.) Ryd. | ELYALA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alaska wheatgrass | Germination occurs at 22D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Acharya, S. N. )1989). Germination response of two alpine grasses from the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 69, 1165-1177.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus alaskanus</i> (Scribn.&J.G. Sm.) A. Love plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
996 | Elymus (albicans) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | albicans | (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) A. L”ve | ELAL7 | Boulder County Parks and Open Space Department, Rabbit Mountain, Longmont, Colorado: 4984 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Montana wheatgrass | Small lot, 6.6 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus albicans</i> (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) A. L”ve seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
997 | Elymus (canadensis) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Elymus | canadensis | L. | ELCA4 | Diversity of habitats, sandy thickets, woods among dunes, often on Great Lakes shorelines. Grass blades are reddish at the base. Up to 1 meter high. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canada wild rye | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from July to August. Seed-like grain or caryopsis; glume equaling its awn. Awns of lemmas curved at maturity (straight when young). Seed is harvested from September to October. Riper seed is yellow, no longer greenish. | None are used. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: Grows best in deep cell plug trays; 100 cell (1-1/2" diameter), 18"x12"x6.5" deep. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press seeds into the dirt. Sow January until late July. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passes leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Transplant if needed. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus canadensis</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
998 | Elymus (canadensis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | canadensis | L. | ELYCAN | E. canadensis is found from Southern Ontario west to Alberta and south to Wyoming, North Dakota, Minnesota, Oklahoma and Missouri. It inhabitats streambanks and woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canadian wildrye | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification during winter months. Germination occurs the following spring. | Christiansen, P. A. and Landers, R. Q. (1966). Notes on prairie species in Iowa. I. Germination and establishment of several species. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 73, 51-59.<br>Table 10.24 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus canadensis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
999 | Elymus (canadensis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | canadensis | L. | Elymus | canadensis | L. | LEYCAN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canada wildrye | Dry storage of spring germinating seeds resulted in 66% germination. | Robocker, W. C., Curtis, J. T. and Ahlgren, H. L. (1953). Some factors affecting emergence and establishment of native grass seedlings in Wisconsin. Ecology 34, 194-199.<br> Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus canadensis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1000 | Elymus (caninus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | caninus | ELCA11 | See | Moist meadows and open woods in the mountains; Newfoundland to Alaska, south to the mountains of Maryland, west to Washington and California, and south to New Mexico and Arizona. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 167 kg/ha (149 lbs/ac). | Bearded wheatgrass | Wildland collection occurs mid to late August when caryopsis are tannish-brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the erect spike; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person yielded 164 grams (5.8 oz) clean seed (varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with two-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late July to early August, with a mean harvest date of July 28 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"--a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper--is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Seed dormancy is classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus caninus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1001 | Elymus (caninus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | caninus | ELCA11 | See | Moist meadows and open woods in the mountains; Newfoundland to Alaska, south to the mountains of Maryland, west to Washington and California, and south to New Mexico and Arizona. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 179 kg/ha (160 lbs/ac). | Bearded wheatgrass | Wildland collection occurs mid August to early September when caryopsis are tan-brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the erect spike; easily hand-harvested.p One collection hour/person will yield an average 159 grams (5.6 oz) clean seed (ranges 68 to 411 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 9 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus caninus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1002 | Elymus (elymoides) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | elymoides | ELEL5 | See | Dry hills, open woods, and rocky slopes; South Dakota to British Columbia, south to Missouri, Texas, California and Mexico. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 59 kg/ha (53 lbs/ac). | Bottlebrush squirreltail | Wildland collection occurslate July to early September just before spike begins to disarticulate (separates at maturity); hand-harvesting is difficult.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 46 grams (1.6 oz) clean seed (ranges 12 to 84 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to late July, with a mean harvest date of July 13 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> Mechanized harvesting was not successful due to the expanded, spreading nature of the inflorescence and the spontaneous separation (disarticulation) at the base of each joint of the rachis. Seedheads were hand- harvested, stuffed into galvanized bushel tubs and carefully transferred to larger plastic seed bags for transport. Each spikelet is very bulky due to long, divergent awns, and only small, fist-sized quantities can be handled at a time. Spikelets are easily dispersed in the slightest breeze.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>SeedDormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus elymoides</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1003 | Elymus (elymoides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | elymoides | (Raf.) Sweezey | Sub-species | elymoides | (Raf.) Sweezey | Sitanion | hystrix | (Nutt.) J.G. Small | ELYELY | E. elymoides ssp. elymoides is a widespread North american species found in dry soil and roadshoulders in prairies and open forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Squirrel tail | Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. | Young, J. A. and Evans, R. A. (1977). Squirreltail seed germination. J. Range Manage. 30, 33-36.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeographyand Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus elymoides</i> (Raf.) Sweezey plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1004 | Elymus (elymoides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | elymoides | (Raf.) Swezey | ELEL5 | USFS, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Bly Ranger District, Bly Oregon: 5500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Squirreltail | Large lot, 38 pounds, hand collected into paper yard bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus elymoides</i> (Raf.) Swezey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1005 | Elymus (elymoides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | elymoides | (Raf.) Swezey | ELEL5 | USFS, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Chiloquin Ranger District, Chiloquin, Oregon: 4179 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Squirreltail | Small lot, 7.15 pounds, hand collected into paper yard bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus elymoides</i> (Raf.) Swezey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1006 | Elymus (elymoides) | Poaceae | Elymus | elymoides | (Raf.) Swezey | ssp. | elymoides | Sitanion | hystrix | (Nutt.) J.G. Sm. | ELELE | SI-Duchesne County, UT | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | squirreltail | Purchased | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this source-identified seedlot from Duchesne County, Utah germinated to nearly 100% in all three treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had very little to no germination (3-29%). This suggests that seeding during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationELEL shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Foxx, Alicia; Kramer, Andrea T. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus elymoides</i> (Raf.) Swezey Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1007 | Elymus (glaucus) | Gramineae | Grass family | Elymus | glaucus | ELYGLA | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary by seedlot, weather and age of planting. Average yields range between 224 to 1008 kg/ha (200 to 900 lbs/acre). Approximate first-year yield for spring sown crops yield 224 kg/ha (200 lbs/acre) and fall sown crops yield 560 kg/ha (500 lb/acre). Yield remains constant with increasing seedbed age. | blue wild rye | No stratification or seed soaking required. Awns must be removed from seed before sowing. This is done at an extractory with brush machines. | Soils are fumigated with dazomet (Basamid) at a rate of 392kg/ha (350 lbs/acre). Several weeks after fumigation, soils are ripped and disked and 1.2m (4 ft) wideraised beds are formed. | Beds are sown and banded with fertilizer at the same time in the fall months. Fertilizer is ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) and potassium sulfate (0-0-53) at a rate of 280 kg/ha (250 lbs/acre) for both fertilizers. Seed is sown through a modified Love/Oyjord seed drill at a rate of 33 to 40 seeds per linear meter (10 to 12 seeds linear foot). Seed is sown in four rows, 30cm (12in) apart and immediately covered with a 6 to 8 mm layer of sawdust. Daily irrigations are made when the seed zone begins to dry out and continues until seedlings emerge which is usually between one and two weeks period. Benefits of fall sowing are that there tends to be less weeks during establishment and higher yields the following summer. | Soil moisture is maintained at field capacity until seed harvest time. After harvest, moisture is brought up to field capacity again. In early spring, two applications of ammonium nitrate (33-0-0) are made at the rate of 112 kg/ha (100 lbs/acre) at a two to three week interval. For two year and older crops four applications of triple thirteen (13-13-13) are made: two applications made one month apart in the early spring at the rate of 308 kg/ha (275 lbs/acre); application made in late May and one in late September at 112 kg/ha (100). Mites are controlled by spot applications of chlorpyrifos (Dursban) where mites populations exceed IPM thresholds. If rests, smuts and ergot exceed IPM threshold levels, stand is treated with propiconazole (Banner Maxx). Several hand weedings are made during the spring and fall, especially critical is the weeding prior to harvest to assure that weed seed is not harvested. Dicamba (Banvel) is used for broadleaf control in seedbeds but only when weed loads are heavy. Glyphosate (Roundup) and oxyfluorfen (Goal) are used in the pathways and along irrigation pipelines. Nozzles are shrouded to prevent crop damage. | Seed is monitored for ripeness and considered ready for harvest when the caryopsis is hard and individual seeds are easily removed from the seed stalk. This occurs mainly in June and July but can extend into August. Harvesting seed is done mainly with a combination of swathing first and then combining. However, direct combining is used when the biomass of the seedlot is low. The swather/combining method involves first swathing using a John Deere swather sicklebar with belt draper to cut the base of the seed stalk, leaving the stalks in place to dry for 2 to 4 days and then combining.Seed is placed in drying bins 1.2m (4 ft) by 1.2m (4 ft) by .5m (1.5 ft) deep with screened bottoms. These screens are stacked five high over a warm air duct which moves heated air 38C (100F). Air flow continues for 12 hours until seed moisture drops between 5 and 8 percent. Dried seeds are place in plastic bags (4mils) in boxes. Boxes are stored in coolers at 1C (34F) and/or freezers at -17(2F) for long term storage. Viability is expected to be greater than 8 years under these conditions. | Archibald C., Feigner S., Visser, J. Spring 2000. Seed and Seedling Production of Blue Wild-Rye. Native Plants Journal Vol. 1, Number 1. Pages 32 - 34. | Feigner, Steve; Archibald, Colleen; Visser, Johan. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> seeds USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1008 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | glaucus | Open areas, chaparral, woodland, forest; greater than 7,500 feet. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blue Wildrye | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None required. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Planted at a seeding rate of 10.5 pounds per acre, 30" rows (the two-acre stand seeded on February 15, 1989 was rated as excellent). This species was established using standard methods, i.e., disking, land leveling, furrows, planting with drill, fertilizing, cultivating, and spraying for weed control, and irrigation. This stand demonstrated that high elevation blue wildrye grass seed can be produced in large quantities at 100' elevation in the Mediterranean climate. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Late June.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> (In both 1990 and 1991) Harvested with three passes with a flail-vac harvester at 300 revolutions per minute (RPMs); in 1990, 120 pounds were bulk-harvested, which yielded 43 pure live seed pounds (21 .5 PLS pounds/acre), 91 % germination, 99.89 purity. In 1991, 558 pounds were harvested, which yielded 250 pounds of clean seed; the seed test results are not in at this time. The pesticides used on this stand are MCPP with Buctril and Redeem.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1009 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | glaucus | ELGL | See "Other Comments:" | Prairies, open woods, and dry to moist hillsides, low to mid montane; Ontario and Michigan to southern Alaska, south through South Dakota and Colorado to New Mexico and California; Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 102 kg/ha (91 lbs/ac). | Blue wildrye | Wildland collection occurs mid August to early September when caryopsis are gray-brown, at the firm dough stage, inflorescence is turning from green to purple-tinged, and when seed pulls easily from spike; easy to hand-harvest. This species tends to completely pre-shatter it's seed.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 132 grams (4.7 oz) clean seed (ranges 70 to 265 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrylr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 9 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p>
A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1010 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | glaucus | Buckl. | ELYGLA | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>E. glaucus</i> occurs from southern Alaska south to California, east to northern Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, south through the Rockies to New Mexico. It occurs in prairies, open woods, dry to moist hills, lowland to the subalpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves; 35 to 40 cm, trimmed backed to 10 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Blue wild rye | Seeds are collected in mid to late August when florets turn papery and light tan and seeds are easily stripped out of florets. Hand held sickles are also used to cut fully ripened stalks. Seeds are spread on an open tarp in drying shed and turned twice a day during the drying and curing process. | 5 month outdoor stratification. Stratification may not be necessary for lower elevation seed sources. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 21C or above during the day. | 2 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants are rhizomatous and quickly fill containers. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. | 10 weeks | Plants not outplanted first year were hardened off in September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months using a long stratification.<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> Buckl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1011 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | glaucus | Buckl. | ELYGLA | E. glaucus is found from southern Alaska to California, east to Ontario, and south Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, Colorado and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blue wild rye | Germination occurs at 20 C.<br> In Hoffman's study, germination occurs at 24C and was greater in light than dark. | Hoffman, G. R. (1985). Germination of herbaceous plants common to aspen forests of western Colorado. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112, 409-413.<br>Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J.and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> Buckl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1012 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | glaucus | ELGL | See "Other Comments:" | Prairies, open woods, and dry to moist hillsides, low to mid montane; Ontario and Michigan to southern Alaska, south through South Dakota and Colorado to New Mexico and California; Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 64 kg/ha (57 lbs/ac). | Blue wildrye | Wildland collection occurs late July to late August when caryopsis are gray-brown, at the firm dough stage, inflorescence is turning from green to purple-tinged, and when seed pulls easily from spike; easy to hand-harvest. This species tends to completely pre-shatter the seed.<p> One collection hour/person will yield 1,011 grams (35.7 oz) clean seed (ranges 141 to 1,337 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed PropagationMethod:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrylr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 20 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1013 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | glaucus | Buckl. | ELGL | Four accessions were collected; 3 from Mt Rainier National Park at elevations ranging from 2000 to 5,400 ft; and one accession from Crater Lake National Park at 6,400 to 7,000 ft. At Mt Rainier, seed was 3 collected in 3 zones along Highways 123 and 410 | West and central states including Alaska, scattered occurrence in Midwest and east to Michigan and New York in open woods and prairies, dry to moist hillsides, from low to mid-montane elevations. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Seed | 0 | Agronomic seed increase to provide clean seed free of noxious weeds with initial germination at 80% or higher, to be used in revegetation following road and building construction at national parks. | blue wildrye | Seeds were hand-stripped at soft - to hard dough stage. Seed can be collected as early as "milk" stage and allowed to mature at moderate to warm temperatures out of direct sunlight; mature seed shatters easily. Care was taken during collections not to "over-harvest" any areas, especially where vegetative cover was thin or in high-visibility areas. Smut and ergot were present in some years in the native stands; smut was more prevalent at Mt. Rainier while ergot was a problem in some collection years at Crater Lake. | none needed. | Plantings should be at least ¬ mile from other accessions; blue wildrye is largely self-fertile and wind-blown pollination is not a significant problem at these isolation distances. Seeds are sown at shallow depths, 50 to 60 pure live seed / ft resulted in good initial stand establishment. For plug transplants; plots had to be deeply tilled when soil moisture was moderate to allow mechanical transplanter to operate. | Seed can be either spring or fall-sown; and germinates within 14 days. Irrigation is supplied to keep the soil moist and prevent crusting over; after seedling emergence irrigation is supplied one or more times during the first season until crowns become established. While initial emergence was fairly good in all plots, weed competition hindered stand establishment, especially for the higher elevation ecotypes. Intensive spot-spraying, hoeing, and weed wicking were needed at this stage to keep weeds in check. The CL stands were especially sensitive to weed competition and mechanical disturbance during cultivation, resulting in only fair to poor stands for this ecotype. Two alternative methods to establish seed increase plots were carbon-band seeding or transplanting 8 to 10-week old plugs.<p> Spring or fall planting with Carbon-banding , which consists of overspraying the seed with an activated charcoal slurry followed by an overspray with Diuron, a broad-spectrum pre-emergent herbicide. (The equipment for applying the carbon slurry was provided on loan from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in Corvallis. The system consists of a tank with mechanical agitator to keep the charcoal in solution, and an impeller pump connected to tubing with large-diameter nozzles directed over the seeding row to depositthe slurry in a 1/8 to ¬ inch band directly over the seeded row. The system is front-mounted on the tractor while seeding equipment is pulled behind.<p>The 2nd method, plug transplanting, involved growing seedlings for 8 to 10 weeks and outplanting with a Holland "Rotary One" transplanter. Seedling plugs established in Ray-Leach "Stubby Super cells are removed from the cones and stacked into flats kept cool and covered with wet cloth; the plugs are fed into the mechanical transplanter and planted in rows 28 inches apart. This method both provides the plants with a "head start" over weed competition and the wide row spacing can be mechanically tilled. For the Crater Lake accession, this method provided better stand development than direct seeding methods. However, the resulting stand is not dense enough to be windrowed and combined and was hand-harvested using sickles and collecting onto tarps. | 2 months crowns generally well -established by then | Annual practices include early spring fertilization with 50 lbs N and 15 lbs S / acre (on established plantings only: fertilization during establishment allows weeds to overtake crop) , three applications of Tilt and Bravo at label rates at 3-week intervals in late March - May (final spray must be applied prior to boot stage); 2,4-D for control of broadleaf weeds, and mechanical tilling, hand-hoeing, and / or spot-spray with roundup for weedy grasses. Annual bluegrass and rattail fescue have been the most serious weeds in these stands at Corvallis, and no selective herbicides have been found to control them. In some winters, the crowns became fully dormant and it was then possible to overspray the field in January of February with Paraquat to kill germinating annual bluegrass. No labeled treatments are available for ergot or smut; Ergot was much more prevalent in the Crater Lake seedings. Both diseases become evident during seed fill; plantings thatbecome infested may be selectively hand-harvested but should be removed after that. | March - June: boot stage usually occurs in early June with seed ready to swath by early July. | Fields are swathed down when about 50 percent of the seed heads are in the "milk" stage. Seed ripening is quite variable from year to year, even within ecotype and seed development must be closely monitored. Windrows are left to cure for 3 to 7 days before combining. Small plots may be hand-stripped; the advantage of this is retrieving a greater percentage of the seed without excessive shattering loss. Flail-vac type harvesters may also be useful for this species. Seed cleaning is again by brush machine to remove awns, followed by one or more runs across an air-screen cleaner. Bottom screens can be used to separate out rattail fescue and annual bluegrass seed. Seed is stored in cloth sacks in a cool, dry storage facility or dry cold-storage room. Initial seed germinations should be high: 85% or better. | After 3 to 4 years germination at the PMC has generally declined to about 50%; after that it rapidly declines in extended storage. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> Buckl. seeds Seed; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1014 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | glaucus | Buckl. | ELGL | Western North America east to the Dakotas and south to Texas where mean annual precipitation ranges from 16-60 inches. In eastern Washington it is more commonly found in forested areas but is occassional in mesic grasslands such as the Palouse Prairie. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Blue wildrye | Seed ripens in July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft dough stage. The seed does not hold well in the inflorescence and shatter can quickly become excessive. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> Buckl. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1015 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | glaucus | Buckl. | ELGL | Western North America east to the Dakotas and south to Texas where mean annual precipitation ranges from 16-60 inches. In eastern Washington it is more commonly found in forested areas but is occassional in mesic grasslands such as the Palouse Prairie. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blue wildrye | Dryland plantings made in areas receiving 18 or more inches of annual precipitation should be sown in the spring. In areas receiving 16-18 inches of precipitation, either spring or fall seedings can be made. Irrigated seedings may be made at any time.<br>A fall seeding at Pullman suffered extensive winter damage and did not produce seed any quicker than spring seedings. | In April or early May, seed is sown in 36 inch wide rows at a rate of 30-40 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. This can be accomplished by no-till seeding techniques or by conventional tillage followed by a roller or packer. <br>Seed is sown as early in the spring as possible. Early seedings are more likely to be affected by soil crusting, which will prevent emergence of the seedlings. Later seedlings are less likely to be affected by soil crusting, but are more prone to failure if the soil dries out before establishment. <br>Seed must be placed no more than « inch deep in the soil. Native grass seeds do not have enough endosperm reserves to emerge from depths greater than « inch.<br> No fertilizer is applied during the establishment year. | If moisture is available in the seed zone, germination in the field will begin in 8-10 days and is usually complete in 14 days.<br>Bromoxynil may be used for broadleaf weed control while the grass is in the seedling stage. Phenoxy herbicides should not be applied until the seedlings have begun to tiller. Cultivation should be used with caution on young seedlings. They are easily uprooted or covered with soil. | 1 growing season | Established seed increase plantings are cultivated and rogued to control weeds and off-type grasses. Phenoxy herbicides may be used before the plants reach the boot stage. <br>80 lbs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the fall. <br>Seed increase plantings will produce seed in the second season and continue to produce abundant seed for 2-3 more seasons. | 3-4 growing seasons | Seed ripens in mid to late July in the Pullman area. When the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft dough stage, plants are cut with a swather and laid in windrows in the field. The seed does not hold well in the inflorescence and shatter can quickly become excessive. Windrows are allowed to dry in the field for 6-7 days, then threshed with a combine equipped with a grass pickup attachment on the header. Harvested seed is stored at ambient temperatures in boxes or woven bags until cleaned. | Darris, Dale C., Scott M. Lambert, and William C. Young III. 1996. Seed Production of Blue Wildrye. Plant Materials Technical Note 17. USDA NRCS, Portland, OR.<p> Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Kelley, Clarence A. 1988. Basics of Establishing Grass Seedings for Conservation. In: 1988 Annual Tech. Report. USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p>USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> Buckl. seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1016 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | glaucus | Buckl. | ELGL | USFS, Region 5, Six Rivers National Forest, California | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blue Wildrye | Small lot, 7.7 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> Buckl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1017 | Elymus (glaucus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | glaucus | Buckley | ELGL | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon: 1272 ft. elevation - for USFS, Region 5, Six Rivers National Forest, California. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blue wildrye | Large lot, 478 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus glaucus</i> Buckley seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1018 | Elymus (hystrix) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Elymus | hystrix | L. | Cultivar | ELYHYS | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Virginia, 1500' elevation; Skyline | <i>Elymus hystrix</i> grows from Nova Scotia to Quebec and North Dakota, and south to Georgia and Arkansas; it is found in moist, rocky woods. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plug | 14 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Height:</b> about 6-8" at outplanting after cutbacks.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Filled plug; plug retains shape when pulled from container. | Bottlebrush grass | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by J. Englert; Shenandoah National Park by J. Englert on 8/21/92 and 8/16/93; George Washington Memorial Parkway by M. Kangas; National Capital Parks-East by S. Rudy; National Plant Materials Center by D. Dusty. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None needed, although seeds germinate more uniformly after a 2-3 week cold stratification. Germination occurs at moderate temperatures. Seeds do not germinate or grow well in the greenhouse in mid-summer heat. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse; day/night temperature cycle (set at 75/78F); coolers and shade from direct sunlight during summer propagation. No extended day length.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ropak Multipots.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germination mix over Sunshine #5 with 180 day Nutricote Total (18-6-8) slow-release fertilizer @ 0.15lb/cu ft mix. Good results have been seen with the addition of Compro to the mix (1 bale SU#5:2 bags Compro). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> December/January for March-April planting; February for late spring; mid-July for fall field planting.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> If cold-stratified 2-3 weeks, (@45F, 35% humidity) first germination occurs in 6 days and about 90% of the seedlings emerge within 10 days of sowing. If unstratified, first germination occurs at around 10 days and extends irregularly over a 3-4 week period. Total germination remains the same.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing. Seed is lightly covered with germination mix. Plug trays receive a fungicide drench, are covered with clear lightweight plastic and placed in cooler for 2 weeks. Plastic may be left on fiats once on bench to conserve moisture until germination has occurred.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Planting medium is kept moist during germination by hand-watering. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Seedlings develop quickly after germination. They are cut back periodically to 4-6" to prevent lodging when watered, encourage root and stem growth and to manually eliminate insect pests. Plugs are fertilized as needed (approx. every 2 weeks) with Technigro 16-17-17 Plus, @75-100 ppm. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Seedlings are not maintained throughout the year. Seedlings are hardened off by placing plug containers outside the greenhouse in a sheltered area for 2 weeks prior to outplanting, while discontinuing fertilizer and reducing water. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are generally ready for outplanting 14 weeks after they germinate.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> N/A. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus hystrix</i> L. plants Container plug; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1019 | Elymus (lanceolatus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | lanceolatus | (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould | Agropyron | dasystachyum | (Hook.) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. | ELLAL | Arid and semi-arid portions of western North America east to the Dakotas and Nebraska and south to New Mexico where mean annual precipitation ranges from 8-36 inches. In eastern Washington it is most commonly found on dry, sandy soils of the Columbia Basin shrub-steppe and on sand bars along the Snake River. The Pullman Plant Materials Center worked with over 100 ecotypes collected from eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and northern Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Thickspike wheatgrass | Seed ripens in mid to late July in the Pullman area, but earlier in the warmer, drier areas of Washington. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<br>150-160,700 seed/lb (Hassell, et al 1996) | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. Seed planted for increase purposes should be treated with Carboxin or another compound to prevent head smut(<i>Ustilago bullata</i>) in subsequent seed crops. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 6 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus lanceolatus</i> (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1020 | Elymus (lanceolatus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | lanceolatus | (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould | Sub-species | lanceolatus </i>(Schwendimar) | Agropyron | dasystachyum | (Hook) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. | Cultivar | Schwendimar | ELLAL | Arid and semi-arid portions of western North America east to the Dakotas and Nebraska and south to New Mexico where mean annual precipitation ranges from 8-36 inches. In eastern Washington it is most commonly found on dry, sandy soils of the Columbia Basin shrub-steppe and on sand bars along the Snake River. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 15 Months | Months | Thickspike wheatgrass | Seed should be treated with Carboxin or a similar compound to prevent head smut(<i>Ustilago bullata</i>) in subsequent seed crops. | In April or early May, seed is sown in 36 inch wide rows at a rate of 30-40 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. This can be accomplished by no-till seeding techniques or by conventional tillage followed by a roller or packer. <br>Seed is sown as early in the spring as possible. Early seedings are more likely to be affected by soil crusting, which will prevent emergence of the seedlings. Later seedlings are less likely to be affected by soil crusting, but are more prone to failure if the soil dries out before establishment. <br>Seed must be placed no more than « inch deep in the soil. Native grass seeds do not have enough endosperm reserves to emerge from depths greater than « inch.<br> No fertilizer is applied during the establishment year.<p>150,000-160,700 seeds/lb (Hassell, et al. 1996)for the species. Accurate data for Schwendimar is not available but it is probably in the high end of that range. | If moisture is available in the seed zone, germination in the field will begin in 8-10 days and is usually complete in 14 days.<br>Bromoxynil may be used for broadleaf weed control while the grass is in the seedling stage. Phenoxy herbicides should not be applied until the seedlings have begun to tiller. Cultivation should be used with caution on young seedlings. They are easily uprooted or covered with soil. | 1 growing season | Established seed increase plantings are cultivated and rogued to control weeds and off-type grasses. Phenoxy herbicides may be used before the plants reach the boot stage. <br>80 lbs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the fall. <br>Seed increase plantings will produce seed in the second season and continue to produce abundant seed for 4-5 more seasons. | 4-5 growing seasons | Seed ripens in late July in the Pullman area. When the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence, plants are cut with a swather and laid in windrows in the field. Windrows are allowed to dry in the field for 6-7 days, then threshed with a combine equipped with a grass pickup attachment on the header. Harvested seed is stored at ambient temperatures in boxes or woven bags until cleaned. | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Kelley, Clarence A. 1988. Basics of Establishing Grass Seedings for Conservation. In: 1988 Annual Tech. Report. USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus lanceolatus</i> (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1021 | Elymus (riparius) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | riparius | Wiegand | ELRI | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | riverbank wildrye | Seed of Stones River ecotype riverbank wildrye was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | De-awned seed is planted into propagation 38 trays, greenhouse flat liners with 38 2.1 " diameter by 2.2" deep round cells per liner, that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus riparius</i> Wiegand plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1022 | Elymus (salinus) | Gramineae | Elymus | salinus | M.E. Jones | ELSA | Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Salina wildrye | Collected in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado by Noller in July 8-11, 1991 and July 8-11, 1992. | None. | <b>Propagation: Environemnt:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> July 15.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Cool and dry. | At least 3 years. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus salinus</i> M.E. Jones plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1023 | Elymus (trachycaulis) | Poaceae | Elymus | trachycaulis | San Luis cultivar | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this cultivar (San Luis) germinated to nearly 100% in all three treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Two treatments without winter conditions (treatments 3, 5) had very little to no germination (less than 15%), but the early-spring treatment without winter (treatment 1) had nearly the same response as those with 12 weeks of winter. This suggests that seeding during late winter can provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific minimum temperature conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationELTR shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus trachycaulis</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1024 | Elymus (trachycaulus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | trachycaulus | ELTRT | See "Other Comments:" | Moist to well-drained soils along rivers, meadows, and under open forest canopy; Labrador to Alaska, south to the mountains of West Virginia, Missouri, New Mexico, and California; northwestern Mexico. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 180 kg/ha (160 lbs/ac). | Slender wheatgrass | Wildland collection occurs early to late August when caryopsis are tannish, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the spike; easily hand-harvested. One collection hour/person will yield an average 185 grams (6.5 oz) clean seed (ranges 131 to 247 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, seeding depth 1.3 cm (0.5 in). <br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 10 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acrein mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs mid to late July, with a mean harvest date of July 17 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 3 to 5 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus trachycaulus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1025 | Elymus (trachycaulus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | trachycaulus | (Link) Gould ex Shimmers | Agropyron | trachycaulum | ELYTRA | E. trachycaulus is found from the alpine to low elevation grassland throughout the westrn and central United States and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Slender wheatgrass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 56 days. Germination occurs at 17D/12N C alternating temperature cycle. | McDonough, W. T. (1970). Germination of 21 species collected from high-elevation rangeland in Utah. Amer. Midl. Nat. 84, 551-554.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus trachycaulus</i> (Link) Gould ex Shimmers plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1026 | Elymus (trachycaulus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Elymus | trachycaulus | (Link) Gould ex Shinners | Sub-species | trachycaulus | (Link) Gould ex Shinners | Agropyron | trachycaulum | (Link) Malte. | ELYTRA | E. trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus is found from Alaska to Labrador and south to Kansas, California and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bearded wheatgrass | Germination occurs at 15D/4N C alternating temperature cycle. | McElgunn, J. D. (1974). Germination response of forage grasses to constant and alternating temperatures. Can. J. Plant Sci. 54, 265-270.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus trachycaulus</i> (Link) Gould ex Shinners plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1027 | Elymus (trachycaulus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | trachycaulus | (Link) Gould ex Shinners | Agropyron | trachycaulum | (Link) Malte ex H.F. Lewis | ELTR7 | Most of the US, except the Southeast, where mean annual precipitation ranges from 8-25 inches. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Slender wheatgrass | Seed ripens in mid to late July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from theplant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<p>135,000 seeds/lb (USDA, 2004).<br>135-160,000 seeds/lb (Hassell, et al, 1996). | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus trachycaulus</i> (Link) Gould ex Shinners plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1028 | Elymus (trachycaulus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | trachycaulus | (Link) Gould ex Shinners | Agropyron | trachycaulum | (Link) Malte ex H.F. Lewis | ELTR7 | Most of the US, except the Southeast, where mean annual precipitation averages from 8-25 inches. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 15 Months | Months | Slender wheatgrass | For dryland seedings which receive less than 16 inches mean annual precipitation, fall dormant seedings are preferred. Dryland plantings made in areas receiving 18 or more inches of annual precipitation should be sown in the spring. In areas receiving 16-18 inches of precipitation, either spring or fall seedings can be made. Irrigated seedings may be made at any time. | In April or early May, seed is sown in 36 inch wide rows at a rate of 30-40 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. This can be accomplished by no-till seeding techniques or by conventional tillage followed by a roller or packer. <br>Seed is sown as early in the spring as possible. Early seedings are more likely to be affected by soil crusting, which will prevent emergence of the seedlings. Later seedlings are less likely to be affected by soil crusting, but are more prone to failure if the soil dries out before establishment. <br>Seed must be placed no more than « inch deep in the soil. Native grass seeds do not have enough endosperm reserves to emerge from depths greater than « inch.<br> No fertilizer is applied during the establishment year.<p>135,000 seeds/lb. (USDA, NRCS. 2004).<br>135-160,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell, et al. 1996). | If moisture is available in the seed zone, germination in the field will begin in 8-10 days and is usually complete in 14 days.<br>Bromoxynil may be used for broadleaf weed control while the grass is in the seedling stage. Phenoxy herbicides should not be applied until the seedlings have begun to tiller. Cultivation should be used with caution on young seedlings. They are easily uprooted or covered with soil. | 1 growing season | Established seed increase plantings are cultivated and rogued to control weeds and off-type grasses. Phenoxy herbicides may be used before the plants reach the boot stage. <br>80 lbs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the fall. <br>Seed increase plantings will produce seed in the second season and continue to produce abundant seed for 2-3 more seasons. | 2-3 growing seasons | Seed ripens in mid July in the Pullman area. When the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence, plants are cut with a swather and laid in windrows in the field. Windrows are allowed to dry in the field for 6-7 days, then threshed with a combine equipped with a grass pickup attachment on the header. Harvested seed is stored at ambient temperatures in boxes or woven bags until cleaned. | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Kelley, Clarence A. 1988. Basics of Establishing Grass Seedings for Conservation. In: 1988 Annual Tech. Report. USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus trachycaulus</i> (Link) Gould ex Shinners seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1029 | Elymus (trachycaulus) | Poaceae | Elymus | trachycaulus | ELTR7 | Colorado, Meeker Stock West (98-171s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Slender Wheat Grass | Collected at Meeker Stock West (98-171s). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2.<p> Meeker Stock West (98-171s) sowed 12/23/98. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Uniform.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 3 weeks.<p> Meeker Stock West sowed 12/23/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus trachycaulus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1030 | Elymus (villosus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | villosus | Muhl. ex Willd. | ELVI | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | hairy wildrye | Seed of Stones River ecotype hairy wildrye was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | De-awned seed is planted into propagation 38 trays, greenhouse flat liners with 38 2.1 " diameter by 2.2" deep round cells per liner, that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus villosus</i> Muhl. ex Willd. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1031 | Elymus (villosus) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Elymus | villosus | Muhl. ex Willd. | ELYVIL | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky, 1150' elevation, Poor Valley | <i>Elymus villosus</i> is widely distributed from eastern Canada south to the Carolinas, Alabama, and Texas, and west to North Dakota and Wyoming; it grows in moist to dry woods and on shaded banks. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 14 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> Approximately 5-6 inches after cutbacks, multiple stems.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Roots fill plug; plug holds its shape when pulled from tray. | Hairy wildrye | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by R. Russell 10/15/91; National Plant Materials Center by D. Dusty 9/92, 7/28/93, 8/25/94, 7/26/95, 7/30/96, 8/28/97, 7/27/98, x/x/99. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None needed. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 75F/68F day/night temperature cycle during winter propagation; use fans/evaporative coolers and shade from direct sunlight during summer propagation; no extended day length.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ropak Multipot plug trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germination mix layered over Sunshine Mix #5 with 180 day Nutricote Total (18-6-8) SR @ 0.151b /cu ft. A 2:1 mix of Sunshine Mix #5:Compro (1 bale Sunshine:2 bags Compro) and Nutricote has been used with good results. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early December; mid July for fall field planting.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 1999 seed planted in summer 2000 - all of the seedlings that germinated (3,980) emerged by day 11. (Weather was unseasonably cool and plugs germinated rapidly under plastic). 1996 seed planted in spring 1999 - 50% had emerged by day 11. These were not under plastic.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed was direct sown in Ropak multipots. Multipots were watered, covered with plastic and placed in cool section of greenhouse behind shade cloth.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Planting medium is kept moist during germination by hand watering. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Seedlings develop quickly after germination. They are ready for a cutback when they reach about 4-6" or blades lodge upon watering. Plants need several cutbacks before out-planting to keep blades upright and allow water to reach media. Root and stem vigor is also increased by cutbacks. Plugs are fertilized as needed (every 1-2 weeks) with Technigro 16-17-17 Plus @ 75-100 ppm. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Seedlings are not maintained throughout the year. They are started mid-winter for spring outplanting or mid-summer for fall. Seedlings are hardened off by placing plug containers outside the greenhouse in a sheltered area for 2 weeks prior to outplanting. Fertilization is stopped and water is decreased. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late March-early April; plugs are generally ready for outplanting 14 weeks after they germinate.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed storage estimated to be greater than 4 years if seed is stored dry, in cloth bags or paper envelopes at 40 F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs in Ropak Multipots which failed to mature in time for fall planting have been over-wintered in a dark cooler @ 45 F, all survived and produced seed when removed the following spring. Needed periodic watering while in storage. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 months. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963.<p> | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus villosus</i> Muhl. ex Willd. plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1032 | Elymus (virginicus) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Elymus | virginicus | L. | ELV13 | Low deciduous or sometimes coniferous woods and thickets, especially along stream banks and floodplains, open marshy shores and meadows. Grass with 6-10 leaves per plant. Up to 1 meter tall. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Virginia wild rye | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula land. Flowers approximately June to August. Seed is an achene and is harvested in August. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water in the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for one month. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Heat for the cold months. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter), 14"x8.5"x4" deep. Also grows successfully in a variety of other plug cell sizes and shapes. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 5 seeds in each large cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press seeds into the dirt. Sow from January until July as needed. Relatively quick germination with approximately 75% germination. If seeds do not germinate within 2 months of planting, consider reseeding with seeds that were stratified for longer than the time specified. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus virginicus</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1033 | Elymus (virginicus) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | virginicus | L. | ELVI3 | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | Virginia wildrye | Seed of Stones River ecotype Virginia wildrye was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | De-awned seed is planted into propagation 38 trays, greenhouse flat liners with 38 2.1 " diameter by 2.2" deep round cells per liner, that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus virginicus</i> L. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1034 | Elymus (virginicus) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Elymus | virginicus | L. | ELYVIR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky, Poor Valley; National Capital Parks-East, Washington, DC, Oxon Run | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 14 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> Approximately 6 inches tall after cutbacks at outplanting.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Filled plug; plug retains shape when pulled from container. | Virginia wildrye | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by R. Russell on 10/10/90; National Capital Parks-East by S. Rudy on 11/12/98; USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center by D. Dusty on 9/92, 8/25/94, 7/31/95, 8/15/96, and 9/9/97. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None needed, although seeds germinate more uniformly after a 2-week cold stratification. Germination occurs at moderate temperatures. Seeds do not germinate or grow well in the greenhouse in mid-summer heat. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse; day/night temperature cycle set at 75/68F.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding in plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ropak Multipots.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germination mix over Sunshine #1 with Nutricote slow-release fertilizer. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early December.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> x% of seedlings emerge within x days of sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing. Seed is lightly covered with germination mix.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Planting medium is kept moist during germination by hand watering. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Seedlings develop quickly after germination. They are ready for a cutback after x weeks of growth. Plants are subject to 1-2 cutbacks before they are ready for the field. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Seedlings are not maintained throughout the year. They are started mid-winter for spring outplanting. Seedlings are hardened off by placing plug containers outside the greenhouse in a sheltered area for 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 14 weeks from seed germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are generally ready for outplanting 14 weeks after they germinate.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> N/A. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963.<p> National Plant Materials Center propagation records, unpublished. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus virginicus</i> L. plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1035 | Elymus (wawawaiensis) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | wawawaiensis | J. Carlson & Barkworth (Secar) | Agropyron | spicatum | (Pursh) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. | Variety | spicatum </i>(Secar) | ELWA2 | 'Secar' was released as a cultivar of bluebunch wheatgrass, <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> ssp.<i> spicata</i> (<i>Agropyron spicatum</i>) but was later determined to be a new species of <i> Elymus</i> (Carlson & Barkworth 1997). | Canyons of the Snake River and tributaries in Washington and northern Idaho. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Snake River wheatgrass | For dryland seedings which receive less than 16 inches mean annual precipitation, fall dormant seedings are preferred. Dryland plantings made in areas receiving 18 or more inches of annual precipitation should be sown in the spring. In areas receiving 16-18 inches of precipitation, either spring or fall seedings can be made. Irrigated seedings may be made at any time. | In April or early May,seed is sown in 36 inch wide rows at a rate of 30-40 seeds/linear foot. Even with the awns removed, Secar does not flow well through most seed drills. Constant agitation must be provided to assure even seed distribution.<br> Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. This can be accomplished by no-till seeding techniques or by conventional tillage followed by a roller or packer. <br>Seed is sown as early in the spring as possible. Early seedings are more likely to be affected by soil crusting, which will prevent emergence of the seedlings. Later seedings are less likely to be affected by soil crusting, but are more prone to failure if the soil dries out before establishment. <br>Seed must be placed no more than « inch deep in the soil. Native grass seeds do not have enough endosperm reserves to emerge from depths greater than « inch.<br> No fertilizer is applied during the establishment year.<p>126,000 seeds/lb (USDA NRCS 2007).<br>95-150,000 seeds/lb (Hassell et al 1996). | If moisture is available in the seed zone, germination in the field will begin in 8-10 days and is usually complete in 14 days.<br>Bromoxynil may be used for broadleaf weed control while the grass is in the seedling stage. Phenoxy herbicides should not be applied until the seedlings have begun to tiller. Cultivation should be used with caution on young seedlings. They are easily uprooted or covered with soil. | 1 growing season | Established seed increase plantings are cultivated and rogued to control weeds and off-type grasses. Phenoxy herbicides may be used before the plants reach the boot stage. <br>80 lbs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the fall. <br>Seed increase plantings will produce seed in the second season and continue to produce abundant seed for 4-5 more seasons. | 4-5 growing seasons | Seed ripens in mid to late July in the Pullman area. When the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence, plants are cut with a swather and laid in windrows in the field. Windrows are allowed to dry in the field for 6-7 days, then threshed with a combine equipped with a grass pickup attachment on the header. Harvested seed is stored at ambient temperatures in boxes or woven bags until cleaned. | Carlson, Jack R., and Mary E. Barkworth. 1997. <i>Elymus wawawaiensis</i>: A Species Hitherto confused with <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (Triticeae, Poaceae). Phytologia 83:312-320.<p>Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Kelley, Clarence A. 1988. Basics of Establishing Grass Seedings for Conservation. In: 1988 Annual Tech. Report. USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 14 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Elymus wawawaiensis</i> J. Carlson & Barkworth (Secar) seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1036 | Elymus (wawawaiensis) | Poaceae | Grass | Elymus | wawawaiensis | J. Carlson & Barkworth | Cultivar | Secar | Agropyron | spicatum | (Pursh) Scrib. &J.G. Sm. | Variety | spicatum </i>'Secar' | ELWA2 | 'Secar' was released as a cultivar of bluebunch wheatgrass, <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> ssp. <i>spicata</i> (<i>Agropyron spicatum</i>) but was later determined to be a new species of <i>Elymus</i> (Carlson & Barkworth 1997). | Canyons of the Snake River and tributaries in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Snake River wheatgrass | Seed ripens in mid to late July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Emergence usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Carlson, Jack R., and Mary E. Barkworth. 1997. <i>Elymus wawawaiensis</i>: A Species Hitherto confused with <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (Triticeae, Poaceae). Phytologia 83:312-320.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (16 February 2007).<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 16 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elymus wawawaiensis</i> J. Carlson & Barkworth plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
1037 | Emmenanthe (penduliflora) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Emmenanthe | penduliflora | Benth. | EMPE | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Seven Springs area, Forest Service Road 24, 1.0 miles North of Sears-Kay Ranch Road, Arizona; 3271 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Whisperingbells | Very small lot, 0.34 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Emmenanthe penduliflora</i> Benth. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1038 | Empetrum (nigrum) | Empetraceae | Crowberry family | Empetrum | nigrum | L. | EMPNIG | E. nigrum is found in bogs, heathlands, tundra and high mountains from Alaska east across northern Canada to Greenland. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black crowberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 20D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. | Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Empetrum nigrum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1039 | Encelia (californicia) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Encelia | californicia | Nutt. | ENCCAL | Catalina Island, California | California Encelia is a common species found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits sea bluffs and canyon slopes in coasal sage shrub communities and disturbed chaparral. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon containers | 5 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | California Encelia | Achenes are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected achenes from March to August. | During seed germination tests, we soak seeds in Physan fungicide for 3 to 5 minutes or place them in a 5% bleach solution for 3 minutes.<br> Germination percentages have varied from 0% to 92%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds begin to germinate 1 month after sowing. | 1 month | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium.<br> We prune plants when they are 4 inches tall to promote branching.By late June, we shift plants into 1 gallon containers. One gallon container stock is ready for outplanting the following year. | 4 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Encelia californicia</i> Nutt. plants 1 gallon containers; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1040 | Encelia (farinosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Encelia | farinosa | Gray ex Torr. | ENCFAR | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Encelia farinosa</i> is found in the Mojave and Colorado deserts on dry stony slopes; from southern and Lower California east to Utah and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Brittlebush | Seeds are hand collected in late spring when achenes have matured. Viable seeds are plump with shiny hairs. | Seeds are sown soon after collection. Use gibrellic acid soak on seeds that have been stored for any length of time.<br> Seeds can be directly sown or soaked in water overnight prior to sowing. Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal). PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season. | 7 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growingcompound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Encelia farinosa</i> Gray ex Torr. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1041 | Encelia (frutescens) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Encelia | frutescens | (Gray) Gray | ENCFRU | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Encelia frutescens</i> is found in the Mojave and Colorado deserts on dry stony slopes; from southern California east Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Rayless Encelia | Seeds are hand collected when achenes have matured. | Seeds are soaked in water overnight to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br> Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal). PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season. | 7 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Encelia frutescens</i> (Gray) Gray plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1042 | Enneapogon (desvauxii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Enneapogon | desvauxii | Desv. ex P. Beauv. | ENDE | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM Land, Dona Ana County, New Mexico: 4317 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nineawn pappusgrass | Very small lot, 0.20 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Enneapogon desvauxii</i> Desv. ex P. Beauv. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1043 | Ephedra (californicia) | Ephedraceae | Joint Fir Family | Ephedra | californicia | S. Wats. | EPHCAL | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Ephedra californica</i> is found in the Colorado and Mojave deserts on dry slopes and fans below 3,000 ft elevation; from Lower California to the inner coast ranges north to Merced, County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | California Joint Fir | Seeds are collected in late spring. | Seeds are soaked in 1:4 bleach/water solution for 1 to 3 hours. Seeds are then leached overnight to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br> Seeds are directly sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplantinginto larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal).<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; duration varies according to season. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ephedra californicia</i> S. Wats. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1044 | Ephedra (nevadensis) | Ephedraceae | Joint fir family | Ephedra | nevadensis | Wats. | EPHNEV | E. nevadensis is found from Oregon and Nevada south to California and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nevada joint-fir | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 20 C. | Young, J. A., Evans, R. A. and Kay, B. L. (1977). Ephedra seed germination. Agron. J. 69, 209-211.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ephedra nevadensis</i> Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1045 | Ephedra (nevadensis) | Ephedraceae | Joint Fir Family | Ephedra | nevadensis | S. Wats. | EPHNEV | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Ephedra nevadensis</i> is common on dry hills and slopes mostly below 4500 ft elevation from Arizona and Utah to Owens Valley, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Nevada Joint Fir | Seeds are collected in late spring. | Seeds are soaked in a 1:4 bleach/water solution for 1 to 3 hours. Seeds are then leached overnight to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br> Seeds are directly sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal).<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; the duration varies according to season. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ephedra nevadensis</i> S. Wats. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1046 | Ephedra (viridis) | Ephedraceae | Joint fir family | Ephedra | viridis | Coville | EPHVIR | E. viridis is found from southwestern Colorado to California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Green joint-fir | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 2-15 and 25 C. | Young, J. A., Evans, R. A. and Kay, B. L. (1977). Ephedra seed germination. Agron. J. 69, 209-211.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ephedra viridis</i> Coville plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1047 | Ephedra (viridis) | Ephedraceae | Joint Fir Family | Ephedra | viridis | Coville | EPHVIR | Nevada | <i>Ephedra viridis</i> is found from the western edge of the Colorado desert through the Mojave desert and along the eastern slope of the Sierra mountains to Arizona, Utah and Colorado. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height:8 in<br> Caliper:3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Green Joint Fir | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator 30 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month following emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 8 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruningto settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid-November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br> Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Ephedra viridis</i> Coville plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1048 | Ephedra (viridis) | Ephedraceae | Ephedra | viridis | EPHVIR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Morman Tea | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 2 to 6 weeks.<br> <b>Cold Stratification:</b> Those species which require cold stratification are typically sown in plug trays and placed on the watering bench for several days to ensure that the media is thoroughly moist and seed are imbibed. The seeded plug flats are covered with an inverted empty plug flat; to allow the 4 to 5 seeded flats are stacked with the inverted flats acting as spacers. These stacked flats are placed in clean or disinfected polyethylene bags used for soilless media and are sealed with twist-ties; these bags contain perforations punched by the media manufacturer, which allow air exchange. These plug tray stacks are placed in a walk-in cooler held at 40§ F and periodically checked for signs of germination or the need for adding moisture. When germination has started or when a sufficient stratification period has passed, the plug flats are moved to the greenhouse and placed on the watering bench.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. Tumbling seems beneficial for this species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Wet tumbling seems beneficial.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seedling ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the greenhouse. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ephedra viridis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1049 | Epilobium (alpinum) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose family | Epilobium | alpinum | L. | EPIALP | E. alpinum is a circumboreal species found south throughout North America at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine fireweed | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Epilobium alpinum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1050 | Epilobium (anagallidifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose family | Epilobium | anagallidifolium | Lam. | Epilobium | alpinum | L. | EPIANA | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT.,2032m elevation. | <i>E. anagallifolium</i> is a circumboreal species that occurs south in North America to California, New Hampshire, and Colorado, mainly in subalpine and alpine slopes and streams. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 7 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug inconetainer. | Alpine willow-herb | Seeds are hand collected in mid August when loculicidal capsules begin to split. Seeds are gray at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.Seeds are lightly covered with media.<br> Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0 .1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 21C or above during the day. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. Plants are root tight 10 weeks after germination. | 10 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Epilobium anagallidifolium</i> Lam. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1051 | Epilobium (angustifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose Family | Epilobium | angustifolium | L. | EPAN2 | Colonizes open fields, recently disturbed areas (fire) and roadsides. Full sun. Rich soil is best, growth of stems and leaves but few blooms. Does best on drier, well drained sites. Height up to 6' with beautiful magenta pink flowers. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fireweed | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Cut entire flower spike and place upside-down in a large paper bag. Flowers from July to September. The seed is a linear capsule containing seeds with a terminal coma. The seed is harvested in September-October. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with one month of moist cold stratification in a refrigerator or cold garage. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. Approximately 50-75% of seeds germinate and make it to maturity. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not transplanted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1052 | Epilobium (angustifolium) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose | Epilobium | angustifolium | L. | Chamerion | angustifolium | (L.) Holub | EPAN2, CHANA2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i> is a circumboreal species of Europe, Asia, and North America. In North America it is found in moist prairies and open woods from Alaska south to California and east to the Atlantic Coast from lowlands to timberline in the mountains. It is not found in the southeastern US. It is one of the first species to colonize disturbed or burned over ground. <br>The Palouse is at the lower end of its ecological amplitude. It occurs there only in moist meadows and on north facing slopes where there is sufficient soil moisture to support shrub thickets.<br>Wetland indicator status is FACU+ (USFWS 1988). | Because of its ability to colonize disturbed sites and its rhizomatous nature, it is sometimes considered a weed in agricultural settings. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | fireweed | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is collected in August or September when the capsules near the midpoint of the inflorescence are splitting. The seed is tiny, plumed, and can be transported long distances on the wind (Solbreck & Andersson 1987). Seed becomes airborne in even the slightest breeze. The inflorescence is cut from the plant and stored under cover at ambient temperatures in a shallow box covered with window screen. | Some studies found that stratification aided germination (McLean 1967, Nichols, 1934). Others report that stratification is not needed (Rose et al 1998, Pavek 1992, Chirco &Turnoer 1986).<br>Three protocols in the Native Plant Network also report stratification aids germination (Baskin & Baskin 2002, Luna & Dedekam 2005, Schulz et al 2001). Several authors report that light may aid germination (Rose et al 1998, Chirco &Turnoer 1986). <br>There is no difference in germination between cold dry or warm dry stored seed (Romme et al 1995). <br> These differences in germination requirements within the species may reflect seed source and the elevation and climatic conditions under which the ecotype evolved.<p> Seed of the Pullman ecotype germinates readily without pretreatment.<br>Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 69% germination occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 5% germination. 90 or more days ofcold, moist stratification resulted in 19% germination. Seed was covered in all treatments and replications. Germination response to light was not tested. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 6 days and is complete in 15 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of container <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> (L.) Holub. ssp. <i>angustifolium</i> plants; University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 17 April 2006). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.<p> Brenchley, Winifred E. 1933. Colonisation by <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i>. The Journal of Ecology 21:101-102.<p> Broderick. D.H. 1990. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 93. <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i> L. (Onagraceae). Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:247-259.<p> Chirco, Ellen, and Terry Turnoer. 1986. Species without AOSA Testing Procedures. The Newsletter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 60(2):2-66. Available online at http://www.aosaseed.com/Species%20wo%20AOSA%20list%20plus%20adds.pdf Updated November 11/10/03.<p> Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Dawes, Denny. 2003. Using a Shop Vacuum to Clean Salicaceae Seeds. Native Plant Journal. 4(2): 140.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Granstrom, Anders. 1987. Seed Viability of Fourteen Species During Five Years of Storage in a Forest Soil. Journal of Ecology 75:321-331.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Horn, Elizabeth L. 1972. Wildflowers 1, the Cascades. Touchstone Press. Beaverton, OR.<p> Horn, Elizabeth L. 1993. Coastal Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT.<p>Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 332pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Luna, Tara; Dedekam, Sara. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of container <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> (L.) Holub. ssp. <i>angustifolium plants</i> (116 ml (7 cu in)); Glacier National Park, West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 17 April 2006). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> McLean, Alastair. 1967. Germination of Forest Range Species from British Columbia. Journal of Range Management. 20:321-322.<p> Mosquin, Theodore, and Ernest Small. 1971. An Example of Parallel Evolution in <i>Epilobium</i> (Onagraceae) Evolution 25:678-682.<p> Mosquin, Theodore. 1967. Evidence for Autopolyploidy in <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i> (Onagraceae). Evolution 21:713-719.<p> Nichols, G.E. 1934. The Influence of Exposure to Winter Temperatures upon Seed Germination in Various Native American Plants. Ecology 15: 364-373.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Patterson, Patricia A, Kenneth E. Neiman, and Jonalea R. Tonn. 1985. Field Guide to Forest Plants of Northern Idaho. General Technical Report INT-180. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, Utah. 246 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> Romme, William H., Laura Bohland, Cynthia Perischetty, and Tanya Caruso. 1995. Germination Ecology of Some Common Forest Herbs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 27:407-412.<p> Rose, Robin, Caryn E.C. Chachulski, and Diane L. Haase. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. 248 pp.<p> Routley, M.B., and B.C. Husband. 2003. The effect of protandry on siring success in <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> (Onagraceae) with different inflorescence sizes. International Journal of Organic Evolution 57:240-248.<p> Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of container <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i> L. plants; Hiawatha National Forest, Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 17 April 2006). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.<p> Solbreck, Christer, and David Andersson. 1987. Vertical Distribution of Fireweed, <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i>, Seeds in the Air. Canadian Journal of Botany 65:2177-2178.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p> Tilford, Gregory L. 1997. Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. Mountain Press Publ. Co., Missoula, MT.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> USDA NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Whitson, Tom D., Larry C. Burrill, Steven A. Dewey, David W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, Richard D. Lee, and Robert Parker. 1996. Weeds of the West. 5th ed. Western Society of Weed Science. Newark, CA.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i> L. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1053 | Epilobium (canum) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose Family | Epilobium | canum | (Greene) | Sub-species | latifolium | (Hook.) Raven | Zauschneria | latifolia | (Hook.) Greene | EPICAN | Zion National Park, Utah | <i>Epilobium canum ssp. latifolium</i> is found from Oregon and California south through the Great Basin States to Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | D 40 containers | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Hummingbird trumpet | Seeds are hand collected from sites within the Park when fruits have fully matured. | Seeds are naturally stratified outdoors during fall months. <br>Sowing Methods: Seeds are sown in Dyna flats with drainage holes containing a medium of 1.5 parts vermiculite, 1 part sterile sand, 1 part coarse turface, and 2 parts peat moss (v:v:v:v). Trays are watered thoroughly after sowing and are not allowed to dry out completely during stratification and germination. | Seedlings are grown in a shadehouse from March through October. | We transplant emergents at the cotyledon stage into D 40 pots containing the same media described for germination. It is important to transplant at the cotyledon stage as root deformation will occur if delayed beyond this stage of development. We sometimes incorporate 13:13:13 NPK Osmocote time release fertilizer into media. | Seedlings are hand watered throughout the growing season after they are well established. Throughout the active growth phase, we irrigate when containers are nearly dry as a method of hardening the plants while they are being grown. | Decker, Cheryl. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Epilobium canum</i> (Greene) plants D 40 containers; USDI NPS - Zion National Park Springdale, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1054 | Epilobium (ciliatum) | Onagraceae | willowherb | Epilobium | ciliatum | Epilobium | watsonii | EPCI | adaptible and tollerant of many conditions, best suited to more moist habitat. | Most of the United States (excluding some south-eastern states) and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Fringed willowherb | This plant appears to need no treatment prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Epilobium ciliatum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1055 | Eragrostis (paupera) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Eragrostis | paupera | Jedw. | Eragrostis | falcata | sensu A.S. Hitchc., non Gaud. ex Steud. | ERAPAU | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Native to the pacific equatorial region. In Hawai'i, occurring in coastal sites on coral sand, gravel and saline flats; sometimes as a pioneer species. It is found on Kure, Midway and Pearl and Hermes atolls, French Frigate Shoals, and formerly at Barber's Point, O'ahu. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containrized seedling | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Eragrostis | Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked overnight in water.<br>Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Viability percentage and length of time for germination is not known.<br>Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 1 to 2 months | 4 to 6 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eragrostis paupera</i> Jedw. plants 3.5 in containrized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1056 | Eragrostis (spectabilis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Eragrostis | spectabilis | (Pursh) Steud. | ERASPE | E. spectabilis is found from Minnesota and North Dakota south to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Purple lovegrass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 21 C.<br> In Baskin's study, Seeds are placed into cold stratification.Germination occurs at 30C temperature cycle. Germination is equal in light and dark. | Tolstead, W. L. (1941). Germination habits of certain sand-hill plants in Nebraska. Ecology 22, 393-397.<br>Table 10.24. Baskin and Baskin,unpublished,Table 10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eragrostis spectabilis</i> (Pursh) Steud. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1057 | Eragrostis (trichodes) | Poaceae | Grass family | Eragrostis | trichodes | (Nutt.) Wood. | ERATRI | E. trichodes is found from South Dakota and Illidnois south to Texas and Arkansas in sandy soils in prairies and open, sandy woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sand lovegrass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 14 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br>Dry storage of spring germinating seeds resulted in 62% germination.<br> Heating pretreatment resulted in 100% germination.<br> Pretreatment with potassium nitrate resulted in 63% germination. | Ahring, R. M., Dunn, N. L., Jr. and Harlan, J. R. (1963). Effect of various treatments in breaking seed dormancy in sand lovegrass, Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Wood. Crop Sci. 3, 131-133.<br>Robocker, W. C., Curtis, J. T. and Ahlgren, H. L. (1953). Some factors affecting emergence and establishment of native grass seedlings in Wisconsin. Ecology 34, 194-199.<br>Table 10.24 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eragrostis trichodes</i> (Nutt.) Wood. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1058 | Eragrostis (variabilis) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Eragrostis | variabilis | (Gaud) Stued. | Eragrostis | niihuaensis | Whitney | ERAVAR | Midway Atoll | Endemic to Hawai'i. Occurring on sand dunes, grasslands, open sites, dry forest, and exposed slopes and ridges or cliffs, 0-1,130 m. Known from Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Lisianski, Laysan, Nihoa, and all of the main islands. 'Emoloa is currently one of the dominant species on Laysan, Lisianski, and Pearl and Hermes Atoll where it is widely used by seabirds for nesting and foraging. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in container seedling | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Emoloa | Collecting seeds: Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked overnight in water.<br>Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually offplants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Seeds take 10 to 14 days to germinate.<br>Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 1 month | 5 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eragrostis variabilis</i> (Gaud) Stued. plants 3.5 in container seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1059 | Erianthus (giganteus) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Erianthus | giganteus | (Walter) | ERIGIG | Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Moist ground and old fields; New Jersey to Kentucky; Arkansas south to Florida and Texas. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 1+0 container | 14 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Plug container seedling.<br> Height: Around 6-8" after cut-backs.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Full, firm plug which leaves no loose soil when pulled. | Sugar-cane plumegrass | Collected in 1999. | Seed Treatments: 3 weeks cool stratification @ 45§F, and 35% relative humidity. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (75-85§F daytime and 65-68§Fnights) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high pressure sodium lights from 4:30 to 10:30 p.m.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Hand sown in germination plug trays.<br> Container Type and Volume: Seeds were sown in 392 plug trays and transplanted to Ropak multipots.<br> Growing Media: Seeds are sown in Fafard Germinating Mix. Seedlings are transplanted into a 2:1 Sunshine #5:Compro mix (one 3.8 cu. ft. bale Sunshine mix, 2 bags Compro) with 180 day Nutricote (16-6-8) SR fertilizer incorporated @ 20 oz. per batch of mix. | Sowing Date: 12/13/99. Stratified in cooler until 1/7/00, placed on bench 1/7/00.<br> % Emergence and Date: 50% of total seedlings that eventually germinated had emerged by day 14; the balance by day 28.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seed is sown in germination mix in 392 plug trays, drenched with fungicide, covered with clear plastic and cold-stratified in cooler at 40§F, 35% humidity for 3 weeks. Trays are then moved to bench and kept evenly moist while covered with plastic until germinated.<br> Establishment Phase: Seedlings were transplanted to Ropak multipots about 17-20 days after emergence. Smaller seedlings were hand-dug out of germination trays and transplanted with no adverse effects. | Rapid growth phase: Several cutbacks were performed to strengthen stems and promote root growth. Plugs grew steadily but not rapidly. | Hardening Phase: 2-3 weeks prior to out-planting, fertilization is stopped, water is decreased and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors. | Harvest Date: Delivered to Park in early May.<br> Total Time to Harvest: About 12-14 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> Storage Conditions: N/A; plugs are not over-wintered.<br> Seed storage: Seed bags in seed cooler held at 40§F and 35% relative humidity | N/A. | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Second ed. Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden. 910 pp.<p> Hitchcock. 1950. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Erianthus giganteus</i> (Walter) plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1060 | Eriastrum (diffusum) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Eriastrum | diffusum | (A. Gray) H. Mason | ERDI2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS, Tonto National Forest, Seven Springs, Forest Service road 24, 0.2 miles west of junction with Forest Service road 562, Maricopa County, Arizona: 3517 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Miniature woollystar | Very small lot, 0.73 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriastrum diffusum</i> (A. Gray) H. Mason seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1061 | Ericameria (bloomeri) | Asteraceae | Composites | Ericameria | bloomeri | (Gray) J.F. Macbr. | Haplopappus | bloomeri | Gray | ERBL2 | Crater Lake National Park; 6,500 to 7,000 feet | Northwest US., California, Nevada, Idaho. In Crater lake, occurs around pumice flats and other dry, open areas | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-gallon containers | 0 | Well-developed root system filling pot, free of root rot, tops well-brandhed with well-developed woody bases | Rabbitbrush; Bloomer rabbitbrush, goldenbrush | Seed collected in late August / September by hand into paper sacks, air-dried on open benches. Seed production very limited in some years; also extensive insect damage noted on seeds and flowering heads in some years. | 2 weeks cold -moist stratification; no germination was achieved without stratification but in our observations longer periods (up to 6 weeks) did not further enhance germination | Seed should be sown in well-drained soil mix (we used Fisons Sunshine #3 soil-less potting mix; addition of perlite may be useful to enhance aeration and drainage. These were started in a sunny greenhouse in spring (up to about 85 F day; 55 to 65 F nights) without bottom heat. | Seedlings are slow to emerge; should be watched carefully for signs of damping-off. Light waterings when needed; no fertilizer until seedlings are well-established and ready to transplant. | about 8 to 10 weeks. | Established seedlings transplanted into 3.5 " pots filled with Fisons' Sunshine #3 soilless mix amended with about 20% by volume horticultural sand. Low rates of fertilizer (Peters' Triple 20 at half-strength) applied monthly during active growing season. Overwatering stunts these plants and leaves them susceptible to root rots. Plants were retained in small pots on an unheated greenhouse bench at Corvallis over winter, and repotted into 1-gallon cans the following spring. Plants were held outdoors in full sunfrom May to August of the 2nd year when they were shipped to Crater Lake. A few plants were lost in the 2nd year most likely due to overheating of the black containers exposed to full sun; after that the container bases were shaded to prevent soil heating / root damage. | May to August | Fetilizer discontinued in August and intervals between watering lengthened to encourage vegetative maturity. | 6 weeks | Shipped by refrigerated van in August to a holding facility at Crater Lake where they were kept for 2 to 4 weeks before outplanting. | Plants overwintered well at Corvallis in an outdoor lean-to shelter (to keep excess rain out). Plants were repotted to 1-gallon containers in early spring. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ericameria bloomeri</i> (Gray) J.F. Macbr. plants 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1062 | Ericameria (cooperi) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Ericameria | cooperi | (Gray) Hall | Haplopappus | cooperi | (Gray) Hall | ERICOO | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Ericameria cooperi</i> is common in rocky basins and mesas from 2600 to 5700 feet elevation in the Mojave desert of southern California and Nevada. It is rare in the interior cismontane region of southern California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon VC Pipe container | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Cooper's Goldenbush | Seeds are hand collected in June. | Seeds are soaked in water for 6 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal).<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; duration varies according to season. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ericameria cooperi</i> (Gray) Hall plants 2 Gallon VC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1063 | Ericameria (ericoides) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Ericameria | ericoides | (Les.) Jepson | Haplopappus | ericoides | (Less.) Hook. & Arn. | ERIERI | Presidio, California | <i>E. ericoides</i> is found in sand dunes near the cooast from Point Reyes to Los Angeles County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Goldenbush | Seeds are collected between June 20th and November 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is light gray at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation and mist system and are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination:7% | Seeds germinate 12 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 12 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | 24 days | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse.<br> Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 1 month after transplanting and frequently thereafter.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ericameria ericoides</i> (Les.) Jepson plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1064 | Ericameria (laricifolia) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Ericameria | laricifolia | (A. Gray) Shinners | ERLA12 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Aguirre Spring road, at Aguirre Spring Campground, Dona Ana County, New Mexico: 423 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Turpentine bush | Very small lot, 0.745 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ericameria laricifolia</i> (A. Gray) Shinners seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1065 | Ericameria (linearifolia) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Ericameria | linearifolia | (DC.) Urbatsch & Wussow | ERLI6 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Clear Creek Management Area, San Benito County, California; 2757 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Narrowleaf goldenbush | Very small lot, 0.095 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ericameria linearifolia</i> (DC.) Urbatsch & Wussow seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1066 | Ericameria (nauseosa) | Asteraceae | Aster | Ericameria | nauseosa | (Pallas ex Pursh) Nesom & Baird | ERNA10 | Idaho Fish and Game, Boise River WMA: 2900-3200 ft elevation along ID-21 | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | rubber rabbitbrush | 13 lbs. of seed heads, hand collected into paper bags | Storage: Cold Storage, -15 to -11 Celcius | Petricevic, Carol. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> (Pallas ex Pursh) Nesom & Baird Seeds USDA FS- Lucky Peak Nursery Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1067 | Ericameria (nauseosa) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Ericameria | nauseosa | (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird | Madrean Archipelago | E. nauseosa is found across the western United States and southwestern Canada at elevations up to 8,000ft (Scheinost et al 2010). One of the few desert plants to flower in October, it is an important autumn pollinator plant (Scheinost et al 2010). It is also important browse material for wildlife in winter, although in summer it produces volatile chemicals which make it unpalatable (Scheinost et al 2010). It is a fast-growing plant and provides effective erosion control along roadsides and wash banks (Scheinost et al 2010). All of these wonderful ecological attributes make it a mainstay of the target species list for seed collection and propagation in the Madrean Archipelago.
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Rubber Rabbitbrush | Seeds are ready for collecting Oct-Dec. Seeds are easily removed from the plant by gently pulling tufts of the white pappus. This pulls the attached seed out from the seed head. If seeds are green or not easily separated from the plant they are not yet ripe and the site should be documented for future collection.
| Pretreatment is not necessary for rubber rabbitbrush, and seeds should germinate in 5-20 days (Tirmenstein 1999). Germination rates are highest when seeds are germinated between 20 and 30°C and and can reach 50-80% (Romo and Eddleman 1988). Germination rates vary widely depending on the seed source, although seeds from warmer areas tend to germinate quicker than those from colder regions (Tirmenstein 1999). | Romo, J. T., and L. E. Eddleman. "Germination of green and gray rubber rabbitbrush and their establishment on coal mined land." Journal of Range Management (1988): 491-495.
Scheinost, P.L., J. Scianna and D.G. Ogle. “Plant Fact Sheet for Ericameria nauseosa (pallas ex Pursh.) G.L. Nesom & Baird.” USDA NRCS Plant Fact Sheet. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, WA, 2010. Tirmenstein, D. “Ericameria nauseosa.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 1999. Web. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, February 6]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1068 | Ericameria (nauseosa) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Ericameria | nauseosa | (Pallas ex Pursh) Nesom & Baird | Chrysothamnus | nauseosus | (Pallas ex Pursh) Britt. | Sub-species | nauseosus | (Pallas ex Pursh) Britt. | ERNA | Rubber rabbitbrush is widely distributed in western North America from sea level to 3,203 m (Tirmenstein 1999). Up to 25 subspecies and numerous races and ecotypes adapted to various climatic and edaphic conditions occupy numerous plant communities and habitats (Tirmenstein 1999). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Rubber rabbitbrush | Fruits ripen from September to December depending on elevation, latitude, and aspect of seed source (Meyer 2001) When ripe, achenes are easily striped from branches. | None. Seed dormancy in rubber rabbitbrush varies widely among seed sources. With increasing elevation and latitude, seeds tend to require a greater length of stratification for germination at low temperatures (3›¦C) (Meyer and McArthur 1989). However, at warm temperatures (30›¦C), untreated seeds from most sources germinate well (Meyer and McArthur 1989). | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early May and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed, along with attached flower parts and debris, is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on the top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. To control the number of seeds sown per cell, and limit under- and over-sowing, the quantity of material sown is predetermined by a trial run 2 to 3 weeks before actual sowing. The goal is to have every cell filled, with the fewest number of extra germinants per cell. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 4 to 5) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. If space is available, containers are spaced to every other slot in racks when transferred to the shadehouse to improve air flow and reduce the likelihood of foliar disease problems. Growing tips are pinched back at this time to promote branching and prevent leggy growth. | 12 to 15 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, butthe interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. | 5 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed 11 Nov 2001. Tirmenstein D. 1999. Chrysothamnus nauseosus. In: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [(2002, June)]. Meyer SE. 2001. Chrysothamnus Nutt. rabbitbrush. In: Bonner, FT. Woody Plant Seed Manual interim website; www.wpsm.net Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. Meyer SE, McArthur ED, Jorgenson GL. 1989. Variation in germination response to temperature in rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus: Asteraceae) and its ecological implications. American Journal of Botany 76:981-991. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> (Pallas ex Pursh) Nesom & Baird plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
1069 | Ericameria (nauseosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Ericameria | nauseosa | Pallas ex Pursh | Variety | nauseosa | (Pallas ex Pursh) Nesom& Baird | Chrysothamnus | nauseosus | (Pallas ex Pursh) Britt. | ERINAU | Utah | <i>E. nauseosa var. nauseosa</i> is found in dry plains and semi desert regions in western North America from eastern British Columbia to Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 6 in.<br> Caliper: 5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Gray rabbitbrush | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Mature fruit is a winged achene. | None. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are surface sown by hand in early spring. Seeds are lightly pressed into prepared seed beds to hold them in place and irrigated immediately after sowing. Beds are irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 23 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 3 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> Pallas ex Pursh plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
1070 | Ericameria (nauseosa) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Ericameria | nauseosa | (Pallas ex Pursh) Nesom & Baird | ERNA10 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Arboretum at Flagstaff Property, Sinclair Wash Meadow, Coconino County, Arizona; 7130 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Rubber rabbitbrush | Very small lot, 0.1 pounds, hand collected into paper envelope. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> (Pallas ex Pursh) Nesom & Baird seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1071 | Ericameria (nauseosa) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Ericameria | nauseosa | (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird | Sub-species | nauseosa | ERNAN3 | USFS, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, Whitman Ranger District, Anthony Lake, Oregon: 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Rubber rabbitbrush | Very small lot, 0.94 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1072 | Ericameria (nauseosa) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Ericameria | nauseosa | (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird | Sub-species | consimilis (Greene) G.L. Nesom & Baird | var. oreophila (A. Nelson) G.L. Nesom & Baird | ERNAO | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Toiyabe National Forest, Mohawk Canyon, Nye County, Nevada: 6000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Rubber rabbitbrush | Small lot, 3.53 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L. Nesom & Baird seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1073 | Ericameria (nauseosa) | Asteraceae | aster | Ericameria | nauseosa | Chrysothamnus | nauseosus | ERNAN5 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant may be found in the central swath of North America from Texas and New Mexico to North Dakota and Montana primarily in shrub land areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes that fit the soil profile in container. | rubber rabbitbrush | Ericameria nauseosa seeds germinated both with and without a cool treatment in our trials. However, when placed directly in our warm growth chamber (70F days and 50F nights)we saw only a 62% germination. This rate improved to 82% when given a two week cool (38F) treatment. The germination rate again dropped (to 78%) when the cool treatment was extended to 90 days. In summary, it appears that a brief cool treatment prior to a warm growth chamber is ideal for germination. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1074 | Erigenia (bulbosa) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Erigenia | bulbosa | (Michx.) Nutt. | ERIBUL | E. bulbosa is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | harbinger of spring | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin and Baskin,1988,unpublished.In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigenia bulbosa</i> (Michx.) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1075 | Erigeron | Asteraceae | Erigeron | Colorado, MPCG (98-071s), Sprague Lake (98-017s, 98-018s), Glacier Gorge (98-139s), Endovalley (98-173s), Alluvial Fan, McGraw Ranch (98-190s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Erigeron | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head.<p> MPCG (98-071s) collected on 7/18/98; Sprague Lake collected 9/16/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat, lightly covered with germinating mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 3 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Sprague Lake sowed 10/27/98; MPCG sowed 11/12/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Erigeron</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1076 | Erigeron (alicea) | Asteraceae | Composite, Aster, Daisy, Sunflower | Erigeron | alicea | ERAL3 | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon | Grows in meadows and openings in woodlands. Found on the west coast of the US in CA, OR, and WA. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Alice Eastwood’s fleabane | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 70 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is uniform and quite rapid. It is usually complete in 10 to 14 days. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Root development is somewhat slow. Shoot growth can be considered moderate throughout the active growth phase, but can be pushed to reach target height and plug density in the first year. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 18 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Early October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p.
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Erigeron aliceae Howell. URL: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=35815#null (accessed 19 Feb 2020). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Erigeron aliceae Howell Alice Eastwood's fleabane. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ERAL3 (accessed 19 Feb 2020). | Riley, Lee E.; Kamakura, Renata. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron alicea</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1077 | Erigeron (compositus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Erigeron | compositus | Pursh | Variety | glabratus | Macoun. | ERICOM | Scree slope, Siyeh Bend, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 2000m elevation. | <i>E. compositus</i> is a widespread North American species, occurring from prairies to alpine slopes. It inhabits disturbed open areas in well drained soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 3 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 160 ml conetainer | Cut leaved Daisy | Seeds are hand collected in August when achenes turn tan and are easily detached from the disc. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. This species will germinate to high percentages using a shorter duration (60 day) artifical cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct seeding. Manual hand sowing; seed is covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 70% milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 22C or above during the day. Seedlings are thinned at the true leaf stage. After seedlings ar well established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron compositus</i> Pursh plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1078 | Erigeron (decumbens) | Asteraceae | aster | Erigeron | decumbens | ERDE3 | prairie habitat | ERDE3 can typically be found in both California and Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes fill soil profile in container. | Willamette daisy | Erigeron decubens needs 120 days of cool/moist stratification (about 38F)to break dormancy and demonstrate peak germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron decumbens</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1079 | Erigeron (divergens) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Erigeron | divergens | Torr. & A. Gray | ERDI4 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS, Tonto National Forest, Forest road 1681, 0.5 miles from junction with Forest road 201, Maricopa County, Arizona: 4700 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Spreading fleabane | Very small lot, 0.035 pounds, hand collected into paper envelope. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Erigeron divergens</i> Torr. & A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1080 | Erigeron (foliosus) | Asteraceae | Composite, Aster, Daisy, Sunflower | Erigeron | foliosus | ERFO2 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Grows in dry, often rocky soils. Found in Oregon and California and parts of northwestern Mexico. Some sources also show a disjunct population in southern Washington. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Leafy fleabane | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 70 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is uniform and quite rapid. It is usually complete in 10 to 14 days. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Root development is somewhat slow. Shoot growth can be considered moderate throughout the active growth phase, but can be pushed to reach target height and plug density in the first year. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 18 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September.
| 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Early October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p.
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. [FNA] Flora of North America. nd. Erigeron foliosus Nuttall. Vol 20:311. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066598 (accessed 20 Feb 2020). [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Erigeron foliosus Nutt. URL: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=502387#null (accessed 20 Feb 2020). Keil DJ, Nesom GL. 2012. Erigeron foliosus. In Jepson Flora Project (eds.). Berkeley (CA): University of California, The Jepson Online Interchange California Floristics. URL: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=2676 (accessed 20 Feb 2020). Turner M. 2018. Erigeron foliosus. Bellingham (WA): Turner Photographics. URL: igeron foliosus https://www.pnwflowers.com/flower/erigeron-foliosus (accessed 20 Feb 2020). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Erigeron foliosus Nutt. leafy fleabane. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ERFO2 (accessed 20 Feb 2020). | Riley, Lee E.; Kamakura, Renata. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron foliosus</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1081 | Erigeron (glaucus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Erigeron | glaucus | Ker. | ERIGLA | Marin County, California | <i>E. glaucus</i> is found on beaches and coastal bluffs below 500 feet elevation, from Santa Barbara County, California, north to Clatsop County, Oregon. | plants | seed | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Seaside Daisy | Seeds are collected between May 1st and July 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are light brown.<br> Seed is dark and hard at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 15th.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 20 days | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 1 month after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Erigeron glaucus</i> Ker. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1082 | Erigeron (humilis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Erigeron | humilis | Graham. | Erigeron | unalaschensis | Vierh. | ERIHUM | Alpine scree slopes, southeastern British Columbia | <i>E. humilus</i> is a North American boreal species that reaches its southern most limit in Glacier National Park. It is found in talus and scree slopes above treeline. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 1.5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Arctic-alpine daisy | Seeds are hand collected in late August when achenes separate easily from the receptacle. Seedsare collected in paper bags and kept in well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into an outdoor 150 day cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 160 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Seeds germinate uniformly in 10 to 15 days when day temperatures reach 22C during the day. Germination to true leaf stage is 35 days. Root development is very rapid during this stage. After seedlings are well established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | The root system will fill containers in as little as 8 weeks following establishment. Shoot growth is minimal the first year and appears as a small, compressed rossette of leaves less than 1.5 cm tall. The plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm occasionally. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are flushed with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date:September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, Penn. State University, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron humilis</i> Graham. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1083 | Erigeron (peregrinus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Erigeron | peregrinus | (Pursh) Greene | Sub-species | callianthemus | (Greene) Cronq. | ERIPER | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass,Glacier National Park,MT. | <i>E. peregrinus</i> is a widespread cordilleran species,occurring subalpine and alpine habitats. It is found from Alaska south to Califonia and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 4 Months | Months | Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 160 ml conetainer. | Subalpine Wandering Daisy | Seeds are hand collected in early September when achenes separate easily from the receptacle. Seeds are dark gray at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | No stratification is necessary. However, a brief 30 to 60 day cold, moist stratification will improve germination uniformity. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Seeds germinate uniformly in 8 days at 22C. Germination to true leaf stage is 7 to 15 days. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | There is rapid root and shoot development during the growing season. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. Some plants were flowering 10 weeks following germination. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 4 months<br> Harvest Date:July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron peregrinus</i> (Pursh) Greene plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1084 | Erigeron (philadelphicus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Erigeron | philadelphicus | L. | ERIPHI | E. philadelphicus is found throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Philadelphia daisy | Seeds germinate at 35/20 C. Germinarion is greater in light than dark. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished. In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.19 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron philadelphicus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1085 | Erigeron (pumilus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Erigeron | pumilus | Nutt. | ERPU2 | Erigeron pumilus grows on well-drained soils at middle to lower elevations (up to about 2,300 m), from the Great Plains west through the Rocky Mountains to the east side of the Cascade Mountains, and south to northern New Mexico and northern Arizona and the mountains of southern California. | None. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 2.75" x 5.5" plant band containers | 7 months | Healthy root development filling the container. | Shaggy Fleabane | Seed was hand collected from 750 plants on May 31, 2012. Mature seed (a small light colored achene) was easily removed from seed heads and placed directly into large paper bags. A small piece (about 1” x 1”) of No-Pest Strip was placed in each bag for 3 days to reduce insect predation. Seed was air dried in paper bags at room temperature prior to sending to the Bend Seed Extractory for cleaning. | Seed was stored in a cool, dry, and dark location prior to sowing. | We were unable to find literature for this species’ germination requirements, so several treatments were tried. For all treatments, soil was a 2:1:5 mix of lava fines, perlite, and Sunshine Mix #4. On February 14, 2013, we sowed dry seed directly into flats and placed them on bottom heat in the greenhouse. Within 8 days we observed the first seedling, and by 2 weeks, there were dozens. Seedlings were large enough to transplant to containers within one month. On March 13, we direct sowed 3-10 seeds per container into several hundred containers. Seed was pressed lightly into the soil from 1/8”-1/4” deep and covered with a thin layer of chicken grit. Containers were watered thoroughly by hand and placed outside on racks. On April 24, we direct sowed 150+ additional containers. At least for this seed lot (from the previous season), seed grew whether it received a brief cold stratification treatment or not. Sowing in both mid-March and late April worked equally well with this seed lot. | Germination rate was very good, perhaps 90%. By early July, 2013 we had 550 filled containers. | 4 weeks | Containers were allowed to dry slightly between hand waterings. A weak fish emulsion fertilizer was applied twice a month from April through June. Plants were placed in an outdoor shadehouse for the months of July and August until outplanting in early October, 2013. | 6-7 months | Seedlings were hand planted on rangeland sites and watered at least once. Protection from herbivory greatly enhanced their survival. | Intermountain Flora. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 5. Asterales. Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal , P.K. Holmgren. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 1994. | DeBolt., Ann . 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron pumilus</i> Nutt. Plants 2.75" x 5.5" plant band containers; Idaho Botanical Garden Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1086 | Erigeron (simplex) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Erigeron | simplex | Greene | ERISIM | E. simplex is found at high elevations from Montana to Oregon and south to New Mexico and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine daisy | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron simplex</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1087 | Erigeron (simplex) | Asteraceae | Erigeron | simplex | ERSI3 | Colorado, Alpine Visitor Center (98-214s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Collected at Alpine Visitor Center (98-214s) on 8/12/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. Oneweek after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 3 weeks.<p> Alpine Visitor Center (98-214s) sowed 1/20/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Erigeron simplex</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1088 | Erigeron (speciosus) | Asteraceae | Erigeron | speciosus | ERSP4 | Source Identified from Uncompahgre Partnership | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | aspen fleabane | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this Source Identified seed from the Uncompahgre Partnership (Colorado) germinated to nearly 100% in early spring conditions without winter treatment (treatment 1), and had relatively high germination in all three treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Two treatments without winter conditions (treatments 3 & 5) had very little to no germination (less than 50% and less than 10%, respectively). Because the early-spring treatment without winter (treatment 1) had nearly the same response as those with 12 weeks of winter, seeding during late winter or early spring may provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific minimum temperature conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationERSP shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Erigeron speciosus</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1089 | Erigeron (speciosus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Erigeron | speciosus | (Lindl.) DC. | ERISPE | E. speciosus is found From British Columbia and Alberta south to New Mexico, Arizona, and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Aspen daisy | Germination occurs at 24D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Hoffman, G. R. (1985). Germination of herbaceous plants common to aspen forests of western Colorado. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112, 409-413.<br>Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron speciosus</i> (Lindl.) DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1090 | Erigeron (speciosus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Erigeron | speciosus | (Lindl.) DC. | ERISPE | Waterton Lakes NP | Aspen daisy is a perennial species that ranges from southern British Columbia and Alberta south to Oregon, New Mexico and Arizona. It ranges east to South Dakota. It is common on moist and shallow soils or on heavier loam soils in aspen parklands, mountain meadows and open mixed coniferous forests (Hitchcock et al 1971). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 116 ml (7.0 cu. in) | 5 Months | Months | Firm root plug with multiple true leaves. | Aspen daisy | The fruits are achenes that are dark brown at maturity with a tan feathery pappus borne at the top of the achene. Achenes mature in September. Seeds are dispersed by wind.<br>Collect fully achenes just prior to dispersal by hand. | Seeds of other Erigeron species exhibit physiological dormancy. General recommendations include cold stratifying seeds for 30 to 60 days. Dry stored seeds germinate without pretreatment, but stratification gives a more uniform germination. | Seedlings are grown in a fully automated greenhouse. Seedlings are grown in Sunshine mix #2 wit timed released fertlizer incorporated into the growing medium. | Seeds are seeds need to be kept evenly moist during germination and establishment. | 1 month | During active growth, seedlings should be spaced as needed for good air flow between the containers. They are moved to the outdoor growing compound in early summer. | 2 months | During mid to late summer, seedlings should be moved to the outdoor nursery to undergo hardening until late fall. | 3 months | Seedlings can be planted in the fall or overwintered in the nursery using Microfoam sheets and planted the following spring. | 5 months | Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Ownbey M, Thompson JW. 1971. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Part 5 Compositae. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. | Luna, Tara; Dedekam, Sara. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron speciosus</i> (Lindl.) DC. plants 116 ml (7.0 cu. in); USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1091 | Erigeron (speciosus) | Asteraceae | Erigeron | speciosus | Colorado, McGraw Ranch (98-190s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Showy Fleabane | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from seed head.<p> Collected at McGraw Ranch (98-190s) on 9/3/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 7 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Uniform and rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> McGraw Ranch (98-190s) sowed 1/4/99. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Erigeron speciosus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1092 | Erigeron (subtrinervis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Erigeron | subtrinervis | Rydb. | ERISUB | E. subtrivernis is a widespread cordilleran species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Three veined daisy | Germination occurs at 20 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erigeron subtrinervis</i> Rydb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1093 | Eriodictyon (californicum) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf | Eriodictyon | californicum | ERCA6 | Jackson County, Oregon | Yerba Santa occurs from the Coast Ranges in California from Monterey County to the Klamath range in Siskiyou County as well as in the Sierra Nevada Range from Kern County in California to the Oregon counties of Klamath and Jackson in the north (Howard 1992). Yerba Santa grows below 1600-m elevation on dry rocky hillsides and ridges. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | California yerba santa | Gather seeds in September and October as the fruit capsules ripen. Yerba Santa seeds can be planted in the fall or early spring. The seeds will store indefinitely if kept in a dry, cool location. | No stratification is necessary. However, scarification of the seed coat in order to allow moisture and air to enter will increase germination. Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs) and pour water heated to 85 °C over the plugs multiple times. Trays are then moved directly into the greenhouse. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers when primary leaves have formed (approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification). Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 18 weeks, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. Average growing season of nursery is from mid-March until early October. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2-3 weeks. | 2 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 2 weeks. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 10 to 12 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to early winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center. 2006. California yerba santa Eriodictyon califonicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_erca6.pdf (accessed 6 Oct 2018).
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriodictyon californicum</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1094 | Eriogonum | Polygonaceae | Eriogonum | ERIOG | Colorado, Moraine Park Campground (98-026s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Buckwheat | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from papery covering.<p> Collected from Moraine Park Campground on 9/9/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in seed pack flat, 2-3 (?) seeds/slot, cover seed lightly with germination mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 5 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uniform and rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Maraine Park Campground sowed 10/28/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1095 | Eriogonum (alatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | alatum | ERIALA | Utah 2200m | E. alatum is found in the Southern Rocky Mountain states. | plants | seed | Wing Buckwheat | E. alatum flowers in late summer and seeds ripen in August, depending on elevation. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion: All 3 collections of E. alatum were completely non dormant without chilling, but the achenes did not germinate while under the 24 week chilling treatment.<br> This pattern suggests that E. alatum is primarily autim emerging.<br> In another experiment, we showed that this species can germinate in 3 days or less at warm temperatures. | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2000. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum alatum</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1096 | Eriogonum (bicolor) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | bicolor | ERIBIC | Utah 1450m | E. bicolor is endemic to central Utah and grows in salt desert shrublands. | plants | seed | Pretty Buckwheat | E. bicolor flowers in late spring and early summer and seeds ripen in late July. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion: E. bicolor is a cold desert species that appears to be adapted to winter and early spring emergence. It is largely dormant without prechilling, but germinated quickly in the cold at 7 wks to 50% germination during the chilling treatment and problably would have a relatively short chilling requirement. | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum bicolor</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1097 | Eriogonum (brevicaule) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | brevicaule | ERIBRE | Utah 1790 to 1880m | E. brevicaule is found in the Middle Rocky Mountain states. | plants | seed | Shortstem buckwheat | E. brevicaule flowers in mid to late summer and seeds ripen in August, depending on elevation. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion: Sees germinated to low percentages without prechilling (<20%), and generally had long chilling requirements(>12 wk for complete dormancy removal) and slow germination rates in the cold (>15 wk to 50%) | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum brevicaule</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1098 | Eriogonum (compositum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat | Eriogonum | compositum | ERCO12 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Josephine County, Oregon | Chiefly east of the Cascades in Washington; Washington south to California, east to Idaho. Dry, open areas, rocky slopes and cliffs from low to moderate elevations in the mountains. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Arrowleaf buckwheat | The three-sided achene can be hand-stripped from the plant. | Seeds are placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and layered in peat in a covered container. The containers are then placed in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. It is very important to check seeds in peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 16 weeks, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. Average growing season of nursery is from mid-March until early October. | Germination can be low, depending on seed quality. It is usually complete in 2 to 3 weeks. | 2 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. When secondary leaves have formed (approximately 2 weeks following germination), soluble fertilizer is applied. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to early winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Eriogonum compositum Douglas ex Benth. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ERCO12 (accessed 6 Oct 2018).
Knoke D., Giblin D. nd. Eriogonum compositum. Seattle (WA): Burke Museum Herbarium, University of Washington. URL: http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Eriogonum compositum (accessed 6 Oct 2018). Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum compositum</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1099 | Eriogonum (corymbosum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | corymbosum | ERIALA | Utah 880 to 1700 m | E. alatum is found in the Colorado Plateau and Uinta Basin. | plants | seed | Lacy buckwheat | E. corymbosum flowers in late summer to fall and seeds ripen in late September to early November, depending on elevation. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion:E. corymbosum showed germination response patterns that were problably related to habitat temperature. Two collections from low elevation, warm sites near Moab and Saint George, Utah germinated completely after a 4 wk chill and were fast to germinate in the cold (5 to 8 weeks to 50%), while a collection from a higher elevation, more northerly site on the San Rafeal Swell required 8 weeks of chilling to break dormancy completely and was much slower to germinate in the cold (16 wks to 50%). | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum corymbosum</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1100 | Eriogonum (elatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat | Eriogonum | elatum | EREL5 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Josephine County, Oregon | East of the Cascades crest in Washington; Washington south to California, less commonly east to Idaho. Habitat: Open sagebrush desert in the foothills to rather high elevations in the mountains. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Tall woolly buckwheat | Hand collect into paper bags. | Seeds are placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and layered in peat in a covered container. The containers are then placed in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. It is very important to check seeds in peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 16 weeks, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. Average growing season of nursery is from mid-March until early October. | Germination is moderate to high, depending on seed quality. It is usually complete in 2 to 3 weeks. | 2 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. When secondary leaves have formed (approximately 2 weeks following germination), soluble fertilizer is applied. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to early winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) Eriogonum elatum Douglas ex Benth. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 6 Oct 2018). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.
Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p. Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Eriogonum elatum Douglas ex Benth. tall woolly buckwheat. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=EREL5 (accessed 20 Sep 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum elatum</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1101 | Eriogonum (elatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | elatum | Douglas ex Benth. | EREL5 | BLM, Seeds of Success: Fort Sage Road, East of Turtle Mountain, near base of Fort Sage Mountains, Washoe County, Nevada: 1413 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Tall woolly buckwheat | Small lot, 8.6 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum elatum</i> Douglas ex Benth. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1102 | Eriogonum (fasciculatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | fasciculatum | Benth. | ERFA2 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Clear Creek Management Area, San Benito County, California | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Eastern Mojave buckwheat | Very small lot, .89 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum fasciculatum</i> Benth. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1103 | Eriogonum (fasiculatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat Family | Eriogonum | fasiculatum | Benth. | ERIFAS | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Eriogonum fasiculatum</i> is found from southern and Lower California east to southern Utah on dry slopes and mesas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Red Topped Buckwheat | Seeds are hand collected in August and September. Seeds are persistent on the plant through fall months and can also be collected later. | Seeds are soaked in water for 10 to 24 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br> Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 1 part sand and 1 part vermiculite (v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal).<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; duration varies according to season. | 7 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum fasiculatum</i> Benth. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1104 | Eriogonum (flavum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat Family | Eriogonum | flavum | Nutt. | ERIFLA | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. | <i>E. flavum</i> occurs in open knolls in grasslands to alpine ridges and scree slides. It ranges from Alaska and B.C. and Alberta, south to northeast Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6-10 true leaves, 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yellow Buckwheat | Seeds are collected in early September when the corolla turns papery. Seeds are tan at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 1 to 3C. After 60 days, seeds germinate during stratification and are planted as germinants. Seeds continue to germinate during stratification for another 30 days. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br>Seeds are covered with medium. Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S ,0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18 C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge 7 to 10 days after planting germinants. After seedlings are established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 6 weeks | Seedlings enter the rapid growth stage 8 weeks after germination and quickly fill 160 ml conetainers in 4 months.<br>Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm weekly until fall. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 7 months.<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum flavum</i> Nutt. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1105 | Eriogonum (heracleoides) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | heracleoides | Nutt. | ERHE2 | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | parnsipflower buckwheat | Germination trials were established with the following results: warm stratification, 29% germination; 45 days cold-moist stratification, 62% germination; and 90 days cold-moist stratification, 74% germination. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Seeds germinated in the cooler as well as at room temperature. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum heracleoides</i> Nutt. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1106 | Eriogonum (heracleoides) | Polygonaceae | buckwheat | Eriogonum | heracleoides | Nutt. | ERHE2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Native to dry, open, often rocky places from British Columbia to California and east to Montana and Colorado. On the Palouse it is often a dominant part of the vegetation on lithosolic sites. | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Wyeth buckwheat, parsnip flowered buckwheat | Fruit is an achene. Seed is collected in late July or early August when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are light reddish brown in color. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. <p> We determined 145,721 seeds/lb or 321 seeds/gram for this ecotype (USDA, NRCS Pullman Plant Materials Center 2005). | Fresh seed has a 30 to 40 days after-ripening requirement and should be sown in the fall (Stevens et al 1996). Seed will germinate at low rates without pretreatment, but 12 weeks of cold moist stratification is required for bestgermination rates. Germination is slow under cool temperatures (Meyer and Paulsen 2000). Seed stores up to 5 years under ambient temperatures and humidity (Stevens et al 1981).<br> Some seed of this ecotype will germinate without pretreatment, but long cold moist stratification is necessary for maximum germination. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 20% emergence occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 45% emergence. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 72% emergence. Increasing stratification time to 120 days resulted in 80% emergence. Seed planted in containers outdoors reached 95% emergence. The increase is likely due to even longer stratification time. These trials also showed that some seed will germinate during lengthy stratification and stratified seed will emerge more rapidly than untreated seed. | In late October or early November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in February. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40<sup>o</sup>F for 90-120 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 4 days and is complete in 12 days. | 4-12 days | Plants are watered deeply every third day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every other day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in mid April. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-3 weeks | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Volume 3, Ericaceae through Campanulaceae. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 510 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1956. Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington. J.M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Limited. Vancouver, BC. 211 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington.Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Meyer, Susan E., and Alisa Paulsen. 2000. Chilling Requirements for Seed Germination of 10 Utah Species of Perennial Wild Buckwheat (Eriogonum Michx. [Polygonaceae]). Native Plants Journal 1(1):18-24.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Stevens, Richard, Kent R. Jorgensen, and James N. Davis. 1981. Viability of Seed From Thirty-two Shrub and Forb Species Through Fifteen Years of Warehouse Storage. Great Basin Naturalist 41:274-277.<p> Stevens, Richard, Kent R. Jorgensen, Stanford A. Young, Stephen B. Monsen. 1996. Forb and Shrub Seed Production Guide for Utah. Utah State Univ. Extension AG501. Online at http://extension.usu.edu/files/agpubs/f&sguide.pdf. Accessed 2/12/08. <p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (12 February 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf <p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum heracleoides</i> Nutt. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1107 | Eriogonum (heracleoides) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | heracleoides | Nutt. | ERHE2 | USFS, Boise National Forest, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho: 2842 ft. elevation - grown for and collected by USFS, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, LaGrande Ranger District, LaGrande, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Parsnipflower buckwheat | Small lot, 18 pounds, grown and harvested atUSFS, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum heracleoides</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1108 | Eriogonum (heracleoides) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | heracleoides | ERIHER | Utah 2270 to 2520m | E. alatum is found in the Northern Rocky Mountain states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Hercules buckwheat | E. heracleoides flowers in early to mid summer and seeds ripen in August to early September, depending on elevation. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotterpapers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion: Seeds germinated to low percentages (<20%) without chilling, and generally had long chilling requirements (> 12 wk for complete dormancy removal) and slow germination rates in the cold (>15wk to 50%). | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum heracleoides</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1109 | Eriogonum (jamesii) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | jamesii | ERIJAM | Utah 1700 to 2210 m | E. alatum is found in the Southern Rocky Mountain states. | plants | seed | James buckwheat | E. jamesii flowers in late spring to early summer and seeds ripen in late July to early August, depending on elevation. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion:Some achenes could germinate without prechilling. All achenes were rendered non dormant by an 8 wk prechill. E. jamesii germinated slowly in the cold (14 to 16 wk to 50%). | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum jamesii</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1110 | Eriogonum (latifolium) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat Family | Eriogonum | latifolium | Sm. | ERILAT | Marin County, California | <i>E. latifolium</i> is found in coastal strand communities and coastal scrub, from San Luis Obispo County, California to Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Seaside Buckwheat | Seeds are collected between May 1st and July 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are rust brown.<br> Seeds are minute and black at maturity and are found at the base of each dried flower. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 3 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br>Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation and mist system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 15th.<br> % Germination:60% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br>
Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>
Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 28 days | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 1 month after transplanting.<br> Cut back central flower stalks if necessary.<br> Watch for crown rot if grown in leach tubes. Space seedlings in trays to prevent problems. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum latifolium</i> Sm. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1111 | Eriogonum (marifolium) | Polygonaceae | Knotweed | Eriogonum | marifolium | Torr. & Gray | ERMA4 | Crater Lake National Park, open dry meadows, 6,500 to 7,000 ft elev | Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada; gravelly flats in lodgepole and ponderosa forest to alpine talus and ridges up to 9,000 ft elevation | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 | 5 Months | Months | well-branched fibrous roots should fill the conetainer; sturdy, well-branched crown growth | wild buckwheat; marumleaf buckwheat | Seed easily collected and fairly abundant in most years; hand-collected into paper sacks by pinching off the dry seed heads | 16 weeks o cold-moist stratification in walk-in cooler | Seeds were sown into standard 10' conetainers filled with Fisons' Sunshine #3 seedling starter ; surface-sown seed covered with a fine layer of vermiculite; watered in and then covered with polyethylene sheeting and placed in a walk-in cooler at about 36 F for 16 weeks. We used 47 grams of seed for 1800 cones; these later had to be thinned and we would recommend about half that amount of seed in future seedings. | Cones with stratified seed were moved to a warm sunny greenhouse at 70 + degrees day / 55 F night in April and watered lightly with mist nozzle until established. | Robust seedlings emerged fairly quickly; germination was complete within a month. | Plants watered early in the morning to minimize dampness overnight; fertilized lightly every other week with half-strength Peters Triple-20 NPK | May to July | Cones moved outdoors in June; fertilization discontinued in July; watering intervals gradually lengthened as roots developed . | 4 weeks | Plants were shipped in August of the same year by refrigerated van to Crater Lake for outplanting in September. | unknown | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa. <p> Kruckeberg, Aurthur R. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Guide. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum marifolium</i> Torr. & Gray plants 10; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1112 | Eriogonum (microthecum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat Family | Eriogonum | microthecum | Nutt. | Malheur County, Oregon, 1411 m | North Central Washington, east of the Cascades to California, east to Montana, south to New Mexico and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Slender Buckwheat | The creamy white flowers bloom from June to September. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. Seed (achenes) maturation is indeterminate over 2 to 3 months. Seeds are mature when the perianth is paper-dry and the hard, filled seeds dehisce readily. It is important to check for mature filled fruits to avoid premature collecting. We selected an inflorescence (an umbel) and examined individual seed for fullness and relative hardness. Seed is collected by clipping the inflorescences or hand stripping into containers. After collection, seed was dried and then placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests prior to cleaning. Seed was stored in a brown glass jar at room temperature for 18 months prior to this study. | Seeds were transferred to clear plastic germination boxes on two layers of moistened blotter paper, and placed in a germination chamber with a 12 hr light/12 hr dark regime at 22§ C. Although this test involved a relatively small number of seeds, it appears that this seed lot exhibits no dormancy. Seeds began germinating within 2 days. The light regime was altered to 15 hrs light/9 hrs dark and the tray was moved closer to the light source. Additional seeds germinated over the next 2.5 months. | Upon first signs of germination, seeds were sown in styrofoam conetainers with a 50% peat and 50% vermiculite mixture. The containers were watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system that turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80% and turns off when field capacity reaches 100%. Greenhouse temperature was set at a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | On day 16, true leaves began to develop. All but four germinants succumbed shortly after being planted in the containers. Three of these were from the earliest germinating seeds. Future tests should be done using a cold moist stratification to determine if this might promote more rapid and uniform germination. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p.<br> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum microthecum</i> Nutt. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1113 | Eriogonum (nudum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat | Eriogonum | nudum | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve and Hog's Back Ridge, eastern Tehama County, California | California (except San Joaquin Valley, South Coast, Channel Islands, Modoc Plateau, Sonoran Desert) to Washington, Nevada,and northwestern Mexico . Abundant in dry open places below 3,800 meters (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 8 Months | Months | Robust rosette forms within 6-10 months (some individuals flowering by first fall). | Naked buckwheat | Seed may be collected from individual plants over an extended flowering and fruiting period from around late July through late September. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging from D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 47% (Hogback) and 24% (Lower Dye Creek) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. For seed sown in outdoor coldframes germination rates of 44% (Lower Dye Creek) to 46% (Hogback) were observed. A vigorous rosette will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within 3-4 weeks | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until late summer/early fall. | Up to 10 months depending on moisture and sunlight. | Not necessary. | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum nudum</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1114 | Eriogonum (nummulare) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | nummulare | M.E. Jones | ERNU4 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM Land, Churchill County, Nevada | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Money buckwheat | Small lot, 3.9 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum nummulare</i> M.E. Jones seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1115 | Eriogonum (ovalifolium) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | ovalifolium | ERIOVA | Utah 1580 to 1700m | E. ovalifolium is found throught the western United States; from deserts to the alpine zone in the Rocky Mountains. | plants | seed | Cushion buckwheat | E. alatum flowers in early to mid spring and seeds ripen in mid to late June, depending on elevation. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion:Many achenes were capable of germination without prechilling. all the achenes were rendered non dormant by an 8 wk prechill. E. ovalifolium germinated to 22 to 24% without prechilling. Seeds prechilled germinated in 10 to 11 wk to 50%. | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum ovalifolium</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1116 | Eriogonum (racemosum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | racemosum | ERIRAC | Utah 1610 to 2580m | E. racemosum is found in the Southern Rocky Mountain states. | plants | seed | Pink Smoke | E. racemosum flowers in mid to late summer and seeds ripen in late August to late September, depending on elevation. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion:E. racemosum showed high doramncy without prechilling but only required an 8 week prechill to become completely non dormant. Its germination rate in the cold was intermediate(10 to 14 wks to 50%). | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum racemosum</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1117 | Eriogonum (shockleyi) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | shockleyi | ERISHO | Utah 1150m | E. shockleyi is found in the Southern Rocky Mountain states and throughout the Southwestern states. | plants | seed | Shockley buckwheat | E. alatum flowers in early to mid spring and seeds ripen in late June. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion: Achenes were completely non dormant without chilling. | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum shockleyi</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1118 | Eriogonum (sphaerocephalum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | sphaerocephalum | Douglas ex Benth. | ERSP7 | USFS, Ochoco National Forest, Crooked River National Grassland, Prineville, Oregon: 3200 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Rock buckwheat | Small lot, 14.047 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum sphaerocephalum</i> Douglas ex Benth. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1119 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Eriogonum | umbellatum | ERUM | Source Identified from Uncompahgre Partnership | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | sulpher-flower buckwheat | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this Source Identified seed from the Uncompahgre Partnership (Colorado) germinated to 75% or more in all three treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had very little to no germination (0-5%). This suggests that seeding during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationERUM shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1120 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwhet family | Eriogonum | umbellatum | Torr. | ERIUMB | E. umbellatum is found from southern British Columbia south to California and east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sulphur buckwheat | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 30D/10N C and 35/5 C alternating temperature cycle. | Young, J. A. (1989). Germination of seeds of sulphur flower (Eriogonum umbellatum Torr.). J. Seed Technol. 13, 31-38.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1121 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Eriogonum | umbellatum | Torr. | Wyoming sagebrush site, 1380 m, Ada County, ID | East of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains from southern British Columbia to California, east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Arizona; sagebrush deserts to alpine rocky ridges. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sulfur buckwheat, Sulfur-flower buckwheat | Flowers yellow, appearing from May to August. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. Seeds (achenes) mature uniformly in approximately 6 to 8 weeks, when the perianth is paper-dry (in some cases it turns a rust color) and the hard, filled seeds dehisce readily. It is important to check for mature filled fruits to avoid premature collecting. We selected an inflorescence (an umbel) and examined individual seed for fullness and relative hardness. Seed is collected by clipping the inflorescences or hand stripping into containers. After collection, seed was dried on a drying rack and then placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests prior to cleaning. Seed was stored in a brown glass jar at room temperature for 18 months prior to this study. | Seeds were placed in clear plastic germination boxes on two layers of moistened blotter paper in a germination chamber set at a constant 22§C 12 hrs light/12 hrs dark regime. No pretreatments were applied. | Eighty-six percent of the seeds germinated. Germination began within 4 days and continued sporadically for the next 60 days. Seventy percent germinated within 48 days. True leaves began to develop in 16 days. Germinants were sown 1 cm deep in styrofoam conetainers filled with a 50% peat and 50% vermiculite mix. Plants were watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system that turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80% and turns off when field capacity reaches 100%. Greenhouse temperature was set at a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | Seedling survival under greenhouse conditions was 52%. Reducing humidity, temperature and water would possibly increase survival in the greenhouse environment. Adding a thin layer of sand or gravel as mulch can reduce damping off which caused the majority of seedling mortalities. | Seedlings were planted near Boise, ID (670 m, 300 mm annual precipitation, sandy soil). They were hand watered every 2-3 days during the summer, and exhibited good growth and survival their first growing season. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p.<br> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> Torr. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1122 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat Family | Eriogonum | umbellatum | Torr. | ERIUMB | Idaho fescue prairie, Rising Sun, Saint Mary valley, Glacier National Park, Glacier County, Montana, 1520 meters | <i>E. umbellatum</i> is found from sagebrush deserts to alpine rocky ridges; mostly east of the Cascades, from southern British Columbia to California, east to Montana, Wyoming,Colorado,Utah, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Stock Type: container seedling<br> Height: 1 cm with multiple leaves <br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Sulphur Buckwheat | Seeds are hand collected in late August when corolla becomes papery. Seeds are tan at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated greenhouse during the drying process and prior to cleaning.<br> Collection Locality: Rising Sun, Glacier National Park, MT. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 10 minutes prior to a 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 1 to 3C. Many seeds had radicle emergence after 60 days in cold, moist stratification and were planted as germinants. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Planting Germinants. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Container Type and Volume: 160 ml (7 cu. inch) Ray-leach conetainers.<br> Medium: 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, vermiculite. | Germinants are lightly covered with perlite and thoroughly watered. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day for 12 hours and 16 to 18C during the night. Germination is non-uniform and continues over a 3 week period. Cotyledons emerge 10 days after sowing. True leaves appear 3 weeks after sowing. Seedlings are irrigated only when the medium is dry on the surface during this stage. | 6 weeks | Seedlings produce multiple leaves and stolons with plantlets 8 weeks after sowing. Seedlings are irrigated only when medium becomes dry. Seedlings must fry down between irrigations.<br> Seedlings are fertilized twice weekly with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm duringthis stage. Plants are moved from the greenhouse to the outdoor nursery 12 weeks after sowing. Plants are fully root tight 18 weeks after sowing. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 6 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press,7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998.<p> Chilling Requirements for Seed Germination of 10 Utah species of Perennial Buckwheat, Meyer and Paulsen, Native Plants Journal, Volume 1, Spring 2000. pp 18-24.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> Torr. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1123 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | umbellatum | Torr. | ERUM | USFS land, northeast of Boise on Bogus Basin Road, Ada County, Idaho: 5781 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Sulphur-flower buckwheat | Small lot, 6.27 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> Torr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1124 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | umbellatum | Torr. | ERUM | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon: 1272 ft. elevation - grown for and collected by the Klamath National Forest, Oregon/California | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Sulphur-flower buckwheat | Large lot, 294 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> Torr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1125 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | umbellatum | ERIUMB | Piceance Basin Colorado | One single collection | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | sulphur buckwheat | Seed was collected in late July from the Piceance Basin area. It was collected when the inflorescence was dry and a reddish-orange color. The seed was in the hard dough stage. Inflorescence was stripped by hand or was clipped from the plant. Seed was stored in paper bags at room temperature until seed was cleaned in the winter.
209,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell, et al. 1996.) | No treatment was performed on the seed prior to planting in the field. | Propagation Environment: Seed beds were firm and weed free. In August, the seed was directly seeded into the ground and cold stratified over the winter. | Sowing date: August Sowing/Planting Technique: 30-33 pure live seeds/ft. Seeded with a belt seeder at 0.25 inches depth. | Two growing seasons | Rapid growth occurred mostly in the warmer summer months. | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 29 December 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Blanke, Terri; Woodruff, Heather. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1126 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | umbellatum | ERIUMB | Utah 2150 to 3480m | E. umbellatum is found throughout the western United States; from low elevation plains and deserts to the subalpine zone. | plants | seed | Sulphur buckwheat | E. alatum flowers in early to late summer and seeds ripen in late August to early September, depending on elevation. | 6 prechilling treatments were used: 0,2,4,8,12,16 and 24 weeks of moist chilling at 2C in the dark.<br> | Following chilling treatments, seeds were incubated 4 weeks under a daily temperature and photoperiod regime (12hr dark at 10C and 12hr light at 20C)with a cool flourescent light.<br> Achenes were placed in disposable petri plates on 2 blue germination blotter papers moistened with tap water. Blotter papers were re-moistened as needed. | Results and Discussion: 5 collections of E. umbellatum represented 3 subspecies; they showed considerable variation in chilling requirement.<br>The Red Canon collection was the least dormant, requiring only an 8 wk prechill to become completely germinable.<br> the collection from alpine tundra in the Uinta mountains ( E. umbellatum ssp.portei) was the most dormant, requiring 24 weeks of chilling to lose dormancy completely and only germinated to slightly more than 50% during 24 weeks in the cold. | Chilling Requirements for seed germination of 10 Utah species of perennial wild buckwheat. Meyer SE and Paulsen A. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1(1):18-24. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1127 | Eriogonum (umbellatum) | Polygonaceae | Eriogonum | umbellatum | ERUM | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sulphur flower | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head by crushing "flowers" and removing seed with tweezers.<p> MPCG (98-049s) collected on 9/9/98; MPCG (98-073s) collected on 9/9/98; Twin Sisters (98-048s) collected on 8/27/98; Twin Sisters (98-075s) collected on 8/27/98; Sprague Lake (98-010s) collected on 9/16/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None, 30 day cold moist. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heat pad (set at 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in seed flat 2-3/slot, lightly covered with germinating mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uneven.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> MPCG (98-049s) sowed 12/4/98; MPCG (98-073s) sowed 11/12/98; Twin Sisters (98-048s) sowed 11/12/98; Twin Sisters (98-075s) sowed 12/4/98; Sprague Lake (98-010s) sowed 10/27/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1128 | Eriophorum (polystachion) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Eriophorum | polystachion | L. | Eriophorum | angustifolium | ERIPOL | E. polystachion is a circumboreal species found south in North america to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Boreal cottongrass | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriophorum polystachion</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1129 | Eriophorum (scheuchzeri) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Eriophorum | scheuchzeri | Hoppe | E. scheuchzeri is a circumboreal species; occurring south to Utah, Colorado and southwestern Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Scheuchzer's cottongrass | Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriophorum scheuchzeri</i> Hoppe plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1130 | Eriophyllum (confertiflorum) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Eriophyllum | confertiflorum | (DC.) Gray | ERCO25 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Clear Creek Management Area, off Road 001, between Station Area 2 and 3, San Benito County, California; 2680 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Golden-yarrow | Very small lot, 0.18 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriophyllum confertiflorum</i> (DC.) Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1131 | Eriophyllum (confertiflorum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Eriophyllum | confertiflorum | (DC) Gray | ERICON | Fort Funston, California | <i>E. confertifolium</i> is common on brsushy slopes, from sea level to 8,000 feet elevation in the Coastal and Sierra ranges, from Mendincino County south to Lower California and the Channel Islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Golden Yarrow | Seeds are collected between May 1st and September 1st.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 6 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation and mist system and are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination:64% | Seeds germinate 14days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing 50/50 mix of Perlite to standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | 28 days | This species is suseptible to a fungus attack in August. Stagger crops to avoid pest problems.<br> Fertilize this species regularly. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriophyllum confertiflorum</i> (DC) Gray plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1132 | Eriophyllum (lanatum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Eriophyllum | lanatum | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve and Hog's Back Ridge, eastern Tehama County, California | "California, British Columbia, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada. Generally drier habitats below 4,000 meters (Hickman 1993). " | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year seedling 4-15 cm tall with fibrous roots. | Woolly sunflower | Collect whole fruiting heads when fruit is completely ripe from mid-summer to early fall. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Active growth occurs well into summer, though summer watering may result in fungal growth and rot. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. Under good growing conditions, this species may flower within the first year. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Active growth occurs well into summer, though summer watering may result in fungal growth and rot. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. Under good growing conditions, this species may flower within the first year. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3 weeks. | Active growth was observed from the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until mid-late summer (the typical flowering period for this ecotype). Above ground growth for mature individuals may not start until mid-winter or early spring. | Approximately 8-9 months. | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth is generally initiated between mid-late fall and continues until early fall, at which time senescenc occurs. Growth resumes following fall rains and possibly not until late winter/early spring (for older plants). | If soil is kept moist, individuals can be grown through the summer. | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriophyllum lanatum</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1133 | Eriophyllum (lanatum) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Eriophyllum | lanatum | (Pursh) Forbes | ERLA6 | USFS, Deschutes National Forest, Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District, Bend, Oregon: 3625 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Oregon sunshine or Common woolly sunflower | Small lot, 10.9 pounds, hand collected into zip lock plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriophyllum lanatum</i> (Pursh) Forbes seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1134 | Eriophyllum (lanatum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Eriophyllum | lanatum | (Pursh) Forbes | ERLA6 | south of Moscow, ID | Dry, open, often rocky places in grasslands and dry forest from southern British Columbia to California and east to Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Oregon sunshine | Fruit is an achene which ripens in mid to late July. Seed is dark grayish brown to nearly black in color. The pappus is reduced to short scales or is lacking entirely and the achene is not windborne. Seed will hold in the inflorescence longer than the seed of many other members of Asteraceae, but will shatter within a week or so of ripening. Small amounts are collected by hand and stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned.<p>818,000 seeds/lb (Hassell et al 1996). | Seed stored at room temperature remains viable after 8 years (Mooring 1975) but germination decreases sharply after 2 years (Mooring 2001). Seed collected in Washington germinated at 80% in the dark at 20<sup>o</sup>C and 84% in the dark at alternating temperatures of 20/30<sup>o</sup>C (Maguire & Overland 1959).<p> Extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that no germination occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 10% germination. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 75% germination. Some seed germinated while in stratification, indicating germination will occur at low temperatures. Containers sown in November and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures achieved82% germination. Seedlings which germinated in the greenhouse thrived in the constant warmth, so it is likely the longer stratification time and not the cool, fluctuating temperature was the factor in the increased germination.<br>Seed stored in controlled conditions at 5<sup>o</sup>C and 40% relative humidity for 1 year and then sown without pretreatment failed to emerge, indicating after-ripening is not a factor in germination. | In October or November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40 degrees F for 90 or more days before sowing in the greenhouse. Some seed will germinate during stratification. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Emergence usually begins in 3 days and is complete in 13 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Maguire, James D. and Alvin Overland. 1959. Laboratory Germination of Seeds of Weedy and Native Plants. Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 349, Pullman, WA. 15 p.<p> Mooring, John S. 1975. A Cytogeographic Study of <i>Eriophyllum lanatum</i> (Compositae, Helenieae). American Journal of Botany 62:1027-1037.<p> Mooring, John S. 2001. Barriers to Interbreeding in the <i>Eriophyllum lanatum</i> (Asteraceae, Helenieae) Species Complex. American Journal of Botany 88:285-312.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 13 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriophyllum lanatum</i> (Pursh) Forbes plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1135 | Eriophyllum (lanatum) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Eriophyllum | lanatum | (Pursh) Forbes | ERLA6 | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon: 1272 ft. elevation - grown for and collected by, USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Tiller Ranger District, Tiller, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Oregon sunshine or Common woolly sunflower | Large lot, 330 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eriophyllum lanatum</i> (Pursh) Forbes seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1136 | Eriophyllum (stoechadifolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Eriophyllum | stoechadifolium | Lag. | ERISTA | Fort Funston, California | <i>E. staechadifolium</i> is found on seaside beaches and bluffs, up to 200 feet elevation, from Santa Cruz to Monterery County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Seeds are collected between June 20th and November 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is light gray at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in by hand.<br> Seeds are sown on July 30th.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 1.5"x8" (Leach tubes) containing 1:1 mix of standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sandto 1 part sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 20 days | Once established, this species grows rapidly and may require up potting. Do not over fertilize as it tends to produce many leaves. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eriophyllum stoechadifolium</i> Lag. plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1137 | Eritrichium (nanum) | Boraginaceae | Borage family | Eritrichium | nanum | (Vill.) Schrad. ex Gaudin | ERINAN | Open alpine scree slope, southwestern MT. | <i>E. nanum</i> occurs in rocky places at high elevations; irregularly circumboreal, south to the southern Rocky Mountains, in our range from Montana to northeastern Oregon and in the north Cascades, Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 7 true leaves, 3 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 160 ml conetainer. | Pale alpine forget-me-not | Seeds are collected in late August. Hand collect mature seed capsules when they begin to split and turn tan in color. Seeds are black at maturity. | 6month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seed is lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of .8 gram of Osmocote and 0.15 gram of Micromax per 160 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination is uniform under fluctuating temperatures during spring months. Seedlings must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. 10 to 12 tightly clustered true leaves in a tight rosette were formed 7 weeks after germination. No additonal fertilizer was applied to seedlings. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm once before winterization. Plants are leached with clear water prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; DeSanto, Jerry; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eritrichium nanum</i> (Vill.) Schrad. ex Gaudin plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1138 | Eryngium (armatum) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Eryngium | armatum | (Wats.) Coult. & Rose | ERYARM | Presidio, California | <i>E. armatum</i> is found in coastal flats below 500 feet elevation, from Santa Barbara County to Humboldt County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coastal Eryngo | Seeds are collected between October 7 th and Decmber 30th.<br> Seed is ovoid in shape and covered with white and green scales at maturity. | Seeds are soaked in fresh water for 24 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are covered.<br> Germination %:58% | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2x2x5 inch (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | After seedlings are established, they are placed in the shadehouse for continued growth. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eryngium armatum</i> (Wats.) Coult. & Rose plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1139 | Eryngium (articulatum) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Eryngium | articulatum | Hook. | ERAR14 | BLM, Medford District, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Beethistle | Very small lot, .33 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eryngium articulatum</i> Hook. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1140 | Eryngium (petiolatum) | Apiaceae | Parsley Family | Eryngium | petiolatum | Hook. | ERPE7 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into a field covered with weed fabric for seed increase. | Coyote thistle | Seeds were vaccummed off the weed fabric using battery-powered hand vacs. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in an unheated greenhouse. | Seeds require 3 weeks (stratification)at temperatures around 40 degrees Fahrenheit before they will germinate, and they only germinate in cool temperatures. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eryngium petiolatum</i> Hook. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1141 | Eryngium (yuccifolium) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Eryngium | yuccifolium | Michx. | ERYYUC | E. yuccifolium is found from Virginia east to Kansas, Indiana, and Minnesota and south to Texas, Georgia and Florida in open prairie. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Button snakeroot | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1142 | Eryngium (yuccifolium) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Eryngium | yuccifolium | Michx. | ERYYUC | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>E. yuccifolium</i> is found throughout the eastern United States west to the Great Plains. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Bareroot seedlings | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop.<br> | Rattlesnake Master | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 10 to July 30. Seed is harvested about August 27. | If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br> Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 2.7 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be.The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process.<br>Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i> Michx. plants Bareroot seedlings; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1143 | Erysimum | Brassicaceae | Erysimum | ERYSI | Colorado, MPCG (98-025s), Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-130s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Wallflower | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from pods by splitting them open.<p> MPCG (98-025s) collected on 9/9/98; Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-130s) collected on 9/9/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heat pad (set at 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in seed flat 2-3/slot, lightly covered with germinating mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days (Long's Peak); 12 days (MPCG).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> germination uneven.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> MPCG (98-025s) sowed 10/28/98; Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-130s) sowed 12/8/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Erysimum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1144 | Erysimum (capitatum) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Erysimum | capitatum | (Dougl. ex Hook.) Greene | Variety | capitatum | ERCAC | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Seven Springs area, Forest Service Road 24, 1.0 miles North of Sears-Kay Ranch Road, Arizona; 3285 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sanddune wallflower | Very small lot, 0.18 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Erysimum capitatum</i> (Dougl. ex Hook.) Greene seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1145 | Erysimum (capitatum) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Erysimum | capitatum | (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene | Variety | perenne | (S. Watson ex Coville) R.J. | Erysimum | asperum | (Nutt.) DC. | Variety | perenne ERASP2 | (S. Watson ex Coville) R.A. Price ERASP2 | ERCAP | USFS, Boise National Forest, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho: 2842 ft. elevation - grown for and collected by, USFS, Deschutes National Forest, Bend-Fort Rock Ranger District, Bend Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Sanddune wallflower | Small lot, 6.5 pounds, grown and harvested at USFS, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Erysimum capitatum</i> (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1146 | Erysimum (franciscanum) | Brassicaceae | Mustard Family | Erysimum | franciscanum | G. Rossb. | Erysimum | franciscanum | G. Rossb. | Variety | crassifolium | G. Rossb. | ERYFRA | Marin County, California | <i>E. franciscanum</i> is found on open brushy sites and coastal bluffs near the coast in rocky to sandy soil; often on disintegrated serpentine; from San Mateo and San Francisco counties to southwestern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | San Francisco Wallflower | Seeds are collected between June 20th and November 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is light gray at maturity. | Soak seeds for 3 hours in fresh water and stratify in peat moss for 2 weeks or until seeds begin to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 15th.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 20 days | Once established, this species grows rapidly.<br> Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back 2 months after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erysimum franciscanum</i> G. Rossb. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1147 | Erythrina (sandwicensis) | Fabaceae | Legume | Erythrina | sandwicensis | Degener | dry forest | Dry leeward slopes of all main Hawaiian islands, up to 600 m (1,950 ft) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 25 cm, stem diameter: 10 mm | Wiliwili, Hawaiian coral tree, tiger's claw | Flowering can occur in the summer through November. Seeds are mature when the pod turns brown and the seeds become hard with a shiny seed coat. Mature pods can be collected from the tree or after falling to the ground. | For best germination, it's recommended that the hard seedcoat of wiliwili be scarified. Mechanical scarification (nicking with a nail clippers) works very well; be sure not to damage the germ or the inner part of the seed. Soak the scarified seeds overnight in room temperature water. If any seeds do not imbibe water, they may be nicked and soaked again. | If available, some cover (greenhouse or temporary cover) is ideal during germination to protect sprouts from hard rains. Seedlings should be moved to full sun two weeks after germination. Humidity and overwatering can lead to fungal diseases of wiliwili, so a hot and dry growing environment is ideal. <p> Super stubby cells (Ray Leach system), Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep, or root training 1 liter containers work well. A well-drained media is recommended such as 33% Sunshine peat moss, 33% perlite, 33% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. Seedlings should be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria within two weeks of germination. VAM and rhizobial partnerships are essential for the successful establishment of this species, particularly on harsh sites. | Scarified seeds will begin germinating in about 5 days. Pregerminated seeds (sown on paper towels or in beds) are transplanted into containers that have been pre-filled with media at a rate of one seed per cell. Cover with potting mix shallowly (about 1/4 inch or 0.6 cm deep), followed by a thin mulch layer such as #2 poultry grit. Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Keep moist but not overwatered. Overwatering can easily lead to damping off with wiliwili seedlings.<p> After about six weeks, seedlings may be double-spaced in the Ray Leach trays to ensure each seedling receives full sunlight, and to facilitate good stem development. After one to two weeks of growth, seedlings should be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria selected for this species (available from commercial suppliers or from nodules collected from healthy forest trees). Select strains are best for optimum nodulation and nitrogen fixation. | 2-3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly. Overwatering can lead to fungal diseases on the leaves and to damping off. Grow in full sun. Watering first thing in the morning is best, so leaves spend most of the day dry and go into the night dry. Keep the seedlings we spaced to encourage good air circulation. Too much nitrogen fertilizer will repress the rhizobial association, and too much P will repress VAM activity. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 3 months | Wiliwili should be grown in full sun without overwatering, which are conditions which prepare the plants for outplanting. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 2 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Delivering the trees in their container will help protect the root from damage. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | n/a | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> Powell, M.H. and P.L. Nakao. 1992. Erythrina sandwicensis - Unique Hawaiian NFT. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net), Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas. Web: http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/E_sandwicensis.html <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/ery-sand.htm <p> Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). 2002. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erythrina sandwicensis</i> Degener plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1148 | Erythrina (variegata) | Fabaceae | Legume | Erythrina | variegata | (L.) Merr. | humid and semiarid tropics and subtropics, 0 to 1500 m elevation | Native to India and Malaysia, widely distributed in coastal areas of Southeast Asia, northern Australia, possibly an aboriginal introduction to areas of Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Also introduced to the New World, in use as an ornamental in Florida and other areas of tropical America. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 25 cm, stem diameter: 10 mm | tropical coral, Indian coral tree, India coralbean, coral tree, tiger's claw, dadap, wiliwili; drala dina (Fiji); ngatae; gatae (Tonga, Samoa); 'atae (Cooks; Societies); natae (Marquesas); wiliwili-haole (Hawaii) | In Hawaii, flowers in January and February; sets seed in February-April. Timing may vary in other regions, depending on local weather patterns. The fruits are pods about 15-30 cm long. Seeds are mature when the pod turns brown and the seeds become hard with a shiny seed coat. Mature pods can be collected from the tree or from the ground. | For best germination, it's recommended that the hard seedcoat of wiliwili be scarified. Mechanical scarification (nicking with a nail clippers) works very well; be sure not to damage the germ or the inner part of the seed. Soak the scarified seeds overnight in room temperature water. If any seeds do not imbibe water, they may be nicked and soaked again. Hot water scarification is an alternative to mechanical scarification, and is appropriate for large seed lots. Seeds are soaked in hot water (80 degrees C) for 10 minutes, then overnight in cool water. | Seedlings can be grown in full sun in an uncovered growing area. Humidity and overwatering can lead to fungal diseases, so a hot and dry growing environment is ideal. <p> Ray Leach Super "Stubby" cells (14 cm deep, 3.8 cm diameter, available from Stuewe & Sons) are used. A well-drained media is recommended such as 33% Sunshine peat moss, 33% perlite, 33% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. Seedlings should be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria within two weeks of germination. VAM and rhizobial partnerships will facilitate the successful establishment of this species, particularly on harsh sites. | Scarified seeds will begin germinating in 5-10 days. Pregerminated seeds (sown on paper towels) are transplanted once roots emerge into containers that have been pre-filled with media at a rate of one seed per cell. Scarified seeds may also be direct-seeded if germination is known to be high. Cover seed with potting mix shallowly (about 1/4 inch or 0.6 cm deep), followed by a thin mulch layer such as #2 poultry grit. Water with a fine-headed sprayer. Keep moist but not overwatered. Overwatering can easily lead to damping off. After one to two weeks of growth, seedlings should be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria selected for this species (available from nodules collected from healthy trees). | 2 -3 weeks | After about six weeks, seedlings may be double-spaced in the Ray Leach trays to ensure each seedling receives full sunlight, and to facilitate good stem development. If inoculation with VAM and rhizobia was successful, no additional fertilizer will be necessary. If inoculation was unsuccessful, a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 may be added as needed. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 10 -12 weeks | Erythrina variegata should be grown in full sun without overwatering, conditions which prepare the plants for outplanting. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 2 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Delivering the trees in their container will help protect the root from damage. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Hegde, N.G. 1994. Erythrina variegata. NFT Highlights. NFTA, Paia, HI.<p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. <p> Westley, S.B. and M. Powell, eds. 1993. Erythrina in the New and Old Worlds. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, NFTA, Paia, HI. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erythrina variegata</i> (L.) Merr. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1149 | Erythronium (albidum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Erythronium | albidum | Nutt. | ERYALB | E. albidum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White fawn lily | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1985b). Seed germination ecophysiology of the woodland spring geophyte Erythronium albidum. Bot. Gaz. 146, 130-136.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erythronium albidum</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1150 | Erythronium (americanum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Erythronium | americanum | Ker-Gawl. | ERYAME | E. americanum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dogtooth violet | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1985b). Seed germination ecophysiology of the woodland spring geophyte Erythronium albidum. Bot. Gaz. 146, 130-136.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erythronium americanum</i> Ker-Gawl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1151 | Erythronium (grandiflorum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Erythronium | grandiflorum | Pursh | ERYGRAÿ | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. | <i>E. grandiflorum</i> occurs from sagebrush slopes and montane forests to subalpine to alpine meadows, from southern B.C. to Washington and northeastern Oregon, east to Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado; from 1000m to 3500m elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 3 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 true leaves; 10 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Developed corm with root system. | Glacier Lily | Seeds are hand collected in late August and early September when capsules turn papery and begin to split, and when seeds are brown in color. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month cold, moist stratification. 2 year old seeds were treated. No germination was obtained on fresh seeds.<br>Morpho-physiological dormancy is broken when environmental conditions are correct for embryo growth and development and germination is prevented until physiological changes have occurred; in response to cold-moist conditions. The germination results obtained indicate that fresh seeds may require a period of after-ripening. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Surface sow seeds for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinated uniformly over a 15 day period in early May, when temperatures were between 16 and 21C during the day, and 3C to 11C at night. Seedlings developed one cotyledon before going dormant 4 to 5 weeks after emergence. A tiny corm was formed the first year. When seedlings go dormant they must only be watered occasionally. | 4 weeks | True leaves appeared the following year in early May. Again, plants went dormant by mid-June. The corms doubled in size to 0.5 cm in diameter by the end of the second year. It is estimated that it may take from 3 to 5 years to obtain mature corms.<br> Time to harvest mature corms could be shortened by figuring out the minimum chilling requirement of dormant corms. | 10 weeks | Not done. Plants were dormant by mid summer. | 12 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 3 years minimum.<br> Harvest Date: Not harvested yet.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.ÿ | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erythronium grandiflorum</i> Pursh plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1152 | Erythronium (grandiflorum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Erythronium | grandiflorum | Pursh | ERYGRA | E. grandiflorun is found from southern British Columbia south to Washington, Oregon, Montana, Wyoming and Colorado in subalpine meadows. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Glacier lily | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 126 days. Seeds germinated at 5C. | Baskin, C. C., Meyer, S. E. and Baskin, J. M. (1995). Two types of morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of two genera (Osmorhiza and Erythronium) with an Arcto-Tertiary distribution pattern. Amer. J. Bot. 82, 293-298.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erythronium grandiflorum</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1153 | Erythronium (rostratum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Erythronium | rostratum | W. Wolf | ERYROS | E. rostratum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yellow trout lily | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1985b). Seed germination ecophysiology of the woodland spring geophyte Erythronium albidum. Bot. Gaz. 146, 130-136.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erythronium rostratum</i> W. Wolf plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1154 | Eschscholzia (caespitosa) | Papaveraceae | poppy | Eschscholzia | caespitosa | ESCA | dry grassland and meadow-type areas | This plant's range is primarily contained to California and Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | tufted poppy | The Tufted Poppy needs somewhere between 45 and 90 days of cool/moist stratification in order to fully break dormancy and allow for peak germination. Our cooler is set at about 38F. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eschscholzia caespitosa</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1155 | Eschscholzia (californica) | Papaveraceae | Poppy Family | Eschscholzia | californica | Cham. | ESCCAL | Fort Funston, California | <i>E. californica</i> is found from the coast to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada; from southern California to Columbia River Gorge, Washington. It is a variable species; some populations are annual while others are short liived perennials. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California poppy | Seeds are collected between May 1st and August 30th.<br> Mature capsules are brown.<br> Seed is dark grey at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system or by hand.<br> Seeds are sown on September 30th.<br> % Germination: 40% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 1.5"x8" tubes (Leach Tubes) containing a mix of 3:1 standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand to 1 part sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%. | 28 days | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eschscholzia californica</i> Cham. plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1156 | Eucephalus (ledophyllus) | Asteraceae | Aster | Eucephalus | ledophyllus | EULE14 | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Cascade Mountains from northern Washington to southern Oregon.
Habitat: Meadows and open woods, mid-elevations up to timberline in the mountains. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Cascade aster | Hand collect into paper bags. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 10 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Knoke D., Giblin D. nd. Eucephalus ledophyllus. Seattle (WA): Burke Museum Herbarium, University of Washington. URL: http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Eucephalus ledophyllus (accessed 6 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eucephalus ledophyllus</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1157 | Euonymus (americana) | Celastraceae | Bittersweet family | Euonymus | americana | L. | EUNAME | E. americana is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American strawberrybush | Seeds are cold stratified during the winter and germinate at 22/12 C in light. | Pons, T. L. (1989). Dormancy, germination and mortality of seeds in heathland and inland sand dunes. Acta Bot. Neerl. 38, 327-335.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Euonymus americana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1158 | Eupatorium | Asteraceae | Aster | Eupatorium | Erect, branching perennial herb found on dry sandy sites from Long Island to Florida west to Arkansas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thorough Wort | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> September - October; seed matures with the drying of the plant.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> After cleaning, store in cloth bags in a dehumidified room at less than 40§F.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eupatorium</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1159 | Eupatorium (altissimum) | Asteraceae | Aster | Eupatorium | altissimum | L. | EUAL3 | Stones River National Battlefield source | Tall thoroughwort is widely distributed throughout most of the eastern and central states from Texas and Nebraska eastward to Flordia and north to New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. | Tall thoroughwort is recognized as being weedy or potentially invasive in Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains published in 1994 by the Nebraska Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | tall thoroughwort | Seed of Stones River National Battlefield source tall thoroughwort was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eupatorium altissimum</i> L. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1160 | Eupatorium (fistulosum) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Eupatorium | fistulosum | EUPFIS | George Washington Memorial Parkway | Southern Maine to Iowa, south to Florida and Texas. Found in moist or dry soils of woods and fields. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug; roots fill container. | Joe Pye weed | Collected at Washington Memorial Parkway, Overlook #2 down to river, north along Donaldson by G. Meyer and J. Englert on 9/8/94. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seeds are hand-sown in plug propagation trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Started in 392 germination plug trays; transplanted to Ropak Multipots or 72 plug trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is sown into germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz.per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> December.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 8-14 days.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are hand sown into germination mix. Flats are kept evenly moist with mist until well-germinated.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings were transplanted from germination trays to Ropak multipots at 5 weeks. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Provided even moisture, treated for usual greenhouse pests as needed and fertilized lightly approximately bi-weekly or as needed with soluble fertilizer at 100 ppm N. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plugs are hardened off by cooling greenhouse down or placing plug trays outdoors, weather permitting approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting and discontinuing fertilizer at this time. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 15-16 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs not overwintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> In seed collection bags in seed cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eupatorium fistulosum</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1161 | Eupatorium (fistulosum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Eupatorium | fistulosum | Barratt | EUPFIS | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Trumpetweed | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 30/15 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Leck, M. A. (1993c).Afterripening pattern during cold stratification of achenes of ten perennial Asteraceae from eastern North America, and evolutionary implication. Plant Species Biol. 8, 61-65. <br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eupatorium fistulosum</i> Barratt plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1162 | Eupatorium (maculatum) | Compositae | Aster Family | Eupatorium | maculatum | L. | EUMA6 | Moist or wet low ground, thickets and open woods. Flowers most and seeds ripen best in full sunlight. Height to 5'. Light purple flowers in terminal clusters. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Joe-pye-weed | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. The plant blooms from July to September. The seed is an achene with pappus and is harvested in October. The seed is very small and cutting off the entire plant head saves time in collection. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or Rubbermaid-style container. Seal and store 1 month in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any size plug. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill the tray cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistenly damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed in the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays tocooler north greenhouse table. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eupatorium maculatum</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1163 | Eupatorium (perfoliatum) | Compositae | Aster Family | Eupatorium | perfoliatum | L. | EUPE3 | In full sun. Marshes, swales, wet fields, fens,conifer swamps, thickets, low clearings, river and stream banks. Height to 5' with white flowers. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Boneset | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. The plant blooms in the summer and fall. Seed is an achene with pappus and is harvested in the fall. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Seal mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container, 1 month of moist cold stratification in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made or Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing it in with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistenly damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eupatorium perfoliatum</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1164 | Eupatorium (perfoliatum) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Eupatorium | perfoliatum | EUPPER | George Washington Memorial Parkway | Nova Scotia and Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Louisiana. Found in wet soils in low woods and open fields. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug; roots fill container. | Boneset | Collected at Washington Memorial Parkway, TRI Swamp trail by J. Englert and J. White, on 11/3/95. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None given. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seeds are hand-sown in plug propagation trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Started in 392 germination plug trays; transplanted to Ropak Multipots or 72 plug trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is sown into germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> January.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> In 1997, 13-17 days; less under plastic.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are hand sown into germination mix. Flats are covered with plastic or kept evenly moist with mist until well-germinated.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> In 1997 seedlings were transplanted from germination trays to Ropak multipots at 6-8 weeks. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Provided even moisture, treated for usual greenhouse pests as needed and fertilized lightly approximately bi-weekly as needed with soluble fertilizer at 75-100 ppm N. Foliar cutback performed at 10 weeks. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plugs are hardened off by cooling greenhouse down or placing plug trays outdoors, weather permitting approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting and discontinuing fertilizer at this time. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 13 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Outplanting is April or May.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs not overwintered. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eupatorium perfoliatum</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1165 | Eupatorium (rotundifolium) | Asteraceae | Eupatorium | rotundifolium | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | roundleaf thoroughwort | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Eupatorium rotundifolium</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1166 | Eupatorium (serotinum) | Asteraceae | Aster | Eupatorium | serotinum | Michx. | EUSE2 | Stones River National Battlefield source | Lateflowering thoroughwort is widely distributed throughout most of the eastern and central states from Texas and Nebraska eastward to Flordia and north to New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | lateflowering thoroughwort | Seed of Stones River National Battlefield source lateflowering thoroughwort was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eupatorium serotinum</i> Michx. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1167 | Eupatorium (serotinum) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Eupatorium | serotinum | EUPSER | Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Bottomlands or moist woods, sometimes drier more open spaces. South New York to Illinois/Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 14 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Plug.<br> Height: 4-6" at delivery (after cutbacks).<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Full firm plug. | Late eupatorium | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cades Cove, Old Field by M. Kloster on 11/4/99. | Seed Treatments: Seed trays were stratified 3 weeks at 40§F, 35% relative humidity. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Hand sown in germination trays.<br> Container Type and Volume: Seed was sown in 406 germination plug trays. Seedlings were transplanted to Ropak multipots (67 cells).<br> Growing Media: Germination mix for 406 plug trays; Transplanted into Sunshine #5 with Nutricote SR 180 day 18-6-8 @ 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting mix or 0.15 lb per cu. ft. of mix. | Sowing Date: Seed flats were sown on 12/14/99 and stratified for 3 weeks; flats were removed from the cooler to a greenhouse bench on 1/7/00.<br> Total Time to Harvest: About 14 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> % Emergence and Date: 30% of seeds sown had germinated by day 3 (over 1,000). Seedlings were too numerous afterwards to count. Sowing/Planting Technique: 0.6 gram of seed was mixed with 12.0 grams of talc and sprinkled over the surface of two 406 cell germination trays. Seeds were lightly sprayed with Triathlon fungicidal drench, covered with plastic and placed in cooler (above).<br> Because protocol for seeding had not been established and the Eupatoriums have had a history of spotty germination, trays were generously seeded. In the future, smaller amounts of 1999 seed for this species will be used.<br> Establishment Phase: Trays were placed under mist for one week after removal from cooler. Plugs were hand-watered afterwards. Seedlings were transplanted in clumps at 3 weeks after emergence to Ropak multipots. Some thinning was done to allow a single seedling to dominate each cell. | Rapid Growth Phase: Maintenance included: fertilization as needed or bi-weekly with water soluble fertilizer Technigro 16-17-17 @ approximately 100 ppm., two cutbacks to promote stem vigor and better air circulation near the media surface, and thinning of crowded seedlings. | Hardening Phase: Plugs were moved outdoors to a sheltered location two weeks before outplanting in the spring. | Harvest Date: Finished plugs were delivered to the Park the first week in May and hand-dibbled into site in Cades Cove. Mature seed was collected from established plants in November, 1999.<br> Seed storage: Seed was sown within 5 weeks of collection; remaining seed was stored in cooler @ 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs were grown and outplanted in the same season and were not overwintered. | N/A. | Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eupatorium serotinum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1168 | Eurybia (glauca) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Eurybia | glauca | (Nutt.) Nesom | Aster | glaucodes | Blake | EURGLA | Zion National Park, Utah | <i>Eurybia glauca</i> is found in arid and semi-arid habitats from Montana and Idaho south to Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | D 40 containers | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Gray aster | Seeds are hand collected from sites within the Park when achenes have fully matured. | br>Sowing Methods: Seeds are naturally stratified outdoors during fall months. Because germination rates are generally high, seeds are sown directly into D-40 cells containing a medium of 1.5 parts vermiculite, 1 part sterile sand, 1 part coarse turpos, and 2 parts peat moss (v:v:v:v). Cells are watered thoroughly after sowing and are not allowed to dry out during completely during stratification. | Seedlings are grown in a shadehouse from March through October. | Wesometimes incorporate 13:13:13 NPK Osmocote time release fertilizer into media. | Seedlings are hand watered throughout the growing season after they are well established. Throughout the active growth phase, we irrigate when containers are nearly dry as a method of hardening the plants while they are being grown. | Decker, Cheryl. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eurybia glauca</i> (Nutt.) Nesom plants D 40 containers; USDI NPS - Zion National Park Springdale, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1169 | Eurybia (merita) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Eurybia | merita | (A. Nels.) Nesom | Variety | (A. Nels.) Raup. | Aster | sibiricus | (L.) A. Nels. | Variety | meritus | EURMER | Subalpine scree slopes, Logan Pass. | <i>E. merita</i> is a circumboreal species, occurring in subalpine and alpine habitats. It grows in sparsely vegetated soils of meadows, exposed ridges and slopes.<br> In the United States, it occurs south to Oregon and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 3 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Arctic Aster | Seeds are hand collected in late August and early September when achenes separate easily from the receptacle. Seeds are grey at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and stored in drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month cold, moist stratification. Seeds can be sown without stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 70% milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0.1%B,0.5%Cu,12%Fe,2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo,1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Seed germinates uniformly in 10 to 15 days at 22C. Germination to true leaf stage is 7 to 15 days. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | There is rapid root and shoot development during the growing season. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm bi-weekly until fall. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are flushed with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months using a prolonged stratification. Shorter production time is possible using a shorter stratification duration.<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Eurybia merita</i> (A. Nels.) Nesom plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||
1170 | Euthamia (occidentalis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Euthamia | occidentalis | Nutt. | EUOC4 | Yosemite National Park | Western North America; British Columbia south to CA, AZ and NM, east to Nebraska. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer | Western goldentop | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. No stratification treatments are necessary. | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to ten seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is lightly covered with pea gravel, and the soil surface is kept moist with 20 minutes of daily irrigation from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). | 8 weeks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them and required significant thinning. Too many plants per cone significantly retarded growth. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. | 4 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 1 week | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Euthamia occidentalis</i> Nutt. Plants USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1171 | Euthamia (graminifolia) | Compositae | Aster Family | Euthamia | graminifolia | (L.) Nutt. | EUGR5 | Typical of damp sandy or gravelly (rarely clay) shores, ditches, fields, interdunal flats, and beach pools, exposed lake beds, clearings, borrow pits usually at or near the water table. Fens, wet prairies, conifer swamps, lowland forest, meadows, rock crevices along Lake Superior. Common, widespread and variable species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Grass-leaved goldenrod | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from July to September. The seed is an achene and is harvested in October and November. The seed is very tiny and cutting off the entire plant head saves time. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Seal mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container, 1-3 months of moist cold stratification (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter)14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtuallyany plug size. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Euthamia graminifolia</i> (L.) Nutt. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1172 | Fagraea (berteroana) | Loganiaceae | Butterfly Bush Family | Fagraea | berteroana | A. Gray ex Benth. | FAGBER | American Samoa | Large, often epiphytic tree common in lowland to montane forest, reported from ca. 50 to 1060 m elevation in Samoa. Indigenous to American Samoa; ranging from Fiji to the Marquesas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pualulu | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds from wet habitats generally do not require any pre-treatment. They need to have the pulp completely removed from the seeds or they will succumb to fungi and molds, and many rot. Pre-treating seeds with fungicides can help prevent seed and seedling diseases. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<br> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fagraea berteroana</i> A. Gray ex Benth. plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1173 | Fagus (grandifolia) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Fagus | grandifolia | Ehrh. | Fagus | americana | Sweet | FAGGRA | F. grandifolia is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American beech | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Rudolf and Leak,1974.Fagus (Beech) In Seeds of the Woody Plants of the U.S. p401-405 USDA Forest Service Handbook #450. <br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> Ehrh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1174 | Fallugia (paradoxa) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Fallugia | paradoxa | (D.Don) Endl. ex Torr. | Madrean Archipelago | Apache plume grows in uplands, canyons and along washes, providing erosion control as well as forage for a variety of ungulates (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008, Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+). Found from 200-2800m in a variety of habitats across Mexico and the southwestern United States, it flowers April-October and is often rhizomatous and colonial in drainages while remaining solitary and non-rhizomatous in upland habitats (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Apache plume | Soon after Apache plume fruits are ripe they disarticulate from the rest of the plant, making the collection season relatively short (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Collection should commence when the pink styles begin to fade and the achenes turn reddish (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Collect seeds by hand, gently gathering tufts of seed by their elongated feathery styles.
| Apache plume does not require pre-germination treatment although removal of styles has been shown in one study to increase germination rates, presumably because this increases seed-substrate contact (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). This study also found that germinating seed at 20-25°C resulted in 85% germination rates, compared with seed germinated at 5-10°C which had much lower germination rates of 51% (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Although in most cases the literature agrees that stratification is not necessary for this species, Belcher (1985) recommends 30 day stratification at 3-5°C may be helpful in rare circumstances where seeds are not germinating. In general, germination rates for this species should be 80-100% if following protocols listed above (Belcher 1985).
| Belcher E, ed. Handbook on seeds of browse-shrubs and forbs. Tech. Publ. R8-TP8. USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, Georgia, 1985.
Bonner, Franklin T. and Robert P. Karrfalt, eds.The woody plant seed manual, USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 727. Government Printing Office, Washington DC: U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2008. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fallugia paradoxa</i> (D.Don) Endl. ex Torr. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1175 | Fallugia (paradoxa) | Rosaceae | Rosa family | Fallugia | paradoxa | (D. Donn.) Endl. | FALPAR | F. paradoxa is found from western Texas and southern Colorado west to California and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Apache plume | Germination occurs at 25D/16N C alternating temperature cycle and at 20 to 25 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Veit, V. and Van Auken, O. W. (1993). Factors influencing the germination of seeds of Fallugia paradoxa (Rosaceae). Texas J. Sci. 45, 325-333.<br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fallugia paradoxa</i> (D. Donn.) Endl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1176 | Fallugia (paradoxa) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Fallugia | paradoxa | (D. Don) Endl. Ex Torr. | FAPA | Apache plume is found along dry arroyos, rocky slopes, hills, and canyons from Colorado south to northern Mexico and from southern California east to western Texas at elevations from 3000 ft to over 8000 ft (McWilliams, J. 2000, Vines 1960) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height:15 to 20 cm Caliper:2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Apache plume | Seeds are stripped from branches by hand in May or June when the first flush of fruits ripen. Apache plume produces five-petaled white flowers from April to October or first frost followed by fruits that are achenes with styles borne in fluffy reddish clusters (Blauer et al. 1975). Achenes turn white and fall freely when ripe, usually one to two months after flowering (Deitschman et Al. 1974). A heavy flush of flowering usually occurs in spring, with flower production later in the season depending on moisture conditions. | None. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early May and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed, along with attached styles, is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on the top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. It is important to completely bury seeds (but not too deeply), because with increased light intensity and decreasing burial depth, a decrease in germination has been observed (Veit and Van Auken 1993). To control the number of seeds sown per cell, and limit under- and over-sowing, the quantity of material sown is predetermined by a trial run 2 to 3 weeks before actual sowing. The goal is to have every cell filled, with the fewest number of extra germinants per cell. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 4 to 5) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. If space is available, containers are spaced to every other slot in racks when seedlings are transferred to the shadehouse to improve air flow and reduce the likelihood of foliar disease problems. Growing tips are pinched back at this time to promote branching and prevent leggy growth. | 12 to 15 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. | 5 months | Blauer, A.C., Plummer, A.P., McArthur, E.D., Stevens, R., Giunta, B.C. 1975. Characteristics and Hybridization of Important Intermountain Shrubs. 1.Rose Family. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-169. 36p. Deitschman, G.H., Jorgenson, K.R. and A.P. Plummer. 1974. Fallugia paradoxa (Don) Endl. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington DC: USDA Forest Service: 406-408. [IT IS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed 11 Nov 2002. McWilliams, J. 2000. Fallugia paradoxa. In: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2002, September). Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [14 November 2002]. Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 1104 pp. Veit, V., Van Auken, O.W. 1993. Factors influencing the germination of seeds of Fallugia paradoxa (Rosaceae). Texas Journal of Science 45(4):325-333. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fallugia paradoxa</i> (D. Don) Endl. Ex Torr. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1177 | Fallugia (paradoxa) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Fallugia | paradoxa | (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr. | FAPA | BLM, Seeds of Success: Federal land, Ice Canyon, on hiking trail to Dripping Springs, Dona Ana County, New Mexico: 5904 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Apache plume | Very small lot, 0.23 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Fallugia paradoxa</i> (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1178 | Fallugia (paradoxa) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Fallugia | paradoxa | FALPAR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> None required.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§ F day, 55§ F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§ F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Bulk sowing of plumed seed with light covering.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seedling ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the greenhouse. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fallugia paradoxa</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1179 | Festuca (ammobia) | Poaceae | true grasses | Festuca | ammobia | Festuca | rubra | FEAM5 | adaptible and tollerant of many conditions, occuring equally in and outside of wetlands. | Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | sand fescue | These seeds appear to be non-dormant and need no treatment prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca ammobia</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1180 | Festuca (californica) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | californica | Vasey | FECA | USFS, Willamette National Forest, Middle Fork Ranger District, Westfir, Oregon: 2090 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | California fescue | Small lot, 3.05 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca californica</i> Vasey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1181 | Festuca (californica) | Poaceae | true grasses | Festuca | californica | Festuca | hitchcockianus | FECA | adaptible and tollerant of many conditions. | Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | california fescue | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca californica</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1182 | Festuca (campestris) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | campestris | Rydb. | Festuca | scabrella | Torr. | FESCAM | F. scabrella is found from British Columbia to southeastern Oregon, and east to Newfoundland. It ranges through the Rocky mountain states from Montana to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rough fescue | Germination occurs at 13 C. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca campestris</i> Rydb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1183 | Festuca (campestris) | Poaceae | Grass | Festuca | campestris | FECA4 | See | Prairies, hillsides, and open woods; and meadows; British Columbia to southeast Oregon, east to Newfoundland and to North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 29 kg/ha (26 lb/ac). | Rough Fescue | <b>Seed Collection:</b> Wildland collection occurs mid July to early August when caryopsis are light tan, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the compressed panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 1,073 grams (37.8 oz) clean seed (ranges 141 to 1,337 grams and varies by year, stand density and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with two-row spacing, double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throught the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herficides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actural N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurred early July, with a mean harvest date of July 6 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporay "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronguist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca campestris</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1184 | Festuca (elmerii) | Poaceae | true grasses | Festuca | elmerii | FEEL2 | California and Oregon | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | coast fescue | Germinates well without a pre treatment but may benefit from 2 weeks cool/moist stratification. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca elmerii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1185 | Festuca (idahoensis) | Poaceae | Grass | Festuca | idahoensis | FEID | See | Grassland and sagebrush desert to dry and rocky mountain slopes and meadows; British Columbia to Alberta, south to central California and Colorado. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 61 kg/ha (55 lb/ac). | Idaho fescue | Wildland collection occurs mid July to early August when caryopsis are light tan, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the narrow panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 846 grams (29.8 oz) clean seed (ranges 138 to 1,784 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36- row spacing, seeded with two-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup--no irrigation is applied during flowering pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Date Harvested:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 6 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"--a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper--is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1186 | Festuca (idahoensis) | Poaceae | Grass | Festuca | idahoensis | FEID | See "Other Comments:" | Grassland and sagebrush desert to dry and rocky mountain slopes and meadows; British Columbia to Alberta, south to central California and Colorado. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 33 kg/ha (29 lbs/ac). | Idaho fescue | Wildland collection occurs mid to late August when caryopsis are light tan, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the narrow panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 57 grams (1.9 oz) clean seed (ranges 18 to 129 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late June to early July, with a mean harvest date of July 6 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1187 | Festuca (idahoensis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | idahoensis | Elmer | FESIDA | <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> grassland, Rising Sun, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT | <i>F. idahoensis</i> occurs in grasslands and sagebrush deserts to dry and rocky slopes and meadows; up to 4,000 m elevation in some areas. It ranges from B.C. to Alberta south through Washington and Oregon and Sierran California, and to Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado.ÿ | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 10 to 20 true leaves, 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Idaho fescue | Seeds are collected in mid to late August when florets turn papery and tan and seeds are easily shaken out of floret. Seeds can be hand stripped from the inflorescence just prior to shattering or the entire inflorescence can be cut using hand held sickles. Seeds are spread over an open tarp in the drying shed. | None. Germination is reported to be higher in the presence of light. 3 year old seed was used. Fresh seeds must be cold, moist stratified or dry stored for 6 months prior to sowing. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds should be surface sown.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred at 21C. | 3 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. | 7 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 12 weeks<br> Harvest Date:June<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press,1973.<p> Growing Colorado plants From Seed: A State of the Art. Vol 2: Grasses, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Technical Report, 1982.<p> Seeds: Ecology,Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, USDI and USDA, April 1996.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Lapp, Joyce; Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> Elmer plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1188 | Festuca (idahoensis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | idahoensis | Elmer | FESIDA | F. idahoensis is found from british columbia and Alberta south to California and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Idaho fescue | Germination occurs at 20D/15N C and 23/4 C alternating temperature cycle. | Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., Raguse, C. A. and Larson, J. R. (1981). Germinable seeds and periodicity of germination in annual grasslands. Hilgardia 49, 1-37.<br>Goodwin, J. R., Doescher, P. S. and Eddleman, L. E. (1996). Germination of Idaho fescue and cheatgrass seeds from coexisting populations. Northw. Sci. 70,: 230-241.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> Elmer plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1189 | Festuca (idahoensis) | Poaceae | Grass | Festuca | idahoensis | Elmer | FEID | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Native to mesic grasslands and openforest over much of temperate western North America from British Columbia south to California and east to New Mexico and Saskatchewan. Mean annual precipitation range is from 12-20 inches (USDA NRCS 2007). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Idaho fescue | Seed ripens in mid-July. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or entire heads may be clipped. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. Larger amounts are dried on tarps in a shed and threshed with a plot thresher, then stored in bags in an unheated room until cleaned. | Seed germinates readily without pretreatment.<br> Maximum germination of seed from 4 eastern Oregon sites occurred at temperatures between 20 & 25<sup>o</sup>C (Doescher et al 1985). Young et al (1981) reported maximum germination with alternating temperatures of 15/20<sup>o</sup>C.<br> Idaho fescue seed may have a short after-ripening requirement. Goodwin et al (1995) found germination of seed from central Oregon was greater after seed had been stored for 6 months. They further found a wide variability in germination rates between seed crops from different years, depending on precipitation patterns. Seed from an alpine source in the Olympic National Park in Washington had higher germination after a 1 month after-ripening period (Kaye 1997). For seed lots tested in January over multiple years, unpublished data from the Pullman Plant Materials Center shows higher germination after 1 year for seed stored at 5<sup>o</sup>C and 40% relative humidity over seed harvested the preceding summer. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 6-7 days and is complete in 12-14 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 60-75 days | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Doescher, Paul, Richard Miller and Alma Winward. 1985. Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Germination of Idaho Fescue. Journal of Range Management. 38:317-320.<p> Goodwin, J.R., P.S. Doescher, and L.E. Eddleman. 1995. After-ripening in <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> Seeds: Adaptive dormancy and implications for Restoration. Restoration Ecology 3:137-142.<p> Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, A.S. 1971. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 2nd edition. Revised by Agnes Chase. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY. 2 volumes.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kaye, T.N. 1997. Seed Dormancy in High Elevation Plants: Implications for Ecology and Restoration. In, Kaye, T.N., A. Liston, R.M. Love, D. Luoma, R.J. Meinke, and M.V. Wilson [editors]. Conservation and Management of Native Plants and Fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon, Corvallis, Oregon.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (16 February 2007).<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 16 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, J.A., R.A. Evans, R.E. Eckert, Jr. and R.D. Ensign. 1981. Germination Temperature Profiles for Idaho and Sheep Fescue and Canby Bluegrass. Agronomy Journal 73:716-720. | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> Elmer plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1190 | Festuca (idahoensis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | idahoensis | Elmer | FEID | USFS, Region 5, Shasta-Trinity National Forest, California | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Idaho Fescue | Small lot, 7 pounds, hand collected into woven cloth bag. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> Elmer seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1191 | Festuca (idahoensis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | idahoensis | Elmer | FEID | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon: 1272 ft. elevation, grown for and collected by, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Gold Beach Ranger District, Gold Beach, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Idaho fescue | Large lot, 204.5 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> Elmer seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1192 | Festuca (ovina) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | ovina | L. | FESOVI | F. ovina is a circumboreal species occuring throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sheep fescue | Seed dormancy is physiological dormancy. | Germination occurs at 20D/10N C and 20/15 C alternating temperature cycle.<br> In another study, germination occurs at 25C following a 14 day cold moist stratfication period. | Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., Raguse, C. A. and Larson, J. R. (1981). Germinable seeds and periodicity of germination in annual grasslands. Hilgardia 49, 1-37.<br>Linnington, S., Bean, E. W. and Tyler, B. F. (1979). The effects of temperature upon seed germination in Festuca pratensis var. apennina. J. Appl. Ecol. 16, 933-938.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca ovina</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1193 | Festuca (roemeri) | Poaceae | Grass | Festuca | roemeri | (Pavlick) EB Alexeev | Festuca | idahoensis | Elmer (misapplied) | Western Washington and Western Oregon | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Average viability was 64%. TZ tests were a good tool for testing viability. | Roemer's fescue | Prechilling seeds for 14 days at 10C followed by germinating seeds at alternating temperatures of 15/25 C using 0.2% KNO3 in moistening substratum | 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca roemeri</i> (Pavlick) EB Alexeev plants Native Seed Network Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1194 | Festuca (roemeri) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | roemeri | (Pavlick) Alexeev | FERO | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon - for DOD, Fort Lewis, Washington | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Roemer's fescue | Small lot, 9 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca roemeri</i> (Pavlick) Alexeev seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1195 | Festuca (rubra) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | rubra | L. | FESRUB | F. rubra is a circumboreal species found in North america south to Georgia, Arizona, Colorado, and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red fescue | Germination occurs at 27 C. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca rubra</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1196 | Festuca (rubra) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Festuca | rubra | L. | FESRUB | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>F. rubra</i> is found throughout northern temperate regions of the world. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Red fescue | Seeds are collected between May 1st and July 31st.<br> Mature inflorescences are light brown.<br> Seed is light brown at maturity. | Soak seeds in fresh water for 2 hours and stratify in peat moss and vermiculite for 3 weeks or until seeds begin to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 4 seeds are sown per 1.5 " x8" container (Leach tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Seeds are surface sown.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 40% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Extra seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers. Transplant Survival averages 80%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca rubra</i> L. plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1197 | Festuca (saximontana) | Poaceae | Festuca | saximontana | FESA | Colorado, East Inlet (98-167s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Rocky Mountain Fescue | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds stripped from stalk. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid and uniform.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> Divisions after 2 months.<p> East Inlet (98-167s) sowed 12/17/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca saximontana</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1198 | Festuca (subulata) | Poaceae | true grasses | Festuca | subulata | FESU | moist forested areas are most common | Western United States and Canada, reaching as far east as South Dakota. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | bearded fescue | This species benefits from 45-90 days of cool/moist (38F) stratification to break dormancy before germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca subulata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1199 | Festuca (thurberi) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | thurberi | Vasey | FETH | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Hancock Springs road, Sevier County, Utah: 9740 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thurber's fescue | Small lot, 5.6 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca thurberi</i> Vasey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1200 | Festuca (viridula) | Poaceae | Grass family | Festuca | viridula | Vasey | FEVI | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. for USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Greenleaf fescue | Small lot, 24 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Festuca viridula</i> Vasey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1201 | Festuca (viridula) | Poaceae | true grasses | Festuca | viridula | Festuca | howellii | FEVI | Forests and meadows, Primarily of high elevation | The western United States (Reaching as far east as Montana) and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | greenleaf fescue | This species germinates best after breaking dormancy with 90 days of cool/moist stratification (38F for our cooler). | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Festuca viridula</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1202 | Fimbristylis (cymosa) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Fimbristylis | cymosa | R.Br. | FIMCYM | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Common on sandy beaches and in shallow sand or soil on and among rocks and cracks in lava, widely distributed in coastal areas across the Pacific Basin including Australia, western Malesia, Pacific islands, and the Neotropics. In Hawai'i, occurring from 0-60 m elevation, on Kure and Midway Atolls, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, and documented from all of the main islands except Kaho'olawe. On Midway, plants are abundant on runways of both Sand and Eastern Islands and along rubbly and sandy shorelines of all three islands (Sand, Spit, and Eastern). Potential out-planting sites: Along shorelines or inland in coral rubble or sand. Seems to like compacted substrates and even grows in cracks in the runway. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Mau'u 'aki 'aki | Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked overnight in water.<br> Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 1 to 2 months | 3 to 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<br> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fimbristylis cymosa</i> R.Br. plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1203 | Floerkea (proserpinacoides) | Limnanthaceae | Meadowfoam family | Floerkea | proserpinacoides | Willd. | Floerkea | occidentalis | Rydb. | FLOPRO | F. proserpinacoides is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | False mermaidweed | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. (1988). Germination ecophysiology of herbaceous plant species in a temperate region. Amer. J. Bot. 75, 286-305.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Floerkea proserpinacoides</i> Willd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1204 | Forestiera (ligustrina) | Oleaceae | olive | Forestiera | ligustrina | (Michx.) Poir. | FOLI | Stones River | Upland swampprivet is commonly found in lowland areas throughout Kentucky,Tennessee,and South Carolina south to Florida and westward to Louisiana and Texas. | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container stock | 1 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 12" and having a compact, well developed root system. | upland swampprivet | Mature fruit was hand harvested from populations of Forestiera ligustrina growing within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Subjecting Forestiera ligustrina seeds to a 14 hour light period followed by an 8 hour period of darkness with a 12 hour period of 25 degrees Centigrade followed by 12 hours of 15 degrees Centigrade resulted in approximately 70 percent gremination within 7 to 10 days. A moistened commercailly available potting soil mix was used as germinating media. | Seedlings were removed from the germination media and transplanted into nursery trade 1 gallon pots filled with a commercial potting mix. Potted seedlings were maintained in a greenhouse environment maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the establishment phase. | 1-2 months | Established plants were moved to a structure which provided a minimum of 50 percent shade. Established plants required little maintainence other than provision of at least 1 inch of water per week and monthly fertilization with a water soluble general purpose fertilizer. | 2-6 months | Minimal harding is required, since the plants were produced in a shade house under natural climatic conditions. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 June 2013). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Forestiera ligustrina</i> (Michx.) Poir. plants 1 gallon container stock; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1205 | Fouquieria (splendens) | Fouquieriaceae | Ocotillo Family | Fouquieria | splendens | Engelm. | FOQSPL | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Foquieria splendens</i> is found in dry, rocky places from the southeastern Mojave and Colorado deserts east to Texas and Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 8 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Ocotillo | Seeds are hand collected in July. Nylons bags are paced over developing fruits early in the summer. collect seeds from bags after fruits have dehisced. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. Seeds are directly sown in containers as soon as they germinate on blotter paper. We use a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v).Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of at the rate of 11g per 3l ( 1 gal) pvc pipe container.<br> PVC containers are 30 cm (12 in) tall and are 10 cm in diameter.<br> Germination %:80% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 5 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fouquieria splendens</i> Engelm. plants 1 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1206 | Fouquieria (splendens) | Fouquieriaceae | Ocotillo family | Fouquieria | splendens | Engelm. | FOSP2 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Four Peaks area, 5.5 miles on Forest Service Road 143, from junction with State Route 87, Arizona; 3194 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Ocotillo | Small lot, 3.2 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Fouquieria splendens</i> Engelm. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1207 | Fragaria (chiloensis) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Fragaria | chiloensis | (L.) P. Mill. | FRACHI | Presidio, California | <i>F. chiloensis</i> is found on sandy beaches and coastal strand and scrub communities from San Luis Obispo County, California to Alaska; also in Hawaii and South America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Beach Strawberry | Fruits are collected May 19th.<br> Mature fruits are red.<br> Seed is dark brown at maturity. | Seeds are soaked for 24 hours and stratified for 21 days.<br> Stratification may not be necessary. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 0.5 gram of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system and placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination:82% | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers (2" pots)containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | After establishment, seedlings are placed in the shadehouse for continued growth. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fragaria chiloensis</i> (L.) P. Mill. plants 2 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1208 | Fragaria (vesca) | Rosaceae | Rose | Fragaria | vesca | FRVE | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon | It is found in northwestern California, the Cascade Ranges, the Sierra Nevada, central-western California, San Bernardino Mountains, Peninsular Ranges, to eastern North America, and south to Baja California and also Europe. This plant is found below 2000 m in partial shade of closed-cone pine, evergreen, mixed conifer forests, and chaparral and has a very wide distribution. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling, runners pruned.
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Wood strawberry | Berries should be collected in early summer when ripe and stored in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers 3 to 4 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Seedlings grow fairly quickly during the active growth phase, and runners are present within 6 weeks following transplant into the target containers. Care must be taken to prune runners throughout the growing season to avoid plant growth into neighboring containers and other crops grown in the vicinity.
During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 12 to 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Early October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Plant the seedlings outdoors in the ground in the fall or winter after the rains have started. They should be planted in full sun in a light, loose soil, about ten inches apart. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center. 2006. Wood strawberry Fragaria vesca L. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_frve.pdf (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fragaria vesca</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1209 | Frangula (californica) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Frangula | californica | (Eschsch.) Gray | Sub-species | californica | (Eschsch.) Gray | Rhamnus | californica | Eschsch. | FRACAL | F. californica ssp. californica is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California buckthorn | Seeds exhibit physical dormancy. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frangula californica</i> (Eschsch.) Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1210 | Frangula (californica) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Frangula | californica | Gray | Sub-species | californica | Rhamnus | californica | Esch. | RHACAL | Marin County, Californica | <i>R. californica</i> is found in sandy and rocky places along the coast, below 3,500 feet elevation; from southern Oregon to Orange County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coffeeberry | Seeds are collected between July 1st and October 1st.<br> Mature fruits are shiny blue-black berries. Fruits are ready for collection when they are soft and easily removed from the branches. Eacg fruit contains 2 seeds.<br> Seed is hard and brown at maturity. | Soak seeds in fresh water for 24 hours. Place seeds in a plastic ziplock bag with an equal amount of barely moistened perlite. Stratify for 2 to 3 months in a refrigerator. Check every 2 weeks for moisture content and mold development. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding Germinants.<br> Sow seeds with radicle emergence of 1/4 inch or longer. 1 seed is sown per container containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are planted 2 times the diameter to depth.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on January 1st.<br> % Germination: 85% | Seeds germinate 45 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 45 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 2 to 3 months | This species grows slowly. Keep in greenhouse until 2 to 3 months before outplanting.<br> Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> | Move seedlings to the shadehouse 2 to 3 months before outplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frangula californica</i> Gray plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1211 | Frangula (caroliniana) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Frangula | caroliniana | (Walter) A. Gray | FRCA13 | Stones River | Carolina buckthorn is found throughout the Central and Southeastern United States from Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio South to Texas and eastward to Florida, South and North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland. | None | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 1-0 | 12 months | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 18" and having a compact, well developed root system. | Carolina buckthorn | Mature fruit was hand harvested from a population of Stones River ecotype Frangula caroliniana located within the confines of Stones River National battlefield in South Central Tennessee. | Pro-mix BX with bio-fungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The seed was then artificially cold stratified at 35-38 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 days. | Upon completion of cold stratification, seed was moved to the greenhouse to stimulate germination. Seed was maintained in the greenhouse under natural lighting and a minimum temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit. | 1 month | Once the seedlings had developed adequate root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with Metro-mix 510 growing medium. Transplants were maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit in the greenhouse under automatic watering and natural lighting. | 9 months | Plants were moved into a shadehouse which provided a minimum of 50 percent shade to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 1-2 months | USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 25 August 2016). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.<p><p>USDA-FS. 2008. The Woody Plant Seed Manual. Agriculture Handbook 527. | Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frangula caroliniana</i> (Walter) A. Gray Plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1212 | Frangula (caroliniana) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Frangula | caroliniana | (Walt) Gray | Rhamnus | caroliniana | Walt. | FRACAR | F. caroliniana is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Carolina buckthorn | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 days and germinate at 7 to 10 C. | Nokes, J. (1986). How to grow native plants of Texas and the Southwest. Texas Monthly Press, Austin.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frangula caroliniana</i> (Walt) Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1213 | Frangula (purshiana) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Frangula | purshiana | (DC.) Cooper | FRPU7 | Willamette National Forest, Hills Creek-Lower Hills Creek, Oregon; 1100 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Cascara Buckthorn | Small lot, 4.5 pounds, hand collected into plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Frangula purshiana</i> (DC.) Cooper seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1214 | Frangula (purshiana) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Frangula | purshiana | DC | Rhamnus | purshiana | FRPU7 | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | Cascara | Collect ripe fruit in July/August in western Washington. Pre-ripe/yellow fruit can also be collected and processed directly. | Cold, wet stratification for 10 weeks beginning in January. | Sow into 10 cubic inch tubes filled with Sunshine Mix #1 in March. Sow 3-5 seeds per tube. | Tubes will be fully rooted within 10 weeks. Success rate of tubes: 70%. The tubes can then be potted into 1-gallon containers and will be fully rooted by September. Success rate of 1-gallons: 91%. | 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frangula purshiana</i> DC plants Sound Native Plants Olympia, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1215 | Frankenia (salina) | Frankeniaceae | Frankia Family | Frankenia | salina | (Molina) I.M. Johnston | Frankenia | grandifolia | Cham. & Schlecht. | FRASAL | Presidio, California | <i>F. salina</i> is found in salt marshes, beaches and alkali flats along or near the coast; from Marin and Solano counties to Lower California; also on the islands. | plants | seed | Stubby conetainers | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Alkali Seaheath | Seeds are collected between September 16th and October 21st.<br> Ellipsoid capsules are 8 mm long.<br> Seed is 1 mm long and brownish black and ovular with pointed tips at maturity. | Soak seeds in fresh water for 24 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system and are placed onheated benches.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 7 cubic inches (Stubby leach tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Frankenia salina</i> (Molina) I.M. Johnston plants Stubby conetainers; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1216 | Frasera (caroliniensis) | Gentianaceae | Gentain family | Frasera | caroliniensis | Walt. | Frasera | officinalis | W. Bart. | FRACAR | F. caroliniensis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American Columbo | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. Seeds non dispersed in the field require for 5 to 12 months required warm and cold stratification for germination. | Threadgill et al,1981. Dormancy in Seeds of Gentiana carolinensis Am. J. Bot. 68, 80-86. <br>Baskin and Baskin,1986. Changes in dormancy status of Frasera carolinenisis seeds during overwintering on parent plant. Am. J. Bot. 73,5-10.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frasera caroliniensis</i> Walt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1217 | Frasera (fastigiata) | gentianaceae | gentian family | Frasera | fastigiata | Frasera | umpquaensis | FRFA | mountainous habitat including meadows | The Northwestern portion of the US including Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | clustered green gentian | A period of 90 days cool/moist stratification will benefit the germination of this species by breaking dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frasera fastigiata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1218 | Frasera (speciosa) | Gentianaceae | Gentian family | Frasera | speciosa | Dougl. | FRASPE | F. speciosa is found in open and wooded foothills; from eastern Washington south to California and through the Rocky mountains to Mexico. It ranges eastward to the Dakotas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Showy green gentain | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 2 C. | McDonough, W. T. (1969). Effective treatments for the induction of germination in mountain rangeland species. Northw. Sci. 43, 18-22.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frasera speciosa</i> Dougl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1219 | Fraxinus (americana) | Oleaceae | Oleaster family | Fraxinus | americana | L. | FRAAME | F. americana is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White ash | Seeds are cold stratified for 56 to 140 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Bonner, F. T. (1975). Germination temperatures and prechill treatments for white ash (Fraxinus americana L.). Proc. Assoc. Offic. Seed Anal. 65, 60-65.<br>Steinbauer, G. P. (1937). Dormancy and germination of Fraxinus seeds. Plant Physiol. 12, 813-824.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fraxinus americana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1220 | Fraxinus (americana) | Oleaceae | Olive family | Fraxinus | americana | L. | FRAAME | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Rich, moist woods; Nova Scota to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991). | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 2 or 3-gallon containers | 2 Years | Years | Time to Grow: Bareroot seedlings are harvested after growing for two years in outdoor nursery beds. Most go out to the park bareroot; selected specimens are potted up and moved to the NPMC's container nursery and grown to 1 or 2-gallon size for an additional one ortwo seasons.<br><br>Root systems: Bareroot seedlings: well-developed root system. Long roots are pruned as needed at harvest. Container: Firm root ball that fills a container treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that inhibits root girdling.<br> Height: 2-0 bareroot seedlings are 22-40 inches. 2-2 plants in 2-gallon containers are up to 48". | white ash | Mature fruit heads were collected on October 4 and October 26 in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park in Virginia and Tennessee. | Seeds have embryo and seedcoat dormancy. Best pretreatments are a combination of warm and cold stratification. (Bonner, 1974) Seeds are soaked in water for several hours or overnight, and treated with fungicide. Seeds are sown in woody nursery beds in the fall soon after collection to allow natural stratification of the seeds. | Propagation environment: bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds; container specimens are grown to finished size in a container nursery.<br> Sowing date: fall<br> Sowing/planting technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. (Rows are 5-6 inches apart and seeds are sown close together within each row). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed and the row is covered with about _ inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. | Seedlings generally emerge during the spring following fall sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with 30% poly screening. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | Outdoor woody beds: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor, sandy loam, seedlings in the outdoor nursery beds are fertilized once weekly from mid-April through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br><br> Container nursery: Potted seedlings are put in a shade house until reaching outplanting size at 1 or 2 gallons. Plants are bumped up to the next container size in spring using a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 4 cups 180 day controlled release Nutricote 18-6-8 with micros and about 4 cups of endomycorrhizae per batch). Plant roots usually need a season or more after each bump-up for roots to fill the containers. <br>Daily irrigation is adjusted depending on natural precipitation and pot size. Larger (2 and 3-gallon) pots are moved to a drip section in full sun. <br>If additional nutrients are needed, containers may be top-dressed with controlled release Nutricote at manufacturer-recommended rates.<br>Prune as necessary to shape the plant. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. <br>Container nursery: frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, dependingon natural rainfall. | Bareroot: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed.<br><br> Containers: dormant containerized stock is overwintered outdoors under a microfoam-insulating blanket. After leaves have fallen, the clean, well-watered containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with microfoam. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then secured with rope and rebar. | 3-5 months | Bonner, F. T. 1974. <i>Fraxinus americanus</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC.411-416.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD><br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Fraxinus americana</i> L. plants bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 2 or 3-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1221 | Fraxinus (americana) | Oleaceae | Ash family | Fraxinus | americana | L. | FRAAME | South Central Missouri | White ash is found from Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia south to northern Florida, to eastern Minnesota south to eastern Texas. It grows from near sealevel to 1, 050 m (3,450 ft) in the mountains. It occurs in a variety of deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as in riparian areas; typically on well drained soils.Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | White ash | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. | Seeds are soaked in clean water for 10 days; water is changed daily. Following water soaking, seeds are artifically stratified for 48 days in moist peat moss in a cooler at 36 F. Seeds are sown by hand in April following pretreatment. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settlethe soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Fraxinus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Fraxinus.pdf ( | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Fraxinus americana</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1222 | Fraxinus (anomala) | Oleaceae | Olive family | Fraxinus | anomala | Torr. ex S. Wats. | Variety | anomala | FRANA | BLM, Seeds of Success, Colorado State Office, along the Dolores River, Dolores County, Colorado; 6810 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Singleleaf ash | Lot, 10.2 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Fraxinus anomala</i> Torr. ex S. Wats. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1223 | Fraxinus (anomala) | Oleaceae | Olive family | Fraxinus | anomala | Torr. ex S. Watson | FRAN2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM Land, Emery County, Utah: 5490 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Singleleaf ash | Small lot, 3 pounds, hand collected into cloth bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Fraxinus anomala</i> Torr. ex S. Watson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1224 | Fraxinus (nigra) | Oleaceae | Oleaster family | Fraxinus | nigra | Marsh | FRANIG | F. nigra is found in temperate deciduous forests of the northeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black ash | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 to 90 days. Seeds require warm stratification before cold stratification. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Steinbauer, G. P. (1937). Dormancy and germination of Fraxinus seeds. Plant Physiol. 12, 813-824.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fraxinus nigra</i> Marsh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1225 | Fraxinus (pennsylvanica) | Oleaceae | Ash Family | Fraxinus | pennsylvanica | Marsh. | FRAPEN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Green ash | Seeds were stratified for 90 days. Seeds germinated at alternating temperatures of 25/18 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Cram, W. H. and Lindquist, C. H. (1982). Germination of green ash is related to seed moisture content at harvest. For. Sci. 28, 809-812. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> Marsh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1226 | Fraxinus (pennsylvanica) | Oleaceae | Ash Family | Fraxinus | pennsylvanica | Marsh. | FRAPEN | South Central Missouri | Green ash is found from Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia south and west to southeastern Alberta through Montana, northeastern Wyoming and Utah. It ranges throughout the central and eastern portions of the United States. It is found mostly on moist fertile soils in a variety of deciduous and open coniferous forests, as well as in riparian areas. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 | 10 Months | Months | Height: 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Green ash | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. | Seeds are soaked in clean water for 10 days; water is changed daily. Following water soaking, seeds are artificially stratified for48 days in moist peat moss in a cooler at 36 F. Seeds are sown by hand in April following pretreatment. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Fraxinus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Fraxinus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> Marsh. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1227 | Fraxinus (velutina) | Oleaceae | Ash Family | Fraxinus | velutina | Torr. | Fraxinus | pennsylvanica | Sub-species | velutina | (Torr.) G.N. Mill. | FRAVEL | Zion National Park, Utah | <i>Fraxinus velutina</i> is found from Oregon and California east through the Great Basin States and south to Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Tall One Tree Pot | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Velvet ash | Samaras are hand collected from sites within the Park when they have fully matured. | Seeds are naturally stratified outdoors during fall months. <br>Sowing Methods: Seeds are directly sown into D40 Cells containing 1.5 parts vermiculite, 1 part sterile sand, 1 part coarse turface, and 2 parts peat moss (v:v:v:v). Cells are watered thoroughly after sowing and are not allowed to dry out during completely during stratification | Seedlings are grown in a shadehouse from February through October. | After emergence, seedlings are thinned to 1 plant per cell. Seedlings are hand watered throughout the growing season until they are well established. | Transplant to Tall One Tree Pots mid summer.We sometimes incorporate 13:13:13 NPK Osmocote time release fertilizer into media.Throughout the active growth phase, we irrigate when containers are nearly dry as a method of hardening the plants while they are being grown. | Decker, Cheryl. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fraxinus velutina</i> Torr. plants Tall One Tree Pot; USDI NPS - Zion National Park Springdale, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1228 | Fritillaria (pudica) | Liliaceae | Lily | Fritillaria | pudica | (Pursh) Spreng. | FRPU2 | Eastern Whitman County, WA. | Western North America east to Alberta and south to New Mexico and California, except Arizona. Occurs where mean annual precipitation is 8-16 inches (USDA NRCS 2006). In eastern Washington it is found in dry areas from sagebrush to open forest land, including areas of southeastern Washington and adjacent northern Idaho which receive around 20 inches of mean annual precipitation. | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Years | Years | Yellow bell | Seeds are collected when the capsules begin to split in late June or early July. Capsules can be collected individually or seed can be shaken from the capsules. Seed is light brown in color and flattened. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. | 90 days of cold, moist stratification in the dark or 120 of cold, moist stratification in light resulted in highest germination (Nauman 2002).<br>Seed should be sown in autumn and will take 3-6 years to flower (Kruckeberg 1996).<br>In trials at the PMC, no germination occurred without stratification and no seed germinated after 30 days cold, moist stratification. High germination was obtained from seeds sown in flats in November and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures. Germination occurred at cool temperatures. Cool growing conditions mayalso be needed. | In late November or early December seed is sown in flats filled with a 2:1 mix of Sunshine #4 and sharp sand. Seeds are covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Flats are watered deeply and placed outside. | Flats are left outside subject to cool winter and spring temperatures. They are watered only during extended dry periods. Germination begins in late March or early April. Germination is complete by late April. However, some seed will germinate after a second winter outdoors. | 4-5 months | Flats are moved to the lath house in May. Plants are watered as needed and fertilized once every other week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. They will go dormant during the hot, dry part of summer. Senescent plants are given only enough water to prevent the medium from drying completely.<br>Plants will grow from the bulb in following years, usually emerging in March. | Plants are grown outside, so no hardening is needed. Plants are dormant thru the fall and winter.<br>Flats are stored in the lath house over winter. They should be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in late winter or early spring as temperatures begin to rise.<br>The flats should also be protected from rodents, particularly when they are covered with mulch or foam. Rodents will be active under the mulch and relish the bulbs. | After 4 seasons in flats or containers, the bulbs are removed and planted to the field in late autumn. The largest bulbs are about 15 mm in diameter with multiple offsets. Offsets can also be planted in the field or replanted in flats. Large bulbs will sometimes flower the following spring. Offsets will take several more years to develop flowers. Overall, it may require 5-6 years from seed to flowering plants.<br> 4 year old bulbs averaged 10.64 mm tall and 7.34 mm wide and weighed an average of 0.35 grams. The larger, more mature of these were wider than tall, but most were less mature and were taller than wide. | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 332pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p>Nauman, C. 2002. Germination of 12 Palouse Prairie forbs after stratification under light and dark treatments. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> Winegar, David. 1982. Desert Wildflowers: Drylands of North America. Beautiful America Publ. Co. Beaverton, OR. 144 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fritillaria pudica</i> (Pursh) Spreng. bulbs USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1229 | Gaillardia (aristata) | Asteraceae | Aster | Gaillardia | aristata | GAAR | See | British Columbia to Saskatchewan, south to northern Oregon, northern Utah, Colorado, and South Dakota; dry, open foothills and mountain grasslands. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 25 kg/ha (22 lb/ac). | Common gaillardia or Indian blanketflower | Wildland collection occurs mid July to late August when the yellow and red ray flower is no longer present and the obpyramidal achene has not shattered (natural dispersal) from the globe-like seedhead; the prickly seedhead is easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person yielded 128 grams (4.5 oz) clean seed and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with push-type belt seeder, optimum seeding depth 1.3 cm (0.50 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting (also helps prevent soil crusting). | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Summer to fall</u>; soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup- -no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurred late July to early August, with an average harvest date of August 6 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Inflorescences were hand-harvested, placed in plastic sacks, and transported to drying area. Seed is placed in cloth or paper seed sacks, and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001.<p> Vascular Plants of West-Central Montana: Identification Guidebook, Klaus Lackschewitz, USDA USFS, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-277, 1991.<p> Plants of Waterton-Glacier National Parks and The Northern Rockies. R. J. Shaw and D. On. Mountain Press Publishing Co., Missoula, Montana, 1979. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Gaillardia aristata</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1230 | Gaillardia (aristata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Gaillardia | aristata | Pursh | GAAR | Paradise Creek drainage, Pullman, WA. | Western North America east to Saskatchewan and south to New Mexico, except Nevada. Also found in the north central and northeastern states.<br>Mean annual precipitation range is from 16-30 inches (USDA NRCS 2006). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Blanketflower | Fruit is an achene which is grey in color and ripens in August. Seed maturity is indeterminant. Seed is collected by cutting the stem below the flower head when the seed begins to fall from the inflorescence. Seed can also be collected by hand without cutting the stem, but is prickly and can irritate the fingers.<br>Seed can be collected using a vacuum. This removes only mature seed, leaving immature seed to ripen, and reduces the amount of trash which subsequently must be cleaned from the seed. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Under laboratory conditions, seed collected from Washington germinated at 84% under alternating light/dark cycles and alternating temperatures of 20/30 degrees Centigrade, while seed subjected to alternating temperatures of 20/30 degrees Centigrade in the dark germinated at 80% (Maguire & Overland 1959).<p>Untreated seed germinated at 85% or better in trials conducted at the PMC. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. A 1/4 to 1/2 inch head space is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5-7 days and is complete in 14-16 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Buhler, Douglas D., and Melinda L. Hoffman. 1999. Andersen's Guide to Practical Methods of Propagating Weeds and Other Plants. Weed Science Society of America. Lawrence, Kansas. 248pp.<p>Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 332pp.<p>Kingery, James, Angela Cotter, and Kendra Moseley. 2003. Idaho Roadside Revegetation Handbook. Prepared for The Idaho Transportation Department by the Department of Rangeland Ecology and Management, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID. Online at http://h237-41.state.id.us/highways/ops/maintenance/Manuals/fullVegetationManual.pdf. Accessed 11/20/05.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Link, Ellen (ed.). 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan. 240 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p>Maguire, James D. and Alvin Overland. 1959. Laboratory Germination of Seeds of Weedy and Native Plants. Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 349, Pullman, WA. 15 p.<p>Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p>Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p>Underhill, J.E. 1986. Sagebrush Wildflowers. Hancock House Publishers, Inc. Blaine, WA. and Surrey, BC, Canada.<p> USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (02 February 2006).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gaillardia aristata</i> Pursh plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1231 | Gaillardia (aristata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Gaillardia | aristata | Pursh. | GAIARI | Exposed slope, near Big Drift, 6000 elev., GlacCo., Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>G. aristata</i> is a common cordilleran species; occurring from B.C. and Manitoba south to Oregon, Colorado, and South Dakota.<br> It grows in grasslands and meadows in the montane zone and is occasionally found near treeline in the mountains. In inhabits rocky or well drained soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml containers | 5 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 7 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 160 ml conetainer | Indian Blanket Flower | Seeds are hand collected in late August and early September when achenes separate easily from the receptacle. Seeds are grey to dark brown at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 30 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds that have been dry stored for 3 months or more do not require a stratification to overcome dormancy. However, a brief stratification improves germination uniformity. | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium or grit.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled, sown and irrigated thoroughly. | Seeds germinate uniformly in 10 to 15 days at 22C. Germination to true leaf stage is 7 to 15 days. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. After seedlings are well established, they must dry down slightly between irrigations. | 4 weeks | There is rapid root and shoot development during the growing season. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm weekly until fall. Some plants were flowering 16 weeks following germination. | 8 to 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm in fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 2 to 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 5 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, Penn. State University, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gaillardia aristata</i> Pursh. plants 160 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1232 | Gaillardia (aristata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Gaillardia | aristata | Pursh | GAAR | Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Fernan Lake, Blue Creek Bay, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Common gaillardia | Very small lot, 0.44 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Gaillardia aristata</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1233 | Gaillardia (aristata) | Asteraceae | Gaillardia | aristata | Colorado, Moraine Park (98-041s), Twin Sisters (98-083s), Hollowell Park (98-087s), McGraw Ranch (98-136s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blanketflower | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head.<p> Moraine Park (98-041s) collected on 8/24/98; Twin Sisters (98-083s) collected on 8/27/98; Hollowell Park (98-087s) collected on 8/9/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Surface sown in 36 pk, with 2-3 seeds/slot. Pressed seeds firmly into soil.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 13 days (at least, second round of germination may occur much later).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uneven, slow growth.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Moraine Park (98-041s) sowed 10/28/98; Twin Sisters (98-083s) sowed 11/12/98; Hollowell Park (98-087s) sowed 11/16/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Gaillardia aristata</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1234 | Galium | Rubiaceae | Galium | GALIU | Colorado, Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-043s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bedstraw | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds separated by crushing seed head.<p> Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-043s) collected on 10/7/98. | <b>Seed treatments:<b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 13 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uneven, slow growth.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-043s) sowed on 11/4/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Galium</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1235 | Galium (angustifolium) | Rubiaceae | Bedstraw family | Galium | angustifolium | Nutt. ex Gray | GALANG | G. angustifolium is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Narrow leaf bedstraw | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 21% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Galium angustifolium</i> Nutt. ex Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1236 | Galium (bifolium) | Rubiaceae | Madder family | Galium | bifolium | Wats. | GALBIF | G. biflorum is found east of the Cascade mountains in the western United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Thin leaf bedstraw | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for winter months Germination occurs in spring. | Pelton, J. (1956). A study of seed dormancy in eighteen species of high altitude Colorado plants. Butler Univ. Stud. Bot. 13, 74-84.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Galium bifolium</i> Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1237 | Galium (boreale) | Rubiaceae | Madder | Galium | boreale | L | GABO2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Widespread circumboreal species. In eastern Washington it is usually found on more mesic sites in grasslands of the Palouse Prairie and in open coniferous woods.<br>Mean annual precipitation range is from 20-55 inches (USDA NRCS 2007).<br>Wetland indicator status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Northern bedstraw | Seed is collected in September when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are brown in color. Seed can be stripped from the stalks by hand or entire stalks can be cut. Plants hold their seed well, shattering is not generally a problem. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Germination was equally low for seeds from a Wisconsin source either without pretreatment or after 2 months cold moist stratification (Green & Curtis 1950). Maguire and Overland (1959) found 4 weeks of cold moist stratification resulted in 84% germination, while untreated seed germinated at 64%.<br> For this ecotype, germination without pretreatment is high. Trials conducted at the PMC comparing untreated seed with cold, moist stratified seed showed no benefit from stratification. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 10-12 days and is complete in 3 weeks. | 3 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Chirco, Ellen, and Terry Turnoer. 1986. Species without AOSA Testing Procedures. The Newsletter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 60(2):2-66. Available online at http://www.aosaseed.com/Species%20wo%20AOSA%20list%20plus%20adds.pdf Updated November 11/10/03.<p> Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Greene, H.C. and J.T. Curtis. 1950. Germination Studies of Wisconsin Prairie Plants. American Midland Naturalist 43:186-194.<p> Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1956. Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington. J.M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Limited. Vancouver, BC. 211 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Maguire, James D. and Alvin Overland. 1959. Laboratory Germination of Seeds of Weedy and Native Plants. Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 349, Pullman, WA. 15 p.<p> Mohlenbrock, Robert H. Undated. Western Wetland Flora: A Field Office Guide to Wetland Species. USDA, NRCS Western Region. Sacramento, CA.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Patterson, Patricia A, Kenneth E. Neiman, and Jonalea R. Tonn. 1985. Field Guide to Forest Plants of Northern Idaho. General Technical Report INT-180. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, Utah. 246 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1901. The flora of the Palouse region: Containing descriptions of all the psermatophytes and pteridophytes known to grow wild in the area within 35 kilometers of Pullman, Washington. Pullman, Washington Agricultural College and School of Science. 208 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (01 February 2007).<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Galium boreale</i> L plants 10 cu.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1238 | Garrya (elliptica) | Garryaceae | Silk-Tassel Family | Garrya | elliptica | Dougl. ex Lindl. | GARELL | Marin County, California | <i>G. elliptica</i> is found on dry slopes and ridges, below 200 feet elevation, from Ventura County, California to Oregon; also on the islands off California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Wavyleaf Silk-Tassel | Seeds are collected between May 1st and August 1st.<br> Mature berries are borne in long strands and are dark grey to bluish black.<br> There are 2 seeds per berry. | Soak clean seeds overnight in fresh water. Drain and wash seeds for 1 minute in a 5% bleach solution. Place seeds in a new freezer bag with an equal amount of pH neutral peat moss. Moisten peat moss and place in refrigerator for 3 months or until seeds start sprouting. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 6 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an mist and automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:25% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Garrya elliptica</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1239 | Garrya (flavescens) | Garryaceae | Silk tassel family | Garrya | flavescens | S. Wats. | GARFLA | G. flavescens is native to southwestern U.S. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yellowleaf silktassel | Seeds exhibit morpho-physiological dormancy. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 and 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Garrya flavescens</i> S. Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1240 | Gaultheria (procumbens) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Gaultheria | procumbens | L. | GAUPRO | G. procumbens is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastern teaberry | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 to 75 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1939). Experiments at Boyce Thompson Institute on germination and dormancy of seeds. Sci. Hort. 7, 186-193.<br> Dimock, E. J., II, Johnston, W. F. and Stein, W. I. (1974). Gaultheria L. Wintergreen. Pp. 422-426. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gaultheria procumbens</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1241 | Gaultheria (shallon) | Ericaceae | Heath | Gaultheria | shallon | GASH | Mt Hood, Rogue River-Siskiyou, Siuslaw, and Willamette National Forests, Oregon | USA: AK , CA , OR , WA
Native Distribution: Coastal areas from Santa Barbara County, CA to British Columbia Native Habitat: Coastal woods or brushy places below 760 m (2500 ft) | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 22 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | salal | Collect in late summer or fall. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 25 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | Plants are slow-growing, sometimes requiring 2 full growing seasons if cultured in a larger container. However, plants can reach target specifications if fertilized heavily throughout the growing season. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 18 to 19 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Gaultheria shallon Pursh. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=GASH (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1242 | Gaultheria (shallon) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Gaultheria | shallon | Pursh | GAUSHA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Salal | Seeds germinated at 21 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds:Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Dimock, E. J., II, Johnston, W. F. and Stein, W. I. (1974). Gaultheria L. Wintergreen. Pp. 422-426. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1243 | Gaylussacia (baccata) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Gaylussacia | baccata | GAYBAC | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Louisiana east to Florida and North to Maine, Iowa and Manitoba. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gal container | 42 Months | Months | Height: Projected probably 18".<p> Caliper: N/A.<p> Root System: To fill 1 gallon container. | Black huckleberry | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Look Rock trail to tower, Bushy Mountain by J. Marshall and A. Johnson on 7/17 and 7/22/95; and Cumberland Gap National Historical Park - Kentucky/Virginia border by J. Copeland in 8/92. | Seed Treatments: After sowing, seed trays are given a 1 month period of warm moist stratification with alternating day-night temperatures (optimum is 86/68§F though our greenhouse averaged about 75/65§F), followed by two months cool moist stratification at approximately 45-50§F. During warm stratification, trays may be placed on heat mats and covered with clear plastic to conserve moisture. Night temperatures need to be adjusted downwards.<p> Seed dormancy: overcome by 1 month warm stratification followed by 2 month cool stratification (see Seed Treatments). Germination occurs when trays are returned to warm conditions. | Propagation Environment:Greenhouse.<p> Seed Propagation Method: Hand sown.<p> Container Type and Volume: Seed is sown in 10x20 germination flats or 4x4 trays; and transplanted successively to 72 plug trays, 2" pots, quarts and gallons, depending on growth.<p> Growing Media: Seed is sown on a 2:1 mix of peat/perlite or 1:1 mix of peat/sand, both amended with dolomitic lime @ about 40 grams per cubic foot of media. Seedlings going into smaller containers (<1 quart) are transplanted into a 1:1 mix of Sunshine #1:peat amended with lime and micronutrients at recommended rate. Larger plants (1 quart and up) are transplanted to 2:1:1 mix of Sunshine #1:peat:pine bark. Micronutrients may be added. | Sowing Date: Seeds may be sown in January, March or August. All will work providing stratification protocol is followed. Plants from March 26, 2000 seeding were still only 1/2 inch tall in November. January sowing appears to allow the most first season growth.<p> % Emergence and Date: Germination occurred at about 20% after removal from cooler and return to warm greenhouse temperatures. Thiswas approximately 3 months after sowing.<p> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds were sown by hand over surface of media and then lightly drenched with fungicide (Triathlon was used). Trays were covered with plastic domes or clear plastic to prevent the media surface from drying. During the first 30 days, seed trays were kept under 24 hour fluorescent light in greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures. Seed trays were then given a fungicidal drench, covered with clear plastic and cool stratified @ between 45 and 50§F for 60 days. After cool stratification, seed trays were returned to the greenhouse and placed under mist until well-germinated. They were treated for fungus gnats as needed. The newly germinated seedlings seem to tolerate extended periods of mist without much adverse effect.<p> Establishment Phase: Seedlings are very slow growing. During establishment, it is important to keep the soil surface evenly moist. Do not allow media to remain saturated, dry out or develop a surface crust. Fungus gnats can become a problem and larval feeding may damage seedling roots, therefore treatment may be necessary. Seedlings are transplanted after 4 - 7 months in germination trays into a sand/peat or media/peat mixture in 72 trays or 2" pots. Plugs are fertilized infrequently (as needed) with a water-soluble fertilizer for acid-loving plants at recommended rates. | Rapid Growth Phase: Species is very slow growing. After approximately 1 year plants are bumped up to quarts or 1/2 gallon pots, and then to gallons the second or third year. | Hardening Phase: Plants were moved outdoors and grown in the NPMC shade house with overhead irrigation from April - November the third season. | Harvest Date: None have been delivered to the Park as of this writing. We expect that it will take two seasons of growth in gallon containers before they are ready for outplanting.<p> Total Time to Harvest: Estimated 3 years from germination to delivery to park as gallon sized container plants.<p> Seed storage: Stored dry in plastic container in cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<p> Storage Conditions: Seedlings were over-wintered in the NPMC cooler @40§F, 35% relative humidity for their first two winters. The third winter, plants are being over-wintered in gallon containers under microfoam outdoors. Seedlings that were sown in March are too small and will be kept for the winter in the greenhouse. | Storage Duration: 4 months. | Bonner, F. T., and Lowell K. Halls, Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States Forest Service USDA Handbook No. 450, 19974 pp. 427 & 428.<p> Dirr, Michael A. 1990. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. 4th Edition. Stipes Publishing Co. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i> plants 1 gal container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1244 | Gentiana (andrewsii) | Gentianaceae | Gentian Family | Gentiana | andrewsii | Griseb. | GEAN | Marshy or at least moist ground; meadows and wet prairies; shores, thickets and ditches; river banks, floodplains, swamp forests. White or blue flowers. Each corolla lobe terminates in a small tooth or mucro. 14-30 inches tall. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Closed or Bottle gentian | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Flowers in Aug.-Sept. Seed is an achene and is harvested in October-November. | Stratification: Seal the seeds in a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Add just enough water to barely saturate the mixture and store in a refrigerator or cold garage (42 degrees F) for at least 3 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: 14"x8.5" trays having 24 cells, each cell being 2" in diameter and 4" deep. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix the soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to variable germination rates. | From Jan. thru Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperature may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. Once danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gentiana andrewsii</i> Griseb. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1245 | Gentiana (calycosa) | Gentianaceae | Gentian Family | Gentiana | calycosa | Griseb. | GENCAL | Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier County, MT 2030 meters elevation. | <i>G. calycosa</i> is found in subalpine and alpine meadows,open slopes, and streambanks; from British Columbia to California and east to the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to Colorado. It typically grows on well aerated soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 2 to 3 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Explorer's gentian | Collection Date: 9/3/98<br> Collection Locality: Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, 2030 meters.<br> Seeds are hand collected when capsules begin to split at the top. Seeds are tan at maturity. This species flowers in late summer and mature seeds are sometimes difficult to obtain before snowfall in September. A cutting test is essential prior to collection to ensure seed maturity and fill. | Seeds are treated with 1000 ppm gibberellic acid soak with distilled water for 15 minutes. After treatment, seeds are rinsed with running water for 10 minutes. Imbibed seeds are placed on moistened paper towels using distilled water in open plastic bags under refrigeration at 2C for 100 days. Seeds are checked every other day to monitor moisture content. | Growing Area: Fully controlled greenhouse<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing Medium: Sunshine Mix #2 containing 70% milled sphagnum peat moss, 20% perlite and 10% washed sand added to commercial medium.<br> Container Type and Volume: 160 ml (7 cu. inch) Ray leach conetainers. | Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 25C day for 12 hours and 15C night for 12 hours.<br>Medium is kept evenly moist during germination by misting twice per day.<br>Cotyledons emerged 8 days after sowing and are thinned to 1 per container after the appearance of true leaves. Seedlings had 4 true leaves 4 weeks after sowing. | 4 weeks | Like most alpine species, most growth is allocated to the root system. The roots are slender and somewhat fleshy. Care must be taken not to overwater seedlings.<br>Seedlings are fertilized with 20-10-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm once per week and are moved to the outdoor nursery in full sun 3 months after germination.<br>Temperatures range from 20 to 25C during the day and 12 to 15C at night.<br>Seedlings produce 6 to 10 true leaves on a short shoot and form branched shoots from the bottom of the main shoot later during the active growth phase. Shoot height averages 2 to 3 cm at the end of the growing season. | 20 weeks | Seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 50 ppm during September and irrigation is gradually reduced through the months of September and October. Plants are given one final irrigation of water prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Seedlings over winter in the outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Unversity of Washington Press, 1985.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Timber Press Inc., 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination: Theory and Practice, Deno, Penn State University, 1991. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gentiana calycosa</i> Griseb. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1246 | Gentiana (sceptrum) | Gentianaceae | Gentian family | Gentiana | sceptrum | Griseb. | GESC | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | king's sceptor gentian | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats were covered with polyethlene bags and placed in the walk-in cooler for 90-days. After stratification, the flats was placed in a greenhouse set at modest temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights). Sparse gerination occured 6 weeks after removal froms the cooler. A control flat was left outside over winter good germination was noted in the spring. One flat was placed directly in the greenhouse after being sown.This flat had zero germination. | Seedlings grew slowly in the spring. | A small basal rosette was produced the first summer. | Plants appeared to go dormant in fall, the basal leaves turning purple. In late fall, new shoots emerged and basal leaves withered. | Bartow, Amy L. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gentiana sceptrum</i> Griseb. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1247 | Gentianella (quinquefolia) | Gentianaceae | Gentain family | Gentianella | quinquefolia | (L.) Small | Sub-species | quinquefolia | (L.) Small | Gentiana | quinquefolia | L. | GENQUI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ague weed | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 15/6 C temperature cycle. Germination is in the presence of light. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished,1988.In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gentianella quinquefolia</i> (L.) Small plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1248 | Geranium | Geraniaceae | Geranium | GERAN | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-022s), Alluvial Fan (98-111s), McGraw Ranch (98-110s, 98-188s), Twin Sisters (98-152s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Geranium | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> Seeds require scarification. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Surface sown in 36 pk, with 1 seed/slot. Pressed seeds firmly into soil.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination and initial growth rapid.<p> Sprague Lake (98-022s) sowed 10/27/98: Alluvial Fan (98-111s) sowed 12/4/98; McGraw Ranch (98-110s, 98-188s) sowed 12/4/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Geranium</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1249 | Geranium (bicknellii) | Geraniaceae | Geranium family | Geranium | bicknellii | Britt. | GERBIC | G. bicknelli is found from British Columbia to Newfoundland south to the northeastern United States and Washington, Idaho, Montana and Utah in the west. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bicknell's geranium | Germination occurs at 20 C. | Granstrom, A and Schimmel, J. (1993). Heat effects on seeds and rhizomes of a selection of boreal forest plants and potential reaction to fire. Oceologia 94, 307-313.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geranium bicknellii</i> Britt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1250 | Geranium (fremontii) | Geraniaceae | Geranium | fremontii | Colorado, McGraw Ranch (98-110s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Fremont Geranium | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Simply remove from sticky covering. Seeds small, oval and dark brown (not the long spike). Scarification and 24 hour soak necessary for germination.<p> McGraw Ranch (98-110s) collected on 9/3/98. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Scarification and 24 hour soak necessary for germination. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown in 4x8 flat, lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 10 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid after germination.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> Variable.<p> McGraw Ranch (98-110s) sowed 12/4/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Geranium fremontii</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1251 | Geranium (oreganum) | Geraniaceae | Geranium family | Geranium | oreganum | Howell | GEOR2 | Collected in Lane Co. Oregon, near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Oregon geranium | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soul-less peat based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/ 50 degree nights). | Seeds germinated in one to two weeks. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geranium oreganum</i> Howell plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1252 | Geranium (richardsonii) | Geraniaceae | Geranium Family | Geranium | richardsonii | Fisch. & Trautv. | GERRIC | Ecotype from Old Faithful Main Shop Area of Yellowstone National Park | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10-cubic-inch conetainers. | 0 | Richardson's geranium | A 6-week cold moist stratification at 34 to 37øF resulted in fair germination of 1-y-old seeds (about 40 to 50%), although trials to determine optimum dormancy breaking treatment were not conducted. Sow seeds directly onto a peat-lite mix and cold chill, or stratify seeds in a 50:50 sand:peat moss mix in a ventilated ziplock bag. Moisten seed and media and allow to imbibe water overnight before placing in cooler. Ten-cubic-inch conetainers are adequate for 1-0 production. | For container production, use a well-drained peat-lite mix with baseline nutrition. | This species grows well in a greenhouse at 75 to 80øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. Keep media fairly moist. Fertigate weekly with 9-45-15 at 150 to 250 ppm for the first 4 to 6 weeks then use 20-10-20 at 150 to 200 ppm each week for the remainder of the growing season. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). Our hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | No experience, this species was delivered as actively growing stock in early summer of the first growing season. We generally prefer to hold over all container plants for one winter prior to outplanting. | No experience. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geranium richardsonii</i> Fisch. & Trautv. plants 10-cubic-inch conetainers.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1253 | Geranium (viscosissimum) | Geraniaceae | Geranium family | Geranium | viscosissimum | F&M | GERVIS | G. viscosissimum is found from British Colombia to California east to Saskatchewan and south to Colorado, Utah and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sticky geranium | Germination occurs at 220D/17N C alternating temperature cycle. | Granstrom, A and Schimmel, J. (1993). Heat effects on seeds and rhizomes of a selection of boreal forest plants and potential reaction to fire. Oceologia 94, 307-313.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geranium viscosissimum</i> F&M plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1254 | Geranium (viscosissimum) | Geraniaceae | Geranium family | Geranium | viscosissimum | Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex C.A. Mey. | GEVI2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM Land, Salt Lake County, Utah: 6500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sticky purple geranium | Very small lot, 0.18 pounds, hand collected into cloth bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Geranium viscosissimum</i> Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex C.A. Mey. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1255 | Geranium (viscosissimum) | Geraniaceae | Geranium family | Geranium | viscosissimum | Fisch. & Mey. | GERVIS | Moist meadows adjacent to Aspen forest, Saint Mary, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>G. viscosissimum</i> is found from southern B.C. to northern California and northern Nevada, and east to Alberta and south to Colorado and Utah. It inhabits moist to dry open forest and grasslands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 4 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 5 to 6 true leaves, 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Sticky geranium | Seeds are hand collected in mid August when the capsules turn tan and before they begin to split along the septa. Seeds are gray to brown at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and are spread out in a well ventilated greenhouse. Capsules dehisce forcefully. For efficent seed collection, wrap developing seed capsules in fine mesh bags that allow light transmission when capsules are near maturity. Seeds will be captured in bags as the capsules open. | Seeds are scarified in a brief, 5 to 10 second hot water bath. After 5 to 10 seconds, seeds are immediately transferred to cold water and left in cooled water overnight. Seeds that were not imbibed (visibly larger) than dry seeds were re-scarified with another 5 to 10 second hot water bath followed by 24 hr cold water soak. Following scarification, seeds are stratified for 30 to 60 days at 1 to 3 C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium. Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination is complete in 3 weeks. Seedlings produced 2 true leaves 3 to 4 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot growth occurs rapidly following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly. Seedlings are root tight in containers in 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 4 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Lapp, Joyce; Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geranium viscosissimum</i> Fisch. & Mey. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1256 | Geranium (viscosissimum) | Geraniaceae | Geranium | viscosissimum | GEVI2 | Colorado, Cow Creek (98-197s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sticky Purple Geranium | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds require scarification and 24 hour soak. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Seeds require scarification and 24 hour soak. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid and uniform.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Cow Creek (98-197s) sowed 1/20/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Geranium viscosissimum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1257 | Geum (aleppicum) | Rosaceae | Geum | aleppicum | GEAL3 | Colorado, Cow Creek (98-196s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Yellow Avens | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Time to potting: </b> 1 month. Cow Creek (98-196s) sowed on 1/19/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Geum aleppicum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1258 | Geum (canadense) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Geum | canadense | Jacq. | GEUCAN | G. canadense is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White avens | Seeds germinate at 20/10 C in light. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1985d). Role of dispersal date and changes in physiological responses in controlling timing of germination in achenes of Geum canadense. Can. J. Bot. 63, 1654-1658.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geum canadense</i> Jacq. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1259 | Geum (macrophyllum) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Geum | macrophyllum | Willd. | GEUMAC | Spruce/Fir forest, 1150m elevation, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>G. macrophyllum</i> occurs in moist forests, meadows, and stream banks, from sea level to the subalpine; from Alaska to Baja California, east from B.C. to Great Lakes Region and Nova Scotia. It also occurs in Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 116 ml conetainers | 4 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 8 cm, 4 to 6 leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Large leaved avens | Seeds are hand-stripped from the inflorescences when the achenes turn brown in early fall.Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated dring shed prior to cleaning. | Seed Treatments: None. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with media.<br>Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination appears to be uniform and rapid; 7 to 10 days after sowing in the greenhouse. | 4 weeks | Growth following germination and thinning is rapid; plants are root tight in container in 8 weeks. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 4 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geum macrophyllum</i> Willd. plants 116 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1260 | Geum (macrophyllum) | Rosaceae | Rose | Geum | macrophyllum | Willd. | Variety | perincisum | (Rydb.) Raup | GEMAP | Pullman area | Western North America south to New Mexico where mean annual precipitation ranges from 12-55 inches (USDA 2004). Occurs mostly in moist, partially shaded areas such as forest openings, meadows and shrub thickets. In eastern Washington it is sometimes found as an understory plant with Douglas hawthorn, <i>Crataegus douglasii</i>.<br>For the species, wetland indicator status is FACW+ (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | Will sometimes invade shady garden and landscape areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Large-leaved avens | Fruit is an achene.<br>Seed is collected in July when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are brown in color. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<p>794,000 seeds/lb (USDA 2004). | Unpublished data from trials at the Pullman PMC showed 5% germination from unstratified seed. Seed given 30 days of cool, moist stratification germinated at 48%. Seed subjected to 60 days of cool, moist stratification germinated at 98%. 90 days of cool, moist stratification followed by cool, outdoor growing conditions resulted in 90% germination, but these plants were not ready to be transplanted to the field the same spring. | In November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside for 60 days, after which time they are moved to the greenhouse. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 60 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination of stratified seed usually begins in 4 days and is complete in 8 days. | 1 week | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geum macrophyllum</i> Willd. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1261 | Geum (macrophyllum) | Rosaceae | Geum | macrophyllum | GEMA4 | Colorado, Lily Lake (98-208s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Large leaf Avens | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Lily Lake (98-208s) sowed 1/19/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Geum macrophyllum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1262 | Geum (rossii) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Geum | rossii | (Rydb.) Hitchc. | Variety | turbinatum | GEUROS | G. rossii var. turbinatum is found in moist subalpine and alpine meadows from the arctic south through the mountains to Arizona, California and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ross' avens | Germination occurs at 30D/25N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination occurred equally well in light and dark. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Sayers, R. L. and Ward, R. T. (1966). Germination responses in alpine species. Bot. Gaz. 127, 11-16.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geum rossii</i> (Rydb.) Hitchc. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1263 | Geum (triflorum) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Geum | triflorum | (Pursh) Fassett | Sieversia | ciliata | (Pursh) G. Don | GEUTRI | Idaho fescue grassland, Big Prairie, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.,1100m elevation. | <i>G. triflorum</i> occurs from sagebrush plains and dry foothills to subalpine ridges; B.C. to California, mostly east of the Cascades, east to Newfoundland, New York, Illinois, and Nebraska and the Rocky Mountain states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Prairie smoke | Seeds are collected in mid to late August when the plumose achenes turn tan and are easily removed from the receptacle. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. A minimum of a 30 day cold, moist stratification is recommended for this species. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S ,0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 21C or above during the day. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 4 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm fertilizer during the growing season. Plants were fully root tight with 10 to 15 true leaves in 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leafched with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 7 to 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition,University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography,and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geum triflorum</i> (Pursh) Fassett plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1264 | Geum (triflorum) | Rosaceae | Rose | Geum | triflorum | Pursh | Variety | ciliatum | (Pursh) Fassett | Sieversia | ciliata | (Pursh) G. Don | GETRC2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | The species is widespread across Canada and the western and northern US. Mean annual precipitation range is from 16-40 inches (USDA NRCS 2007). The local phase, var. <i>ciliatum</i>, is restricted to western North America from British Columbia south to California and east to Montana and New Mexico. It may also be found on moister sites in areas receiving less than 16 inches of precipitation. In eastern Washington it is found in open areas from sagebrush steppe to grasslands and open Ponderosa pine forests and in subalpine meadows. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Prairie smoke, Old man's whiskers | Fruit is an achene. It ripens in late June and July. It is collected by hand when the seed is grey-brown in color and separates easily from the inflorescence. Seed is wind disseminated, but will hold on the plant for several days after maturity. Seed maturity is indeterminant, collection can occur over a period of several weeks. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Some authors report that seed germinates well without pretreatment (Link 1993, Young & Young 1986). Young and Young also report that seed will germinate over a period of 1 month. Seed from a South Dakota source showed no response to stratification and germination was high for untreated seed (Sorenson & Holden 1974). McDonough (1969) germinated seed from a subalpine Utah source at alternating day/night temperatures of 25/15 <sup>o</sup>C. Best growth from those seeds was obtained in a greenhouse with day/night temperatures of at least 20/10<sup>o</sup>C. In another study, he found that the highest germination was at alternating day/night temperatures of 17/12<sup>o</sup>C (McDonough 1970). For seed from a Wisconsin source, 3 months of cold moist stratification resulted in 64% germination, while untreated seed germinated at 50% (Green & Curtis 1950). Alpine seed of <i>G. triflorum</i> var. <i>campanulatum</i> from Olympic National Park in Washington germinated better after a nine month after-ripening period (Kaye 1997). For seed from a northern Idaho source, Nauman (2002) found that 120 days of cold moist stratification with light resulted in the highest germination and that seed germinates at low temperatures during stratification.<p>For this ecotype, germination without pretreatment is high. Trials conducted at the PMC comparing untreated seed with cold, moist stratified seed showed no benefit from stratification. The seed stratified outdoors emerged more quickly (2-3 days) when moved to the greenhouse and reached maximum emergence sooner (6-8 days). This is probably due to the ability of the seed to begin the germination process at low temperatures. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 10 days and is complete in 30-35 days. | 1 month | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Greene, H.C. and J.T. Curtis. 1950. Germination Studies of Wisconsin Prairie Plants. American Midland Naturalist 43:186-194.<p> Kaye, T.N. 1997. Seed Dormancy in High Elevation Plants: Implications for Ecology and Restoration. In, Kaye, T.N., A. Liston, R.M. Love, D. Luoma, R.J. Meinke, and M.V. Wilson [editors]. Conservation and Management of Native Plants and Fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon, Corvallis, Oregon.<p> Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Link, Ellen (ed.). 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan. 240 pp.<p> McDonough, Walter T. 1969. Seedling Growth of Ten Species from Subalpine Rangeland in Utah as Affected by Controlled Diurnal Temperature Alterations. American Midland Naturalist 82:276-279.<p> McDonough, Walter T. 1970. Germination of 21 Species Collected from a High Elevation Rangeland in Utah. American Midland Naturalist 84:551-554.<p> Nauman, C. 2002. Germination of 12 Palouse Prairie forbs after stratification under light and dark treatments. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> Sorensen, J.T. and D.J. Holden. 1974. Germination of Native Prairie Forb Seeds. Journal of Range Management 27:123-126.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (05 February 2007).<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 5 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Geum triflorum</i> Pursh plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
1265 | Gilia (capitata) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Gilia | capitata | Sims | GILCAP | G. capitata is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bluehead gilia | Seeds germinate at 27/18 C. Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 75% increase in germination as compared to control. | Sweeney, J. R. (1956). Responses of vegetation to fire. University of California Press, Berkeley. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2,10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gilia capitata</i> Sims plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1266 | Gilia (capitata) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Gilia | capitata | Sims | GICA5 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | bluehead gilia | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 ( a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | The flats of conetainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degree) for 4-6 weeks. Flats were removed from the cooler after 4-6 weeks and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gilia capitata</i> Sims plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1267 | Gilia (capitata) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Gilia | capitata | (Greene) V. Grant | Sub-species | chamissonis | (Greene) V. Grant | Gilia | achilleifolia | (Greene) Brand | Sub-species | chamissonis | (Greene) Brand | GILCAP | Presidio, California | <i>G. capitata</i> is found in open places below 4,000 feet elevation; from from northern Santa Barbara County to Marin and Contra Costa counties, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Bluehead gilia | Seeds are collected July 16th.<br> | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are sown per container containing regular potting mix.<br> Seeds aresurface sown.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gilia capitata</i> (Greene) V. Grant plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1268 | Gilia (splendens) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Gilia | splendens | Mason & A. Grant | Sub-species | australis | Mason & A. Grant | Gilia | australis | (Mason & A. Grant) V.& A. Grant | G. splendens ssp. australis is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Southern gilia | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 49% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gilia splendens</i> Mason & A. Grant plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1269 | Gleditsia (triacanthos) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Gleditsia | triacanthos | L. | GLETRI | G. triacanthos is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Honeylocust | Seeds germinate at 30/20 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Heit, C. E. (1967). Propagation from seed. Part 6: hardseededness - a critical factor. Amer. Nurseryman 125(10), 10-12, 88-96.<br>Heit, C. E. (1968c). Thirty-five years' testing of tree and shrub seed. J. For. 66, 632-634.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gleditsia triacanthos</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1270 | Gliricidia (sepium) | Fabaceae | Legume | Gliricidia | sepium | (Jacq.) Walp. | Native to lowland dry forests from 0-1,200 m elevation. Native to areas with a distinct dry season, but can grow in wetter climates with no pronounced dry season. Found in forest vegetation but also on coastal sand dunes, riverbanks, and floodplains. | Native to Mexico and Central America, an aboriginal introduction naturalized in West Indies and Puerto Rico. Also naturalized in Hawaii, West Africa, Asia and Australia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 15-20 cm in height, stem diameter 6-8 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | Gliricidia, mother of cocoa, madre de cacao, quick stick, Mexican lilac | Gliricidia is highly variable in terms of form and productivity, and for this reason superior provenances such as Retalhuleu should be sought out for propagation. Time of flowering and seeding varies depending on climate, elevation, and duration of dry season. Usually flowers in the dry season (Nov-March in Kona, Hawaii, January-March in Mexico, Dec-May in Puerto Rico). Time between flowering and pod ripening can be very short, 5-7 weeks in some areas. The seed pods as they dry release their seeds explosively, spreading them up to 25 m away from the tree. For this reason, seed collectors must observe flowering trees carefully and collect seed pods from the tree when they are ripe, but before they dehisce. Seed pods are 10-15 cm long and 12-15 mm wide. Each contains about 3-8 seeds. Pods are collected when brown and ripe, but before they are dry enough to curl and release their seeds. | No scarification is necessary, although soaking seeds overnight in cool water will cause them to swell and hasten germination. For fresh seed collections free from insect infestations, germination is usually high, over 90%. Seeds can then be pregerminated on paper towels or direct sown into containers. Germination takes 3-15 days. | Seedlings are grown in full sun in an uncovered growing area. Containers used are Ray Leach Super "Stubby" Cells 14 cm deep and 3.8 cm diameter (available from Stuewe & Sons). A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients, P and K is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. At planting time or within 2 weeks of planting, rhizobia inoculant should also be applied (see below). | Pregerminated seeds are placed in containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered with about 5mm of potting media and a thin layer of mulch (such as #2 poultry grit). Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Full sun is best. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. At seedling time or within 2 weeks of germination, seedlings may be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria (a nitrogen-fixing bacteria), either manufactured or made from nodules, for good nodulation and growth. | 2 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in full sun. After about ten weeks, seedlings are double-spaced to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. If seedlings were inoculated with rhizobia bacteria, no additional fertilization will be necessary. If inoculation was unsuccessful, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. Insect problems are usually minimal, although an occasional infestation of aphids or scale may be treated with Safer Soap or similar product. | 3 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 2 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping seedlings in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | FACT-Net Staff. 1998. Gliricidia sepium-the quintessential agroforestry species. NFT Highlights. Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. <p> Glover, N. 1986. Gliricidia-Its Names Tell Its Story. NFT Highlights. Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. <p> Parrota, J.A. 1992. Gliricidia sepium. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR.<p> Simons, A.J. and A.J. Dunsdon. 1992. Evaluation of the Potential for Genetic Improvement of Gliricidia Sepium. ODA Forestry Research Project R4525, Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. <p> Steward, J.L., G.E. Allison and A.J. Simons. 1996. Gliricidia sepium: Genetic resources for farmers. Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gliricidia sepium</i> (Jacq.) Walp. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1271 | Glyceria (borealis) | Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae | Grass | Glyceria | borealis | Panicularia | borealis | GLBO | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Exists across the USA, except the Southwest. Northern manna grass is a native grass of shallow water of lakes, streams and pools. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 8 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Small floating mannagrass | Hand collect into paper bags. | Due to small seed size and short growing season, seeds are mixed with sand and sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
[NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder small floating mannagrass. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=GLBO (accessed 6 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Glyceria borealis</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1272 | Glyceria (striata) | Poaceae | Grass | Glyceria | striata | Glyceria | elata | GLST | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon; Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington | Widespread across North America. Common to moist habitat, including forests. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 8 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Well developed crowns, firm plug in container. | Mannagrass | Seed ripens in July or August and retention within the flower head is fair to good. Collections can be readily made along wet forest road ditches, but access can be difficult along streams or in denser, swampy brush where this species is commonly found. | Due to small seed size and short growing season, seeds are mixed with sand and sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Bartow, A. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Glyceria striata plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. URL: https://npn.rngr.net/renderNPNProtocolDetails?selectedProtocolIds=-glyceria-4037 (accessed 6 Oct 2018).
Darris, D. 2005. Plant fact sheet for fowl mannagrass (Glyceria striata). Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_glst.pdf (accessed 6 Oct 2018). Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Glyceria striata</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1273 | Glyceria (striata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Glyceria | striata | (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc . | GLYSTR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fowl mannagrass | Seeds were cold stratified 150 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 19/15 C | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936 Storage and Germination of Seeds of Aquatic Plants. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 652. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Glyceria striata</i> (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc . plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1274 | Glyceria (striata) | Glyceria | striata | Panicularia | nervata | GLST | Common to more moist habitat including forests. | This plant's range covers the whole United states and the Western half of Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | fowl mannagrass | This species germinates best when placed in a warm greenhouse. No prior treatment needed. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Glyceria striata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1275 | Gnetum (gnemon) | Gnetaceae | Gnetum | gnemon | L. | tropical rainforests up to 1200 m elevation | Native to India, Southeast Asia and Malesia to the Caroline Islands and Fiji. Now cultivated in humid and dry areas of Southeast Asia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Polynesia, Melenesia and parts of Africa. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Minimum height is 20-30 cm, roots well-formed. | joint fir, gnetum, gnemon tree, bago, melinjo, Spanish joint fir, banago, meninjau | In areas where there is a clear season (such as the Philippines), fruits are mature in June or July. Elsewhere, there is no clear season. Mature fruits are collected from the ground around the tree. | After fruits are collected, they are soaked in water overnight to soften the outer skin (exocarp). The outer skin is then removed, exposing the nut. Germination takes 45-90 days. For some seeds, germination may take up to a year; it is unknown whether pretreatment or scarification would hasten the germination. | Seedlings prefer partial shade for germination and subsequent nursery conditions. Seeds with the shell on are sown in trays or beds of sand, vermiculite, or potting media, and covered with about 10 mm of same material. Daily watering is necessary.<p> Containers such as Treepots (Small Ones, about 3/4 gallon) may be used. A well-drained media works well for this species. | Emergents must be transplanted in a timely fashion. This is often done about 3 months after sowing. Partial shade and moist conditions (frequent watering) facilitate good growth after transplanting. | 3 months | Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 8 months | During the final 4 weeks, seedlings may be moved to full sun if they are to be outplanted in full sun conditions. If they will be outplanted in partial shade (recommended), no special hardening phase is required. | 1 month | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned for cleaning and reuse after the planting is complete. | Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> Coronel, R.E. 1990. Promising Fruits of the Philippines. College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands." In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Verheij, E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel, eds. 1992. PROSEA no 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gnetum gnemon</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1276 | Gossypium (thurberi) | Malvaceae | Mallow Family | Gossypium | thurberi | Todaro | Madrean Archipelago | Commonly found in Sonoran Desert uplands along rocky hillsides and foothills, washes and canyon bottoms up to 5,000 (rarely 7,000) feet in elevation (Kearney and Peebles 1960). Populations often found in disturbed localities such as roadsides. A subspecies of the cotton boll weevil breeds in the desert cotton bolls (Karban and Lowenberg 1992). Research has shown that bolls damaged by these insects can have seeds with higher germination rates than those from unattacked bolls (Karban and Lowenberg 1992).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Thurber’s Cotton | Seed collection can occur in late October to early November. Simply hand-pick the bolls that have begun to split open. As described above, it is not necessary to avoid bolls with insect damage, as the seeds may have higher germination rates.
| Germination rates have seen to be higher after insect predation due to a partial breakdown of the impenetrable seed coat (Karban and Lowenberg 1992). However, the MAPP seed facility has observed many seeds damaged by insects to the point that they are easily obliterated and appear to have no embryo remaining. Kew Royal Botanical Gardens’ Seed Information Database records 85-100% germination in seeds that were nicked with a scalpel. Karban and Lowenberg (1992) tested and recommend a pretreatment of sandpaper scarification followed by a 24-hour warm water soak. Further germination trials are recommended.
| Karban, Richard, and Gregory Lowenberg. "Feeding by seed bugs and weevils enhances germination of wild Gossypium species." Oecologia 92.2 (1992): 196-200.
Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. (2017) Seed Information Database (SID). Version 7.1. Available from: http://data.kew.org/sid/ (February 2017) Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gossypium thurberi</i> Todaro Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1277 | Gratiola (ebracteata) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Gratiola | ebracteata | Benth. | GREB | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be trasplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | Bractless hedgehyssop | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in an unheated greenhouse. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Gratiola ebracteata</i> Benth. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1278 | Gratiola (ebracteata) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Gratiola | ebracteata | Benth. | GREB | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs for seed increase. | Bractless hedge-hyssop | These small annuals are grown in small "cone-tainers". Entire plants are cut down once they have completed their life cycle. Material is dried in an open greenhouse and then threshed using a hammermill. Capsules are quite hard. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14).Flats of cone-tainers were placed in an unheated greenhouse. Seeds germinate faster in a warm greenhouse, but will germinate in cool temperatures. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Gratiola ebracteata</i> Benth. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1279 | Gratiola (neglecta) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Gratiola | neglecta | Torr. | GRANEG | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Clammy hedge hyssop | Seeds were warm stratified for 112 d. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/15 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Baskin et al., unpublished results. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gratiola neglecta</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1280 | Grayia (spinosa) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose foot family | Grayia | spinosa | (Hook) Moq. | Atriplex | spinosa | GRASPI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spiny hopsage | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 15D/5N C alternating temperature cycle. | Wood, M. K., Knight, R. W. and Young, J. A. (1976). Spiny hopsage germination. J. Range Manage. 29, 53-56.<br>Shaw, N. L., Haferkamp, M. R. and Hurd, E. G. (1994). Germination and seedling establishment of spiny hopsage in response to planting date and seedbed environment. J. Range Manage. 47, 165-174. <br> Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grayia spinosa</i> (Hook) Moq. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1281 | Grayia (spinosa) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose Foot Family | Grayia | spinosa | (Hook) Moq. | Atriplex | grayii | Cullotzi ex W.A. Warner | GRASPI | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Grayia spinosa</i> is found in the Mojave and Colorado deserts from southern California to Colorado and eastern Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Spiny Hopsage | Seeds are hand collected in June. | Seeds are directly sown into open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite. | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprisedof two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal).<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; duration varies according to season. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grayia spinosa</i> (Hook) Moq. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1282 | Grindelia | Asteraceae | Grindelia | GRIND | Colorado, Glacier Gorge (98-037s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Gumweed | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head.<p> Glacier Gorge (98-037s) collected on 10/3/98. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§ F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Surface sown in 36 pk, with 1 seed/slot. Pressed seeds firmly into soil.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid and even.<p> Glacier Gorge (98-037s) sowed 11/4/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Grindelia</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1283 | Grindelia (hirsutula) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Grindelia | hirsutula | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve and Hog's Back Ridge, eastern Tehama County, California | California (to British Columbia?). Sandy, clay, or serpentine slopes or roadsides below 1,700 meters (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year rosette with robust taproot. | Gumplant; Foothill gumplant | Collect whole fruiting heads when fruit is completely ripe from mid-summer to early fall. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Active growth occurs well into summer with summer moisture. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 1-week; Germination rates of approximately 38% - 84% were observed for seed sown in an outdoor cold frame. Lower germination rates (34%) were observed under controlled conditions for seed cold-stored at approximately 44F in moist vermiculite. Robust seedlings forming a thick (3-6 mm diameter) taproot with fibrous lateral roots and a thick rosette can be grown by late summer the first year (i.e. within 8 months). | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 2-3 weeks. | Active growth was observed from the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until mid-late summer (the typical flowering period for this ecotype). Above ground growth for mature individuals may not start until mid-winter or early spring. | Approximately 8-9 months. | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth is generally initiated between mid-late fall and continues until early fall, at which time senescenc occurs. Growth resumes following fall rains and possibly not until late winter/early spring (for older plants). | If soil is kept moist, individuals can be grown through the summer. | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grindelia hirsutula</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1284 | Grindelia (hirsutula) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Grindelia | hirsutula | Hook. & Arn. | GRIHIR | MArin County, California | <i>G. hirsutula</i> is found on arid slopes from coastal sage scrub; from Napa County to Monterery County; also Ventura County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Hairy Gumweed | Seeds are collected between June 1st and October 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> | Soak fresh seeds overnight in water. Cold stratify in peat moss for 2 weeks or until seeds begin to sprout. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 6 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 15th.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back 2 months after transplanting; leaving at least 4 nodes. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grindelia hirsutula</i> Hook. & Arn. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1285 | Grindelia (ingrifolia) | Asteraceae | aster | Grindelia | ingrifolia | GRIN | common to more moist regions including marshes and meadows | Oregon and Washington | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Puget sound gumweed | No treatment is needed prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grindelia ingrifolia</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1286 | Grindelia (lanceolata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Grindelia | lanceolata | Nutt. | GRILAN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Gulf gumweed | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 23/12 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin et al,unpublished,. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grindelia lanceolata</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1287 | Grindelia (nana) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Grindelia | nana | Nutt. | GRNA | BLM, Medford District, Box O Ranch, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Idaho gumweed | Small lot, 2.1 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Grindelia nana</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1288 | Grindelia (nana) | Asteraceae | aster | Grindelia | nana | GRNA | Found most commonly in wooded areas | Western United States, from Montana Westward. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Idaho gumweed | Germinates best with a warm treatment. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grindelia nana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1289 | Grindelia (squarrosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Grindelia | squarrosa | (Pursh) Dunal | GRSQ | Jackpot, Nevada | Curlycup gumweed is a native, short-lived perennial forb found throughout North America with the exception of the Southeastern states. | This species will establish on disturbed soils and is commonly found on roadsides and ditches. It is unpalatable and can increase under improper grazing management. | Plants | Seed | Curlycup gumweed | Seed was hand collected from a wildland stand north of Jackpot, Nevada. Seed was beaten off of the plants with a racquet into a collecting hoop. | We tested germination with three pre-treatments, 1) aerated water bath, 2) non-aerated water bath, and 3) non treated control. For the aerated bath we placed approximately 400 seeds in a fine mesh bag and submerged the seed into a mason jar filled with water. We inserted an aquarium bubbler for aeration. The non-aerated treatment was the same, minus the bubbler. For the non-treated control we placed 100 seeds on wet blotter paper in petri dishes and put the dishes into Ziploc bags to retain moisture. All were placed in a growth chamber for 5 days with a 12 hour light/dark cycle with 22 C day and 15 C night temperatures. Each treatment was replicated 4 times.
Average germination for the aerated water bath was 34%. The non-aerated treatment yielded the lowest germination at 1%, and the non-treated control had 10% germination. | Tilley, Derek. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Grindelia squarrosa</i> (Pursh) Dunal Plants USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1290 | Grindelia (squarrosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Grindelia | squarrosa | (Pursh) Dun. | GRISQU | G. squarrosa is a cordillrean and gret Plains species, that is sporadically introduced in the eastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Curly top gumweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 to 90 days. Germination occurs at 22 C, 25D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Smreciu, E. A., Currah, R. S. and Toop, E. (1988). Viability and germination of herbaceous perennial species native to southern Alberta grasslands. Can. Field-Nat. 102, 31-38.<br>McDonough, W. T. (1975). Germination polymorphism in Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Northw. Sci. 49, 190-200.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grindelia squarrosa</i> (Pursh) Dun. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1291 | Grindelia (squarrosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Grindelia | squarrosa | (Pursh) Dunal. | Grindelia | perennis | Nels. | GRISQUA | Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta | <i>Grindelia</i> <i>squarrosa</i> ranges from British Columbia to Manitoba south to California, Texas and Missouri. It is found in vernally moist soil around prairie wetlands, roadsides and other disturbed ground. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml container | 7 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves Caliper: n/a Root System: Firm plug in 160 ml container | Curlycup gumweed | Seeds are collected in late August to late September. Seeds are collected when achenes are easily separated from receptacle. Seeds are grey at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 60 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are imbibed in water for 4 hours and placed in fine mesh bags buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 1 to 3C. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse 23C day /15C night temperatures. Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium. Growing medium used 6:1:1 sphagnum peat, vermiculite and perlite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are irrigated thoroughly after sowing. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination by misting twice per day. True leaves emerge 2 weeks after initial germination and seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 to 6 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Containers are leached with water. Irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:7 months Harvest Date: September Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grindelia squarrosa</i> (Pursh) Dunal. plants 160 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1292 | Grindelia (stricta) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Grindelia | stricta | DC. | GRISTR | Presidio, California | <i>G. stricta</i> is found in coastal salt marshes and seaside bluffs from Marin County, California to Coos County, Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Oregon Gumweed | Seeds are collected between July 7th and November 17th.<br> Mature inflorescences are off white in color.<br> Seed is a flattened, glabrous achene at maturity. | Soak seeds for 24 hours in fresh water. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system and are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination:N/A | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Grindelia stricta</i> DC. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1293 | Guaiacum (officinale) | Zygophyllaceae | Caltrop family | Guaiacum | officinale | GUAOFF | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 in containers | 0 | Container stock for landscaping. | Lignumvitae | Ripe fruits are taken directly from the tree when the red aril is exposed. No seeds were taken from the ground. | None | Direct seeded into 6 inch pots using commercial potting medium combined with local soil. | Germination is fairly rapid. Germination rates seemed high, at least over 50%. | Little, E.J., Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.Agriculture Handbook No. 249 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 548 pp <p> Jones, K., 1995. Native Trees for Community Forests. St. George Village Botanical Garden of St Croix, Inc. 124 pp. | Thomas, Toni. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Guaiacum officinale</i> plants 6 in containers; Database of Restoration Research on the Colorado Plateau St. Thomas, USVI, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1294 | Guaiacum (officinale) | Zygophyllaceae | Caltrop Family | Guaiacum | officinale | GAUOFF | St. Thomas | G. officinale is found in the West Indies from the Greaten Antilles through to Bonaire, and Aruba; also in Panama, Colombia and Venezuela.It is planted as an ornamental from south Florida to Trinidad and elsewhere. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lignum vitae | Collect ripe seeds from the tree leaving the red aril in place. | Plant seeds in germination trays using a light commercial potting soil.<br> seeds germinate within a month.<br> Germination Percent: Germination percentages may vary, but rates of at least 50 or 60% can be expected. | After germination, seedlings are removed from the tray when they have 4 to 6 leaves and are transplanted into individual containers.<br> Seedlings are planted in 4 inch pots with a mix of local and commercial soil. Fertilization starts after the plants are producing new leaves and not experiencing transplant shock. Seedlings should be grown in full sun. | Seedlings are transplanted from the four inch potsin 7 months to 1 gallon containers using the same soil mixture. | Little and Wadsworth. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultural Handbook no. 249. USDA Forest Service. Washington, D.C. pp54 | Neuburger, Jackie. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Guaiacum officinale</i> plants Propagacian de plantas St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1295 | Guaiacum (officinale) | Zygophyllaceae | Caltrop Family | Guaiacum | officinale | GUAOFF | St. Croix | G. officinale is found in the West Indies; from Bahamas and Greater Antilles to Martinique in Lesser Antilles, Bonaire and Aruba. It is also in Panama, Colombia, Venezuala and British Guiana. It is introduced in southern Florida, Bermuda, Trinidad and elsewhere in tropical America.<br>Once reported to be nearly extinct from the Virgin Islands; this species is not spreading on St Croix, especially on the drier east end. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | Years | Lignumvitae | Seeds are more easily collected when they have fallen from the tree. | Seeds are sown directly after cleaning. | Seeds are sown in deep flats using a growing medium of local soil mixed with commerical medium. | Some seeds germinate in 6 weeks. Germination may continue for months.<br> Seedlings are transplanted into individual containers when they have 2 to 3 true leaves; about 6 weeks following germination. | 12 weeks | Little, E.J., Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook No. 249 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 548 pp.<br> Jones, K., 1995 Native Trees for Community Forests. St. George Village Botanical Garden of St Croix, Inc. 124 pp. | Hayes, Margaret. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Guaiacum officinale</i> plants Database of Restoration Research on the Colorado Plateau St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1296 | Guazuma (ulmifolia) | Sterculiaceae | Chocolate | Guazuma | ulmifolia | Mexico to Ecuador, Peru, northern Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. Also found throughout the West Indies from Cuba to Trinidad. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings large enough to be planted in the oped field, roughly 24" - 36" tall. | guacima | Fruits were collected from the tree using a pole pruner. Trees were located in St. Croix, on scenic drive west where the road turns to concrete. Fruits were collected in July 1999 and in March 2001. Fruiting is variable throughout the year with distinct peaks in production. | Biol water (100 C). Place seeds in a screen/seive and dip them in bioling water for 30 seconds, remove from heat and run them under cold flowing water to cool off. Seeds will immedeatly produce a thick, clear gel around them. This material appears to inhibit germination and should be removed by rubbing the mass of seeds between paper towels until they are free of gel. | Seeds were sown in open, well drained trays. Media is 4:1:1 of Promix, fine sand, vermiculite. Germination rates between 60 - 95% have been achieved while germination without boiling water treatment is roughly 5%. Germination complete in roughly 15 days | Once seedlings produce their third set of leaves they can be removed from the tray and transplanted to pots. Plants are sun loving and do porly in the greenhouse, getting weak and chlorotic if shaded for too long. Plants should be placed in bright sun where they will grow quickly. After 2 weeks in a pot they should be ready for almost full sun. | 2 weeks | Once established in pots the plants can withstand rough treatment and will grow quickly in full sun. Soil must dry out between waterings. | Watered regularly in nearly full sun the trees will be hardened off and planting size in one month. | roughly one month | Daly, B.F. and T.W. Zimmerman. 2001. Strategies for Urban Reforestation With native Tree Species in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Proceedings from the 5 Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crop Society. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. 37:281.<p> CATIE. 1997. Nota tecnica sobre Manejo de Semillas Forestales. Guazuma ulmifolia LAM. No. 1, Julio p. 1-2.<p> Francis, J.K. 1990. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. SO-IITF-SM-47. Sept. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, US Dep of Ag., USFS, Rio Piedras, PR. p.1-5.<p> Little, E.J., Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultural Handbook No. 249. US Dep of Ag., USFS. Washington DC. 548 pp. | Daly, Brian F. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Guazuma ulmifolia</i> plants Database of Restoration Research on the Colorado Plateau Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1297 | Guettarda (speciosa) | Rubiaceae | Coffee Family | Guettarda | speciosa | GUESPE | Yap Islands | Blaw is indigenous from eastern Africa and tropical Asia, northern Australia to the Marshall Islands and southeastern Polynesia, but not to Hawaii. It is a common coastal strand plant. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybag | 9 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Blaw | Mature fruits are hard, ovoid, and yellow-green that turn black at maturity. fruits are collected throughout the year. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. Seeds may take up to 3 months to germinate after planting.<br>We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 months. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 3 -4 months | Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 4 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 1 month | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Guettarda speciosa</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybag; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1298 | Guillenia (lasiophylla) | Brassicaceae | Mustard Family | Guillenia | lasiophylla | (Hook. & Arn.) Greene | Thelypodium | utahense | Rydb. | <i>G. lasiophylla</i> is found on slopes and burns, washes, grasslands and meadows, below 5,000 feet elevation, from Washington to Lower California west of the deserts and the Channel Islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coast Wild Cabbage | Seeds are collected between June 15th and June 29th.<br> Mature fruits are brown, straight or out curved 1 to 7 cm long.<br> Seed is 1 mm and yellow to brown at maturity. | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Guillenia lasiophylla</i> (Hook. & Arn.) Greene plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1299 | Gymnocarpium (dryopteris) | Dryopteridaceae | Wood fern family | Gymnocarpium | dryopteris | (L.) Newm. | GYMDRY | Cedar/Devil's Club habitat, understory species, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>G. dryopteris</i> is a circumboreal species, common in moist forests, streambanks, and wet cliffs from lowland to mid-montane elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container sporophyte<br> Height: 8 cm, 5 to 7 mature fronds<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Fully developed rhizomatous root mass in containers. | Oak fern | No indusium is present. Collect fronds when spore color is black. | Collect spores from thesurface of paper and surface sow in sterilized flats filled with sterile, finely milled peat moss that has been moistened with distilled water. Water spores with distilled water and seal flats with clear plastic wrap to seal in moisture and prevent fungal contamination. Place flats under 60 watt soft incandescent lights set at 12 hour per day illumination. Germination of spores will occur after 15 days. The thread like germ filaments can be seen with the aid of a microscope and will appear as fine green threads on the surface of the medium. A constant temperature of 20 to 25C should be maintained throughout the growth of the prothalli. | Sealed flats are grown under grow lights for 2 to 3 months.They are kept in the greenhouse at 20 to 25C temperature cycle for 3 months, and moved to outdoor shadehouse for 6 months. | Spores germinate 10 to 20 days after sowing. The heart shaped prothalli continue to grow for 6 to 8 weeks. Examination of the prothalli under a microscope will reveal the presence of the reproductive structures; the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), located along the margins and notch of the prothalli. At this stage, it is critical to maintain a thin film of distilled water over the surface of the prothalli for fertilization to occur. It is critical to maintain sterile conditions during germination and establishment. Trays must be inspected for fungal contamination on a regular basis. If fungal contamination occurs, remove infected portions of the medium and treat trays with a highly diluted (1/4 recommended rate)fungicide drench. Treat with dilute fungicide only if prothalli are well developed. Reseal flats immediately and water only with distilled water.<br>Once sporophytes appear, clear plastic is removed from the trays and asceptic conditions are no longer necessary. | 2 to 3 months | Appearance of sporophytes occurred 5 months after spore germination. Individual plantsare transplanted from flats to pots when they are 4 cm tall. After establishment in the greenhouse, they are moved to the outdoor shadehouse in late spring. Plants are fertilized with controlled release Osmocote (13-13-13 4g) and Micromax micronutrients (2g) mixed into Promix medium per 800 ml container. Plants are root tight in containers by fall, one year after germination. | 8 months | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water. Plants are watered before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Ferns to Know and Grow, Foster, F.G., Timber Press, 1984.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gymnocarpium dryopteris</i> (L.) Newm. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1300 | Gymnocladus (dioicus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Gymnocladus | dioicus | (L.) K. Koch | GYMDIO | G. dioicus is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Kentucky coffee tree | Seeds exhibit physical dormancy. | Seeds germinate at greenhouse temperatures. | Wiesehuegel, E. G. (1935). Germinating Kentucky coffee tree. J. For. 33, 533-534.<br> Yeiser, J. L. (1983). Germinative pretreatments and seedcoat impermeability for the Kentucky coffeetree. Tree Plant. Notes 34(2), 33-35.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gymnocladus dioicus</i> (L.) K. Koch plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1301 | Gymnocladus (dioicus) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Gymnocladus | dioicus | (L.) K. Koch | GYMDIO | South Central Missouri | Kentucky coffee tree naturally occurs in rich bottomlands from New York, Pennsylvania, southern Ontario, and Minnesota southwards to eastern Nebraska, Oklahoma, Kentucky and Tennessee. It is widely planted elsewhere in the south and central United States as an ornamental. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Kentucky coffee tree | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Legumes are 15 to 25 cm (6 to 8 in)long, each containing 4 to 8 dark brown to black, hard oval seeds. | We scarify seeds with concentrated sulfuric acid 1:1 (v:v) acid to seeds for 120 minutes. After acid treatment, seeds are thoroughly rinsed in water to remove residual acid.<br> We plant seeds in late April by hand into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least 2 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT.2004.The genus Gymnocladus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Gymnocladus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Gymnocladus dioicus</i> (L.) K. Koch plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1302 | Hackelia (setosa) | Boraginaceae | borage family | Hackelia | setosa | HASE | may be found in open or wooded regions | Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling the soil profile in the container. | bristly stickseed | This species is best germinated using 90 days cool/moist stratification to break dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hackelia setosa</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1303 | Halesia (carolina) | Styracaceae | Storax family | Halesia | carolina | L. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Carolina silverbell | Seeds are cold stratified for 60 days and germinate at 21 C. | Giersbach, J. and Barton, L. V. (1932). Germination of seeds of the silver bell, Halesia carolina. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 4, 27-37.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Halesia carolina</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1304 | Halesia (tetraptera) | Styracaceae | Styrax | Halesia | tetraptera | Ellis | Halesia | carolina | L. | West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois to Florida and eastern Oklahoma, on wooded slopes and along streambanks. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting. | Carolina silverbell | 30 seeds were collected from naturalized plants in the woodland garden. | Stratification on vermiculite in Ziploc bag.
Warm moist stratification-3/26/15-5/2615 Cold moist stratification-5/26/15-7/26/15 | A 3 gallon pot was filled with Fafard 3b potting mix and seedbed firmed slightly. | O'Bryan, Chris Rufus. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Halesia tetraptera</i> Ellis plants Memphis Botanic Garden Horticulture Department Memphis, Tennessee. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1305 | Hamamelis (vernalis) | Hamamelidaceae | Witch Hazel Family | Hamamelis | vernalis | Sarg. | HAMVER | South Central Missouri | Ozark witch hazel is endemic to the Ozark region of the Upper South; being found in Missouri, Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Ozark witch hazel | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The small woody capsules break open at maturity, relasing 2 shiny black seeds per capsule. Timing collection is important so that capsules are collected before they open, but when seeds are fully mature. In Missouri, | Fresh seeds of Ozark witch hazel require warm and cold, moist stratification to overcome dormancy. We plant seeds in early October using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear at 7 setting in prepared field beds. Soil temperatures are still warm during early fall, that meets the need for warm, moist stratification, followed by cold, moist stratification during winter months. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Barbour J,Brinkman KA.2004.The genus Hamamelis. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Hamamelis.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Hamamelis vernalis</i> Sarg. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1306 | Hamamelis (virginiana) | Hamamelidaceae | Witch hazel family | Hamamelis | virginiana | L. | Hamamelis | macrophylla | Pursh | HAMVIR | H. virginiana is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American witchhazel | Seeds are cold stratified for 120 to 180 days and germinate under spring temperatures. | Heit, C. E. (1968b). Propagation from seed. Part 15: Fall planting of shrub seeds for successful seedling production. Amer. Nurseryman 128(4), 8-10, 70-80.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hamamelis virginiana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1307 | Hamamelis (virginiana) | Hamamelidaceae | witch-hazel family | Hamamelis | virginiana | L. | HAMVIR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | General Distribution:Moist woods; Quebec and Nova Scotia to northern Michigan and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991) | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 2 or 3-gallon containers | 0 | Seedlings are harvested after growing for two years in outdoor nursery beds. Most go out to the park bareroot in early spring following harvest. In late spring, some bareroot seedlings are potted up as specimens into « or 1-gallon containers. They are moved to a shade house where they are grown to 1, 2 or 3-gallon size as specified by the park. It takes an additional 3-4 years for roots to fill a 3-gallon container.<br><br> Bareroot seedlings should have a well-developed root system. Long roots are pruned as needed at harvest.<br>Containerized plants should have a fibrous, firm root system that fills the pot. NPMC containers are treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that promotes development of fibrous root systems and inhibits root girdling.<br> Height: Two-year bareroot seedlings are 12-24 inches. Plants in 3-gallon containers are up to 84". | witchhazel | Fruits were collected in the three parks in autumn before they split open, from September 8 to October 26. | Seeds have both seed coat and embryo dormancy. (Brinkman, 1974) Alternating periods of warm and cold stratification may be needed for optimal germination. (Dirr, 1987)<br> Seeds are sown outdoors in woody nursery beds soon after collection and cleaning to allow natural stratification to occur. | Propagation environment: bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds; container specimens are grown to finished size in a shade house.<br> Sowing date: early November<br> Sowing/planting technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. (Rows are 5-6 inches apart and seeds are sown less than 1 inch apart within each row). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed and the row is covered with about _ inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. | Seedlings generally emerge during the spring following fall sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with 30% poly screening. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | Outdoor woody nursery: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor, sandy loam, seedlings in the outdoor nursery beds are fertilized once weekly from mid-April through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br><br> Container nursery: Containerized seedlings are held in a shade house during the growing season and bumped up in successive seasons until reaching outplanting size of 2 or 3 gallons. Plant roots usually need a season or more after each bump up for roots to fill the containers. NPMC uses a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 4 cups 180 day controlled release Nutricote 18-6-8 with micros and about 4 cups of endomycorrhizae per batch).<br> Daily overhead irrigation is adjusted depending on natural precipitation. 2 and 3-gallon containers are moved to drip irrigation in full sun. If additional nutrients are needed, containers may be top-dressed with controlled release Nutricote at manufacturer-recommended rates. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. <br>Container nursery: frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, depending on natural rainfall. | Bareroot: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed.<br><br> Containers: dormant containerized stock is overwintered outdoors under a microfoam-insulating blanket. After leaves have fallen, the clean, well-watered containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with microfoam. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then secured. | 3-5 months | Brinkman, Kenneth A.1974. <i>Hamamelis</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 443-444.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD><br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Hamamelis virginiana</i> L. plants bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 2 or 3-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1308 | Hedysarum (boreale) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Hedysarum | boreale | Nutt. | HEDBOR | Festuca idahoensis grassland; Saint Mary, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>H. boreale</i> grows from the Yukon to northeast Oregon, east to Newfoundland, and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 5 to 6 true leaves, 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Northern sweetvetch | Seeds are hand collected in late August when loments turn tan. Seeds are reddish brown at maturity. Pods are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds were soaked in H20 for 24 hours and sown. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds arecovered with media.<br> Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination appeared complete in 3 weeks. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm until root tightness is obtained at 10 weeks. Shoot growth had 4 to 5 leaflets at week 10. | 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 7 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Lapp, Joyce; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hedysarum boreale</i> Nutt. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1309 | Hedysarum (boreale) | Fabaceae | Pea | Hedysarum | boreale | HEBO | See | Yukon to northeastern Oregon, east to Newfoundland and south in Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona; plains, hills, slopes, and streambanks. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 124 kg/ha (111 lb/ac). | Boreal sweetvetch or northern sweetvetch | Wildland collection occurs late July to mid August after the purplish pea-like flower matures into a yellowish-colored loment (pod-type fruit with constricted segments), and has not begun to dehise (separate at maturity) from the plant; the loment is easily hand-harvested, yet timing is critical due to pre-mature shattering.<p> One collection hour/person yielded 76 grams (2.7 oz) clean seed and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with push-type belt seeder, optimum seeding depth 1.3 cm (0.50 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Irrigate as needed to maintain adequate soil moisture (also helps prevent soil crusting (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid growth Phase:</b> <u>Summer to fall</u>; soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup- -no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination). | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurred on July 6 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Inflorescences were hand-harvested, placed in plastic sacks, and transported to drying area. Seed is placed in cloth or paper seed sacks, and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physical dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001.<p> Vascular Plants of West-Central Montana: Identification Guidebook, Klaus Lackschewitz, USDA USFS, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-277, 1991.<p> Plants of Waterton-Glacier National Parks and The Northern Rockies. R. J. Shaw and D. On. Mountain Press Publishing Co., Missoula, Montana, 1979. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Hedysarum boreale</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1310 | Hedysarum (occidentale) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Hedysarum | occidentale | Greene | HEDOCC | H. occidentale is found from southern British Columbia south to South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Colorado and northern Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western sweet vetch | Germination occurs at 20 C. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hedysarum occidentale</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1311 | Hedysarum (sulphurescens) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Hedysarum | sulphurescens | Rydb. | HEDSUL | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032 m elev. | <i>H. sulphurescens</i> occurs in open wooded slopes to the alpine; from east slope of the Cascades to Alberta, Montana and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 5 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yellow Sweetvetch | Seeds are hand collected in late August when loments are turn tan. Seeds are red-brown at maturity. Seeds are stored in paper bags prior to cleaning. | Both an 85 day cold moist stratification and no stratification was used; with no notable difference in germination percentages.<br>Seeds are inoculated with Rhizobium at time of sowing. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with media.<br> Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18 C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate uniformly in 8 days at 21C.Germination to true leaf stage is 7 to 15 days. | 4 weeks | There is rapid root and shoot development during the growing season. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly until fall. Plants are susceptible to root rot. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 5 months<br> Harvest Date:August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996. | Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hedysarum sulphurescens</i> Rydb. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1312 | Helenium (puberulum) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Helenium | puberulum | DC. | HEPU2 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Clear Creek Management Area, alongside Clear Creek, San Benito County, California; 2953 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Rosilla | Very small lot, 0.05 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Helenium puberulum</i> DC. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1313 | Helianthella (uniflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Helianthella | uniflora | (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray | HEUN | University of Utah Heritage Preserve | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Spring Plant out. | One Head Mounding Sunflower | Seeds were hand collected October 31, 2005 and stored dry at 2-4 Celsius until use (3 months). | 2 replicates of 10 seeds each recieved a cold and moist treatment of 2-4 Celsius for 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The petri dishes were checked for germination for a period of 3 weeks following there treatments. The results were that O weeks produced 0% germination, 2 weeks produced 40%, 4 weeks produced 45% germination, 6 weeks produced 45% germination. A short cold and moist period of at least 2-4 weeks at 2-4 Celsius enhanced germination of this species. | Seeds were moved to 20D/10N following pretreatment. Seeds wre held with 12 hrs light durring all stages of germ trial. | Germlings were moved to Rootrainers containing High porosity premier brand medium following germination | Utley, Matthew C.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Helianthella uniflora</i> (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray plants Red Butte Garden Salt Lake City, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1314 | Helianthella (uniflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Helianthella | uniflora | (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray | Variety | douglasii | (Torr. & Gray) W.A. Weber | HEUND | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Shrub-steppe to open pine forests east of the Cascade Mountains of southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana.<br> For the species, mean annual precipitation range is from 10-35 inches (USDA NRCS 2007). | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | false sunflower, Rocky Mountain helianthella, oneflower helianthella, Douglas' helianthella, little sunflower | Fruit is an achene which ripens from mid July to mid August. Seed is dark grayish-brown to nearly black in color. The pappus is reduced to two unequal awns and the achene is not windborne. Seed will hold in the inflorescence longer than the seed of many other members of Asteraceae, but will shatter within a week or so of ripening. Flowering and seed maturity are indeterminant and seed should be collected every 3-4 days to maximize volume. Seed is easily collected by stripping it from the infloresecence by hand. It is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | While some seed will germinate without pretreatment, for this ecotype 45 days of cold moist stratification results in the highest germination.<p> Link (1993) reports that pretreatment is not needed. The Association of Official Seed Analysts suggests that laboratory germination be carried out at 15<sup>o</sup>C with alternating light or at alternating 20-30<sup>o</sup>C in the dark (Chirco & Turnoer 1986). However, they based that suggestion on work by Maguire and Overland (1959) which resulted in only 8% germination for either treatment. While that was the highest germination Maguire and Overland achieved for any combination of temperature and light, they did not try stratifying the seed beforehand. <br>Working with seed collected from the Palouse Prairie of eastern Washington and northern Idaho, Nauman (2002) found that seed germinated best with 120 days of cold moist stratification and exposure to light.<p> Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 45% emergence occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 80% emergence. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 60% emergence. Seed sown in containers in November and left outdoors under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures began emerging in mid-March but only reached 2.5% emergence.<br> Untreated seed required 10-12 days to emerge while seed stratified for 45 days began emerging in 5 days and seed stratified for 90 days began emerging within 1 day of the end of the stratification period. Since it was sown covered, we were unable to observe the seed, but this suggests that seed is able to begin the germination process under cool temperatures. Work by Nauman (2002) confirms that seed of this species is able to germinate at low temperatures. This could have contributed to the extremely low emergence for the seed left outside to germinate in cool early spring conditions. Those seeds were subjected to a cold period of several days duration in late February when night temperatures dropped to near 0<sup>o</sup>F after all the other treatments had been moved into the greenhouse. It is surmised that the extreme cold killed the seeds after they had begun to germinate but before they emerged.<br> Due to the large seed size and the difficulty of keeping surface sown seed hydrated in a greenhouse, we did not investigate the effects of light on germination.<br> Other work conducted by the Pullman Plant Materials Center outside this particular trial indicates that 30 days of cold moist stratification is not sufficient to increase germination above that of untreated seed. | In late November or early December seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 45 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Emergence usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 12 days. Unstratified seed will take 10-23 days to emerge and total emergence will be lower. Seed stratified for longer periods will emerge sooner, but total emergence is not increased. A few seeds will emerge as much as 3-4 weeks after being placed in the greenhouse under any pretreatment. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Chirco, Ellen, and Terry Turnoer. 1986. Species without AOSA Testing Procedures. The Newsletter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 60(2):2-66. Available online at http://www.aosaseed.com/Species%20wo%20AOSA%20list%20plus%20adds.pdf. Updated 11/10/03.<p> Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Link, Ellen (ed.). 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan. 240 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Maguire, James D. and Alvin Overland. 1959. Laboratory Germination of Seeds of Weedy and Native Plants. Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 349, Pullman, WA. 15 p.<p> Nauman, C. 2002. Germination of 12 Palouse Prairie forbs after stratification under light and dark treatments. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> USDA NRCS Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf <p> Visalli, Dana, Walt Lockwood, and Derrick Ditchburn. 2005. Northwest Dryland Wildflowers: Sagebrush-Ponderosa. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 96 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Helianthella uniflora</i> (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1315 | Helianthella (uniflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Helianthella | uniflora | (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray | HEUN | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | oneflower helianthella | Germination trials were established with the following results: warm stratification, 8% germination; 45 days cold-moist stratification, 84% germination; and 90 days cold-moist stratification, 98% germination. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Seeds need at least 45 days of cold to germinate but 90 days is optimal. Germination will cease once seeds have been in warm temperatures for more than three weeks. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Helianthella uniflora</i> (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1316 | Helianthella (uniflora) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Helianthella | uniflora | (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray | HEUN | USFS, Umatilla National Forest, Ukiah, Oregon: 4390 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Oneflower helianthella | Small lot, 3.5 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Helianthella uniflora</i> (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1317 | Helianthus (annuus) | Asteraceae | Helianthus | annuus | HEAN | wild-collected from Garfield County, Colorado | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | annual sunflower | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this wild-collected seed from Garfield County, Colorado germinated to only 40% or less in all three treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had even lower germination (0-15%). This suggests that seeding during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationHEAN shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Helianthus annuus</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1318 | Helianthus (atrorubens) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Helianthus | atrorubens | L. | HELATR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Purple disk sunflower | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 30/15 C temperature cycle. | Baskin etal,unpublished,. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Helianthus atrorubens</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1319 | Helianthus (atrorubens) | Asteraceae | Helianthus | atrorubens | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | purple disk sunflower | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Helianthus atrorubens</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1320 | Helianthus (divaricatus) | Asteraceae | (Asteraceae) | Helianthus | divaricatus | HELDIV | Shenandoah National Park | Maine to Florida, west to Nebraska and Louisiana. Found in dry woodlands. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug; roots fill container. | Woodland sunflower | Collected at Shenandoah National Park, Skyline Drive, mileposts 7.1, 102-105, 106 (Signal Knob on left) by J. Englert on 8/21/92 and 9/21/92; by G/D Meyer on 8/25/94. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeded trays were given 3-4 weeks cool moist stratification in seed cooler. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seeds are hand-sown in plug propagation trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Started in 392 germination plug trays; transplanted to Ropak Multipots or 72 plug trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is sown into germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> December.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> In 1997, 7-12 days with uncovered trays hand misted. This seed has had poor germination so trays were heavily seeded and no gram weight was recorded.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are hand sown into germination mix. Flats are given a fungicidal drench, covered with plastic, stratified for 4 weeks and, after returning to the bench, kept evenly moist until well-germinated.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Transplanted from germination trays to Ropak multipots at 3-4 weeks post germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Provided even moisture, treated for usual greenhouse pests as needed and fertilized lightly approximately bi-weekly or as needed with soluble fertilizer at 100 ppm N. Foliar cutback at approximately 6 weeks, or as needed. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plugs are hardened off by cooling greenhouse down or placing plug trays outdoors, weather permitting approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting and discontinuing fertilizer at this time. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 12 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs not overwintered. | Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Helianthus divaricatus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1321 | Helianthus (maximiliani) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Helianthus | maximiliani | Schrad. | HELMAX | H. maximillianii is found from southern Cananda to Miane, south to North Carolina and west to the Rocky mountains to Texas. It is introduced elsewhere. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Maximillian's sunflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 56 days. Germination occurs at 30D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Baskin et al.Table10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Helianthus maximiliani</i> Schrad. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1322 | Helianthus (mollis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Helianthus | mollis | Lam. | HELMOL | H. mollis is found from Pennsylvannia to georgia west to the southeastern Great plains to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ashy sunflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 24 C. | Voigt, J. W. (1977). Seed germination of true prairie forbs. J. Range Manage. 30, 439-441.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Helianthus mollis</i> Lam. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1323 | Helianthus (occidentalis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Helianthus | occidentalis | Riddell | HELOCC | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Western Sunflower | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 14 to August 28. Seed is harvested Sept. 23. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown plugs.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two and a half to three weeks.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 8 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Helianthus occidentalis</i> Riddell plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1324 | Helianthus (petiolaris) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Helianthus | petiolaris | Nutt. | HELPET | H. petiolaris is found from Maine to southern Alberta and south to Georgia, Utah and Arizona on open sandy sites. it is introduced in California and British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Plains sunflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 42 days. Germination occurs at 21 C. | Tolstead, W. L. (1941). Germination habits of certain sand-hill plants in Nebraska. Ecology 22, 393-397.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Helianthus petiolaris</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1325 | Helianthus (resinosus) | Asteraceae | Helianthus | resinosus | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | resindot sunflower | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Helianthus resinosus</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1326 | Heliomeris (multiflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Heliomeris | multiflora | Nutt. | Viguiera | multiflora | HEMU3 | Grand Teton National Park | Primarily western North America throughout the Rocky Mountain west to California and south to Texas. | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 11 months | Showy goldeneye | Wildland seed is hand collected by stripping flowers or shaking ripe flowers into a sack. | No pre-treatments are required for fall planting. | We prepared a seed bed with disking and packing. We then laid a 500 X 6 ft (0.07 ac) length of woven weed barrier fabric. 3 inch diameter holes are burned into the fabric using a propane torch and a metal jig designed for 18 inch spacing. We use a dormant fall seeding in late October to mid-November. Approximately 20 seeds are placed in each hole and scratched lightly into the soil. The seed is then packed by foot for good seed to soil contact. Transplants using Jiffy Pellets is also effective for establishment. | The seed is watered lightly as needed during the establishment phase to prevent soil crusting. Approximately once every week for 4 hours. | 1 month | Hand weeding is necessary to eliminate broadleaf weeds such as lambs quarters and nightshade. Grass selective herbicides can be used to reduce annual grasses like green foxtail and witchgrass. Plants are watered once per month or so as needed for 8 to 12 hours. | 5 months | Some flower and seed production can be expected the first growing season, but best yields come from years 2 and 3+. Seed is harvested using a canvas harvesting hoop and a tennis racquet. Plants with ripe seed can be beaten allowing seed to shatter into the harvesting hoop. Indeterminate maturation requires multiple harvests for maximum seed yield. We harvested three times, 9/17, 9/26 and 10/6. In the first harvest we collected 240g of clean seed. In the second and third harvests we collected about 800g of clean seed each for a total of 1800 g (4 lbs) of clean seed. This is equivalent to approximately 57 lbs/ac.
Uncleaned material is laid out on butcher paper on a shop floor and allowed to dry for prior to processing. Cleaned seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Heliomeris multiflora</i> Nutt. Seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1327 | Heliotropium (tenellum) | Boraginaceae | Borage family | Heliotropium | tenellum | (Nutt.) Torr. | HELTEN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pasture heliotrope | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 15/6 C temperature cycle. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished,1988.In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heliotropium tenellum</i> (Nutt.) Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1328 | Hepatica (acutiloba) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Hepatica | acutiloba | DC. | Hepatica | nobilis | Variety | acuta | (Pursh) Steyermark | HEPACU | H. acutiloba is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lobed leaf hepatica | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1985a). Epicotyl dormancy in seeds of Cimicifuga racemosa and Hepatica acutiloba. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112, 253-257.<br>Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hepatica acutiloba</i> DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1329 | Heracleum (maximum) | Umbelliferae | Parsley Family | Heracleum | maximum | Bartram | HEMA80 | Flood plains and river banks, wet meadows and thickets, open hardwoods and clearings (spruce-fir at Isle Royale), borders of woods. White flowered flat broad umbels. Up to 2 meters (3-5 feet) in height. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cow-parsnip | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Flowers from June to August. Seed is harvested in August-October. Seed is an achene. | Stratification: Seal the seeds in Ziploc-style bags or a Rubbermaid-style container with an equal mix of seeds with perlite or vermiculite. Add just enough water to barely saturate the mixture and store in a refrigerator or cold garage (42 degrees F) for at least 2 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of standard UV 3HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson Supply, Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: It grows well in a variety of cell types. It grows especially well in 14"x8.5" trays having 24 cells, each being 2" in diameter and 4" deep. Further sowing of seed may determine a more accurate type of cell to use. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seeling Mix. Contains vermiculite,and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to variable germination rates. | From Jan. thru Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F. during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting is consistent. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants are moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. Once danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Transplant plugs if necessary. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heracleum maximum</i> Bartram plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1330 | Heracleum (maximum) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Heracleum | maximum | Bartr. | Heracleum | lanatum | Michx. | HERSPO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cow parsnip | Stokes, P. (1952). A physiological study of embryo development in Heracleum sphondylium L. 2. The effect of temperature on after-ripening Ann. Bot. 16, 571-576.<br> Stokes, P. (1953). The stimulation of growth by low temperature in embryos of Heracleum sphondylium L. Journal of Experimental Botany 4:222-234.<br> Stokes, P. (1953). A physiological study in the embryo development of Heracleum sphondylium L. Ann. Bot. 17, 157-169.<br> McDonough, W. T. (1969). Effective treatments for the induction of germination in mountain rangeland species. Northw. Sci. 43, 18-22<br> Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heracleum maximum</i> Bartr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1331 | Heracleum (maximum) | APIACEAE | Carrot Family | Heracleum | maximum | Bartr. | Heracleum | lanatum | Michx. | HERMAX | Streambank adjacent to Cedar forest, Avalanche,Glacier National Park, Flathead County, MT. 1030 meters | <i>H. maximum</i> is found throughout North America. It occurs along streambanks and in moist ground from lowland coniferous forests to the subalpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 18 Months | Months | Height: 6 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer | Cow Parsnip | Seeds are hand collected when the schizocarps turn tan in late August. Paper bags are used for collection and seeds are kept in well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning.<br> Collection Locality: Logan Pass | 72 hour water soak of fresh seeds. Water was changed daily. Seeds were placed into a 100 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds were placed in fine mesh bags and buriedin moist peat moss in a ventilated container under refrigeration at 1 to 3C. The running water presoak treatment is necessary for adequate germination. Calcium oxalate and other inhibitors are present in the seed coats and must be leached out. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are sown by hand and lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 50% milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Seeds did not germinate the 1st year, conetainers were placed in the outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season and were winterized outdoors. Initial germination the following spring appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 22C or above during the day and 13C to 16C at night in early June in the outdoor nursery. Conetainers are misted twice per day during the establishment phase. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Leaves are large and irrigation becomes difficult in conetainers; it is necessary to uppot to 3 L (1 gallon) containers if stock is to be held overwinter. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest:1.5 years<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | References: Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed: A State of the Art. Vol. 3: Forbs, U.S.D.I. NTIS, 1982.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heracleum maximum</i> Bartr. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1332 | Heracleum (maximum) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Heracleum | maximum | Bartr. | Heracleum | lanatum | Michx. | HERMAX | Muir Woods, California | <i>H. maximum</i> is found in moist woods and slopes from near sealevel to the subalpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon cans | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Cow Parsnip | Seeds are collected between July 1st and September 30th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is black and white at maturity and are easily removed from the inflorescence. | May benefit from stratification for 2 weeks. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 10 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br>Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system and are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual 3L containers (1 gallon cans) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%. | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heracleum maximum</i> Bartr. plants 1 gallon cans; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1333 | Hesperostipa (comata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Hesperostipa | comata | (T&R) Barkworth | Sub-species | comata | Stipa | comata | T&R | HESCOM | H. comata is found from the Yukon east and south to Indiana and south and west through the Rocky mountain and Intermountain States to Texas, New Mexico,and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Needle and thread grass | Germination occurs at 27 C. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hesperostipa comata</i> (T&R) Barkworth plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1334 | Hesperostipa (comata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Hesperostipa | comata | HECO26 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Site 5, Hancock Draw, Sevier County, Utah: 7960 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Needle and thread | Small lot, 2.44 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Hesperostipa comata</i> seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1335 | Hesperostipa (comata) | Poaceae | true grasses | Hesperostipa | comata | HECO26 | Most of the united states (Excluding the Southeastern quadrant) and all of Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | needle and thread | This plant is best germinated when pretreated with 90 days cool/moist (38F in our case) stratification in order to break dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hesperostipa comata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1336 | Heteranthera (dubia) | Ponteridaceae | Pickerel Weed Family | Heteranthera | dubia | (Jacq.) MacM. | HETDUB | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Grass leaf mud plantain. | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 d. Seeds germinate at 30 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936.Storage and Germination of Seeds of Aquatic Plants. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 652.<br>Marler 1969.A study of the germination process of Heteranthera limosa. Phd. dissertation. Lousiana State University. Baton rogue. Marler 1969. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heteranthera dubia</i> (Jacq.) MacM. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1337 | Heteromeles (arbutifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Heteromeles | arbutifolia | (Lindl.) M. Roemer | HETARB | Marin County, California | <i>H. arbutifolia</i> is found on brushy slopes and in canyons below 4,000 feet elevation, from southern California north to Humboldt County. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Toyon | Seeds are collected between September 1st and January 1st.<br> Mature fruits are red. Open fruits and check for seed maturity.<br> Seeds should be tan and hard. | Place seed in a 10% bleach solution for 1 minute. Rinse and soak overnight in fresh water. Strain and place seeds in new plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of moist vermiculite. Stratify for 45 to 60 days in a refigerator. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 10 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%.<br> Toyon grows in flats easily. Make sure to transplant before taproots reach bottom of flats and when seedlings have 2 paires of leaves.<br> Media will need to be kept evenly moist on the surface after transplanting. | 28 days | Toyon is suseptible to scab. Bring nursery stoock back into greenhouse if weather conditions are cold, damp or foggy; even if only a few days in duration. The fungus attacks plants quickly in these conditions.<br> Prune shrubs carefully.<br> If Toyon is to be kept in the nursery more than one year,transplant to 4IN treepots. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heteromeles arbutifolia</i> (Lindl.) M. Roemer plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1338 | Heteropogon (contortus) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Heteropogon | contortus | (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. | Madrean Archipelago | Tanglehead is a highly adaptable grass, occurring natively in warm regions of both hemispheres. In the U.S., it can be found in Florida, Hawaii, and throughout the southwest (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+). It is often found on hillslopes and growing along roadsides or in other disturbed areas. It thrives in low-nutrient areas and it is drought tolerant (Reilly and Maher n.d.). It is an important grass for erosion control, although it can also be considered a weed because of its high adaptability (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+)
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Tanglehead | Seed should be collected when dark brown awns of seed begin to tangle together in a messy mat. Collect the seeds with awns attached by pulling at wads of the tangled awns. Seeds should come free very easily. Awns may be sharp and pokey, so wearing work gloves for collection is advised.
| Seeds have a dormancy period of 6-9 months and if stored in cool, dry conditions, can have germination rates of ~60-80% (Baldos et al. 2014). If planted less than 6 months after collection, germination rates will be very low (Reilly and Maher n.d.). If seeds must be planted before the 6 month dormancy period has passed, it is possible to break the dormancy with use of 1% gibberellic acid (Reilly and Maher, Tothill 1977). If seeds are stored at greater than 20°C, their dormancy period is increased to around 12 months (Baldoes et al. 2014).
| Baldos, Orville C., et al. "Storage humidity and temperature affect dormancy loss and viability of tanglehead (Heteropogon contortus) seeds." HortScience 49.10 (2014): 1328-1334.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+. Reilly, J. and S. Maher. “Fact Sheet for Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.” USDA NRCS Fact Sheet. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Manhatten, Kansas. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_heco10.pdf [2017, January 16]. Tothill, J. C. "Seed germination studies with Heteropogon contortus [black spear grass, studies carried out in Queensland]." Australian Journal of Ecology (Australia) (1977). Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heteropogon contortus</i> (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1339 | Heteropogon (contortus) | Poaceae | Heteropogon | contortus | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heteropogon contortus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Hoolehua Plant Materials Center Hoolehua, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1340 | Heteropogon (contortus) | Poaceae | Heteropogon | contortus | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heteropogon contortus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Hoolehua Plant Materials Center Hoolehua, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1341 | Heterotheca (grandiflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Heterotheca | grandiflora | Nutt. | Heterotheca | floribunda | Benth. | HETGRA | H. grandiflora is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Telegraph weed | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heterotheca grandiflora</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1342 | Heterotheca (pumila) | Asteraceae | Heterotheca | pumila | (Greene) Semple | The Rocky Mountains of southern Wyoming through Colorado to northern New Mexico. Most populations are found within Colorado. | None | Seed | alpine false goldenaster | Seeds were collected from the central Mountains of Colorado in 2018 | No pre-treatment needed | Seeds germinate readily in incubators set at 15/6C or 20/10C (day/night), but many conditions could work. Species is non-dormant and just needs moisture. | 2022. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Heterotheca pumila</i> (Greene) Semple Denver Botanic Gardens Denver, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1343 | Heterotheca (sessiliflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Heterotheca | sessiliflora | (Gray) Semple | Sub-species | bolanderi | (Gray) Semple | Chrysopsis | villosa | (Gray) Gray ex Jepson | Variety | bolanderi | HETSESS | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>H. sessiliflora</i> ssp. <i>bolanderi</i> is found on grassy slopes near the coast, below 1500 feet elevation; from Mendincino County to San Francisco Bay, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Sessileflower False Goldenaster | Seeds are collected between September 1st and November 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heterotheca sessiliflora</i> (Gray) Semple plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1344 | Heterotheca (villosa) | Asteraceae | Heterotheca | villosa | HEVI | wild-collected from Garfield County, Colorado | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | hairy false goldenaster | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this wild-collected seed from Garfield County, Colorado had relatively low germination (between 25 and 40% in all treatments) regardless of the imposition of 12 weeks of winter conditions. This suggests that seeds in this species may have different dormancy-break requirements, and seeding timing may not significantly influence germination of sown seed. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination in the maximum number of seeds. Additional research is also needed to determine the extent to which these results are characteristic of the species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationHEVI shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Heterotheca villosa</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1345 | Heterotheca (villosa) | Asteraceae | Aster | Heterotheca | villosa | HEVI4 | See "Other Comments:" | British Columbia to California, east to Saskatchewan, Illinois, and Texas; plains, hills, and slopes. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 105 kg/ha (94 lb/ac). | Hairy false goldenaster | Wildland collection occurs early August to early September when the yellow flowers turn brown and the seed is tannish brown and hard; timing the harvest is difficult due to indeterminate ripening, and the low growth form compounds the problem.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 20 grams (0.7 oz) clean seed and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience. Seed collected in the wild commonly has no fill. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in). <br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helpsprevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup -no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurred July 15 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> Hand-harvesting is required because the seedheads are low to the ground.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in cloth or plastic seed sacks and stored in a cool, dry environment. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Heterotheca villosa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1346 | Heterotheca (villosa) | Asteraceae | Heterotheca | villosa | Colorado, Moraine Park (98-027s), Twin Sisters (98-080s), Glacier Gorge (98-138s), McGraw Ranch (98-191s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Golden Aster | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head.<p> Moraine Park (98-027s) collected on 9/9/98; Twin Sisters (98-080s) collected on 8/27/98; Glacier Gorge (98-138s) collected on 10/3/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat, lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 4 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid and even.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 2-4 weeks.<p> Moraine Park (98-027s) sowed 10/28/98; Twin Sisters (98-080s) sowed 11/12/98; Glacier Gorge (98-138s) sowed 12/8/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Heterotheca villosa</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1347 | Heuchera (americana) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage Family | Heuchera | americana | HEUAME | Shenandoah National Park | Connecticut north to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia, Alabama and Oklahoma. Found in rich woods and on rocky slopes. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b>3-4".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm, full plug that fills the container. | Rock geranium | Collected at Shenandoah National Park vertical slope on rocks, mileposts 100-105 and 5-7 by J Englert on 7/7/92, 7/27/92 and 8/20-21/92. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None given. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures varied from 70-85§F during the winter months depending on natural solar; night temperatures averaged around 65-68§F. Plugs were not given supplemental lighting or heat.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown into plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are sown in 392 plug trays. Seedlings are transplanted to 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots. Transplanted to quarts if held for more than 6 months; however, this plant maintains well in multipot containers for up to eight months if spaced in the container and periodically cut back.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is sown onto germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Fall or spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Not recorded but seedlings were transplanted 30 days after sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is very small and is surface sown over moist germination mix and kept evenly moist under mist until germinated.</b> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Transplanted to Ropak multipots approximately 30 days after sowing; some were bumped up to quarts. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Transplanted plugs are lightly fertilized approximately bi-weekly, or as needed, with a soluble fertilizer (Technigro 16-17-17 at about 100 ppm). Mature foliage is a mottled gray green and may look nutrient deficient when it is not. <i>H. americana</i> does not seem to be bothered much by whiteflies, aphids, mites, thrips or powdery mildew. Periodic cutbacks allow new growth to emerge from crown and prevent fungal die-back in the center of the plug tray that may otherwise occur during wet, rainy periods. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, temperatures are reduced in the green house or plants are moved outdoors to a sheltered location, weather permitting, and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Plugs are ready for outplanting at approximately 14-16 weeks after sowing; transplants to quarts are ready at approximately 6 months from sowing.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plants have not been harvested from the field. See "<u>seed processing</u>" for seed harvesting information. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heuchera americana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1348 | Heuchera (cylindrica) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Heuchera | cylindrica | Dougl. | HEUCYL | Open rocky slope, Sun Point, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 1585m elevation. | <i>H. cylindrica</i> occurs on rocky hillsides, cliffs and talus, from B.C. to northeastern California, east to Alberta, Montana, northwest Wyoming, and northern Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 5 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Rock Alumroot | Seeds are hand collected when capsules begin to turn brown and split. Seeds are black at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 60 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are imbibed in water for 1 hour and are placed in fine mesh bags,buried in moist peat in ventilated containers. Seeds are stratified at 1 to 3C. | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and was complete in 3 weeks. Seedlings are thinned and transplanted at the true leaf stage. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings have 4 to 6 true 2 months after germination. Seedlings are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm fertilizer during the growing season. | 10 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm fertilizer during early fall and leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 6.5 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. ÿ | Lapp, Joyce; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heuchera cylindrica</i> Dougl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1349 | Heuchera (cylindrica) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage | Heuchera | cylindrica | Dougl. ex Hook. | HECY2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Western North America east to Montana and Wyoming and south to California where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-35 inches. It prefers dry, open grassland or open Ponderosa pine forests and is often found on rocky sites and talus slopes, but may also be found in moist shade in more dense coniferous forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | Years | Tight root plug in container. | Lava or Round-leaf Alumroot | Seeds are collected when the capsules begin to split in late July and early August. Seed can be shaken from the capsules or the entire inflorescence stalk cut from the plant. Seed is brown in color and very small. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. <p> We determined 7,560,000 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Light and extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Cool spring temperatures may also be necessary.<br>In trials at the PMC, surface sown seed subjected to at least 90 days of cool, moist stratification and cool, fluctuating spring temperatures germinated at 83%. Seed subjected to the same conditions but covered germinated at 68%. Seed planted directly in the greenhouse with and without light, and seed subjected to 45 days cool, moist stratification with and without light germinated at rates of 10% or less. Light treatments always germinated at higher rates than the same treatment without light. | In late November or early December seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent planting medium from floating. If the planting soil is allowed to float, it will cover the seed and exclude light. Seeds are surface sown over the pea gravel. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Containers remain outside. They are watered only during dry spells. Germination will begin as daytime temperatures warm in March, and may occur over 2-4 weeks. | 4 weeks | Plants are moved to the lath house in June. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. They are fertilized once per week with a water soluble complete fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Fertilizer and water are reduced as fall approaches. | 1 growing season | Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not needed. | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter with no protection except snow cover. Regrowth will begin in early March as soon as temperatures begin to warm. Leaves will usually remain green throughout the winter. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Link, Ellen. 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young and Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heuchera cylindrica</i> Dougl. ex Hook. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1350 | Heuchera (cylindrica) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Heuchera | cylindrica | Douglas ex Hook. | HECY2 | Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Fernan Lake, Beauty Creek, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2700 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Roundleaf alumroot | Very small lot, 0.38 pounds, hand collected into paperbag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Heuchera cylindrica</i> Douglas ex Hook. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1351 | Heuchera (micrantha) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage | Heuchera | micrantha | HEMI7 | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | USA: CA , ID , OR , WA
Native Distribution: Inner coastal areas from central California to British Columbia and west central Idaho Native Habitat: Moist, wooded banks and rocks | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Crevice alumroot | Collect into paper bags | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 70 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 to 3 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants are somewhat slow-growing following establishment, but will rapidly fill the container and close canopy within 2 months. At that point, plants may have to be spaced out in racks to avoid drought in some containers. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 16 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Heuchera micrantha Douglas ex Lindl. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=HEMI7 (accessed 8 Oct 2018). [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Heuchera micrantha Douglas ex Lindl. crevice alumroot. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HEMI7 (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heuchera micrantha</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1352 | Heuchera (parvifolia) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Heuchera | parvifolia | Jones | HEUPAR | Alpine slope, Scenic Point, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT | <i>H. parvifolia</i> occurs on granitic and limestone cliffs, slopes and talus in the Rockies from Alberta to New Mexico, west to central Idaho, Nevada, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Prairie Alumroot | Seeds are collected when capsules begin to turn brown and split in late August. Seeds are black at maturity.<br>Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds arecovered with media.<br> Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and appeared complete after 2 weeks. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. Plants were root tight in 12 weeks. | 10 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heuchera parvifolia</i> Jones plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1353 | Heuchera (parvifolia) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Heuchera | parvifolia | Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray | Variety | utahensis | (Rydb.) Garrett | HEPAU | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS Land, Eagle County, Colorado: 9078 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Utah alumroot | Very small lot, 0.18 pounds, hand collected into cloth bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Heuchera parvifolia</i> Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1354 | Heuchera (richardsonii) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Heuchera | richardsonii | R. Br. | Heuchera | richardsonii | R. Br. | Variety | affinis | Rosendahl, Butters & Lakela | HEURIC | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>H. richardsonii</i> is found in the northern Great Plains; from Alberta to Colorado and east to Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin and Michigan. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Alum Root | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. April 29 to May 15. Seed is harvested about June 1. | Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br>Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 0.26 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Heuchera richardsonii</i> R. Br. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
1355 | Hibiscus (tiliaceus) | Malvaceae | Mallow | Hibiscus | tiliaceus | L. | coastal areas, riverbanks, lowlands and mesic forests 0 to 500 m elevation | Classified as native to Pacific Islands including Hawaii, although in some areas it may be an aboriginal introduction. Now pantropical in distribution. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 25 cm, stem diameter: 10 mm | beach hibiscus tree; beach mallow; hau (Hawaii); vau (Fiji); fau (Tonga, Samoa); 'au (Cooks); purau (Societies); fau; hau (Marquesas) | Flowers throughout the year. The fruit is a pointed capsule 2.5-3 cm long. Capsules should be collected from the tree, because at maturity capsules split open and release some of the seeds. Each capsule contains 5-15 seeds. | Seeds are 3-5 mm long. They can be scarified by lightly nicking the seed coat with a knife or nail clippers. Other growers report scarifying seeds by rubbing them on 400 grit sandpaper. Germination is usually around 50%. | A rain- and wind-protected but sunlit area (such as a cold-frame with clear film roof) is recommended for germination in trays. Germinate the seeds in trays filled with 1 part peat to 3 parts perlite or vermiculite. Warm, moist and light conditions are beneficial for optimum germination. After the germination and early establishment phase, full sun is used for growing out the individual seedlings in containers.<p> Ray Leach Super "Stubby" cells (14 cm deep, 3.8 cm diameter, available from Stuewe & Sons) are used. A well-drained media is recommended such as 33% Sunshine peat moss, 33% perlite, 33% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Scarified seeds will begin germinating in 2-4 weeks. Emergents are transplanted once they reach about 5 cm in height. When transplanted into their tubes, they are mulched with a thin layer of #2 poultry grit. Water with a fine-headed sprayer. Keep moist but not overwatered. | 4 weeks | After about six weeks, seedlings may be double-spaced in the Ray Leach trays to ensure each seedling receives full sunlight, and to facilitate good stem development. If inoculation with VAM was successful, no additional fertilizer will be necessary. If inoculation was unsuccessful, a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 may be added as needed. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 4 months | Hibiscus tiliaceous should be grown in full sun without overwatering, conditions which prepare the plants for outplanting. | 2 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Delivering the trees in their container will help protect the root from damage. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Allen, J.A. 2002. Hibiscus tiliaceus. in: Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721.<p> Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hibiscus tiliaceus</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1356 | Hibiscus (tiliaceus) | Malvaceae | Hibiscus Family | Hibiscus | tiliaceus | L. | HIBTIL | Yap Islands | Gaal' is a pantropical, coastal strand plant that is found on muddy or sandy coasts, limestone rocks, mangrove swamps and inland along estuaries. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybag | 6 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container | Gaal' | Seeds are hand collected when woody capsules have matured and begin to split open. Seeds are brown at maturity. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 4 weeks | Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 12 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hibiscus tiliaceus</i> L. plants 3L (1 gal) polybag; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1357 | Hieracium (albiflorium) | Asteraceae | aster | Hieracium | albiflorium | Chlorocrepis | albiflora | HIAL2 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant can be found Natively in the US states of: AK CA CO ID MT NV OR SD UT WA WI WY as well as the Canadian Provinces of: AB BC NT PQ SK YK and in the Mexican regions of: Chih. Son. This species is common in mountainous regions particularly in areas that fit moisture regimes within boreal, cool temperate, and mesothermal climate ranges. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | White Hawkweed | Seedling germination appears to be much improved by a cold/moist stratification before placement in a warm growth chamber. 90 days in a cooler set at a constant 38 degrees Fahrenheit increased germination to 62% from the 16% germination seen in seeds sent straight to the growth chamber (set to 70 degrees F during the day and 50 at night). | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hieracium albiflorium</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1358 | Hieracium (gracile) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Hieracium | gracile | Hook. | HIEGRA | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier County, MT 2030 meters | <i>H. gracile</i> is found in montane to alpine meadows throughout the Cascade and Rocky Mountains; from British Columbia and Alberta to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br. Height: 3 cm with multiple leaves<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Alpine hawkweed | Seeds are hand collected in mid September when ahenes are easily removed from the disk. Seeds are grey at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated greenhouse during the drying process and prior to cleaning.<br> Collection Locality: Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, MT | Seeds were fall sown two weeks after collection and were watered in prior to a 5 month outdoor cold-moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery. Sowing method: Direct seeding. Seeds are lightly coverd with medium.<br> Container Type and Volume: 160 ml (7 cu. inch) Ray-leach conetainers.<br> Medium: 6:1:1 Milled sphagnum peat, perlite, vermiculite.<br> Seeds are hand sown at the rate of 7 seeds per cell,lightly covered with perlite and thoroughly watered prior to winter stratification. | Germination is uniform and continues over a 2 week period after snowmelt in the nursery in May. Outdoor nursery temperatures vary from 16 to 25C during the day and 10 to 15 C during the night in May. True leaves appear 2 weeks after sowing and are thinned to 1 per cell at this stage. Seedlings are irrigated only when the medium is dry on the surface at during this stage. | 2 weeks | Seedlings produce rapid root growth characteristic of alpine forbs at this stage. Multiple leaves were evident 8 weeks following germination. Seedlings are fertilized twice weekly with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during this stage. Plants are fully root tight 6 weeks after ermination in the spring. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest:7 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press,7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records,unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hieracium gracile</i> Hook. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1359 | Hieracium (scouleri) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Hieracium | scouleri | Hook. | Variety | albertinum | (Farr) G.W. Douglas & G.A. Allen | Hieracium | albertinum | Farr | Sub-species | HIAL, HISCA | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Native to dry to mesic open grasslands and open forests of western North America from British Columbia to Oregon and east to Montana and Wyoming.<br> Mean annual precipitation range is from 14-30 inches for <i>H. scouleri</i> (USDA NRCS 2008). | Because some of the non-native members of <i>Hieracium</i> are invasive weeds, there is some fear among the uninformed that the native members of the genus are also weedy. Nothing could be farther from the truth. The native <i>Hieracium</i> are neither weedy nor invasive and, at least on the Palouse, fail to persist outside of native meadow steppe habitat. Even in their native habitat, they rarely comprise 10% of total cover, hardly characteristic of a species with weedy tendencies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | western hawkweed, hairy Albert | Seed ripens in mid to late July. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is dark reddish brown in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed maturity is indeterminant. Seed can be collected using a vacuum cleaner. This removes only mature seed, leaving immature seed to ripen, and reduces the amount of trash which subsequently must be cleaned from the seed. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. <p> We determined 727,156 seeds/lb or 1,603 seeds/gram for this ecotype (USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center 2005). | Other <i>Hieracium</i> spp. germinate without pretreatment (Young & Young 1986). Seed from a western Washington source germinated best after 6 weeks cold moist stratification (Drake & Ewing undated).<br> For this ecotype we determined germination without pretreatment is high. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center comparing untreatedseed with seed treated by cold moist stratification for periods of 45, 90, or 120 days showed a decrease in total emergence following stratification. Unstratified seed emergence exceeded 97% while all stratification treatments resulted in 45-55% emergence. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every third day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every other day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3-4 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Daubenmire, R.F. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Washington State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service EB 1446. Pullman, WA.<p> Drake, Deanne, and Kern Ewing. undated. Germination Requirements of 32 Native Washington Prairie Species. Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Available online at http://www.southsoundprairies.org/documents/completedgerminationdoc.pdf Accessed 2/12/08.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [OnlineDatabase]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (13 February 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf<p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 13 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hieracium scouleri</i> Hook. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
1360 | Hierochloe (alpina) | Poaceae | Grass family | Hierochloe | alpina | (Swartz.) R&S | HIEALP | H. alpina is a circumboreal species; occurring to the south at high elevations in Montana, New York,, New Hampshire, and Vermont. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine sweetgrass | Weilenmann, K. (1981). Importance of germination and first developmental phases of alpine taxa from various habitats. Ber. Beobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel 48, 68-119. (In German with English summary).<br>Zuur-Isler, D. (1982). Germinating behaviour and early life phases of some species from alpine serpentine soils. Ber. Beobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel 49, 76-107. (In German with English summary).<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hierochloe alpina</i> (Swartz.) R&S plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1361 | Hierochloe (odorata) | Graminae | Grasses | Hierochloe | odorata | Local Manitoba | Central & northern North America | Can spread by rhizomes in seasonally moist areas, rarely by seed | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | Local | 3 Months | Months | To grow transplantable seedlings that will survive on their own | Sweet Grass | Seed should be collected fresh in June & early July | None for fresh seed; Cold moist stratification at 4 degrees C, 40 degrees F, for dried seed for 8 weeks | Clean weed free planting area, moist | Same | 1-2 growing seasons | Long-lived perennial | Unknown - many years | 1 week if placing out from greenhouse propagation - gradually expose to increasing sun & wind, decreasing moisture | 1 week | Seed to be harvested late June - early July in Manitoba latitude 50 degrees | Can be stored cool & dry for ~ 2-4 years without too much loss of viability | 20+ years greenhouse experience with this species in Manitoba, Canada | Morgan, John P.. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hierochloe odorata</i> seeds Local; Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Argyle, Manitoba. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1362 | Hierochloe (odorata) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Hierochloe | odorata | (L.) Beauv. | HIOD | Edges of woods, shores, meadows, boggy places, usually in moist ground, locally abundant and spreading. Attractive spring-flowering grass, with fragrant vanilla scented foliage. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sweet grass | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from April to July. Seed is an achene and is collected from July to August. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water in the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for one month. Longer stratification may increase germination. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: Grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter), 14"x8.5"x4" deep. Sweet grass will also grow successfully in a variety of other plug cell sizes and shapes. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with paper. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each small cell and 5 seeds in each large cell. Cover the seeds witha thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Plugs in this phase do not need to be watered as much as in the other stages. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hierochloe odorata</i> (L.) Beauv. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1363 | Hierochloe (odorata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Hierochloe | odorata | (L.) Beauv. | HIEODO | Sweetgrass Hills, Montana | <i>H. odorata</i> is a circumboreal species that grows in moist prairie grasslands and montane to subalpine meadows, streambanks, and sloughs. In North America it is found from Alaska to Labrador, south to Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico; also east to South Dakota, Indiana, and Pennsylvania. Ot os not found in pure stands, but among other grasses, sedges, forbs, and shrubs in mid-successional communities. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown), Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 12 Months | Months | Height: 30 to 38 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> | Sweetgrass | Sweetgrass inconsistently produces seeds. Seeds can be collected in late summer. | Sweetgrass is a cool season species and its seeds require a period of cold temperatures before they germinate. Late fall, late winter and early spring are the best times to sow seeds. | Prepare the field site in advance of planting. Soil should be free of weeds, loose and friable, raked or smoothed to a level, clump-free grade, rolled or packed firmly, and evenly moistened to a depth of 5 to 7.5 cm with a sprinkler or hand held nozzle.<p> Seeds can be dribbled in rows or broadcast to achieve optimum plant density of 140 plants/m2 after germination. after seeding, it is important to re-roll or pack the site to ensure seed-to-soil contact. <p> The tiny seeds are easily washed away so immediately follow with a light watering. Keep the area moist until seedling emergence. | Seedlings emerge in 10 to 14 days. Wait until seedlings are well estblished (10 to 15 cm tall) before beginning routine weeding. | 1 month | Sweetgrass prefers moist sites so regularly water the site. Fertilization is not recommended the first year. In subsequent years, apply a low analysis balanced granular fertilizer at a rate of 1.5 kg N per 1000 m2 in early spring. | 3 months | Plan the final harvest of leaves in late summer so there is adequete time for the plants to preare for the onset ofwinter. Failure to allow grass the natural hardening off eventually leads to lower longer term persistence and survival of the stand. | 1 to 2 months | Bareroot stock can be lifted in spring for transplanting into suitable sites. Rhizomes can be harvested anytime for transplants into containers grown in the greenhouse. | Propagation Protocol for <i>Hierochloe odorata</i>: Sweetgrass, Winslow, S. Native Plants Journal Fall 2000, 1:102-103. | Winslow, Susan. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown), Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Hierochloe odorata</i> (L.) Beauv. plants USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1364 | Hilaria (mutica) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Hilaria | mutica | Buckley | Madrean Archipelago | Tobosa grass is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, often growing in clay-rich alkaline soil in lowland climax communities (Innes 2012). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Tobosa grass | Clip stems at the base of the inflorescence.
| Germination rates for Tobosa grass have been shown to increase with mechanical scarification (Innes 2012). In one study, germination of unscarified seed was 60% while seed scarified with sandpaper had germination rates of 88% (Innes 2012). However, germination rates also can vary significantly between studies, ranging from 0-87% depending on the seed (Innes 2012). Light has not been shown to affect Tubosa germination, but germination rates are highest under warm, moist conditions (Innes 2012).
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+.
Innes, Robin J. 2012. “Pleuraphis mutica.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Web. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, February 6]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hilaria mutica</i> Buckley Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1365 | Holodiscus (discolor) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Holodiscus | discolor | (Pursh) Maxim. | Sericotheca | discolor | (Pursh) Rydb. | HOLDIS | Douglas-fir forest, Fish Creek, 1100m elev. | <i>H. discolor</i> occurs from B.C. to southern California, east to western Montana, Idaho, and northeastern Oregon; from coastal bluffs to lower elevation mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml containers | 18 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 22 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 172 ml containers. | Ocean-spray | Seeds are collected when achenes turn brown in October. Seeds are hand stripped from shrubs and collected in paper bags.<br>Seeds are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seed requires a 5 month cold, moist stratification. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding or Transplanting Emergents.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds or germinants are lightly covered with a thin layer of perlite after sowing.<br>Germination is non-uniform. Seedlings develop true leaves 1 week following germination and are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Plants respond to thinning quickly and produce 4 to 6 true leaves in 3 weeks. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and increase in height to 16 centimeters in 15 weeks. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 11 Months in 172 l container. 1.8 years in 3 L (1 gal) container.<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> (Pursh) Maxim. plants 172 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1366 | Holodiscus (discolor) | Rosaceae | Rose | Holodiscus | discolor | (Pursh) Maxim. | Holodiscus | dumosus | (Nutt. ex Hook.) Heller var. glabrescens (Greenm.) C.L. Hichc. | HODI | Crater Lake National Park, around 7,000 feet on rocky, gravelly ridges and hillsides around east rim | Western and Rocky Mountain states; dry, rocky valleys and hillsides to mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-gallon containers | 2 Years | Years | Well-developed fibrous root systems with well-branched tops | oceanspray | Seed not plentiful but easily collected; fairly slow because of small size. | 24 weeks (or longer) cold-moist stratification in peat/sand medium | Plants need excellent drainage good air flow and sunlight. Seedlings started on greenhouse bench in full sun with light misting; leaves need to dry quickly after watering to prevent foliar disease buildup. Aphids could be a problem in spring growth and if found are treated with Safers' insecticidal soap. | Seedlings are tiny at first and can easily be overwatered if not careful; Kept in full-sun greenhouse to establish. | 4 to 6 weeks til first transplant size | Seedlings first transplanted into 3" pots containing a light-textured, fast-draining media (Sunshine #4 Aggregate Plus) and kept in the poly greenhouse as long as possible into spring. Then moved outdoors to shadehouse over summer: ready for repotting to gallon pots by late summer or can be held over in unheated greenhouse (protected from heavy winter rains) and repotted early in the 2nd year. Light fertilization every other week with half-strength Peters Triple 20. Little top-pruning needed in first year; can be cut back to encourage more branching in the spring of 2nd year | May to August | Fertilization ceased in July to encourage vegetative maturity | 4 to 6 weeks | Plants were shipped in August of the 2nd year via refrigerated van to a holding facility at Crater Lake for a few weeks prior to outplanting. | na | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Kruckeberg, Aurthur R. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: An IllustratedGuide. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> (Pursh) Maxim. plants 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1367 | Holodiscus (discolor) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Holodiscus | discolor | (Pursh) Maxim. | HODI | BLM, Medford District, Soda Mountain, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds,cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Oceanspray | Small lot, 3.7 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds,cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> (Pursh) Maxim. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1368 | Holodiscus (discolor) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Holodiscus | discolor | (Pursh) Maxim. | Spiraea | discolor | Pursh | HOLDIS | Marin County, California | <i>H. discolor</i> occurs from B.C. to southern California, east to western Montana, Idaho, and northeastern Oregon; from coastal bluffs to lower elevation mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Oceanspray | Seeds are collected between October 1st and December 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seeds are 1 mm long or less. | Soak seed in fresh water for 3 hours. Drain and place in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of ph neutral peat moss. Stratify in the refrigerator at 40F for 3 to 4 months or until seeds begin to germinate. When radicles are seen, sow the entire seed lot. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 5 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 5% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 28 days | After seedlings are established, they are moved to the shadehouse (under 30% shade)and grow rapidly.<br> Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back 2 months after transplanting and as necessary. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> (Pursh) Maxim. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1369 | Hordeum (brachyantherum) | Poaceae | true grasses | Hordeum | brachyantherum | HOBR2 | Can be found in many areas; prefers wetlands but can grow anywhere from meadows to forests. | This plant may be seen in the western US from Texas westward and Western Canada. This species can also be found in the far eastern portion of Canada and some Eastern states in the US. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Meadow Barley | We've found this plant is most successfully germinated in a warm greenhouse environment. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hordeum brachyantherum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1370 | Hordeum (brachyantherum) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Hordeum | brachyantherum | Nevskii | HORBRA | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>H. brachyantherum</i> is found in moist places below 5,000 feet elevation; from Alaska south to California, and through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and east across Canada to Labrador. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Meadow Barley | Seeds are collected between June 1st and July 31st.<br>
Mature inflorescences are light brown.<br> Seed is easily collected when a cupped hand is dragged across seed stalks. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per container (Leach Tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> 4 seeds are sown per container and are surface sown.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:60% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Extra seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers (Leach Tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 70%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hordeum brachyantherum</i> Nevskii plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1371 | Houstonia (caerulea) | Rubiaceae | Madder family | Houstonia | caerulea | L. | HOCA4 | Fields, open woods | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Azure bluet | Seeds need 4 months of cold, moist stratification. Fill germination trays with fine germination mix and sow the small seeds on the surface. Place the trays in a cold room or cold frame. Keep the medium moist | Move the germination trays in warm greenhouse (65F night, 75F day temperatures). Seeds will germinate in 3 weeks. Seedlings can be repotted in plugs or quarter gallon containers filled with growing mix made with 1 part sand 4 parts of a commercial potting mix containing 40-50% of composted pine bark. Seedlings will form a compact rosette and flower about 10 weeks after germination | Magee, D.W. and Ahles, H.E. 1999. Flora of the Northeast: a manual of vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York. The University of Massachusetts Press. | Chiari, Alessandro. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Houstonia caerulea</i> L. plants Cougar Springs Ranch Brooklyn, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1372 | Hudsonia (tomentosa) | Cistaceae | Rock-rose | Hudsonia | tomentosa | Low bushy shrub found on eastern coastal sands and sandy sites of the Great Lakes region. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Wooly Beachheather | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Various stratification periods are being considered; so far, 60 days of cold wet stratification seems best. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Augustthru September (when ripe seeds are quick to shatter with increasing winds).<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> After cleaning, seeds are placed in a dehumidified room at less than 40§F in good.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> A shovel is useful and efficient for collection.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1373 | Hydrangea (arborescens) | Hydrangeaceae | Hydrangea Family | Hydrangea | arborescens | HYDARB | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | South New York to Ohio, Missouri and Oklahoma, south to Georgia, Lousiana, and Arkansas. | seeds | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Woody plug, container shrub.<br> <b>Height:</b> Varies depending on container, use and site. 2-3 gallon container specimen: 36-48"; 2" plug: 4-5".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Roots of finished plant should fill container. | Hills-of-snow hydrangea | Collected at George Washington Memorial Parkway, Overlook #2 by J. Kujawski on 8/19/96; and by D. and G. Meyer on 10/14/94; Shenandoah National Park, Skyline Drive, Miles 102-105 by J. Englert in 8/92, 9/92 and 10/92; Cumberland Gap by J. Englert on 10/25/94 and 10/5/96. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day-night temperatures. Provide mist and 24 hour fluorescent lighting during germination. Extended 14 hour day length (high intensity lights from 4:30-10:30 p.m.) for about 2 months post germination.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed is very small and has to be hand-sown. Because of this, seedlings are started in the greenhouse. These plugs are either sent directly to the park the same year or are lined out in the National Plants Materials Center woody beds and grown for two years. They are harvested from the woody beds in the fall and either are sent bare root to the park the following spring or are potted up as specimens and grown in our shade house for another two years or until they reach the container size designated by the contract.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> For planting into the National Plants Materials Center woody beds, seed was started in 406 germination plug trays, transplanted to 72 plug trays, 2" pots or Ropak multipots then plugged out into the field. For container specimens, bare root seedlings were harvested from the woody beds in December, over-wintered in cold storage, potted up the following spring and bumped up in successive seasons to gallon and 2-3 gallon pots depending on finished size specified by the Park.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Started in Fafard Germination Mix, transplanted into Sunshine #1 plus 180 day Nutricote SR 18-6-8 at 20 oz. per batch or 0.15 lb. per cu. ft. mix. Larger container plants are potted in a woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Dates:</b> January 8, 1998 and November 3, 1999.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Huge numbers of seedlings (i.e. about 3,000 from 0.2 g seed) emerged within 7-14 days. Seedlings were so dense they had to be transplanted in clumps and thinned as they grew. (See '<u>Sowing/Planting Technique</u>').<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed was mixed with 4-8 grams of talc and surface-sown over moist germination mix in 406 germination trays. (Suggest going with smaller amounts of seed and more talc since seed germinated in clumps of 3-8 per cell). Drenching seed trays with fungicide (we used Triathlon) reduce fungal growth on media surface. Trays were placed under mist (10 seconds at 30 minute intervals) and 24 hour fluorescent lighting for about 10 days until germinated.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings germinated quickly but failed to put on much growth during January and February. Seedlings were transplanted 50-60 days post germination to larger containers in clumps as individuals were too small to separate. They were grown under extended (14-hour) day length. Foliage was cut back at about 3" to encourage development of stronger, less succulent, stems. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Began in April. Plugs filled out in April and May and were ready for field planting in June. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plugs were set outdoors in a protected location out of direct sun for about 2 weeks prior to outplanting in the field and at the Park. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> In 1998 - 18-20 weeks from germination to finished #72 sized plug. In 2000 - 24-26 weeks from germination to finished plug in multipots. (This longer finishing time was probably due to unreliable heat inour greenhouse during the winter and the larger plug size in the multipots.) The plants take approximately two years to grow from plug to bare root size in the woody beds and another 2 years to finish in containers as specimens. Specimen plants are bumped up to the next larger container size approximately yearly and held during the growing season in a shade house.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Bare root plants are harvested dormant from the National Plant Material Center woody beds in December after two growing seasons. They are tied in bundles and packed in moist sawdust for over-wintering. They are delivered to the park as bare root stock the following spring or potted up as specimens and grown to finished size in the shade house.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot stock is overwintered in National Plants Materials Center cold storage at 40186;F, 35% relative humidity Larger container specimen plants are over-wintered outdoors under microfoam.<br> <b>Storage Duration:</b> December - March or April. | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist, Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. 1991 New York Bot. Garden, | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1374 | Hydrangea (quercifolia) | Hydrangeaceae | Hydrangea | quercifolia | Bartr. | HYQU3 | Found from Florida and Georgia to Louisiana, north to Kentucky and Tennessee. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7 Months | Months | <b>Height:</b> 0.6 to 1.2 meter (2 to 4 feet). | Oakleaf hydrangea | Collected in Natchez Trace Parkway, between mile marker 52 and 53 by B.B. Billingsley, Jr in November 4, 1993 and November 18, 1994. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> No pretreatment required. Seeds germinate readily in two weeks (Dirr and Heuser, 1987). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Sown in flats or packs.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 2-gallon plastic containers were the final planting container for the 3X section. Plants to be planted on the other sections needed to be held longer so they were moved from a 2 to a 3-gallon in 1995.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Media was mixed by PMC staff and ranged from a 3:1 to 6:1 pine bark to sand medium throughout the production years. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> March to April.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Oakleaf hydrangea seeds are very tiny. Initially, seeds were sown in a planting flat on the surface of the growing medium. However, the small size of the seeds resulted in a planting rate that was too heavy and seedlings quickly became crowded. Attempts to transplant these densely growing seedlings led to a great deal of mortality. However, leaving the crowded seedlings in the flat also led to the same result. Subsequent plantings were made in cell packs, which provided space between clumps of seedlings. Seedlings in each cell were then treated as a single plant. Seedlings also grew better if the planting flats were sub-irrigated, which decreased damping off by keeping moisture off of the leaves and stems. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Early to mid-November.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.7 C (55 F) and 45% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> None is apparent (Dirr and Heuser, 1987). | Dirr, M.A. and Heuser, C.W, Jr. 1985. The reference manual of woody plant propagation from seed to tissue culture. Varsity Press, Inc., Athens, GA. <br>239 p. | Billingsley, Jr., B.B.; Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hydrangea quercifolia</i> Bartr. plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1375 | Hydrophyllum (appendiculatum) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Hydrophyllum | appendiculatum | Michx. | Decemium | appendiculatum | (Michx.) Small | HYDAPP | H. appendiculatum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Great Waterleaf | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1985c). Germination ecophysiology of Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, a mesic forest biennial. Amer. J. Bot. 72, 185-190 <br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hydrophyllum appendiculatum</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1376 | Hydrophyllum (macrophyllum) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Hydrophyllum | macrophyllum | Nutt. | HYDMAC | H. macrophyllum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Large leaf waterleaf | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1983a). Germination ecophysiology of eastern deciduous forest herbs: Hydrophyllum macrophyllum. Amer. Midl. Nat. 109, 63-71.<br>Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hydrophyllum macrophyllum</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1377 | Hymenaea (courbaril) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Hymenaea | courbaril | L. | HYMCOU | St. Croix | H. courbaril is found throughout tropical America. On St. Croix, this species is found on the north west part of the islands, primarily on hills and ravines. Prefers more moist sites, perhaps a riparian species | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Locust | Pods were collected from the ground. Many were old, already having broken shells. Pods were taken from one individual. | Seeds were washed in a in 10% chlorine water solution to remove fungal spores. Following the rinse seeds were hand scarified by clipping the seedcoat. | Seeds were planted directly in pots using a commercial potting soil.<br>Seeds germinate relatively quickly andgermination percentages seemed high. | Initial growth is rapid. | Little, E.J., Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook No. 249 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 548 pp | O'Reilly, Rudy G.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hymenaea courbaril</i> L. plants USDA NRCS Virgin Islands Field Office Gallows Bay, Christiansted, St. Croix, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1378 | Hymenoclea (salsola) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Hymenoclea | salsola | Torr. & Gray ex Gray | HYMSAL | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Hymenoclea salsola</i> is common in the Mojave and Colorado deserts in sandy washes and rocky places; from southern California north to San Joaquin Valley and east to Nevada, Utah and Arizona and south to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Cheesebush | Seeds are hand collected during the sumer months when achenes matured. | Seeds are soaked in water for 3 to 4 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br>Seeds are directly sown containers using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Germination %:70% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. | 4 weeks | Following estblishment, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks later, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 3 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reducedfor 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hymenoclea salsola</i> Torr. & Gray ex Gray plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1379 | Hymenoclea (salsola) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Hymenoclea | salsola | Torr. & Gray ex Gray | Variety | pentalepis | (Rydb.) L. Benson | HYSAP | BLM, Seeds of Success, East of Swansea Wilderness. 10.5 miles North on Swansea Mine Road from junction with Swansea Road, La Paz County, Arizona; 997 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Burrobrush | Small lot, 1.5 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Hymenoclea salsola</i> Torr. & Gray ex Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1380 | Hymenoxys (hoopesii) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Hymenoxys | hoopesii | (Gray) Bierner | HYHO | BLM, Seeds of Success, near Fern Mountain, off Forest Service Road 151, Coconino County, Arizona; 8278 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Owl's-claws | Very small lot, .35 pounds, hand collected into paper envelope. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Hymenoxys hoopesii</i> (Gray) Bierner seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1381 | Hymenoxys (richardsonii) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Hymenoxys | richardsonii | (Hook.) Cockerell | Variety | richardsonii | HYRIR | BLM, Seeds of Success, Arboretum at Flagstaff Property, Sinclair Wash Meadow, Arizona; 7130 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pingue rubberweed/Richardson's goldflower | Very small lot, 0.25 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Hymenoxys richardsonii</i> (Hook.) Cockerell seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1382 | Hypericum (formosum) | Hypericaceae | Saint John's Wort family | Hypericum | formosum | H.B.K. | HYPFOR | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. | <i>H. formosum</i> occurs in coastal to subalpine habitats, from B.C. to Baja California, east to Montana, Wyoming, and south to Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 5 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container Seedling<br> Height: 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Western St. John's wort | Seeds are hand collected in early to late fall when capsules turn brown and are just beginning to split open at the top of the capsule. Seeds are collected by using scissors to cut capsules from the multiple stems. Seeds are kept in paper bags in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed in water for 1 to 4 hours. Seeds are placed on moist paper towels inside a opened plastic bag under refrigeration at 1 to 3 C for 30 days. Seeds germinate to the highest percentages when they are surface sown on the medium. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for possible light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18 C at night. Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings germinate 10 days after sowing. Once established and thinned 2 weeks after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root growth. Seedlings are very succulent during early stages of growth. After seedlings are well established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Seedlings begin to develop numerous shoot buds in the leaf axils along the first developing stem. Shoots can be cut back at this stage to initiate multiple stems.<br> When seedlings develop multiple shoots, they must be spaced for adequate air circulation. Seedlings arefertilized weekly with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the active growth stage. Plants are moved to outdoor nursery in late spring to continue growth. If plants are not out-planted the first year, it will be necessary to pot them into 800 ml (4.5 inch) containers. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 4.5 months Harvest Date: August Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<br>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hypericum formosum</i> H.B.K. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1383 | Hypericum (frondosum) | Clusiaceae | Mangosteen | Hypericum | frondosum | Michx. | HYFR | central Tennessee | Cedarglade St. Johnswort is common in the southeastern states of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. It has also been reported in Kentucky, Virginia, Indiana, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. | None | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 1 Year | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 18" and having a compact, well developed root system. | cedarglade St. Johnswort | Mature fruit was hand harvested from populations of Hypericum frondosum growing within the confines of USDI-NPS controlled properties. | None required. | Commercial potting soil was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. Trays were then moved into a greenhouse maintained at a minimum of 65degrees Fahrenheit and natural lighting to facilitate germination. | 14 - 21 days | Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with commercially available growing medium. Transplants were maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit in the greenhouse under automatic watering and natural lighting. | 6 - 9 months | Plants were moved into a shadehouse which provided a minimum of 50 percent shade to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks minimum | Plants with sufficient top growth were loaded on trailers and shipped back to the USDI-NPS controlled properties. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent wind burn. | 7 - 14 days | Dirr, Michael A.,1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th ed. Stipes Publishing, LLC. Champaign, IL.<p><p>
USDA, NRCS. 2017. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 4 April 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hypericum frondosum</i> Michx. Plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1384 | Hystrix (patula) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Hystrix | patula | Moench | HYPA3 | Dappled sunlight, rich deciduous woods, mixed woods, riverbanks. Height up to 5 feet (nearly 2 meters). Seedhead reminiscent of a bottlebrush. Spikelets spreading at maturity. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bottlebrush grass | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from July to September. The seed is an achene and is harvested September-October. | Stratification: Put seeds in a Ziploc-style bag or Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with 1 month of cold stratification in a refrigerator or cold garage. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hystrix patula</i> Moench plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1385 | Ilex (decidua) | Aquifoliaceae | Holly | Ilex | decidua | Alluvial flood plains, bottomland hardwoods, low woodlands, and wet thickets. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Possumhaw | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Container. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Flowers: April-May. Fruits: September-October.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Fine, Gary. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ilex decidua</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1386 | Ilex (decidua) | Aquifoliaceae | Holly Family | Ilex | decidua | Walt. | ILEDEC | South Central Missouri | Deciduous holly is found from Maryland to Florida and west to Texas and Missouri. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 18 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Deciduous Holly | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Ilex species are dioecious. Femaleplants bear bright red to red-orange fruits that mature during fall months. | Holly seeds exhibit deep dormancy and do not germinate until the second year.<br> After cleaning, we plant seeds in late September using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 6 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing.<br> Seeds germinate during the second spring after sowing. | 1 year | Year 2: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 2+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2:ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4-5 months during year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 20004. The genus Ilex. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Ilex.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Ilex decidua</i> Walt. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1387 | Ilex (opaca) | Aquifoliaceae | Holly Family | Ilex | opaca | Ait. | ILEOPA | South Central Missouri | American holly is found from Massachusetts to Florida east to Texas and Missouri. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 | 3 Years | Years | Height: 18 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | American Holly | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. American holly is dioecious; female plants bear red to red-orange fruits during fall months. | Holly seeds exhibit deep dormancy and do not germinate until the second year.<br> After cleaning, we plant seeds in late September using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 6 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 year | Year 2:Fertilization:We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 2+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 3: 3+0 nursery stock is fertilized as described above.<br> Year 2 or 3: ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4-5 months year 2 and 3 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 20004. The genus Ilex. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Ilex.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Ilex opaca</i> Ait. plants 3+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1388 | Ilex (verticillata) | Aquifoliaceae | Holly family | Ilex | verticillata | (L.) A. Gray | ILVE | Swamps, edges of moist woods. Will grow in upland sites if cultivated. Full sun to full shade (but few berries in stand.) Flowers separate male and female plants. Flowers are tiny white. Red berries attached tightly, small, in profusion along twigs. A beautiful site when fruit is ripe. Height up to 15 ft. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Michigan Holly/Winterberry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to July. Seed is of the berry form and is harvested in Aug. to Sept. | Requires 2 months of warm moist stratification followed by 2 months of of cold moist stratification. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix and equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water, (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a room temperature setting for at least 2 months followed by cold storage (refrigerator or cold garage ar 33-42 degrees F) for at least 2 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate air. Vents open during summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does no fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ilex verticillata</i> (L.) A. Gray plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1389 | Ilex (verticillata) | Aquifoliaceae | Holly | Ilex | verticillata | (L.) Gray | ILVE | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | Winterberry ranges from Newfoundland to Minnesota and south to Florida. Found in swamps, bogs and on shores of streams, ponds and lakes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> 8 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Plants have a good root system in containers. | Winterberry | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in October by hand harvest. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> This seed has a deep dormancy. Germination will be delayed to the second spring after sowing the seed. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seed is placed in cold frames till germination. After germination, they are potted and placed in greenhouse. When the plants have sufficient growth, they are transplanted to lathe house.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed should be sown in the fall in flats placed in cold frames. Due to deep dormancy, the seed will germinate in the 2nd year.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1 gallon container.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Pro-Mix BX media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed should be sown in late fall/early winter, to utilize the natural stratification.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Good germination should occur in 2nd spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Sow seed in sturdy plastic flats with Metro-Mix 360 and coverwith 1/3 to 1/2 inches of Metro-Mix. Place in a cold frame in late fall.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Once seedling has germinated, transplant to 5 inch pots with Metro-Mix 250. Monitor watering. Germination will occur in the 2nd year. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> When the seedlings are of sufficient size, transplant into 1 gallon containers, using Pro-Mix BX potting media. Fertilize with Osmocote slow release fertilizer. Monitor watering. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once seedlings are transplanted into five inch pots, they can be placed in lathe house for continued growth. | <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> It takes 3 to 4 years to get a seedling to a 1 gallon size plant.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b>Store seed at 40øF in seed cooler. | Trees and Shrubs of New England, M. D. Dwelley, Down East Books, 1980.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants of North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ilex verticillata</i> (L.) Gray plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1390 | Iliamina (remota) | Malvaceae | Hollyhock family | Iliamina | remota | Greene | ILIREM | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>I. remota</i> is an endangered plant species that is found in mesic praries in the Midwestern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container seedlings | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug.<br> | Kankakee Mallow | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 14 to Sept 10. Seed is harvested Sept 15. | Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully Controlled greenhouse.<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/ root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two to three weeks. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizeronce a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds.<br> Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 8 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May.<br>Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Flood RM, Horvath D, Blessman G. 2000. Protocol for growing Kankakee mallow (<i>Iliamna remota</i>). Native Plants Journal 1(1):13-14. | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iliamina remota</i> Greene plants 1+0 container seedlings; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1391 | Iliamna (bakeri) | Malvaceae | Mallow | Iliamna | bakeri | ILBA | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | It is native to northern California and southern Oregon, where it grows in mountain forests and woodland on volcanic soils | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Baker’s wild hollyhock | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags, soaked for 10 seconds in water at 95 °C and then immediately placed in cold water. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Mesh bags are layered in peat in a covered container. The containers are placed in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. It is very important to check seeds in peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 16 weeks, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. Average growing season of nursery is from mid-March until early October. | Germination is moderate to high, depending on seed quality. It is usually complete in 2 to 3 weeks. | 3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 2 weeks. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. Flowering occurs within 3 months. | 16 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to early winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | California Native Plant Society. nd. Baker’s wild hollyhock Iliamna bakeri. URL: https://calscape.org/Iliamna-bakeri-()
(accessed 7 Oct 2018). Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Iliamna bakeri (Jeps.) Wiggins Baker’s wild hollyhock. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ILBA (accessed 7 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iliamna bakeri</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1392 | Iliamna (corei) | Malvaceae | Hollyhock family | Iliamna | corei | Sherff | Iliamna | rivularis | Dougl. ex Hook | Variety | rivularis | (Dougl. ex Hook.) Greene | ILICOR | I. corei is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Peter's mountain mallow | Seeds are scarified and germinate at 30/15 C. germination is equal in light and dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. Methods of breaking seed dormancy in the federal endangered species Iliamna corei (Malvaceae), with special attention to heating. Nat. Areas J. (in press).<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iliamna corei</i> Sherff plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1393 | Iliamna (rivularis var. rivularis) | Malvaceae | Hollyhock family | Iliamna | rivularis var. rivularis | (Dougl.) Greene | ILIRIV | Forest opening, Walton Ranger Station, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>I. rivularis</i> occurs east of the Cascades; from B.C. to Oregon, east to Montana and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainers | 5 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 30 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 160 ml conetainer. | Mountain Hollyhock | Seeds are hand collected in late August when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Mature seed color is brown. Seed capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are scarified in a brief, 5 to 10 second hot water bath and immediately transferred to cold water to imbibe in water overnight. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags in moist peat moss in ventilated containers at 3 C for a 30 to 60 day cold, moist stratification. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge 7 to 10 days after sowing. Once established and thinned 2 weeks after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot development. Because of the large surface area of the leaves, overhead irrigation of conetainers is difficult. Seedlingd will need to be spaced to receive effective irrigation. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized weekly with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. during this stage. Plants are moved to outdoor nursery in late spring to continue growth. Seedlings are potted into (3L) 1 gallon containers in late spring. | 12 weeks | Seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:7 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iliamna rivularis var. rivularis</i> (Dougl.) Greene plants 164 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1394 | Impatiens (capensis) | Balsaminaceae | Touch-me-not Family | Impatiens | capensis | Meerb. | IMCA | Moist woods, brooksides, wet roadside ditches, lakeshores. Tolerant of full sun to full shade. Reaches heights of 2'-5' with an orange flower, rarely yellow. Flowers are spotted with orange, rose or brown dots. Has a long spur that is bent back below the sac, sometimes more than 180 degrees. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Jewelweed/Orange touch-me-not/Spotted touch-me-not | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers June-September. Fruit is a capsule 2cm, dehiscing explosively when jarred. Seed is harvested in August thru October. | Stratification: Seal the seeds mixed with an equal amount of vermiculite or perlite, adding enough water to barely saturate the mixture in a Rubbermaid-style container or Ziploc-style bag and put in 42 degree F or colder location for at least two months. Keep in a cool dry place(refrigerator or cold garage) until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: Orange Jewelweed grows best in 14"x8.5" trays having 24 cells, each cell being 2" in diameter and 4" deep. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan. thru Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed, leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Transplant if needed. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Impatiens capensis</i> Meerb. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1395 | Inga (laurina) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Inga | laurina | (SW.) Willd. | Inga | fagifolia | INGLAU | St. Croix | I. laurina is found in the West Indies from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands to Greneda and Trinidad and Venezuela; also from western Mexico and Guatemala to Panama.<br>It is found primarily in the north west of St. Croix from valleys to mountain tops. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | guama | Ripe fruits were collected directly from the tree. | Seeds were planted directly into small pots using a commercial growing mix.<br> Seeds germinate in 4 to 7 days after sowing. | Growth rate is moderate after establishment. | 1 month | Little, E.J., Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook No. 249 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. 548 pp | O'Reillly, Rudy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Inga laurina</i> (SW.) Willd. plants USDA NRCS Virgin Islands Field Office Gallows Bay, Christiansted, St. Croix, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1396 | Inocarpus (fragifer) | Fabaceae | Legume | Inocarpus | fragifer | (Park.) Fosb. | Inocarpus | fragiferus | (Park.) Fosb. | Lowland tropical forests, most commonly along streams and on inner margins of mangroves, as well as other poorly-drained areas. | Indigenous to Malesia and possibly Melanesia, and aboriginal introduction to most of Micronesia and Polynesia as far east as the Marquesas. Grown in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia (Queensland), Fiji, French Polynesia, Austral Islands, Marquesas Islands and Society Islands. A recent introduction to Hawaii. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Minimum height is 30 cm, roots well-formed. | Tahitian chestnut, ifi (Samoa, Tonga), te ibi (Kiribati), kurrak, clark (Kosraen), mwourup, mwuropw, mwoaroapw (Pohnpeian), bu`oy (Yap); ivi (Fiji); I'i (Cooks) ihi; mape (Societies); ihi (Marquesas) te ibi (Kiribati) | There are 1-2 large, fleshy seeds in each pod.Mature fruits are collected from the ground around the tree. | Seedlings prefer partial shade and plenty of water for germination and subsequent nursery conditions. Cleaned seeds are sown in trays or beds of sand, vermiculite, or potting media, and covered with about 10 mm of same material. Daily watering is necessary. <p> Containers such as Treepots (Small Ones, about 3/4 gallon) may be used. | Emergents are transplanted in a timely fashion. Partial shade and moist conditions (frequent watering) facilitate good growth after transplanting. | 1 month | 6 months | During the final 4 weeks, seedlings may be moved to full sun if they are to be outplanted in full sun conditions. If they will be outplanted in partial shade, no special hardening phase is required. | 1 month | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned for cleaning and reuse after the planting is complete. | Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> Macmillan, H.F. 1991. Tropical Planting and Gardening. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Thaman, R.R. and W.A. Whistler. 1996. A review of the status of trees and forests in land-use systems in Samoa, Tonga, Kiribati and Tuvalu with recommendations for future action. South Pacific Forestry Development Program, Suva, Fiji. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Inocarpus fragifer</i> (Park.) Fosb. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1397 | Intsia (bijuga) | Fabaceae | Legume | Intsia | bijuga | (Colebr.) O. Kuntze | Tropical rainforests. Commonly found in wet lowlands and coastal areas bordering rivers, river floodplains, or mangrove swamps, 0-600 m elevation | Southeast Asia (especially Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia) and some islands of the Pacific including Caroline Islands, Rotumba, Fiji, Samoa, the Marshall Islands, Guam, the Solomons and Papua New Guinea; possibly an aboriginal introduction to some of these islands. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 20 cm in height, stem diameter 10 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | ipil, Borneo teak, island teak, Moluccan ironwood, merbau; vesi (Fiji); ifilele (Samoa) ifil or ifit (Guam), ipil (Philippines), Borneo teak, , ifi-lele (Samoa ); fehi (Tonga); vesi (Fiji), u`ula (Solomon Islands) | Scarification is required to break the hard seed coat and hasten germination. (Unscarified seeds can live for three or more years without germinating!) A small clippers or a file may be used to make a nick in the seed coat. Soaking seeds overnight will cause them to take on water. If germination is known to be high, seeds may be direct seeded (planted vertically with the hilum downward). They may also be pregerminated on paper towels. Germination takes about 10 days. | Seedlings require full sun in an uncovered growing area. The seeds are very large (often 2.5-3.5 cm long) and therefore containers with small openings (such as forestry tubes) do not serve. AndersenBand Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or other root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) and large openings work well. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Seeds are placed vertically (with the hilum downward) in containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered 2/3 of their width with potting media and a thin layer of mulch (such as #2 poultry grit). Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Full sun is best. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. They will grow best in humid conditions. Initial growth is very fast. | 2 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in full sun. After about four weeks, seedlings are double-spaced to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 3 - 4 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. During the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be reduced or eliminated in fertilizer applications. | 2 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping seedlings in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. <p> Smith, A.C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes only). Vol. 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, HI. <p> Soerianegara, I., and R.H.M.J. Lemmens, Eds. 1994. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 5(1): Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Intsia bijuga</i> (Colebr.) O. Kuntze plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1398 | Intsia (bijuga) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Intsia | bijuga | (Coelbr.) O. Kuntz | INTBIG | Guam | Ifit is native to the Indian ocean region eastward to Polynesia. It does not reach Hawaii. It inhabits coastal strand and low elevations; sometimes in or near mangrove swamps; abundant on coral limestone; also found on other rocky soils.<br> In Guam, it is rather common and is an important timber species. It is the territorial tree of Guam. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) containers | 0 | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Ifit | Seeds are hand collected when pods have matured and begin to split open. The fruits are woody legumes containing several large brown seeds. | Seeds are scarified by hand filing the seeds. Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.Seeds are directly sown into containers and lightly covered with medium. | The Guam Forestry nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised shade structures and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. | Seedlings are germinated in a shadehouse or open growing compound. We use a general purpose commercial medium. Containers are watered by hand and fertilized with a liquid, complete fertlizer as needed. | 1 month | Approximately 4 weeks after germination, seedlings are grown in the open growing compound during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 4 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 1 month | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date | Limtiaco, David. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Intsia bijuga</i> (Coelbr.) O. Kuntz plants 3L (1 gal) containers; USDA FS - Guam Division of Forestry and Soil Resources Mangilao, Guam. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1399 | Ipomoea (indica) | Convolvulaceae | Morning Glory Family | Ipomoea | indica | (Burm. f.) Merr | Ipomoea | indica | (Burm. f.) Merr | Variety | acuminata | (Vahl) Fosberg | IPOIND | Lisianski | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Pantropical. In Hawai'i, common in low elevation, dry, often disturbed areas, usually below 150-1,250 m elevation, on Kure and Midway Atolls, Lisianski, Laysan, Nihoa, and all of the main islands. On Midway Atoll, previously known from Sand and Eastern Islands, but not seen there in 1999. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Koali 'awa | This plant was not seen during the 1999 botanical inventory and may no longer exist on Midway Atoll or may return with winter rains. It is abundant on Lisianski and seeds collected from populations there would be most likely similar to Midway population.<br>Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked for 1 to 3 days before sowing.<br>Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Germination time is 2 to 3 weeks.<br> Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 3 months | 7 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ipomoea indica</i> (Burm. f.) Merr plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1400 | Ipomoea (pes-caprae) | Convolvulaceae | Morning Glory Family | Ipomoea | pes-caprae | (L.) R. Br. | IPOPES | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Pantropical, found on all the major high archipelagoes of Polynesia and all the low and high archipelagoes of Micronesia. It is one of the most abundant species on rocky and sandy beaches of high islands, sometimes forming almost pure stands, but is uncommon on atolls. On sandy beaches, its creeping stems extend almost down to the high-tide mark. In Hawai'i, occurring on beaches, occasionally inland, 0-460 m, on Midway Atoll, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Nihoa, and all of the main islands. On Midway Atoll, during the 1995 botanical inventory, pohuehue was listed as occasional from Sand Island only. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Pohuehue | Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked for 1 to 3 days in water before sowing.<br> Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Germination time is 2 to 3 weeks.<br> Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 2 months | 8 to 10 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ipomoea pes-caprae</i> (L.) R. Br. plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1401 | Ipomopsis (aggregata) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Ipomopsis | aggregata | (Pursh) V. Grant | Sub-species | aggregata | Gilia | aggregata | (Pursh) Spreng. | IPAGA3 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Dry, open areas from shrub-steppe to open, dry forests from British Columbia to northern California and east to Montana and New Mexico.<br>Mean annual precipitation range is from 10-15 inches (USDA NRCS 2007). | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Scarlet gilia, skyrocket | Because the plants flower indeterminately and the capsules dehisce forcefully upon ripening, collecting seed is difficult and time-consuming. The seed is gray in color and must be collected as it ripens but before the capsules dehisce. <br>Plants in seed increase plantings can be cut and dried under cover on tarps or in bags. Wild plants should never be collected whole.<br> Small amounts can be dried in paper bags at room temperature with the top of the bag covered with open weave cloth. Larger amounts are dried on tarps in a greenhouse or shed. Plants are covered with garden row cover to prevent seed loss. Fans can be used to assure good air circulation. Stems and leaves are green at this point and mold will occur with poor air circulation. | Seed from montane Oregon germinated poorly under all conditions (Link 1993). Rose et al (1998) reported that no pretreatment is necessary.<p> For this ecotype, 45 days of cold moist stratification is required.<br> Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 5% emergence occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 90% emergence. 90 or more days of cold, moist stratification did not increase emergence. Slightly higher emergence was obtained from plants grown outdoors under cool, fluctuating growing conditions but these plants were not ready to be transplanted to the field the same spring. | In late November or early December seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 45 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in early to mid-January. Emergence usually begins in 4 days and is complete in 8 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Campbell, Diane R., Nickolas M. Waser, Mary V. Price, Elizabeth A. Lynch, and Randall J. Mitchell. 1991. Components of Phenotypic Selection: Pollen Export and Flower Corolla Width in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>. Evolution 45:1458-1467.<p> de Jong, Tom J., Nickolas M. Waser, Mary V. Price, and Richard M. Ring. 1992. Plant Size, Geitonogamy, and Seed Set in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>. Oecologia 89:310-315.<p> Elam, Diane R., and Yan B. Linhart. 1988. Pollination and Seed Production in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>: Differences Among and Within Flower Color Morphs. American Journal of Botany 75:1262-1274.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Link, Ellen (ed.). 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan. 240 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Mayfield, Margaret M., Nickolas M. Waser, and Mary V. Price. 2001. Exploring the "Most Effective Pollinator Principle" with Complex Flowers: Bumblebees and <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>. Annals of Botany 88:591-596.<p> Mirov, N.T., & C.J. Kraebel. 1939. Collecting and Handling Seeds of Wild Plants. Civilian Conservation Corps Forestry publ. No.5. US Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> Rose, Robin, Caryn E.C. Chachulski, and Diane L. Haase. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. 248 pp.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Taylor. Ronald J., and Rolf W. Valum. 1974. Wildflowers 2: Sagebrush Country. The Touchstone Press, Beaverton. Oregon. 144 pp.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 23 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Visalli, Dana, Walt Lockwood, and Derrick Ditchburn. 2005. Northwest Dryland Wildflowers: Sagebrush-Ponderosa. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 96 pp.<p> Wolf, L.L., F. Reed Hainsworth, T. Mercier, and R. Benjamin. 1986. Seed Size Variation and Pollinator Uncertainty in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> (Polemoniaceae). Journal of Ecology 74:361-371.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> (Pursh) V. Grant plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
1402 | Iris (douglasiana) | Iridaceae | iris | Iris | douglasiana | IRDO | typical to lower elevations; costal grassland areas | Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Douglas iris | We (in Corvallis Oregon) had our best success, although still relatively low, with outdoor stratification or 80 days of cool/moist stratification in our cooler (38F). The seeds may need to be briefly frozen in order to completely break dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iris douglasiana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1403 | Iris (douglasiana) | Iridaceae | Iris Family | Iris | douglasiana | Herbert | Iris | douglasiana | Herbert | Variety | oregonensis | RC. Foster | IRIDOU | Marin County, California | <i>I. douglasiana</i> is found in coastal prairie from Santa Barbara County, California to Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Douglas Iris | Seeds are collected between June 1st and August 31st.<br> Mature pods are dark brown.<br> Seeds aresmall and brown to black at maturity | Seeds are stratified for 1 month. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 4 seeds are sown per container(Leach tubes) containing 3 parts standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand to 1 part Perlite.<br> Seeds are sown 3 times the diameter of seed to depth.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on September 1st.<br> % Germination: 30% | Seeds germinate 60 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 60 days after germination to individual containers (Leach tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%.<br> Seedlings will not grow large enough the first year. They are held over another year and potted up to 2"x7" tubes the following year. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iris douglasiana</i> Herbert plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1404 | Iris (innominata) | Iridaceae | Iris | Iris | innominata | IRIN | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Oregon, California | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 25 to 26 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Del Norte County iris | Easily collected from the large capsules | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 48 hours.
Seeds are placed in a sealed container and into warm stratification (10 °C) for 14 days. Following warm stratification, seeds are placed into cold stratification (1 to 3 °C) for an additional 14 days. It is very important to check seeds in warm and cold strat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is uniform but somewhat slow. It may take up to 3 weeks for seeds to germinate. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow somewhat slowly throughout the active growth phase. If sown in late winter/early spring, however, there is no problem to fill the container. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a rate of 100 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Iris innominata L.F. Hend. Del Norte County iris. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=IRIN (accessed 11 Oct 2018). Painter E. 2016. Common (vernacular) names applied to California vascular plants. Berkeley (CA): University of California, The Jepson Online Interchange California Floristics. URL: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_painter_common.pl?29284 (accessed 11 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Iris innominata L.F. Hend. Del Norte County iris. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=IRIN (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iris innominata</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1405 | Iris (missouriensis) | Iridaceae | Iris | Iris | missouriensis | Nutt. | IRMI | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Western North America from British Columbia east to Minnesota and south to New Mexico. Usually found alongstreambanks and in open, moist to wet meadows. Uncommon west of the Cascade Mountains. Wetland indicator status is FACW+ (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | Listed as a noxious weed in California (USDA NRCS 2004). <br> Roots are poisonous (St. John 1963) and were used by Native Americans as an ingredient in arrowhead poisons (Craighead et al 1963, Taylor 1992, Winegar 1982). <br>May outcompete grasses and be toxic to cattle (Whitson et al 1996). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | Years | Tight root plug in container. | Western iris, Rocky Mountain iris | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is dark brown in color. Seed is collected when the capsules begin to split in early to mid August and should be cleaned and planted immediately. Seed can be shaken into envelopes or bags, or the entire capsule can be cut from the stem.<p> 19,958 seeds/lb (USDA NRCS 2004) <br>We determined 23,349 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Germination is highest with fresh seed planted immediately after harvest. Extended cold, moist stratification is needed. In trials at the PMC with dry stored seed, no germination occurred without stratification and no seed germinated after 30 days cold, moist stratification. Seed left outside to germinate began emerging in late March. Germination after cool, dry storage and after warm, dry storage was equally low. Fresh seed sown covered in August and left outdoors germinated at 60% the following spring. A few seedlings emerged late in the same fall. Some germination will also occur after the second winter. <br>Surface sown seed germination was uniformly low across all treatments, indicating light is not a factor in germination.<br> Cool spring temperatures may also be necessary. Seedlings germinated outdoors and moved to the greenhouse did not survive. <br>There may be large dissimilarities in germinability of seed collected from the same site in different years, probably due to variation in climatic conditions. | In mid-August fresh seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside in the lath house. They remain there throughout the fall and winter. | Containers remain outside. They are watered enough to keep the planting medium moist. Germination will begin as daytime temperatures warm in March, and may occur over 2-4 weeks. | 7-8 months | Plants are watered as needed while outside and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. Growth is slow and plants will usually only produce 2-3 leaves during the first growing season. They must be overwintered and allowed to grow a second year in the containers in order to develop a tight root plug. | 2 years | Fertilizer is withheld in September and water decreased to harden the plants for winter. Since the plants are grown outside, cold hardening is not needed. | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter with no protection except snow cover. Plants exposed to extreme low temperatures with no snow cover should be afforded some insulation. Regrowth will begin in early March as soon as temperatures begin to warm. | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p>Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1956. Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington. J.M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Limited. Vancouver, BC. 211 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Pressof the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York. <p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Online Database. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl (12 April 2005)<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> Whitson, Tom D., Larry C. Burrill, Steven A Dewey, David W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, Richard D. Lee, and Robert Parker. 1996. Weeds of the West. 5th ed. Western Society of Weed Science. Newark, CA. 630 pp.<p> Winegar, David. 1982. Desert Wildflowers: Drylands of North America. Beautiful America Publ. Co. Beaverton, OR. 144 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iris missouriensis</i> Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1406 | Iris (missouriensis) | Iridaceae | Iris family | Iris | missouriensis | Nutt. | Variety | pelogonus | (Goodding) R.C. Foster | IRMIP | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS Land, Dolores County, Colorado: 8316 ft.elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds,cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Rocky Mountain iris | Small lot, 2.3 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds,cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Iris missouriensis</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1407 | Iris (missouriensis) | Iridaceae | Iris family | Iris | missouriensis | Nutt. | IRIMIS | East Glacier Park, MT. | <i>I. missouriensis</i> grows in moist meadows and along streambanks, often where becoming dry by mid summer. It ranges from B.C. to southern California, east to the northern Great Plains, and south to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 300 ml Deepots | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves; 30 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug with developed rhizome in container. | Blue flag iris | Collect mature capsules when they begin to split and turn light tan in color. Seeds are red to brown at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are are placed in a 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification.<br> A second seed lot was artificially cold, moist stratified for 120 days at 2C. Germination began at 100 days during stratification. Germinants were planted into containers and grown under cool temperaturs (15 to 19 C) in a greenhouse. | Outdoor Nursery or under temperature controlled greenhouse.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds were covered with medium. However, Deno indicates that fresh seeds have a light requirement and must be surface sown following stratification.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 3 grams of Osmocote and 1.5 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> | Seeds that were fall sown germinate in early spring under cool, fluctuating outdoor temperatures.<br>Seeds that were artifically stratified were planted as germinants. Seeds germinated while in stratification at 2C. Germinants were planted into containers and grown under cool greenhouse temperatures.<br> Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination was very non uniform and continued over 4 weeks. Germination ceased when temperatures were higher than 21C during the day. Seedlings had developed 1 true leaf 3 weeks after germination.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | 4 Weeks | Root and shoot development occur at a moderate rate following germination. Seedlings were fertlized with liquid 20-20-20 NPKweekly during active growth. Seedlings begin to go dormant in late summer. During this time, seedlings receive less frequent irrigation. Seedlings had developed 4 to 6 true leaves and were root tight by the end of the 2nd growing season. | 16 Weeks | Seedlings naturally become dormant by late summer. During fall months, seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm once every 2 weeks. Seedling were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 Weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 years<br> Harvest Date: September of the second year.,br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<pr> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Cox, Robin; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iris missouriensis</i> Nutt. plants 300 ml Deepots; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1408 | Iris (tenax) | Iridaceae | iris | Iris | tenax | IRTE | Open areas of mid elevation | Washington, Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | toughleaf Iris | While we still found germination to be low,our (in Corvallis Oregon) best success was found in either natural stratification or 2 weeks warm followed by 90 days of cool/moist stratification. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iris tenax</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1409 | Iris (virginica) | Iridaceae | Iris family | Iris | virginica | (Small) E. Anders. | Variety | shrevei | Iris | shrevei | Small | IRIVIR | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>I. virginica</i> var. <i>shrevei</i> ranges from Ontario to Minnesota, south to Texas and Alabama. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Wild Blue Iris | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. May 22 to June 1. Seed is harvested July 15. | Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 2 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night. 75% germination is reached in about three weeks. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive.<br> When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage.<br>Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iris virginica</i> (Small) E. Anders. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1410 | Isanthus (brachiatus) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Isanthus | brachiatus | (L.) B.S.P. | ISABRA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fluxweed | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 30/15 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished,1975b In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Isanthus brachiatus</i> (L.) B.S.P. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1411 | Isocoma (menziesii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Isocoma | menziesii | (Hook. & Arn.) Nesom | ISOMEN | Catalina Island, California | Coast Goldenbush is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits beaches, flats, sea cliffs, and dry sunny hillsides.<br> There are 4 botanical varieties on Catalina island: var. decumbens,menziesii, sedoides, and vernonioides. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch containers | 5 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Coast Goldenbush | Achenes are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected seeds in November and early December. Seeds are small, grey to tan, and with a fine pappus. | We have used a 3 minute Physan fungicide soak or a 3 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 0 to 27%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> | 2 months | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> We shift 4 inch container plants once they are root tight to #1 treepots (173 cubic inches) by the end of June. We top prune as needed to encourage branching. | 3 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Isocoma menziesii</i> (Hook. & Arn.) Nesom plants 4 inch containers; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1412 | Jamesianthus (alabamensis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Jamesianthus | alabamensis | Blake & Sherff | JAMALA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alabama warbonnet | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 35/20 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished,. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Jamesianthus alabamensis</i> Blake & Sherff plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1413 | Jaumea (carnosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Jaumea | carnosa | (Less.) Gray | JAUCAR | Presidio, California | <i>J. carnosa</i> is found in marshy and moist places near the coast from Lower California and the Channel Islands north to the Puget Sound, Washington and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Marsh Jaumea | Seeds are collected between September 9th and November 11th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seeds are linear achenes with longitudal stripes and are elliptical and brown at maturity. | Soak seeds in fresh water and stratify for 15 days. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> % Germination:82% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" (Treeband 5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Jaumea carnosa</i> (Less.) Gray plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1414 | Jeffersonia (diphylla) | Berberidaceae | Barberry family | Jeffersonia | diphylla | (L.) Pers. | JEFDIP | J. diphylla is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Twinleaf | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1989a). Seed germination ecophysiology of Jeffersonia diphylla, a perennial herb of mesic deciduous forests. Amer. J. Bot. 76, 1073-1080.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i> (L.) Pers. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1415 | Juglans (cinerea L.) | Juglandaceae | Walnut | Juglans | cinerea L. | JUCI | Monongahela National Forest | Butternut is widely distributed throughout the eastern half of the continental US and Canada from Manitoba to Quebec and south to Arkansas and Georgia. | Not known to be invasive in the US. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 2 years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting by hand with at least 18" top growth and a healthy tap root. | Butternut | Seeds from the Monongahela National Forest area were harvested in the fall from existing populations. Seeds were picked up off the ground after natural dispersal. This method helps ensure the seeds are ripe but some seeds may be lost to rodents and other wildlife. | No pretreatment was necessary. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in 3 gallon deep pots. The soil was compacted somewhat to ensure a firm seedbed. | Seeds were spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with additional planting media to a depth of about 1 inch. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. Pots were placed in the cooler (34 degrees F) for 4 months. | 4 months | After cold stratification, the pots were moved to the greenhouse for germination. Butternuts first produce a radicle (tap root) and then the shoot emerges later. Once the seedlings developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into tall, deep pots to allow sufficient room for additional root growth. Metro-mix 510 was used during the transplanting process. | 6 - 9 months | Plants were moved to the shade house (50% shade) to allow for hardening off. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailers were covered with tarps to reduce excessive damage from wind burn during transport. | 1 day | Butternuts prefer deep, rich, moist soils in bottomlands for optimum growth but can survive in drier conditions. Because of the extensive tap root, butternuts are often difficult to transplant. Butternut trees are shade intolerant. | Bonner, F.T. & R.P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody Plants Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727.
USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juglans cinerea L.</i> Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1416 | Juglans (cinerea) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Juglans | cinerea | L. | JUGCIN | J. cinerea is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Butternut | Seeds are cold stratified for 60 to 120 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V.(1936a). Seedling production in Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, Juglans cinerea L., and Juglans nigra L. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 8, 1-6. <br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juglans cinerea</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1417 | Juglans (cinerea) | Juglandaceae | walnut family | Juglans | cinerea | L. | JUGCIN | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park. | Rich, moist soil; New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to South Carolina, Georgia and Arkansas. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991) | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 3-gallon containers | 0 | Time to grow: Dormant bareroot seedlings are harvested from outdoor nursery beds two years after seeds are sown. They are over-wintered in storage and most go out bareroot to the parks in early spring. Some bareroot materials are retained as specimens, potted up into 1-gallon containers in late spring and moved to a shade house where they are grown to 3-gallon size for an additional 3-4 years.<br><br>Target Specifications: Bareroot: Long roots are pruned at harvest.<br>Container: Firm root ball that fills a container treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that inhibits root girdling and helps keeps tap-rooted plants more branching.<br> Height: 2-0 bareroot seedlings are 6-60 inches. 2-2 plants in 3-gallon containers can be over 72". | butternut | Mature nuts were collected in September in the Parks. Prompt collection is necessary to prevent loss to squirrels and other wildlife. (Brinkman, 1974) | Seeds have a hard seed coat and an embryo dormancy that can be broken by cold stratification. (Brinker, 1974) Seeds are sown outdoors in NPMC woody nursery beds to allow natural stratification to occur. | Propagation environment: bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds; container specimens are grown to finished size in a container nursery.<br> Sowing date: mid-November to mid-December.<br> Sowing/planting technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. (Rows are 5-6 inches apart and seeds are sown touching, side by side, within each row). Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed and the row is covered with about _ inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. Screening against rodents may be necessary. | Seedlings generally emerge during the spring following fall sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. | Outdoor woody beds: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor, sandy loam, seedlings in the outdoor nursery beds are fertilized once weekly from mid-April through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br><br> Container nursery: Containerized specimens are grown in a container nursery until reaching outplanting size at 2 or 3 gallons. Plants are either bumped up to the next container size in spring, or if not ready, are top dressed with 180 day slow release Nutricote after soil in the bottom of the container is replenished with fresh mix. NPMC uses a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch and 4 cups 180 day controlled release Nutricote 18-6-8 with micros. A pack of ectomycorrhizae is added to each pot. Plant roots usually need a season or more after each bump-up for roots to fill the containers. <br><br>Daily irrigation is adjusted depending on natural precipitation and pot size. 2 and 3-gallon containers are moved to drip irrigation in full sun. <br><br>Dieback of the central leader, thought to be a disease process, has occurred in some of our containerized butternut. If the central leader dies back, suckering will occur from the base. Prune as needed early in the season using sterile shears.. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. <br>Container nursery: frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, depending on natural rainfall. | Bareroot: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed.<br> Containers: dormant containerized stock is overwintered outdoors under a microfoam-insulating blanket. After leaves have fallen, the clean, well-watered containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with microfoam. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the microfoam blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then secured. | 3-5 months | Brinker, Kenneth A. 1974. <i>Juglans</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 454-459.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD><br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juglans cinerea</i> L. plants bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 3-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1418 | Juglans (cinerea) | Juglandaceae | Walnut Family | Juglans | cinerea | L. | JUGCIN | South Central Missouri | Butternut is found from Maine to Minnesota and south to Arkansas and Mississippi. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Butternut | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. | Seeds are sown during fall after cleaning into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. We sow nuts at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES:We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Juglans. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Juglans.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juglans cinerea</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1419 | Juglans (nigra) | Juglandaceae | Walnut Family | Juglans | nigra | JUGNIG | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | New England to Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Found in rich soil, woods or open fields. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bareroot and container (1 and 2 gallon) material.<br> <b>Height:</b> 24-48".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Container plants have substantial root ball, but root system doesn't always fill container. | Black walnut | Collected at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, VA, TN, KY by J. Englert on October 4, 1996, by J. Copeland on November 18, 1998; Shenandoah National Park, VA by J. Englert on October 5, 1993; George Washington Memorial Parkway, VA by J. Kujawski and J. Key on October 9, 1996 and September 21, 2000. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds are sown outdoors in the fall and undergo natural stratification. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sowing seed in rows.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Some bareroot materials are harvested and containerized in 1 gallon pots and larger.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Container material is grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> October/November.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seedlings emerge the following spring after fall sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are sown side by side with no space in between seeds). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust. Screening against rodents may be necessary.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>HardeningPhase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Bareroot plants are harvested 1 year after seeds are sown. Container plants take 1 to 2 seasons beyond bareroot, depending on size of plants needed.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Cumberland Gap, Shenandoah, George Washington Park collection records at NPMC. Beltsville, MD.<br> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Juglans nigra</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1420 | Juglans (nigra) | Juglandaceae | Walnut family | Juglans | nigra | L. | JUGNIG | J. nigra is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black walnut | Seeds are cold stratified for 210 to 570 days and germinate at 29/22 C. | van Althen, F. W. (1971). Extended stratification assures prompt walnut germination. For. Chron. 47, 349.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juglans nigra</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1421 | Juglans (nigra) | Juglandaceae | Walnut Family | Juglans | nigra | L. | JUGNIG | South Central Missouri | Black walnut is found throughout the eastern United States. It grows as far north as southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, and southern Ontario. Isolated populations occur in the southern half of New York, Vermont, western Massachusetts, and northwestern Connecticut. Its range extends south to northwestern Florida, and to Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana except for the Mississippi Valley and Delta regions. Isolated populations occur in eastern Texas, western Oklahoma, central Kansas, Nebraska, and southeastern South Dakota. It inhabits mesic soils and well drained upland sites, in a variety of mixed hardwood deciduous and coniferous forests from sea level to 1,000 m (0 to 3,280 ft) elevation. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 24 to 30 in tall<br> 0.25 to .50 in caliper<br> Root system must balance top growth.<br> | Black walnut | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Nuts are during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source or cultivated variety. | Seeds are fall sown with a mechanical seeder or by hand in prepared field beds. We sow nuts up 3 to 4 in deep to protect thme from deer, rodents and birds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. Because black walnut grows rapidly, we only apply fertlizer once during the growing season. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES:Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep nursery stock from becoming damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer stock that has not been severely shoot pruned. | 4 months | Hardening begins during Septemebr or when dormancy is induced. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 to 4 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Juglans. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Juglans.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juglans nigra</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1422 | Juglans (nigra) | Juglandaceae | Walnut | Juglans | nigra | L. | JUNI | Stones River National Battlefield | Widely distributed throughout the eastern 2/3 of the United States. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 2 Years | Years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting by hand with at least 12" top growth and a healthy tap root. | Black walnut | Seeds of the Stones River National Battlefield ecotype black walnut are harvested from existing populations within the boundaries of the park. | Seeds are direct sown in the fall to allow for natural cold stratification. | Area for planting of the seeds is roto-tilled to a depth of 4 - 6 inches in long strips. | Seeds are hand sewn directly onto the tilled soil surface with an approximate rate of 12 seeds per square foot. Seeds are pressed into the soil by walking on them to ensure good seed to soil contact. They are then covered with a 1 - 2 inch layer of soil. A layer of clean straw is placed on top of the soil surface to reduce heaving inthe winter. Screens are placed over the beds to prevent predation by rodents. | 8 months | Germination begins in the spring after the cold stratification period. A radicle is produced first and then the shoot emerges. | 6 - 9 months | A hardening phase is not required. | N/A | Seedlings are lifted in early spring prior to breaking dormancy. The tap roots are often very long and the seedlings may be difficult to remove from the soil. Seedlings are placed in barrels with the roots covered with moist sawdust. Seedling are stored in a cooler at 34 degrees Fahrenheit until ready to be shipped in early spring. Seedlings are bundled together for shipment with moist sphagnum placed around the root systems to prevent drying out. | 1 - 2 weeks | Bonner, F.T. & R.P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody Plants Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727.
<br><br> USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juglans nigra</i> L. plants 1+0 bareroot; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1423 | Juncus (effusus) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | effusus | L. | Common rush | Yosemite National Park | Throughout North America | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 5 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Common rush | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. No stratification treatments are necessary. | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to ten seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Conetainer trays were placed in greenhouse ponds filled with water to about the same level as the soil in the cones (about 7 to 8 inches). This allowed the cones to imbibe water maintain full saturation. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). | 4 weeks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them and required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We trimmed our plants occasionally with an electric hedge trimmer. Every 2 or 3 weeks we drained the greenhouse ponds and allowed the soil to dry for a day or two. | 4 months | none | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus effusus</i> L. Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1424 | Juncus (acuminatus) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | acuminatus | Michx. | JUAC | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | Tapertip Rush | Ripe seed is collected in September/October in western Washington. | Cold/wet stratification for one month. | Sow seed into 10 cubic inch tubes filled with Sunshine Mix #1 (0.9 gram seed per rack of 98 tubes). Extend seed with fine sand to make sowing easier. Germination rate: 91%. | Place outside into wet beds to grow to size through the summer. Fertilize with Osmocote Pro 20-4-8 with IBDU in July. Overall success rate: 90%. | 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus acuminatus</i> Michx. plants Sound Native Plants Olympia, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1425 | Juncus (arcticus) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | arcticus | Juncus | balticus | JUARL | Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington | Mountain rush is widespread throughout temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. It occurs throughout California to Alaska, eastern North America, and Eurasia. Mountain rush is the most widespread and common rush found in the Great Basin and dry Intermountain regions. Mountain rush is often found in wetland habitats, but will grow in any standing water to seasonally dry places, at elevations generally below 2,200 m (7,200 ft) | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Arctic rush, mountain rush | Seed may be collected by hand, using a pair of hand shears, or with a gas-powered handheld seed harvester. The tiny, black seeds are easily lost from the capsules when collecting by hand. Be careful to keep capsules upright before putting in collection bag. Use paper sacks when collecting seeds for this species. | Due to small seed size and short growing season, seeds are mixed with sand and sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
[NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. littoralis (Engelm.) Hultén mountain rush. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JUARL (accessed 20 Sep 2018). Stevens M, Hoag C, Tilley D, St. John L. 2012. Plant guide for mountain rush (Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis. Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_juarl.pdf (accessed 6 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus arcticus</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1426 | Juncus (articulatus) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | articulatus | L. | JUNART | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Jointed rush | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 19/15 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Grime et el 1981. Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M. and Shaw, S. (1981).A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. J. Ecol. 69, 1017-1059.<br>Muenscher 1936. Storage and Germination of Seeds of Aquatic Plants. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 652.<br> | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus articulatus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1427 | Juncus (articulatus) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | articulatus | JUNART | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Root Trainer 10 (160 cubic centimeters - 10 cubic inch) | 3 Months | Months | Height 20 to 25cm (8 - 10 in). Caliper is not applicable to rushes. Root system must fill container- because of the propagation environment, many roots came out of the bottom of the plug. The Root Trainer 10 opens up and allows easy extraction of the root system | Jointed rush | Field collected from marshes around Parsnip Lake, 22km (14 miles) southwest of Ashland Oregon at 1200m (4000ft) in the Cascade Mountains by David Steinfeld, July 16, 1998. To collect the seed, the stems of the inflorescence were grasped in a handful and bent into a pan that has wide sides. Several sharp slaps of the inflorescence into the pan was sufficient to dislodge seed. The seed appears as a fine red dust. When enough seed is collected, a light breath across the seed will separate the impurities from the seed. | No seed treatments. Did not chill. | Seed was placed in a salt shaker dry and sprinkled over the containers. That rate of spread was similar to a light salting of food. The seed was not covered with grit. Covering with grit will bury the tiny seed and reduce emergence rates. | Emergence occurs within 10 days of sowing. Very controlled greenhouse environment for establishment phase. Daily temperatures are kept between 32 to 35C (90 to 95F) and nighttime temperatures 21C (70F). Lights are on all night. Foggers come on when humidity drops below 90% andirrigation by small set sprinklers occurs every hour. After establishment, seedlings are moved out of the greenhouse and placed in cattle troughs and filled with water. Growing period is from June to September. The climate in the Rogue Valley at during this period is very dry and clear. Average daily high in the summer averages 30C (86F) with occasional highs of over 40C (105F). Summer humidity is usually below 30%. | 1 month | After the plants are moved into the cattle troughs, the troughs are filled with water to a level that is approximately one inch lower than the surface of the media. At this time, fertilizer is added to the water by mixing a Excel 21-5-20 into solution and pouring into the tank. We used enough fertilizer to bring the tank up to 100 ppm of nitrogen. We calculated the ppm of nitrogen using the filled volume of water. The trough is filled each after each time the water has drawn down to the bottom of the trough. This occurs three to five times during the growing season and is temperature dependent. | 2 months | Seedlings were ready by late September, however we did not have enough planters to plant the site so have held them over in the cattle troughs. | Direct outplant | Hurd HG, Goodrich S, Shaw NL. 1994. Field Guide to Intermountain Rushes. General Technical Report INT-306. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station.<p>Hurd HG, Shaw NL. 1993 Influence of dry storage on seed viability and germination of eight Intermountain rushes. In: Tellman B, Cortner HJ, Wallace MG, Debano, LF, Hamre RH, technical coordinators. Riparian management: common threads and shared interests, a western regional conference on river management strategies; 993 Feb 4-6; Albuquesrque, New Mexico. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-226. p220. | Steinfeld, David E. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus articulatus</i> plants Root Trainer 10 (160 cubic centimeters - 10 cubic inch); USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1428 | Juncus (balticus) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | balticus | Willd. | JUNBAL | Iceberg Lake, Many Glacier valley, Glacier National Park, 2200 m | Baltic rush is a circumboreal species that is found from Alaska south throughout all Canadian provinces to the western and central United States, and east to the upper Midwestern and northeastern states, south to Virginia and Arkansas and to northern Mexico (FNA 2000). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml (7.0 cu.in) | 10 Months | Months | Firm root plug with multiple leaves. | Baltic rush | Small dry capsules are tan to brown when mature. Most <i>Juncus</i>species ripen in late summer and fall months. Each capsule contains numerous tiny seeds. Tiny seeds are elliptical and often have one or both ends of the seed prolonged into a slender, papery tail (FNA 2000). Seeds are dispersed by wind.<br>Mature capsules containing seeds can be collected by hand stripping the flowering stems in late summer and early fall. Keep seed heads upright when cutting from dense stands so that the tiny seeds do not fall out. Use a hand lens to examine for maturity and seed fill. Filled seed will be slightly swollen in the middle and tan in color, and will often have papery winged tails at one or the other end of the seed. Filled, ripe seeds will shatter or easily shake out of the seed head. Seeds collections can be placed into paper bags. | Seeds are soaked in water for 1 to 2 days prior to stratification. Seeds produce mucilage when they are imbibed with water. Seeds are stratified by placing them in linen bags buried between layers of moist sphagnum peat moss kept at 2ø C (35ø F) for 100 days.<br> Sowing Methods: Direct Seeding or Transplanting emergents | Seedlings are grown in a fully automated greenhouse. Seedlings are grown in Sunshine mix #2 with controlled release fertlizer incorporated into the medium. | Seeds require heat, light and high humidity to germinate. Surface sow seeds for the light requirement and lightly sprinkle a very small amount of grit on seeds to hold them in place. | 1 month | Duringactive growth, seedlings need to be kept well watered and are trimmed back and spaced as needed. | 3 months | During mid to late summer, seedlings should be moved to the outdoor nursery to undergo hardening until late fall. | 3 months | Seedlings can be planted in the fall or overwintered in the nursery using Microfoam sheets and planted the following spring. | 5 months | Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2000. Flora of North America, Vol. 22 Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelindae (in part), and Zingiberidae. Oxford University Press. Oxford (UK) 352 p. ISBN: 0-19-513729-9 (v.22) | Luna, Tara; Dedekam, Sara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus balticus</i> Willd. plants 160 ml (7.0 cu.in); USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1429 | Juncus (balticus) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | balticus | Willd. | JUBA | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be trasnplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | baltic rush | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers germinated in warm temperatures around 80 degrees F. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Juncus balticus</i> Willd. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1430 | Juncus (bolanderi) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | bolanderi | Engelm. | JUBO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bolander's Rush | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Seeds were placed in plastic germination boxes on moistened germination paper and storned in a growth chamber set at 8 degrees celcius days and 4 degrees celcius nights with 8 hours of light for 45 and 90 days each. One "control" box of seeds was left in a greenhouse set at fall temperatures (16 degrees celcius days/10 degrees celcius nights.) | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus bolanderi</i> Engelm. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1431 | Juncus (canadensis) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | canadensis | J. Gay ex Laharpe | JUNCAN | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canadian rush | Seeds were cold stratified for 270 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Shipley and Parent, 1991.Germination responses in 64 wetland species in relation to seed size, minimum time to reproduction and seedling relative growth rate. Func. Ecology. 5, 111-118. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus canadensis</i> J. Gay ex Laharpe plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1432 | Juncus (drummondii) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | drummondii | Mey. | JUNDRU | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elevation, | <i>J. drummondii</i> is a frequent colonizer of talus and scree slides and disturbed ground in dry, subalpine meadows. It occurs from Alaska to California and east to the Rocky mountains from Alberta to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 8 true leaves; 8 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainers. | Drummond's rush | Hand collect mature inflorescences when capsules are brown; just prior to splitting. Seeds are brown at maturity with a whitish, threadlike appendage on either end of the seed. Capsules are collected in late August using scissors and paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold-moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept moist during germination. Shoot and root development occur rapidlyfollowing germination. | 4 weeks | Seedlings were root tight 8 weeks after germination. Seedlings were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the rapid growth phase. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus drummondii</i> Mey. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1433 | Juncus (effusus) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | effusus | L. | JUNEFF | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common rush | Seeds were cold stratified for 270 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. Germination was greater in light than in dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Shipley and Parent 1991. Germination responses in 64 wetland species in relation to seed size, minimum time to reproduction and seedling relative growth rate. Func. Ecology. 5, 111-118.<br> Grime et el 1981. Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M. and Shaw, S. (1981). A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. J. Ecol. 69, 1017-1059.<br> | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus effusus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1434 | Juncus (effusus) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | effusus | L. | JUEF | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | common rush | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 ( a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Seeds were placed in plastic germination boxes on moistened germination paper and stored in a growth chamber set at 8 degrees celcius days and 4 degrees celcius nights with 8 hours of light for 45 and 90 days each. One "control" box of seeds was left in a greenhouse set at fall temperatures ( 15 degrees celcius days/ 10 degrees celcius nights.) | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus effusus</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1435 | Juncus (effusus) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | effusus | JUEF | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon; Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington | Most of United States. Soft rush is naturally found throughout the temperate and sub-tropical areas of North America, Europe, and Asia, with the exception of the arid and high altitude regions. It inhabits fresh to brackish marshes, swamps, ditches, and moist seasonal wetlands and meadows. Soft rush is tolerant of diverse site conditions, but thrives in direct sun, finely textured soils, salinity less than 14ppt., pH from 4.0 to 6.0, and shallow water (less than 6 inches). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Common rush | The flowering period is late May to August, occasionally to September. Seed ripens in early August. Phenology will change by area, aspect, elevation, and specific site conditions. Seed may be collected by hand, using a pair of hand shears, or with a gas-powered handheld seed harvester. The tiny, black seeds are easily lost from the capsules when collecting by hand. Be careful to keep capsules upright before putting in collection bag. Use paper sacks when collecting seeds for this species. | Due to small seed size and short growing season, seeds are mixed with sand and sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
[NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Juncus effusus L. common rush. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JUEF (accessed 7 Oct 2018). Stevens M. 2003. Plant guide for soft rush (Juncus effusus L.). Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_juef.pdf (accessed 7 Oct 2018). USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center. 2002. Common rush Juncus effusus L. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_juef.pdf (accessed 7 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus effusus</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1436 | Juncus (effusus) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | effusus | L. | JUEF | BLM, Medford District, Box O Ranch, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Common rush | Very small lot, .3 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Juncus effusus</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1437 | Juncus (effusus) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | effusus | L. | Variety | compactus auct. non | Lej. & Court. [misapplied] | JUEFC | BLM, Medford District, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Common rush | Very small lot, .11 pounds, hand collected into plastic zip-lock bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Juncus effusus</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1438 | Juncus (effusus) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | effusus | L. | Variety | pacificus | Fern. & Weig. | JUNEFF | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>J. effusus</i> var. pacifica is found in moist places, below 8,000 feet elevation from Lower California to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific Rush | Seeds are collected between June 1st and September 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seeds are tiny dark reddish brown at maturity. | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:80% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 1.5"x8" tubes (Leach tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. 2 seedlings are transplanted per container.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | 2 months | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus effusus</i> L. plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1439 | Juncus (ensifolius) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | ensifolius | JUEN | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon | Dagger Leaf Rush grows in wet, sandy soils from Alaska to California and east throughout the Rocky Mountain ranges. They are found in USDA zones 4b - 8 at elevations from 400 – 3,000’. Commonly found growing in marshes, wetlands, stream banks and wet meadows at low to fairly high elevations. Not commonly found in standing water. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Daggerleaf rush | Due to small seed size and short growing season, seeds are mixed with sand and sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
[NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. swordleaf rush. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JUEN (accessed 20 Sep 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus ensifolius</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1440 | Juncus (ensifolius) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | ensifolius | Wikstr. | JUEN | BLM, Medford District, Chinquapin Mountain, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Swordleaf rush | Very small lot, 0.18 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Juncus ensifolius</i> Wikstr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1441 | Juncus (ensifolius) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | ensifolius | Wikstrom | JUEN | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | swordleaf rush | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers germinated in warm temperatures around 80 degrees F. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Juncus ensifolius</i> Wikstrom seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1442 | Juncus (ensifolius) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | ensifolius | Wikstr. | JUEN | Rocky Mountains, western Wyoming | Western North America | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Swordleaf rush | Seed is most commonly collected by hand. Fruitingheads can be cut from stems using shears or a hand scythe, or ripe seed can be shaken into collection bags when capsules have split. Seed shatters readily; collection timing is critical. | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10ø C (50ø F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. Seed is not stratified prior to planting. | Soil is a 1:1:1 mix of coconut fiber, compost and perlite. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. A pinch of seed is placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is not covered with any soil or sand. Conetainer trays are placed in a metal tank or trough for subsurface irrigation. Water is filled to just below the soil surface and allowed to soak up to the seed. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 32 to 43ø C (90 to 110ø F). Night time temperatures average around 30ø C (85ø F). Grow lights are kept on during nighttime hours. | First emergence occurs around 5 to 7 days after planting under temperatures and moisture conditions specified. Full stands (90-100%) are reached in 12 days. | After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). | 6 months | Heat is turned off and temperatures reduced to ambient conditions. | 2 weeks | Tilley, Derek J.. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus ensifolius</i> Wikstr. plants USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1443 | Juncus (filiformis) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | filiformis | L. | JUNFIL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Thread rush | Seeds were cold stratified for 270 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Shipley and Parent 1991. Germination responses in 64 wetland species in relation to seed size, minimum time to reproduction and seedling relative growth rate. Func. Ecology. 5, 111-118.<br>Richards 1943. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Juncus filiformis L. J. Ecology 31, 60-65. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus filiformis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1444 | Juncus (lesueurii) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | lesueurii | Bol. | JUNLES | Presidio, California | <i>J. lesueurii</i> is found in salt marshes near the coast from San Luis Obisipo County, California, north to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Salt Rush | Seeds are collected between September 6th and November 4th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown and shiny.<br> Seed is 0.4 to 0.7 mm long, ovoid, red brown in color at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> % Germination:N/A | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" tubes (Treeband 5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus lesueurii</i> Bol. plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1445 | Juncus (marginatus) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | marginatus | Rostk. | JUNMAR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Grass leaf rush | Seeds were cold stratified for 100 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 25/15 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Baskin and Baskin 1988. unpublished. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus marginatus</i> Rostk. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1446 | Juncus (mertensianus) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | mertensianus | Bong. | JUNMER | Glacier National Park ecotype from Logan Pass. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10-cubic-inch conetainers. | 0 | Merten's rush | See Growing Area/Preparation below. | Sow in a fine-textured peat-lite mix with high water holding capacity. Ten-cubic-inch conetainers are adequate for 1-y plants. Sow several seeds on the surface of the media then cover with a very thin layer of potting mix or fine vermiculite or perlite. Moisten seed and leave overnight in a warm location to imbibe water. In small germination trials (98 seed per treatment) comparing 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks of cold moist chilling, the germination of fresh seed actually decreased from 100% (1-week) to 86% (4-week) with increasing chilling. Little or no cold chilling is required to germinate fresh seed of the ecotype we tested. It is not know if total germination or germination rate of old seed is enhanced by cold moist chilling. | Grow this species in a greenhouse at 75 to 80øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. Keep media moist at all times. Fertigate weekly with 9-45-15 at 150 to 250 ppm for the first 4 to 6 weeks then use 20-10-20 at 150 to 200 ppm each week for the remainder of the growing season. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | An adequately sized plant is produced in 1-y. Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in a hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. Containers as small as 10-cubic-inch conetainers overwinter well this way. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Overwintered well for 6 months. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus mertensianus</i> Bong. plants 10-cubic-inch conetainers.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1447 | Juncus (mertensianus) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | mertensianus | JUME3 | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon; Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington | J. mertensianus is a found in wet places and along streams from the montane to the alpine zone. It occurs from Alaska to California and east to the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to New Mexico. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Merten's rush | Hand collect mature inflorescences when capsules are black-brown; just prior to splitting . Seeds are brown at maturity. Seeds are collected in late August using scissors and paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Due to small seed size and short growing season, seeds are mixed with sand and sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Juncus mertensianus Bong. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2018/10/07). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Juncus mertensianus Bong. Merten’s rush. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JUME3 (accessed 7 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus mertensianus</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1448 | Juncus (mertensianus) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | mertensianus | Bong. | JUNMER | Subalpine wet meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m, elevation, | <i>J. mertensianus</i> is a found in wet places and along streams from the montane to the alpine zone. It occurs from Alaska to California and east to the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 8 true leaves; 8 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br. Root System: Firm plug in conetainers. | Mertens' rush | Hand collect mature inflorescences when capsules are black-brown; just prior to splitting . Seeds are brown at maturity. Seeds are collected in late August using scissors and paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor Nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds are subjected to winter stratification and fluctuating temperatures during germination. Medium is kept moist during germination. Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. | 4 weeks | Seedlings were root tight 8 weeks after germination. Seedlings were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the rapid growth phase. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus mertensianus</i> Bong. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1449 | Juncus (nevadensis) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | nevadensis | S. Watson | JUNE | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sierra rush | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Seeds planted in spring resulted in no germination. Flats were left outside over winter, and in early spring 80% germination was observed. | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus nevadensis</i> S. Watson plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1450 | Juncus (parryi) | Juncaceae | Rush | Juncus | parryi | Dry granitic slopes; 6,500-12,000 feet. | cuttings | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | Parry Rush | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> <u>Divisions</u>: placed into Vitamin B-1 solution for 15 minutes to help prevent transplant shock. <u>Seed:</u> none. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Centers. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Juncus parryi</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1451 | Juncus (parryi) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Juncus | parryi | Engelm. | JUPA | Seeds were collected from Crater Lake. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Parry's rush | Seeds were sown into cone-taijners filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) Flats wer covered with ployethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler. After 5 weeks, trays were removed. Within a week, excellent germination and seedling vigor was observed. Actual germination is difficult to determine, due to tiny, uncountable seed, but estimated at >80%. No significant differences in emergence or seedling vigor were noted between 5, 10 or 16 week stratified seeds. 0 germinants were observed in control flats. | Bartow, Amy L. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus parryi</i> Engelm. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1452 | Juncus (patens) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | patens | E. Mey. | JUNPAT | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>J. patens</i> is found below 5,000 feet elevation, in many habitats, from Lower California to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Spreading Rush | Seeds are collected between June 1st and September 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seeds are tiny and dark brown at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media and are planted 2 times the diameter of seed to depth.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination:80% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 1.5"x8" tubes (Leach tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus patens</i> E. Mey. plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1453 | Juncus (phaeocephalus) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | phaeocephalus | Engelm. | JUNPHA | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>J. phaeocephalus</i> is found on beaches, dunes, and meadows, from Los Angeles County and Santa Rosa Island north to Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Dunhead Rush | Seeds are collected between June 1st and August 31st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is brown at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 60% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus phaeocephalus</i> Engelm. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1454 | Juncus (tenuis) | Juncaceae | Rush Family | Juncus | tenuis | JUNTEN | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Shenandoah National Park | Throughout most of North America and naturalized elsewhere. Found in wet to dry soils, compacted soil, and especially along woodland paths. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> About 2-3".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug. | Path rush | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, mile 0.5 beginning DRUC trail by J. Englert on 7/27/93 and 8/19/93; in Shenandoah National Park, Gregory's Bald by A. Johnson, T. Rumaley, D. Raxter and D. Gibbs on 9/6/94. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures. No supplemental light.<br> <b>Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is direct-sown onto media in 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine #1 potting mix plus 180 day 18-6-8 Nutricote SR with micronutrients added at 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of mix (0.15 lb./cu. ft.). Containers cells are filled 3/4" full with potting mix and topped off with germination mix (about 1/2"). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> January for spring outplanting; Mid June-July for fall.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 1995 seed took up to 105 days to germinate in 1997; 1998 seed took 8-10 days to germinate in 1999. Germination is usually so thick in each cell that percent of seed germinated is not estimated. In 1999, 0.6 grams of seed produced 1500 finished plugs, most of which had many Juncus seedlings. In 1998, 0.45 g. of seed produced 2400 plugs after division, most of which were multiples.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is mixed with talc and surface-sown on top of above media. Trays are placed under mist until seed has germinated (8-10 days).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> No special needs except periodic light fertilization with soluble fertilizer as needed. Maintain moisture in cells especially if seedlings are densely planted. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plugs that were sown in July 1997, then divided and overwintered in the greenhouse went off color during February in spite of fertilization but greened up about a month later. <i>Juncus</i> is slow to put on height. | <b>Hardening phase:</b> Plugs are hardened off outdoors, weather permitting, 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 13 weeks from germination to finished plug in spring, 1999.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs are not routinely overwintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b>In seed bags in National Plant Materials Center cooler at 40§F 35% relative humidity. Seed may lose viability very quickly, in a matter of 2-3 years.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None. | Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juncus tenuis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1455 | Juniperus (occidentalis) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Juniperus | occidentalis | Hook. | JUNOCC | J. occidentalis is found in Washington, Idaho, Nevada and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western juniper | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 98 to 148 days. Germination occurs under greenhouse temperatures. | Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., Budy, J. D. and Palmquist, D. E. (1988). Stratification of seeds of western and Utah juniper. For. Sci. 34, 1059-1066.<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> Hook. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1456 | Juniperus (osteosperma) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Juniperus | osteosperma | (Torr.) Little | JUNOST | J. osteosperma is found from throughout the Great Basin and southern Rocky mountain states to California, Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Utah juniper | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 98 days. Germination occurs under greenhouse temperatures. | Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., Budy, J. D. and Palmquist, D. E. (1988). Stratification of seeds of western and Utah juniper. For. Sci. 34, 1059-1066.<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> (Torr.) Little plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1457 | Juniperus (scopulorum) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Juniperus | scopulorum | Sarg. | JUNSCO | J. scopulorum is found from British columbia and Washington to Montana, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Colorado and New Mexico and eastern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rocky mountain juniper | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 to 150 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle and at 15C. | Johnsen, T. N., Jr. and Alexander, R. A. (1974). Juniperus L.Juniper. Pp. 460-469. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Benson, D. A. (1976). Stratification of Juniperus scopulorum. Tree Plant. Notes 27(2), 11, 23.<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1458 | Juniperus (scopulorum) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | scopulorum | Sarg. | JUNSCO | <i>J. scopulorum</i> is found from south British Columbia south along the eastern slopes of the Cascades toOregon. It is found throughout the rest of the western United States and Great Plains south to Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 | 3 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Rocky Mountain juniper | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12". Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season. Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/ac or 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil. Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader. ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at 10 inches for 3+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil. Year 3: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4 months each growing season | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March) of the third year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg. plants 3+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1459 | Juniperus (scopulorum) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | scopulorum | Sarg. | JUNSCO | J. scopulorum is found from British Columbia south along the east side of the Cascades to Oregon. It is found throughout the western States and Great Plains south to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Rocky Mountain juniper | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12". Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season. Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/ac or 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil. Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year usingthe Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader. ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at 10 inches for 3+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil. | 4 months each growing season | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March) of the third year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1460 | Juniperus (scopulorum) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | scopulorum | Sarg. | JUNSCO | Numerous northern Plains seed sources from Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming. Currently propagating NRCS accession number 9081849, an ecotype from the Old Faithful area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 or 3+0 bareroot plants | 2 Years | Years | Rocky Mountain Juniper | Fruit (berry-like cone) is collected by hand in late fall to mid-winter. Avoid collecting fruit with evidence of insect damage (small exit holes). Maturation requires two years, with both 1-year and 2-year fruit found simultaneously on the same plant. Mature fruit is dark blue to nearly black in color. Store fruit in sacks in a cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity prior to cleaning. Do not allow skin to dry out and become tough prior to cleaning. Allow adequate air circulation to prevent conditions that result in molding of fruit. | Various durations of warm moist stratification followed by 6 to 8 months of cold moist chilling is the standard dormancy breaking recommendation. The use of 30 to 60 minutes of acid scarification prior to the aforementioned treatment has improved germination in limited trials as the PMC. A cold:warm:cold schedule is also reported to improve germination, although it does not shorten the dormancy breaking period. | Rototill the seedbed to break up clods, loosen the soil, and level the site prior to planting. Sow the seed with a belt seeder or drill. Soil moistureneeds to be such that rototilling leaves behind a fine, fluffy seedbed. Lightly firm the seedbed with a roller or packer prior to sowing if the soil surface is too soft. Sow 25 to 50 seeds per linear foot to a depth of 0.25 to 0.5 inches. We maintain a 4-ft wide bed (5-ft between beds), and plant 3 to 4 rows of seeds per bed depending on production interval. We cover our seeds with excelsior mat to maintain soil moisture and minimize animal predation. We sow fresh Rocky Mountain juniper in October or November. Germination occurs the second spring after sowing. Mid-summer sowing should result in germination the next spring. We have better and more consistent germination with container production of this species than bareroot, possibly because of the controlled environment during the dormancy breaking period. | We harvest 2-0 or 3-0 bareroot plants as soon as the ground thaws in early spring. A "U" blade mounted to a 3-point system on the back of a tractor is used. Beds are undercut in two directions prior to using the blade to lift the plants. Bundles of 10 to 25 plants are tied together, the roots trimmed to a uniform length then packed in moist sphagnum or peat moss wrapped in plastic. The plants are stored in a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity until needed and then shipped in heavy wax coated boxes as priority ground mail early in the week. | Fully dormant bareroot plants store well for several weeks at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg. plants 2+0 or 3+0 bareroot plants; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1461 | Juniperus (scopulorum) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | scopulorum | Sarg. | JUNSCO | Numerous northern Plains seed sources from Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming. Currently propagating NRCS accession number 9081849, an ecotype from the Old Faithful area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10- to 40-cubic-inch conetainers | 0 | Rocky Mountain juniper | Fruit (berry-like cone) is collected by hand in late fall to mid-winter. Avoid collecting fruit with evidence of insect damage (small exit holes). Maturation requires two years, with both 1-year and 2-year fruit found simultaneously on the same plant. Mature fruit is dark blue to nearly black in color. Store fruit in sacks in a cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity prior to cleaning. Do not allow skin to dry out and become tough prior to cleaning. Allow adequate air circulation to prevent conditions that result in molding of fruit. | Various durations of warm moist stratification followed by 6 to 8 months of cold moist chilling is the standard dormancy breaking recommendation. The use of 30 to 60 minutes of acid scarification prior to the aforementioned treatment has improved germination in limited trials as the PMC. A cold:warm:cold schedule is also reported to improve germination, although it does not shorten the dormancy breaking period. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in an unheated hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. One and even 2-year stock overwinters well this way in as small as 10-cubic-inch conetainers. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg. plants 10- to 40-cubic-inch conetainers; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1462 | Juniperus (scopulorum) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | scopulorum | Sarg. | JUNSCO | Northern Idaho | Rocky Mountain juniper occurs throughout the drier mountains and foothills of British Columbia and Alberta and south through the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains to Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas; and north across eastern Colorado, western Nebraska, North Dakota, Montana, and into Saskatchewan. It is common in lower-elevation coniferous forests. It also occurs in montane chaparral, mountain shrub communities, and is common in the high elevation pinyon-juniper forests. In Great Plains grasslands, it mostly occurs in wooded draws, grassland-woodland interfaces, and riparian zones. It forms pure stands at middle and low elevations in the northern part of its range. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 45/340 Copperblocks | 2 Years | Years | 30 to 40 cm (Height)<br>5.7 mm (Root-collar diameter)<br>Firm root plug | Rocky Mountain juniper | Ovulate cones, or "berries", are solitary at the tips of branches and are fleshy with a resinous pulp. Berries are globose to subglobose, 4 to 8 mm (0.16-0.31 in) in diameter. Each cone contains 1 to 3 (up to 12) round seeds that are 2 to 5 mm (0.08-0.20 in) in diameter. Rocky Mountain juniper cones remain on the tree through the winter, unless consumed by birds or other animals, then ripen and fall from the tree during winter and early spring. Cones mature by November or December of the 2nd year after pollination, and remain on the tree until March or April of the following spring. Some fleshy cones may remain on the tree for up to 3 years.<p> Fleshy, berry-like cones should be collected only when they are fully ripe. Cones can be collected by hand picking or hand stripping into bags or by using ground sheets spread beneath a heavy bearing shrub. Pole pruners can be used for cutting cones from taller trees (Banerjee and others 2001). Cone maturation requires two years, with both 1 and 2 year fruit found simultaneously on the same plant. Mature fruit is dark blue to nearly black in color with a white waxy coating. Avoid collecting of immature and insect damaged cones. | Seeds are soaked in a running water rinse for 24 hours prior to stratification. Seeds are sown into 66 ml pine cells and placed in an unheated greenhouse for 60 days to undergo a warm, moist stratification. Next, trays are moved into the cooler (1 to 2øC)for 60 to 90 days to undergo cold, moist stratification until the end of December. Trays are then moved into the greenhouse for germination.<p>ÿ | Seedlings are grown in 2 fully-controlled greenhouses. Photoperiod is extended by incandescent lamps at an intensity of 500 lux. Irrigation is applied by overhead travelling boom system, with nozzles spaced every 40 cm (16 in). Fertilizers are applied through irrigation water by using a 1:100 injector.<p> Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) Sphagnum peat moss and vermiculite medium having a pH of 4.2.<p> After sowing, seeds are covered with a shallow layer of white grit or Forestry sand (6 mm [0.25 in] deep) and immediately irrigated (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until the medium is saturated. Using a medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating prevents damping-off disease.<p> Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF), and night-time temperatures are maintained at 15 to 21øC (60 to 70øF). | Seedlings only receive acidifed water during the first 2 weeks after germination.<p>Seedlings grown in greenhouses in early winter require intermittent all-night-lighting using 300 watt incandescent (15 min on/off cycles) providing about 500 lux at tree canopy height.<p>During weeks 3 to 9, nutrients are supplied twice per week. Seedlings are fertilized with Peters Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O) at the rate of 42 ppm and micronutrients.<p>Phosphoric acid is used to keeps pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Seedlings are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. At the end of week 6, medium is leached with irrigation water to remove salt build-up.<p>During the second growing season,seedlings are transplanted from pine cells to 45/340 copperblocks using same medium. Without chemical root-pruning, we believe a 2 year growing regime would cause abnormal root development in a 45/340 container. | 9 weeks (Year 1) | During the active growth phase, nutrients are supplied twice a week, using Peters Conifer Grower (20N:7P2O5:19K2O) at the rate of 192 ppm N with micronutrients, alternated with calcium nitrate (15.5:0:0:10) at 51 ppm N.
Containers are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight, but this is slowly decreased so that by the time growers wish to initiate buds, containers are irrigated at about 70% saturated weight. Photoperiod control is continued. Medium is then allowed to dry down until it is just barely moist.<p>During the second growing season, seedlings receive the same fertlization regime.<p>Seedlings are top-pruned the second year, usually in May and again in July, each time removing about 15 cm of growth. This promotes denser shoot growth and supplies the nursery with cuttings for vegetative propagation. | 20 weeks (Year 1) 15 weeks (Year 2) | When irrigation is necessary, Peters Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O) at the rate of 24 ppm N is applied every other irrigation along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) and phosphoric acid. Calcium nitrate is applied at 51 ppm N every other irrigation.<p> Photoperiodic lighting is discontinued. Temperatures are allowed to go to ambient, but preferably under 27øC (80øF) during the day. However, minimum greenhouse temperature allowed is -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are ready to be packed in January. From mid-September until pack-out, day temperatures are kept cool as possible and we prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are hardened for 18 to 22 weeks. | 18 weeks (Year 1) 18 weeks (Year 2) | During late fall of the second year, seedlings are extracted for storage in late November through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but foliage should dry before packing. Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at 0.5øC (33 to 34øF) with relative humidity near 100%. Seedlings must be monitored for storage mold problems. Storage molds can be prevented by packing disease-free stock, storing them for the shortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing. | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK. 2003. Growth of <i>Juniperus</i> and <i>Potentilla</i> using liquid exponential and controlled-release fertilizers. HortScience 38(7):1378-1380.<p>Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947.<p> Wenny DL, Leege-Brusven A, Dumroese RK, Edson JL, Morrison S. 1996. Production of container-grown juniper for conservation plantings. In: Ehrenreich JH, Ehrenreich DL, Lee HW, editors. Growing a sustainable future; proceedings: Fourth North American Agroforestry Conference; 1995 Jul 23-26; Boise, ID. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho. p 97-99.<p> | Dumroese, Kasten. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg. plants 45/340 Copperblocks; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1463 | Juniperus (virginiana) | Cupressaceae | Cypress | Juniperus | virginiana | This small dioecious tree has a deep root system, which allows it to survive the poorest and driest sites throughout most of the U.S. south and east of the Dakotas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Eastern Redcedar | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> 30 to 120 days of cold stratification at 41§F for spring planting. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Unique technique: Seed raised beds with uncleaned fruit immediately (1 to 2 days) after harvest. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> October - December. Subglobose cones, which are pale green turning dark blue at maturity, ripen in the first year.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> 20-40§F at 10%-12% moisture content.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1464 | Juniperus (virginiana) | Cupressaceae | Juniper family | Juniperus | virginiana | L. | JUNVIR | J. virginiana is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastern juniper | Seeds are cold stratified for 100 days and for 65 days. Seeds germinate at 5 and 21 C. | Pack, D. A. (1921). After-ripening and germination of Juniperus seeds. Bot. Gaz. 71, 32-60.<br> Crocker, W. (1930). Harvesting, storage and stratification of seeds in relation to nursery practice. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. Prof. Pap. 1(15), 114-120.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1465 | Juniperus (virginiana) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | virginiana | L. | JUNVIR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. | <i>J. virginiana</i> is found from southern Quebec and Maine,west to North Dakota, south to Georgia,Florida and Texas. Found in a variety of soils, especially dry calcareous sites. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991). | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Seedlings | 2 | Root systems: Bareroot seedlings should have well-developed root systems.Long roots are pruned as needed at harvest.<br> Height:2+0 harvested seedlings are 16-26". | eastern redcedar | Juniper berries were hand-collected in October, November and December in the Cumberland Gap National Historic Park. Collection soon after ripening will reduce losses to wildlife. (Johnsen and Alexander, 1974. | Embryo dormancy is overcome by stratification at 41 F for 30-120 days (Johnsen and Alexander, 1974). Seeds are sown in outdoor nursery beds in November or December to allow natural stratification. | bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds.<br> Sowing date: seed is sown in outdoor nursery beds from mid-November to mid-December<br><br> Sowing/planting technique: seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. Rows are 5-6 inches apart; seeds are sown close together within each row. Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 0.75" of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence.<br> | Seedlings emerge during the spring following fall sowing Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | The NPMC soil is a nutrient-poor sandy loam which is amended with organic matter, such as composted leaves and manure. Seedlings in the nursery beds are fertilized every other week from early May through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilizer application. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | During mid-to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September,irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | Conifers have not tolerated long-term cold storage in our cooler and are prone to desiccation,mildew and death of seedlings. Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early spring, just prior to delivery to the park. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing.Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F for less than a month before delivery. Just prior to shipping,the roots of bundled seedlings are dipped in a mycorrhizal slurry and wrapped while moist in air-tight plastic. This method has reduced root drying during outplanting. | Johnsen, Thomas N. Jr. and Robert A. Alexander.1974. <i>Juniperus </i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 460-469.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br><br> Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987.<i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L. plants Seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1466 | Juniperus (virginiana) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | virginiana | L. | JUNVIR | <i>J. virginiana</i> is found from the Great Plains states and eastern Colorado east to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Eastern redcedar | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are: Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September. Seeds are sown using a Oyjard seed drill at at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 30 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned in early June to a depth of 10 inches. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil. | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March)of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br> They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1467 | Juniperus (virginiana) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | virginiana | L. | JUNVIR | <i>J. virginiana</i> is found from the Great Plains states and eastern Colorado east to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 | 3 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Eastern redcedar | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inchesof compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/ac or 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at 10 inches for 3+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Year 3: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4 months each growing season | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March) of the third year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L. plants 3+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1468 | Juniperus (virginiana) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | virginiana | L. | JUNVIR | South Central Missouri | Eastern red cedar occurs from Nova Scotia west to Ontario, south through the northern Great Plains to eastern Texas, and east to northern Florida and the Atlantic coast. It is found in mixed pine-deciduous forests, grasslands and meadows, abandoned farmlands and rocky upland slopes. In some areas of the east, "cedar glades" form pure stands on the interface with grasslands. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Eastern redcedar | We purchase our seeds commerically. Fleshy cones are dark blue or bluish-purple, covered with a whitish bloom, and 4 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in.) in diameter. Cones generally mature from late July to November. Each cone contains one to four rounded or angled, smooth, brown to yellowish-brown seeds. | We plant seeds in late September using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 10 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow asoybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> Eastern red cedar is sprayed with Cleary fungicide as needed to prevent Phomopsis blight during active growth during year 1 and 2.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. Year 2: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4-5 months year 1 and year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner JT. 2004. The genus Juniperus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Juniperus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> L. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1469 | Kalmia (angustifolia) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Kalmia | angustifolia | L. | KALANG | K. angustifolia is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sheep laurel | Seeds germinate at 22 C. | Jaynes, R. A. (1971). Seed germination of six Kalmia species. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96, 668-672.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kalmia angustifolia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1470 | Kalmia (cuneata) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Kalmia | cuneata | Michx. | KALCUN | K. cuneata is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Whitewicky | Seeds are cold stratified for 56 days and germinate at 21 to 27 C. | Jaynes, R. A. (1971). Seed germination of six Kalmia species. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96, 668-672.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kalmia cuneata</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1471 | Kalmia (hirsuta) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Kalmia | hirsuta | Walt. | KALHIR | K. hirsuta is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hairy laurel | Heat treatment broke dormancy. Seeds germinate at 22 C. | Jaynes, R. A. (1971). Seed germination of six Kalmia species. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96, 668-672.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kalmia hirsuta</i> Walt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1472 | Kalmia (latifolia) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Kalmia | latifolia | KALLAT | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, National Capital Parks-East, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | New Brunswick to Ontario and southern Indiana, south to Florida and Louisiana on coastal plain and in mountains. Found in acid soils, mostly rocky or sandy. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container shrub.<br> <b>Height:</b> Depends on size of container. From 8" to 18".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Fine fibrous roots grow in a defined clump. Roots may not extend to bottom of deeper pots. If roots form a mat on exterior surface, slice or tease root ball prior to planting. | Mountain laurel | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park at 1)Pinnacles; 2)near top of Chadwell Gap and 3)Tri-State Trail by J. Copeland in 1991 and 1992; by J. Englert in 1996. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Because of small size, .05 to .1 gram of seed is mixed with between 4 and 8 grams of talc and sifted over the surface of media to produce about 400-500 seedlings. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Production of <i>Kalmia</i> in the greenhouse has been problematic in the past for several reasons. 1. The seedlings are extremely tiny and slow growing. 2. Low winter light (in spite of extended day lighting) will stop the growth of many <i>Kalmia<i> and Rhododendron seedlings from January - mid March. 3. Lower temperatures, and over-saturation can result in deterioration of the peat-based media causing ammonia toxicity, algae, moss, liverwort and fungal growth, fungus gnat infestations, excessive drops in pH and subsequent nutrient deficiencies or toxicity. Growing seedlings through the two-leaf stage has been difficult, even with bottom heat and watering, and high intensity lighting. We have had about a 20%-30% survival rate. Luckily, a tremendous number of seeds germinated.<p> We tried starting seeds in the greenhouse in March when natural light and greenhouse temperatures are higher, but have had low germination because media is prone to drying or over-heating, even under shading, and seedlings have suffered from leaf scorch.<br> Seedlings that survived March plantings put on only 1/2" growth the first year.<br> We are now (March, 2001) attempting to grow small-seeded ericaceous plants in a propagation room rather than in the greenhouse, under fluorescent lighting, with hand-misting, periodic bottom watering and regulated day/night temperaturesto avoid the climate extremes of the greenhouse. A huge number of seedlings can be germinated in a very small space with less inputs and better controls this way.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seeds are surface sown by hand over fine media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is sown into 4x4 trays which are placed in solid bottom 10 x 20 tray (to allow bottom watering.) Seedlings are pricked off and spaced in 4 x 4 trays again, then transplanted to 2" pots, quarts, 1/2 gallons and 1 gallon. We have not transplanted this crop to larger containers yet.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> <u>Germinating mix</u>: 4:2:1 mix of screened horticultural peat, sand and perlite. (Too much perlite will float to surface and obscure the tiny germinating seedlings.)<br> Recommended pH of media is around 5.0. We have added dolomitic lime at about 40 grams per cubic foot mix to prevent excessive drops in pH. We have not added slow release fertilizer or micronutrients because of problems with toxicity should pH drop excessively. Seedlings grow slowly and may remain in the same media for months. Because media deteriorates over time, we have found that periodic careful transplanting of tiny seedling clumps to new media appears to rejuvenate the seedlings.<br> <u>Transplant mix for seedlings</u>: In one crop, seedlings that were transplanted to a peat:sand mix in 2.5" pots had small unthrifty tops (1-2") 9 months later, but developed proportionately huge matted fibrous root systems that filled the pot. Plants from the same crop transplanted to Pro-mix BX with slow release Nutricote developed 4-8" healthy tops within 8-9 months but had tiny root balls that barely anchored the plant in the top inch of media. We currently use a transplant mix for larger seedlings of 1:1 Sunshine #1 to peat. <u>Transplant mix for quarts and up<u>: 1:1:1 mix of Sunshine #1:peat:pinebark with supplemental soluble fertilizer for acid-loving plants. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Best results for first season establishment and growth were obtained by sowing seed in November and nursing the seedlings through the slow-growth phase which occurred from germination until March (about 3-1/2 months).<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seeds sown November 20, 1997 germinated well in about 3 weeks. A fraction of a gram of seed will produce many seedlings, too numerous and small to count. (Estimated over 700).<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 0.1 gram or less of seed is thoroughly mixed with 4 to 8 grams of talc and sprinkled over the surface of finely screened horticultural peat:sand:perlite mix in trays which have been bottom watered and sprayed with a fungicide. Seeds will remain on the surface of the media if it is very lightly compressed prior to sowing. Trays are set in solid-bottomed carrying trays (to allow bottom watering), on heating pads to keep media at about 72 degrees, and given continuous (24 hour) fluorescent lighting (8-12" above trays) until germination has occurred in about 3 weeks. Surface of media must not dry out, crust over or become too hot or too cold during the germination period.<br> Plastic covers on trays will help keep humidity high but shading from direct sunlight is necessary to prevent media from drying out or reaching excessive temperatures.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> High intensity lights set to give 14-16 hour days. Seedlings sown in November were still too small to transplant in mid-February. Most mortality occurs during this slow-growth, 2-leaf period when seedlings can become necrotic and die from too much water, deteriorating media, too low/high media temperature, fungus and insects. By mid March, however, seedlings had put on enough growth to be transplanted to 2.5" pots. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <i>Kalmia</i> does not appear to have a rapid growth phase. The only batch of <i>Kalmia</i> that reached 1/2 gallon size within a year of sowing was started in November and transplanted to Pro mix. Although tops were large, root masses were very small and took 6 months to fill the pots. Seedlings that were moved from the greenhouse outdoors during the summer to a shaded location grew the best. Once established, we have had few problems with <i>Kalmia</i> mortality if the media is changed seasonally. Problems occur if plants stay in one batch of peat-enriched media too long. During the summer they are held in our shade house with overhead irrigation or in shaded wetland cells with bottom watering. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> <i>Kalmia</i> appears to need a period of winter chilling to sustain new spring growth. Plants overwintered in the greenhouse did not flush in spring like plants over-wintered in a cooler. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Depends on container size of finished plant. Our best crop produced 1/2 gallon and gallon-sized plants in 1.5 years. The average seems to be 3 years to gallon size.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> <i>Kalmia</i> in smaller containers are overwintered in cold storage at 40§F. During winter, 2001, 1/2 gallon and gallon sized plants were overwintered under microfoam outdoors.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> <i>Kalmia</i> seed remains viable under cool dry storage for years (15-20). Stored at National Plant Materials Center in a seed cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None indicated. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> November - late March. | Woody Plants of Maryland, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963.<p> Richard A. Jaynes. Kalmia, Mountain Laurel and Related Species. Timber Press, Portland Oregon. 1997. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1473 | Kalmia (latifolia) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Kalmia | latifolia | L. | KALLAT | K. latifolia is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain laurel | Seeds are cold stratified for 56 days and germinate at 21 to 27 C. | Jaynes, R. A. (1971). Seed germination of six Kalmia species. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96, 668-672.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1474 | Kalmia (microphylla) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Kalmia | microphylla | (Hook.) Heller | Kalmia | occidentalis | Small | Variety | microphylla | (Hook.) Heller | KALMIC | K. microphylla is found at higher elevations within temperate deciduous and conifieruous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine laurel | Seeds germinate at 22 C. | Jaynes,1971.Seed germination of 6 Kalmia species. J. Am. Soc. of Hort. Sci. 96,668-672.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kalmia microphylla</i> (Hook.) Heller plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1475 | Kalmia (polifolia) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Kalmia | polifolia | Wang. | Kalmia | occidentalis | Small | KALPOL | K. polifolia is found from southern Alaska to northern Oregon and Northwestern Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bog laurel | Zuur-Isler, D. (1982). Germinating behaviour and early life phases of some species from alpine serpentine soils. Ber. Beobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel 49, 76-107. (In German with English summary).<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kalmia polifolia</i> Wang. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1476 | Keckiella (antirrhinoides) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Keckiella | antirrhinoides | (Benth.) Straw | KEAN | BLM, Seeds of Success, Agua Fria National Monument, Badger Springs Trail, to Agua Fria River, Maricopa County, Arizona; 3000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Snapdragon penstemon | Very small lot, 0.28 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Keckiella antirrhinoides</i> (Benth.) Straw seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1477 | Keckiella (cordifolia) | Scrophulariaceae | Snapdragon Family | Keckiella | cordifolia | (Benth.) Straw | KECCOR | Catalina Island, California | Heart-leaf Keckiella is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits chaparral, coastal sage shrub communities, washes, bluffs, and disturbed open places. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch container | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Heart-leaf Keckiella | Capsules are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected capsules from June to January. Seeds are reddish-brown at maturity. | We have used a 3 minute Physan fungicide soak or a 3 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 37 to 57%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. | 2 months | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. | 3 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Keckiella cordifolia</i> (Benth.) Straw plants 4 inch container; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1478 | Keckiella (lemmonii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Keckiella | lemmonii | KELE | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | It is native to Oregon and northern California, where it grows in the coniferous forests and chaparral of coastal and inland mountain ranges. Its range may extend just into Nevada in the High Sierra | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Bush penstemon | Seeds are placed in a solution of 250 mg/L GA3, soaked for 24 hours, rinsed, and soaked for an additional 4 hours in water. Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is not very uniform, depending on the quality of the seeds, and can take up to 3 weeks to be complete. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 10 to 12 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | California Native Plant Society. nd. Lemmon beardtongue Keckiella lemmonii. URL: https://calscape.org/Keckiella-lemmonii-() (accessed 7 Oct 2018).
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Keckiella lemmonii (A. Gray) Straw Lemmon’s keckiella. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=KELE (accessed 7 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Keckiella lemmonii</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1479 | Kochia (prostrata) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose foot family | Kochia | prostrata | (L.) Schrad. | KOCPRO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Prostrate summer -cypress | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 20 C. | Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., Stevens, R. and Everett, R. L.(1981). Germination of Kochia prostrata seed. Agron. J. 73, 957-961.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kochia prostrata</i> (L.) Schrad. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1480 | Koeleria (cristata) | Poaceae | Koeleria | cristata | KOCR | Colorado, Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-032s, 98-065s), Moraine Park (98-066s), McGraw Ranch (98-067s), Hollowell Park (98-068s), Twin Sisters (98-069s), Upper Beaver Meadows (98-070s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | June Grass | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed stripped by hand from panicle. Best to use tweezers to tease seeds from inflorescence as many remain after hand stripping. Many non-viable, empty seeds. Seeds are soft, so sieve is not recommended. Seed is mixed with large quantities of miscellaneous plant material after cleaning.<p> Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-032s, 98-065s) collected on 8/25/98; Moraine Park (98-066s) collected on 8/24/98; McGraw Ranch (98-067s) collected on 9/3/98; Hollowell Park (98-068s) collected on 8/9/98; Twin Sisters (98-069s) collected on 8/27/98; Upper Beaver Meadows (98-070s) collected on 8/16/98; MPCG collected on 8/14/98. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b>Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown on 4x4 or 12x12 flat. Recommend sowing in small pots for ease of divisions later. Surface sown as light is required for germination. Use lots of seed material as only a few viable seeds are present, this varies greatly by site.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> Variable 5-10 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Slow and uneven.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-032s, 98-065s) sowed 11/3/98; Moraine Park (98-066s) sowed 11/12/98; McGraw Ranch (98-067s)sowed 11/12/98; Hollowell Park (98-068s)sowed 11/12/98; Twin Sisters (98-069s)sowed 11/12/98; Upper Beaver Meadows (98-070s) sowed 11/12/98; MPCG sowed 11/23/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Koeleria cristata</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1481 | Koeleria (macrantha) | Poaceae | Grass | Koeleria | macrantha | KOMA | See | Sagebrush desert, prairies, and open forests to subalpine meadows; British Columbia to northern Mexico, east to Ontario and Maryland, Delaware, Louisiana, and Texas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 44 kg/ha (39 lb/ac). | Prairie Junegrass | Wildland collection occurs mid July to mid August when caryopsis are light tan, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the narrow panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person yielded 3 grams (0.1 oz) clean seed (varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36- row spacing, seeded with two-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Spring to fall; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup--no irrigation is applied during flowering pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late June to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 5 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"--a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper--is attached for direct catchment. Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<p> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Koeleria macrantha</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1482 | Koeleria (macrantha) | Poaceae | Grass family | Koeleria | macrantha | (Ledeb.) Schultes | Koeleria | cristata | Pers. | KOEMAC | <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> grassland, Rising Sun, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 1585m elevation. | <i>K. macrantha</i> occurs in sagebrush deserts, prairies, open forests to open ridges in the subalpine zone on rocky or well drained soils. It ranges from B.C. to northern Mexico, east to Ontario and Maine, throughout the western states south to Texas and Louisiana. It is also found in Delaware. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 10 to 20 true leaves, 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Prairie Junegrass | Seeds are collected in mid to late August when florets turn from papery and tan and seeds are easily shaken out of florets. Seeds are collected by cutting the entire inflorescence just prior to shattering. Seeds are spread on an opened tarp in the drying shed. | None. Germination is reported to be higher in the presence of light. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds should be surface sown.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoornursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. | 3 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings develop 4 to 6 true leaves 3 weeks after germination. Seedlings were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 9 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 12 weeks<br> Harvest Date:July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Lapp, Joyce; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Koeleria macrantha</i> (Ledeb.) Schultes plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1483 | Koeleria (macrantha) | Poaceae | Grass family | Koeleria | macrantha | (Ledeb.) Schultes | Koeleria | cristata | Pers. | KOEMAC | K. macrantha is a cricumboreal species found in short grass prairies in North America; from British Columbia to northern Mexico and east to Ontario and Maine and south to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Prairie junegrass | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Koeleria macrantha</i> (Ledeb.) Schultes plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1484 | Koeleria (macrantha) | Poaceae | Grass family | Koeleria | macrantha | (Ledeb.) Schult. | KOMA | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Site 1, Betensen Flat, Piute County, Utah: 9640 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Prairie Junegrass | Very small lot, 0.23 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Koeleria macrantha</i> (Ledeb.) Schult. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1485 | Koeleria (macrantha) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Koeleria | macrantha | (Ledeb). Schult | KOEMAC | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Prairie Junegrass | Wild Collected Mid July | Treatment A was directly sown into plugs and put in the greenhouse (60F at night, 75F during daylight). Treatment B 15 days cold stratification in refrigerator. Removed after 15 days and set in greenhouse. Both A&B treatments were covered with vermiculite. Treatment A yielded 30% germination. Treatment B yielded 26% germination. | Greenhouse. 98 cell plug trays. Fafard germinating mix. | Tray was filled with Fafard germinating mix then wells in each plug were made with a finger and then an individual seed was placed in well. Vermiculite then was sprinkled over the top of wells and the seed tray was gently watered by hand and then placed on greenhouse benches and watered by hand once daily. | 2 weeks from seed to germination. Treatment B when removed from refrigerator had 22% of seed sown alredy germinated | Holdaway, Sam. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Koeleria macrantha</i> (Ledeb). Schult plants Denver Botanic Gardens Littleton, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1486 | Krascheninnikovia (lanata) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot | Krascheninnikovia | lanata | Stony hillsides, dry soils of plains, lower foothills, and valleys that are moderately impregnated with alkaline or saline material. This species is usually intermixed with various saltbushes, bunch-grasses, rabbitbrush, and greasewood. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Winterfat OR Lambstail OR White Sage | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Freshly harvested seed may require prechilling of 41§F for 14 days prior to germination. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seeded at less than 1/4-inch, 15-20 PLS per square foot. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Fall.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Collection of seed is best accomplished by hand removal although combine harvesting has been successful.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Utricle, with bracteoles, stored at 39.2§F in sealed containers for up to 8 years. Fruit stored 3 years at 10% moisture in sealed containers at 41-68§F. Storage at room temperature decreases viability (Springfield 1974).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Stored for years under the correct environmental conditions. | Allen,P.S., S.E. Meyer, and T.D. Davis. 1987. Determining seed quality of winterfat (Ceratoides Ianata). Journal of Seed Technology 11(1): 7-14.<p> Booth, D.T. 1984. Threshing damage to radicle apex affects geotropic response of winterfat. Journal of Range Management 37(3): 222-224.<p> Booth, D.T. 1990. Seedbed ecology of winterfat: Effects of mother- plant transpiration, wind stress, and nutrition on seedling vigor. Journal of Range Management 43:20-24.<p> Booth, D.T. 1992. Seedbed ecology of winterfat: Imbibition temperature affects post-termination growth. Journal of Range Management 45:159-164.<p> Dettori, M.L., J.F. Balliette, J.A. Young, and R.A. Evans. 1984. Temperature profiles of germination of two species of winterfat. Journal of Range Management 37:218-222.<p> Moyer, J.L., and R.L. Lang. 1976. Variable germination response to temperature for different sources of winterfat (Ceratoides lanata) seed. Journal of Range Management 29(4):320-321.<p> Springfield, H.W. 1968. "Age and year of Collection Affect Germination of Winterfat Seeds." Res. Not RM-112, 2p. USDA Forest Service, Ft. Collins, CO.<p> Springfield, H.W. 1972. Optimum temperatures for germination of winterfat. Journal of Range Management 25: 69-70.<p> Springfield, H.W. 1973. Larger seeds of winterfat germinate better. Journal of Range Management 26(2):153-154.<p> Springfield, H.W. 1974. Winterfat seeds viable after 8 years refrigerated storage. Journal of Range Management 27:78.<p> Stubbendieck, J., S. L. Hatch, and K. J. Kjar. 1982. North American Range Plants, 2d ed. Lincoln, NE: Univ. of Nebraska Press.<p> U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 1937, 1985.<p> Van Dersal, W.R. 1938. Native Woody Plants of the United States, Their Erosion Control and Wildlife Value. USDA Misc. Pub. No. 303. Washington, D.C.: GPO.<p> Weber, J.E., and L.E. Wiesner. 1980. Tetrazoluim test procedures for native shrubs and forbs. Journal of Seed Technology 5(2): 23-24. | Wynia, Richard. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Krascheninnikovia lanata</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Manhattan Plant Materials Center Manhattan, Kansas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1487 | Krascheninnikovia (lanata) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose Foot Family | Krascheninnikovia | lanata | (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit. | Ceratoides | lanata | (Pursh) J.T. Howell | KRALAN | Canyonlands National Park, Utah | <i>Krascheninnikovia lanata</i> is found throughout the western United States east to western Texas in desert to dry plains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Winterfat | Seeds are soaked in water for 1 to 2 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br>Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal).<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; duration varies according to season. | 5 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Krascheninnikovia lanata</i> (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1488 | Krascheninnikovia (lanata) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot family | Krascheninnikovia | lanata | (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit | KRLA2 | BLM, Lakeview District, Lakeview Resource Area, Hart Mountain, Lakeview, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Winterfat | Small lot, 2.5 pounds, hand collected into leaf bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Krascheninnikovia lanata</i> (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1489 | Krigia (caespitosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Krigia | caespitosa | (Raf.) Chambers | Krigia | oppositifolia | Raf. | KRICAE | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Weedy dwarf dandelion | Seeds are placed into warm stratification. Germination occurs at 25/15 C temperature cycle. Germination is in the presence of light. | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Chester, E. W. (1991).Temperature response pattern during afterripening of achenes of the winter annual Krigia oppositifolia (Asteraceae). Plant Species Biol. 6, 111-115.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Krigia caespitosa</i> (Raf.) Chambers plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1490 | Kuhnia (eupatorioides) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Kuhnia | eupatorioides | L. | KUHEUP | K. eupatorioides is found from New Jersey to Florida and west to Montana and south to Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | False boneset | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kuhnia eupatorioides</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1491 | Lactuca (canadensis) | Compositae | Aster Family | Lactuca | canadensis | L. | LACA | Borders and trails in woods, promptly invading disturbed sites and clearings, sandy plains, conifer swamps, rocky ground, shores, fields, roadsides and railroads. Tall leafy-stemmed; leaves highly variable (entire to toothed). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wild lettuce | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to September. Seed is an achene blackish and flat in appearance. Seed is harvested in September and October. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Seal mixture in a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container, proceed with up to two months or more of cold moist stratification in a refrigerator or cold garage or sow the seeds directly outside in spring. Cold store until planted ( up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any size plug. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 2 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistenly damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not transplanted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lactuca canadensis</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1492 | Lactuca (floridana) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Lactuca | floridana | (L.) Gaertn. | LACFLOR | L. floridana is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Florida lettuce | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 30/15 C in light. | Baskin and Baskin,1988. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lactuca floridana</i> (L.) Gaertn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1493 | Larix (laricina) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Larix | laricina | (Du Roi) K. Koch. | LARLAR | L. laricina is found in boreal forests on wet, poorly drained sphagnum bogs and muskegs. It is also on upland mineral soils. It ranges from Alaska and Yukon across Canada to New Brunswick ,Newfoundland,St. Pierre and Miquelon south throuth the eastern United States to West Virginia. It is also found in the midwestern states from Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Ohio. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tamarack | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 42 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> Germination is greater in light than in dark. | Rudolf, P. O. (1974g). Larix Mill. Larch. Pp. 478-485. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Farmer, R. E., Jr. and Reinholt, R. W. (1986). Seed quality and germination characteristics of tamarack in northwestern Ontario. Can. J. For. Res. 16, 680-683.<br> Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Larix laricina</i> (Du Roi) K. Koch. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1494 | Larix (lyallii) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Larix | lyallii | Palatore | LARLYA | L.lyallii is found on talus slopes from 1800 to 2400 m elevation; from Alberta and British Columbia south to Washington, Idaho and Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine larch | Rudolf, P. O. (1974g). Larix Mill. Larch. Pp. 478-485. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Larix lyallii</i> Palatore plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1495 | Larix (occidentalis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Larix | occidentalis | Nuttall | LAROCC | L. occidentalis is found from 500 to 1600 m elevation; from British Columbia south to Washington,Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western larch | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 42 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> Germination is greater in light than in dark. | Rudolf, P. O. (1974g). Larix Mill. Larch. Pp. 478-485. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Larix occidentalis</i> Nuttall plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1496 | Larix (occidentalis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Larix | occidentalis | Nutt. | LAROCC | Larch/Douglas-fir forest, West Glacier, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.,1100m elevation. | <i>L. occidentalis</i> occurs from the foothills to mid- montane zones and rarely to subalpine elevations. It ranges from southern B.C. to Deschutes Co., Oregon, east of the Cascades, east to northern Idaho, northwest Montana, and northeast Oregon. It is found on moist sites in well drained soils from 650 to 2450 meters. In Glacier, there are scattered trees east of the Continental Divide in the Two Medicine area. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 6 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Western Larch | Cones are collected in September and October when cones turn purplish brown and scales begin to reflex. Mature seeds are firm and dark brown to black in color. Cones are collected by cutting branches from trees. Collections are kept in paper bags. Cones are stored in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 24 hour runnng water rinse prior to cold, moist stratification for 28 to 42 days.<br> Non-stratified seeds of <i>L. occidentalis</i> germinate to higher percentages in light. Stratified seeds germinate to higher percentages in dark. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium and irrigated thoroughly.<br> Growing mediuma used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) andMicromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germinants shed the seedcoats 7 to 10 days after emergence.Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 2 weeks | Seedlings usually reach the accelerated growth stage 6 weeks after germination.<br> Plants were fertilized with 25-10-10 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. Seedlings can be inoculated with ecto-mycorrhizal fungi at this stage. Plants were fully root tight 23 weeks after germination and averaged 10 cm in height. | 20 weeks | Trees are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm from August to September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 6.5 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Larix occidentalis</i> Nutt. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1497 | Larix (occidentalis) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Larix | occidentalis | Nutt. | LAROCC | Northern Idaho | Western larch occurs from southeastern British Columbia and extreme western Alberta southward into eastern Washington, western Montana, northern Oregon, and northern and west-central Idaho. In northrn Idaho,this species can occur in nearly pure stands or in mixtures with Douglas-fir and western white pine. It grows best on deep, moist, porous soils in high valleys and mountain slopes of northern and western exposure. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers" | 7 Months | Months | Height = 20 cm <br>
Root-collar diameter = 2.8 to 3.2 mm <br> Firm root plug | Western larch | Cones ripen from late August to early October depending on elevation. Cones can be collected by pole pruners, ladders or by climbing trees, usually just before cones open. | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in running tap water for 48 hours to ensure imbibition.<p> Mesh bags are placed into plastic bags and seeds are stratified (cold, moist) for 28 days at 1 to 2øC (34 to 36øF). After stratification, seeds are soaked 24 hours in running tap water. <p> Based on cumulative germination at 14 days in a germination test, the total amount of seeds needed for the crop is determined to ensure 90% to 95% of the cells have at least one seedling. | Seedlings are grown in 2 fully-controlled greenhouses. Photoperiod is extended by 300 watt incandescent lamps (15 min on/off cycles) at an intensity of 500 lux. Irrigation is applied by an overhead traveling boom system, with nozzles spaced every 40 cm. Fertilizers are injected into irrigation water with a 1:100 injector.<p> Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium having a pH of 4.2.<p> Seeds are sown in late March and are immediately covered with a shallow layer of white grit or Forestry sand (6 mm deep) and immediately irrigated (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until the medium is saturated. Using a medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating reduces damping-off disease. Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF), and night-time temperatures are maintained at 18øC (65øF). | Once seedcoats begin to fall off germinating seedlings, seedlings are thinned to 1 seedling per container. Germination is usually complete within 10 to 14 days and seedcoats are shed within 21 days. <p> Photoperiod lights remain activated. Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. During the establishment phase, seedlings are fertilized with Peters Professional Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and CAN-17 (liquid ammonium calcium nitrate [17N]) to supply 65 and 23 ppm N, respectively. Phosphoric acid is used to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Seedlings are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. At the end of week 8, medium is leached with irrigation water to remove salt build-up. Day greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF) and night temperatures around 18øC (65øF). | 8 weeks | We have found that western larch goes through a "coasting phase" during which seedlings continue to grow, regardless of nutrient applications or moisture conditions.<p>During the active growth phase (at 9 weeks), only micronutrients are supplied about twice a week (Fe, B, MgSO4). Nirogen fertilization is discontinued.<p>Containers are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight, but this is slowly decreased so that by the time growers wish to initiate buds, containers are irrigated at about 70% saturated weight.<p> Photoperiod control is discontinued.<p>
Medium is leached with copious amounts of irrigation water. Medium is then allowed to dry down until it is just barely moist.<p> Day greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 24 øC (70 to 75øF) and night temperatures around 15 to 18øC (60 to 65øF). | When irrigation is necessary, micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) and phosphoric acid are supplied every irrigation. Once terminal buds are apparent, calcium nitrate is supplied at the rate of 46 ppm N.<p> After terminal bud formation, temperatures are allowed to go to ambient, but preferably under 27øC (80øF) during the day. However, minimum greenhouse temperature allowed is -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are ready to be packed in January. From mid-September until pack-out, day temperatures are kept cool as possible and we prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are hardened for 18 to 22 weeks. | 23 weeks | Seedlings are extracted for storage in late November through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but foliage should be dry before packing. <p>
Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at 0.5øC (33 to 34øF). Seedlings are monitored for storage mold problems. Storage molds can be reduced by packing disease-free stock, storing them for the shortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing. | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947.<p> Dumroese RK, Wenny DL. 1997. Fertilizer regimes for container-grown conifers of the Intermountain West. In: Haase DL, Rose R, coordinators and editors. Symposium proceedings, forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field; 1997 Oct 28-29; Corvallis, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery Technology Cooperative. p 17-26.<p> Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1987. A growing regime for containerized western larch seedlings. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. Bulletin 42. 8 p.<p> Dumroese RK, Wenny DL. 1995. Growing western larch in a container nursery. In: Schmidt WC, McDonald KJ, compilers. Ecology and management of <i>Larix</i> forests: a look ahead-proceedings of an international symposium; 1992 Oct 5-9; Whitefish, MT. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. General Technical Report INT-319. p 213-219.<p> | Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Larix occidentalis</i> Nutt. plants 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers"; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1498 | Larix (occidentalis) | Pinaceae | Larix | occidentalis | LAROCC | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 10 Months | Months | Minimum height of 4 inches and minimum caliper of 3mm. | Western larch | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If moldis found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The climate of the Rogue Valley is dry, warm and sunny from late spring to early fall. High temperatures in the summer months average slightly below 32C (90F), with extremes occasionally over 40C (105F). Winters are cool and moist. January is the coldest month with an average daily temperature of 4C (39F). Valley fog is prevalent from mid November through late February, making condition for lifting seedlings very favorable. Annual precipitation is 45cm (18in), with over 80 percent of this falling as rain between October and April. | Seeds are the first to be sown at the nursery (mid-March). Seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial seedling density of 215 seedlings/m2 (20 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during thisperiod. | 4 weeks | Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.2 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 181 kg/ha (162 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate, 12 weeks after emergence - 120 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate and 14 weeks after emergence - 120 kg/ha(100 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate.IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary. If lygus insect found to damage buds, utilize mechanical insect control (Bug suck vacuum) and isecticide (Pydrin) at 10 day intervals until damage from insect no longer observed. | 4 months | By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced.Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications of112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) applied in mid-fall after bud set 2 weeks apart. IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: No prunes or wrenches. | 2 months | Larch are the first seedlings to be lifted. Usually all larch are lifted between December 1 and December 15 of each year. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | Up to 6 months | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service.<p>Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Larix occidentalis</i> plants 1+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1499 | Larrea (tridentata) | Zygophyllaceae | Lignum Vitae Family | Larrea | tridentata | (Sesse & Moc ex DC.) Coville | LARTRI | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Larrea tridentata</i> is the dominant shrub over great areas of desert below 5,000 ft elevation; from Inyo County, California east to Utah, Texas and Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe Containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Creosote | Seeds are hand collected in late spring when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 to 48 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during thegrowing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal).<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; duration varies according to season. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Larrea tridentata</i> (Sesse & Moc ex DC.) Coville plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe Containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1500 | Lasthenia (burkei ) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Lasthenia | burkei | Greene | Lasthenia burkei (Greene) Greene | Baeria | burkei | Greene | Baeria burkei Greene. | LABU | Sonoma County, California | Lasthenia burkei is an endangered vernal pool plant that is endemic to California. It usually inhabits vernal pools in the Santa Rosa Plain in Sonoma County, but population records also exist from Napa, Lake, and Mendocino Counties (CDFW). | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 5 months | Seed Amplification | Burke's goldfields | Spring 2021 | none | Sowed 2-8 seeds per cell into 128 plug trays. Seeds were sown into sifted Sungro professional growing mix (Sunshine Mix #1 which contains Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss, Perlite, Dolomite Lime, Long-Lasting Wetting Agent, RESiLIENCE). Seeds were surface sown. Seed trays were watered daily, misted two times an hour, and kept in a greenhouse. Seed germination started 2 days after sowing. | February-March | 2 months | March-May | 2-3 months | 2 weeks | Seeds were harvested in late June using a modified shop vacuum. | Transplants were grown in raised beds in a hoop house protected by bird netting. The soil in the raised beds was covered with weed barrier fabric. | Mills, Ayla. 2023. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Lasthenia burkei </i> Greene Seeds Laguna de Santa Rosa Foundation Santa Rosa, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1501 | Lasthenia (glaberrima) | ASTERACEAE | goldfields | Lasthenia | glaberrima | A.DC. Ann | LAGL3 | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | smooth goldfields | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 70% germination occurred | Bartow, Amy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lasthenia glaberrima</i> A.DC. Ann plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1502 | Lasthenia (glaberrima) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Lasthenia | glaberrima | D.C. | LAGL3 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be trasnplanted into a field covered with weed fabric for seed increase. | Smooth goldfields | seeds shattered on the weed fabric as they matured. The weed fabric was vacuumed using small battery-powered hand vacuums to collect seed. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in an unheated greenhouse.Seeds will germinate in warm or cold temperatures. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lasthenia glaberrima</i> D.C. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1503 | Lathyrus (japonicus) | Fabaceae | Lathyrus | japonicus | LAJA | Central Oregon Coast | Circumpolar distribution in temperate coastal areas of North and South America, Europe, and Asia. Found on sand, gravel, and cobble substrates. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Deepot D40 (2.5" diam. x 10" deep) | 6 months | large plug with greater resilience to drying out during summer growth period | beach pea | Legumes were collected on the Central Oregon Coast in July and August. Legumes dehisce when seed is ripe but not all seed is dispersed from the pod, allowing for an extended collection window if the population is large. | Germination requirements were evaluated in germination boxes by looking at two scarification treatments (none or mechanical scarification with sandpaper) and different periods of cold-moist stratification (0 weeks, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 4 weeks warm-moist stratification followed by 4 weeks cold-moist stratification). All scarified seed treatments germinated at 98-100% regardless of stratification treatment. At room temperature, the heavy majority of germination of scarified seed was rapid and occurred within one week. Very low rates of germination (2-12%) occurred in all unscarified treatments with regardless of period of stratification. Presumably seeds that germinated in unscarified treatments had actually been unintentionally scarified during the cleaning process. | Half of the containers were filled with ProMix-HP+, a high porosity peat and perlite-based medium. The remaining half of containers were filled with a mix of 1 part washed river sand to 2 parts ProMix-HP+. | Plugs were well rooted and ready for transplant in 6 months from emergence. Many of the containers had rhizomes emerging from drainage holes in the bottom. Establishment from seed was 100% in both planting mediums. Large plugs were used in this effort because the project had goals other than plug production; smaller plugs would likely be successful and could be established quicker. | Silvernail, Ian. 2021. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lathyrus japonicus</i> Plants Deepot D40 (2.5" diam. x 10" deep); USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1504 | Lathyrus (littoralis) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lathyrus | littoralis | (Nutt. ex.T & G) Endl. | LATLIT | Fort Funston, California | <i>L. littoralis</i> is found in coastal strand communities from Monterery County, California, north to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon can | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Silky Beach Pea | Seeds are collected between July 1st and August 30th.<br> Mature pods are brown.<br> | Seeds is soaked in 180F water and cooled overnight. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are planted 2 times the diameter to depth.<br> Flats are watered in bry hand.<br> Seeds are sown on June 15th.<br> % Germination: 30% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers (1 gallon cans) containing 1 part standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand and 1 part sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | 30 days | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lathyrus littoralis</i> (Nutt. ex.T & G) Endl. plants 1 gallon can; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1505 | Lathyrus (polyphyllus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lathyrus | polyphyllus | LAPO3 | can live in a variety of areas including forests | This species of pea can be found in California, Washington and Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | leafy pea | We have found this plant to be grown with the most success after between 45 and 90 days of exposure to cool/moist stratification in order to break dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lathyrus polyphyllus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1506 | Lathyus (ochroleucus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lathyus | ochroleucus | Hook. | LATOCH | L. ochroleucus is found from Washington east across Canada to the central and eastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cream flowered sweetpea | Germination occurs at 21 C. | McLean, A. (1967). Germination of forest range species from southern British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 20, 321-322.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lathyus ochroleucus</i> Hook. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1507 | Leavenworthia (crassa) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Leavenworthia | crassa | Rollins | LEACRA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fleshy fruit glade cress | Seeds are placed into warm stratification. Germination occurs at 15 C temperature cycle. | Caudle, C. and Baskin, J. M. (1968). The germination pattern of three winter annuals. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 95, 331-335.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leavenworthia crassa</i> Rollins plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1508 | Leavenworthia (exigua) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Leavenworthia | exigua | Rollins | LEAEXI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tennessee gladecress | Seeds are placed into warm stratification. Germination occurs at 23/12 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1971a). Germination ecology and adaptation to habitat in Leavenworthia spp. (Cruciferae). Amer. Midl. Nat. 85, 22-35.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leavenworthia exigua</i> Rollins plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1509 | Leavenworthia (stylosa) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Leavenworthia | stylosa | Gray | LEASTY | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cedar glade cress | Seeds are placed into warm stratification. Germination occurs at 20 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1971a). Germination ecology and adaptation to habitat in Leavenworthia spp. (Cruciferae). Amer. Midl. Nat. 85, 22-35.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leavenworthia stylosa</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1510 | Leavenworthia (torulosa) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Leavenworthia | torulosa | Gray | LEATOR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Necklace glade cress | Seeds are placed into warm stratification. Germination occurs at 15 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1971a). Germination ecology and adaptation to habitat in Leavenworthia spp. (Cruciferae). Amer. Midl. Nat. 85, 22-35.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leavenworthia torulosa</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1511 | Leavenworthia (uniflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Leavenworthia | uniflora | (Michx.) Britt. | LEAUNI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Michaux's glade cress | Seeds are placed into warm stratification. Germination occurs at 23/12 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in the presence of light than dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1971a). Germination ecology and adaptation to habitat in Leavenworthia spp. (Cruciferae). Amer. Midl. Nat. 85, 22-35.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leavenworthia uniflora</i> (Michx.) Britt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1512 | Ledum (glandulosum) | Ericaceae | Heath | Ledum | glandulosum | Boggy areas; less than 11,500 feet. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western Labrador Tea | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> We did place in storage. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ledum glandulosum</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1513 | Ledum (groenlandicum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Ledum | groenlandicum | Oeder | LEGR | Acid bogs and conifer swamps, interdunal swales, in mossy conifer woods, on shaded sandy buffs. Woody muli-stemmed shrub. Woolly pubescence on undersides of the leaves is white when young and turns rusty brown by the second year on the evergreen leaves. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Labrador tea | Seed is collected from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May to mid-June. Later blooms along Lake Superior till July. Seed is an eliptic capsule and is harvested June through August. | None | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells wiht damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cells plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passes leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ledum groenlandicum</i> Oeder plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1514 | Ledum (palustre) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Ledum | palustre | L. | Sub-species | decumbens | (Ait.) Hult. | Ledum | decumbens | (Ait.) Lodd. | LEDPAL | L. palustre is found in bogs, peaty wet meadows and tundra in montane and alpine zones. It is a circumpolar species found from Alaska east to Labrador and south to extreme northern British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Northern Labrador tea | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 20 and 25 C. | Calmes, M. A. and Zasada, J. C. (1982). Some reproductive traits of four shrub species in the black spruce forest type of Alaska. Can. Field-Nat. 96, 35-40.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ledum palustre</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1515 | Leersia (virginica) | Poaceae | Grass | Leersia | virginica | Willd. | LEVI2 | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | whitegrass | Seed of Stones River ecotype whitegrass was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 18 August 2011). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leersia virginica</i> Willd. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1516 | Leitneria (floridana) | Leitneriaceae | Corkwood Family | Leitneria | floridana | Chapman | LEIFLO | South Central Missouri | Corkwood is found from Missouri to eastern Texas, and in Georgia and Florida. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Corkwood | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The fruits mature in June and July, and are borne in clusters of 2 to 4, and are flattened and 0.75 in. long. | We cold, moist stratify seeds for 3 months at 36 F in a cooler. During treatment, the seed covering comes off the seed, and we fall plant seeds into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can controlweeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step iscritical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Leitneria floridana</i> Chapman plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1517 | Lepechinia (fragrans) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Lepechinia | fragrans | (Greene) Epling | LEPFRA | Catalina Island, California | Fragrant pitcher sage is found throughout southern California. It is rare on Catalina Island, and inhabits chaparral and coastal sage shrub communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #2 tree pot (380 cubic inch) | 11 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Fragrant Pitcher Sage | Capsules are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected capsules from late June through July. | We have used a 3 minute Physan fungicide soak or a 3 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> We have tried several treatments to maximize germination rates: hot water, distilled water soak followed by 4 week cold, moist stratification at 40F, and a smoke water treatment for 24 hours.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 4 to 10%/hot water soak, 32%/ distilled water soak and 4 week cold stratification, and 52%/24 hr smoke water treatment.<br> For the liquid smoke treatment, we use Wright's Liquid Smoke at the rate of 1:2 (v:v)liquid smoke to water. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F,with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during spring months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. This species can be susceptible to damping- off disease, so plants must be watered carefully. | 2 to 4 weeks | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into pine cell containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium.<br> We shift pine cell container plants once they are root tight to #2 treepots (380 cubic inches) by the end of August. We top prune as needed to encourage branching. | 6 to 9 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior tooutplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lepechinia fragrans</i> (Greene) Epling plants #2 tree pot (380 cubic inch); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1518 | Lepidium (bidentatum) | Brassicaceae | Mustard Family | Lepidium | bidentatum | Variety | owaihiense | (Cham. & Schlecht.) Fosberg | LEPBID | Pearl and Hermes Atolls | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Widely distributed from Hawai'i nearly throughout the south, central, and eastern Pacific islands and in New Caledonia. In Hawai'i, in coastal sites and low elevation, dry, steep, rocky slopes near the coast, 0-240 m, on Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Kure Atoll (not known if still present), extirpated from Midway Atoll and Laysan, on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. On Midway Atoll, historically known from Eastern Island and last collected there from a single colony located at the southeastern corner in 1980 by D. Herbst and W. Takeuchi. Previous collections were also made in the central plain of Eastern Island. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Anaunau | Seeds are collected from Pearl and Hermes atolls for Midway plantings.<br>Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | No soaking is necessary. Surface sow seeds.<br>Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Seeds will germinate in less than 1 month.<br>Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 2 months | 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lepidium bidentatum</i> plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1519 | Lepidium (fremontii) | Brassicaceae | Mustard Family | Lepidium | fremontii | S. Wats. | LEPFRE | Joshua Tree National Park, California | <i>Lepidium fremontii</i> is common in rocky and sandy places below 5,000 ft elevation; from Joshua Tree to north Riverside County, California and Utah and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 8 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Desert Alyssum | Seeds are hand collected when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are soaked in water for 2 to 4 hours to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br> Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. | Seedlings are germinated on flats in a germination chamber or under mist where they remain until well established, approximately 2-3 weeks. They are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. These containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6L ( 2 gal).<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. The containers are irrigated by an automated drip system; duration varies according to season. | 5 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lepidium fremontii</i> S. Wats. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1520 | Lepidium (nitidum) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Lepidium | nitidum | Nutt. | LEPNIT | L. nitidum is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Shining pepperweed | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 20% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lepidium nitidum</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1521 | Leptarrhena (pyrolifolia) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Leptarrhena | pyrolifolia | (D.Don.) R. Br. | LEPPYR | Subalpine streambank, Lunch Creek, 2010 m elev.,Glacier Co.,Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>L. pyrolifolia</i> occurs in moist subalpine habitats, from southern Alaska to the Cascades of Oregon, east from B.C. to Alberta, Montana, and northern Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml containers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Leatherleaf saxifrage | Seeds are collected in early fall when capsules turn brown and begin to split open at the apex. Seeds are red or tan at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination occurs during late spring under fluctuating temperatures. 2nd year germination occurred in unfilled conetainers. Germination ceased once temperatures reached 25C or above during the day. Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. | 4 weeks | Seedlings begin to develop numerous rhizomatous leaf buds 4 weeks after emergence. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and given frequent irrigation. This species has rhizomatous shoots with a spreading leathery leaves which can make effective irrigation difficult in conetainers. | 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 in fall, pots are leached with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 5 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press,7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leptarrhena pyrolifolia</i> (D.Don.) R. Br. plants 172 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1522 | Leptochloa (dubia) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Leptochloa | dubia | (H.B.K.) Nees | LEDU | Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive | Rocky hills and canyons and sandy soil, southern Florida; Oklahoma and Texas to Arizona, south through Mexico; Argentina. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Tufted perennial. | Green sprangletop | Collected in NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by Ray Cragar and Lynn Pace on 11/07/1990. | N/A. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late winter and early spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 90% emergence within several weeks of irrigation.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill. <br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> summer to late fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> June-November.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7 months. | North American Range Plants, 115; Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 234; Manual of the Grasses of the United States, 491; The Grasses of Texas, 226; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Leptochloa dubia</i> (H.B.K.) Nees plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1523 | Lepturus (repens) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Lepturus | repens | (G. Forst.) R. Br. | LEPREP | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Native to the Mascarene Islands, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, northern Australia, and Polynesia. In Hawai'i, commonly occurring on coastal sands above the high-water mark, on Kure, Midway, and Pearl and Hermes Atolls Lisianski, Laysan, and French Frigate Shoals. Lepturus is widely distributed from the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean to Eastern Polynesia, and occurs in nearly all the archipelagoes of Micronesia and Polynesia except the Marquesas and the main islands of Hawai'i. It is often the most abundant grass on rocky and sandy shores of atolls and high islands throughout the region, and only rarely grows very far inland. On Midway Atoll, occasionally occurring at the high-tide mark on all islands in the atoll. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Pacific island thin tail | Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked overnight in water.<br> Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 1 month | 5 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the
gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p>
Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7,
1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p>
Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island.
Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication
Number 7, Honolulu.<p>
Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian
plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p>
Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University
of Hawai'i.<p>
Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50,
Honolulu.<p>
Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of
Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p>
Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lepturus repens</i> (G. Forst.) R. Br. plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1524 | Lespedeza (bicolor) | Leguminosae | Pea | Lespedeza | bicolor | Lespedeza | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | Barbour, Jill R. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lespedeza bicolor</i> seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1525 | Lespedeza (capitata) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lespedeza | capitata | Michx. | LESCAP | Roundhead bushclover is found throughout the eastern and central United States. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Roundhead bushclover | We purchase our seeds from private growers. | We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 22 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Lespedeza capitata</i> Michx. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1526 | Lespedeza (hirta) | Fabaceae | Bean Family | Lespedeza | hirta | LESHIR | Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Dry soil, Maine to Michigan and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Perennial legume plug. The recommended seeding method is direct sowing scarified, inoculated seed into a prepared outdoor planting bed, however plugs have been started in the greenhouse for outplanting into already vegetated areas of the park.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3-4 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Roots should fill 72 plug trays by outplanting date. We have had difficulty pulling them from Ropak multipot cells because they either do not fill the cell or rip upon removal. | Hairy leaf clover | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cades Cove by National Park Service staff in 1996. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seed is scarified for 50 seconds in pulses prior to planting (15, 15, 10 and 5 second increments) and inoculated with appropriate nitrogen-fixing rhizobium. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 72 trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine #5 with no slow release fertilizer. If seedlings go off color, a light supplemental soluble fertilizer feeding may be tried as needed. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Jan. 5, 2001.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seeds were germinated on blotter under mist rather than sowing in media because of low germination rates. Seeds are picked off the blotter and planted as they germinate. Germination in 2001 has been low and has occurred over several weeks.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Scarified seed is inoculated with slurry of nitrogen-fixing rhizobium, spread in one layer on blotter paper and held under mist until germination occurs. See '<b>% Emergence and Date:</b>' above.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Spring, 2001 crop has been slow to establish and required a second sowing. Those that germinated were transplanted to 72 trays and most are still small seedling size at 75 days post germination. Fertilized at low rates only when plants go off color. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> No evidence of one at this writing (3/23/01). | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, temperatures are reduced in the green house or plants are moved outdoors to a sheltered location, weather permitting. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Has not been established. In 1997, plugs were seeded in late October and outplanted in March. Germination was low and the plugs did not grow well in the greenhouse. Seeds sown in January, 2001 were very slow to germinate and have not produced decent-sized plants by the end of March.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are outplanted in park in May. Seed is harvested in November.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plants are not overwintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed stored in seed bags in National Plants Materials Center cooler at 40186;F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Mechanical. | Gleason, H and A Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Second ed. Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden. 910 pp. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lespedeza hirta</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1527 | Lespedeza (hirta) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lespedeza | hirta | It is abundant in dry soils from Maine to Michigan and Missouri, south to Florida, and Texas. In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park plants are found on dry, rocky soils near trails, clearings and thickets. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Hairy Leaf Clover | Collected at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Mechanical scarification, Forsberg scarifier approximately 15 seconds, Lespedeza inoculum. | <b>PROPAGATION METHOD:</b> Two methods have been attempted: 1) Seediings have been produced in the greenhouse and transplanted to the field. 2) Seed sown directly to field using belt seeder. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> The plants have become established in the field at the Quicksand, Kentucky Plant Materials Center by direct seeding and by transplanting seedlings germinated in the greenhouse. Seeds were mechanically scarified, treated with Lespedeza inoculum, and planted in January and February to plug trays in the greenhouse in 1991. Seedlings were transplanted to 42-inch spaced rows in the field in April. Spacing between plants was 1 foot. Plants had a very erect, tall growth habit in 1991. As a result, plants had to be staked and mulched to keep them upright.<p> Seed was harvested in November of 1991. In 1992, the field was increased by seeding mechanically scarified seed with a belt seeder to 42-inch spaced rows. Seed was planted approximately 1-2 inches apart. Germination appeared to begreater than 50% in the field. Stand in the field planted in 1991 from seedlings declined greatly in 1992. No disease organism could be detected by University of Kentucky Plant Pathology diagnostic tests. Stand decline appears related to excessive precipitation during the summer, heavy soils, and poor drainage of the field. Rows seeded to the field in 1992 did not die as readily, but were slow to grow. Planting of an additional increase field is anticipated for spring of 1993. The site is drier and more well drained. Fertility requirements are unknown for this species. Studies of boron requirements are also planned for 1993. | <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data un-available at date of publication.<br> <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data not available at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Unknown. Seed was stored in cold storage (relative humidity less than 50%, temperature less than 50§F).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lespedeza hirta</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1528 | Lespedeza (hirta) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lespedeza | hirta | (L.) Hornem. | LEHI2 | Southern Appalachian Mountain | Common throughout the Eastern United States from Maine South to Florida and westward to Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. Usually found on rocky, droughty soils. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | hairy lespedeza | Seed of Southern Appalachian source hairy lespedeza was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of a USDI property in North Carolina. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-14 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 3-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 3-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2015. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 18 August 2015). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lespedeza hirta</i> (L.) Hornem. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1529 | Lespedeza (violacea) | Fabaceae | legume | Lespedeza | violacea | (L.) Pers. | LEVI6 | Stones River | Ontario, Canada south to Georgia and westward to Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system | violet lespedeza | Seed of Stones River ecotype violet lespedeza was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-14 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 3-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 3-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 January 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lespedeza violacea</i> (L.) Pers. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1530 | Lespedeza (virginica) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lespedeza | virginica | (L.) Britt. | LESVIR | Slender bush clover is found throughout the eastern and central United States. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Slender bush clover | We purchase our seeds from private growers. | We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 16 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br>
ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES:
Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock.
Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Lespedeza virginica</i> (L.) Britt. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1531 | Lespedeza (virginica) | Fabaceae | legume | Lespedeza | virginica | (L.) Britton | LEVI7 | Eastern Kentucky | Ontario, Canada South to Florida and westward to Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system | slender lespedeza | Seed of Eastern Kentucky ecotype slender lespedeza was hand harvested from existing native populations within the eastern region of the state of Kentucky. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-14 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 3-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 3-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 weekperiod prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 January 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lespedeza virginica</i> (L.) Britton plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1532 | Lespedeza (virginica) | Leguminosae | Pea | Lespedeza | virginica | (L.) Britton | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | clover slender bush | Barbour, Jill R; Johnson, Gary; Karrfalt, Robert P; Kauffman, Gary. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lespedeza virginica</i> (L.) Britton seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1533 | Lewisia (pygmaea) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot family | Lewisia | pygmaea | (Gray) Robins | LEWPYG | Glacier National Park,1585m elev., Montana | <i>L. pygmaea</i> occurs in moist to dry places in the mountains to above tree line; Cascade and Olympic mountains of Washington, south to California, east to Montana, New Mexico, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 490 ml containers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in container. | Dwarf lewisia | Seeds are collected in mid summer when the corolla turns papery and the disseminule breaks away from the stem. The development and ripening of the seeds occurs over a 2 to 3 week period. Seeds are shiny black at maturity.ÿÿ | 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in moist paper towels inserted into an opened zip-lock bag and placed in the refrigerator at 1 to 3 C. Germination occurs in early spring at temperatures slightly above freezing to 10C.ÿ | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1.0 gram of Micromax per 490 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge 14 days after sowing under cool fluctuating temperatures during early spring.<br>True leaves appeared 3 weeks after germination. | 6 weeks | Plants produced 4 to 6 true leaves and reached flowering maturity the first year. Plants are root tight in 490 ml containers by fall. | 16 weeks | Irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 7 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Bitterroot, DeSanto,J., Lere Press, 1993.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lewisia pygmaea</i> (Gray) Robins plants 490 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1534 | Lewisia (pygmaea) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot family | Lewisia | pygmaea | (Gray) Robins. | LEWPYG | L. pygmaea is found from Washington to California east to Montan and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pygmy bitterroot | Chabot, B. F. and Billings, W. D. (1972). Origins and ecology of the Sierran alpine flora and vegetation. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 163-199.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lewisia pygmaea</i> (Gray) Robins. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1535 | Lewisia (rediviva) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot family | Lewisia | rediviva | Pursh | LEWRED | Glacier National Park, 1585m elev., Montana | <i>L. rediviva</i> occurs in gravelly to dry soils, from sagebrush plains to lower elevations in the mountains. It ranges from southern B.C. to southeast Alberta, east of the Cascades in Washington and Oregon south to California; east to Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 true leaves, 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Developed taproot in conetainer. | Bitterroot | Seeds are collected in mid summer when the corolla turns papery and the disseminule breaks away from the stem. Development and ripening of the seeds occurs over a 2 to 3 week period. Seeds are shiny black at maturity. | Seeds are treated with a 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are imbibed in water, rolled in moistened paper towels inserted into an opened zip-lock bag that is placed in the refrigerator at 1 to 3 C.<br>Germination occurs in early spring at temperatures slightly above freezing to 10 C.<br> | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S,0.1%B,0.5%Cu,12%Fe,2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo,1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge 14 days after sowing under cool fluctuating temperatures. True leaves appeared 3 weeks after germination. Seedlings go dormant by mid-summer in late June and early July. First year root diameter at time of dormancy was 0.2 cm diameter. Second year root diameter was 0.5 cm. Seedlings are susceptible to overwatering and should be kept dry during dormant phase. | 6 weeks | Seedlings grow during cool temperatures of early spring to early summer. Seedlings are fertlized with 20-10-20NPK liquid fertlizer during active growth. Seedlings must dry down beteween irrigations and during the dormant phase in mid to late summer.<br> During late September, leaves re-emerge and plants receive regular irrigation and fertlization for 6 to 8 weeks until snowfall.<br> Flowering maturity is not expected until year 3 or 4. | 6 weeks(summer)4 weeks (fall) | During fall growth, seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in the fall. Containers are flushed with water, and irrigation frequency | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 to 3 years<br> Harvest Date: July or August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Bitterroot, J. DeSanto, Lere Press, 1993.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993. | Luna, Tara; DeSanto, Jerry; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lewisia rediviva</i> Pursh plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1536 | Leymus (cinereus) | Poaceae | Grass | Leymus | cinereus | LECI4 | See "Other Comments:" | Along streams, gullys, and ravines, moist or dry slopes and plains; Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Colorado, and California. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 117 kg/ha (104 lbs/ac). | Basin wildrye | Wildland collection occurs mid August to mid September when caryopsis are brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the terminal spike; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 273 grams (9.6 oz) clean seed (ranges 66 to 536 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall</u>; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs mid to late July, with a mean harvest date of July 25 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary"diaper"- a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Leymus cinereus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1537 | Leymus (cinereus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Leymus | cinereus | (S.&M.) Love | Elymus | cinereus | Scribn. & Merr. | LEYCIN | L. cinereus is found from central and western Canada to Montana and South Dakota, south to Nebraska and south to Arizona and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Basin wild rye | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 6 to 12 days. Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> In another study, seeds placed in cold stratification germinated at 25/15 alternating temperature cycle. | Meyer, S. E., Beckstead, J., Allen, P. S. and Pullman, H. (1995). Germination ecophysiology of Lymus cinereus (Poaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 156, 206-215.<br>Evans, R. A. and Young, J. A. (1983). `Magnar' basin wildrye - germination in relation to temperature. J. Range Manage. 36, 395-398.<br>Table 10.24 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leymus cinereus</i> (S.&M.) Love plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1538 | Leymus (cinereus) | Poaceae | Grass | Leymus | cinereus | (Scrib. & Merr.) A. Love | Elymus | cinereus | Scrib. & Merr. | LECI4 (ELCI2) | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Western North America east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains from British Columbia east to Saskatchewan and Montana and south to New Mexico. Occurs where mean annual precipitation ranges from 8-20 inches (USDA, NRCS 2004). It is usually found in low lying or riparian areas where soils are deep and soil moisture is available late in the growing season. Basin wildrye is somewhat tolerant of saline/alkaline conditions. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Basin wildrye | Seed ripens in late August in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<p>144,000 seeds/lb (USDA, NRCS, 2004).<br>95-166,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell et al. 1996). | Seeds are non-dormant at maturity but germinate most readily in the spring. A short prechill decreases germination time (Meyer et al 1995). Wild collections of seed frequently have germination rates of 35-40% (Young & Evans 1981). For the cultivar 'Magnar', germination occurs at a wide range of temperatures but the optimum temperature is 20 degrees Celsius (Evans & Young 1983). Seed from an alpine source germinated at 75% after 16 weeks on cool, moist stratification and the use of gibberellic acid combined with 16 weeks stratification resulted in 98% germination (MacDonough 1969). | No pretreatment is used. In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 7 days. After 2 weeks, germination is about 60%. Full germination may take 3 or more weeks. | 3+ weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 4 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p>Evans, Raymond A., and James A. Young. 1983. `Magnar' Basin Wildrye-Germination in Relation to Temperature. Journal of Range Management. 36:395-398.<p> Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p>McDonough, Walter T. 1969. Effective Treatments for the Induction of Germination in Mountain Rangeland Species. Northwest Science 43:18-22.<p>Meyer, S.E., J. Beckstead, P.S. Allen, and H. Pullman. 1995. Germination Ecophysiology of Leymus cinereus (Poaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 156: 206-215.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p>USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Online Database. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl (12 April 2005)<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p>Young, James A., Raymond A. Evans. 1981. Germination of Great Basin Wildrye Seeds Collected from Native Stands. Agronomy Journal 73:917-920. | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leymus cinereus</i> (Scrib. & Merr.) A. Love plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1539 | Leymus (cinereus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Leymus | cinereus | (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve | LECI4 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Fishlake Shortcut Road and Hi-24, Wayne County, Utah: 7990 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Basin wildrye | Small lot, 0.85 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Leymus cinereus</i> (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1540 | Leymus (cinereus) | Poaceae | Grass | Leymus | cinereus | LEC14 | Piceance Basin Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 3 Months | Months | Plants | basin wildrye | Seed was collected in mid July from the Piceance Basin area. It was collected when the inflorescence was dry and the seed was in the hard dough stage. Inflorescence was stripped by hand or was clipped from the plant. Seed was stored in plastic bags at room temperature until seed was cleaned in the winter. | No treatment is necessary for this species. | After the collection was cleaned, a seed sample was placed in a disposable petri dish with blue blotter paper. Bottled water was added to moisten the blotter paper. Average temperature for the petri dish was 65 degrees. | Petri dishes were kept damp and germination occurred within six days. Seeds were noted to be blackened or moldy, but had no effect on germination. | After 23 days germination percentage was at 85 percent. | USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 29 December 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Blanke, Terri; Woodruff, Heather. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Leymus cinereus</i> plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1541 | Leymus (triticoides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Leymus | triticoides | (Buckl.) Pilger | Elymus | triticoides | Buckl. | LEYTRI | L. triticiodes is found from Washington east to Montana and south to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California and Baja California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Beardless wild rye | Germination occurs at 30D/17N C alternating temperature cycle. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Leymus triticoides</i> (Buckl.) Pilger plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1542 | Liatris (aspera) | Compositae | Aster Family | Liatris | aspera | Michaux | LIAS | Found in dry, sandy sites in full sun. Jack pine savannah. Showy pinkish lavender floral spikes bloom for several weeks. Height up to 3 feet. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blazing Star | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers July to Sept. Seed is an achene with pappus. Pick seed from bottom up over time. It takes several years for the plant to go from seed to bloom. Seed is collected Sept.-October. | None. If the seeds do not grow, they may need 1-3 months of moist cold stratification. To stratify: mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Seal mixture in a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container, place in a cool dry place for 1-3 months. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soilto the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press seeds into the dirt. Sow in Jan. and continue growing new crops of seeds, as needed, until July. Germination takes about a month. | From Jan. until Aug, the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When there is no longer danger of frost at night, plants can be left directly outside. Plugs in this phase do not need to be watered as much as the plugs in other stages. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Liatris aspera</i> Michaux plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1543 | Liatris (aspera) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Liatris | aspera | Michx. | LIAASP | L. aspera is found from Southern Canada to South Carolina west to the Great Plains. It occurs on sandy soils, especially in open forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Gayfeather | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 105 days. Germination occurs at 33D/19N C alternating temperature cycle. | Salac, S. S. and Hesse, M. C. (1975). Effects of storage and germination conditions on the germination of four species of wild flowers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 100, 359-361.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Liatris aspera</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1544 | Liatris (ligulistylis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Liatris | ligulistylis | (A. Nels.)K. Schum. | LIALIG | L.ligulistylis is found from southern Canada to Missouri, west to Colorado and New Mexico. It grows in meadows and open slopes and is tolerant of saline conditions. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Smooth gayfeather | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Liatris ligulistylis</i> (A. Nels.)K. Schum. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1545 | Liatris (punctata) | Asteraceae | Aster | Liatris | punctata | Found growing on the drier plains and hills of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, south to Texas and Arizona. It is drought resistant and well adapted to a variety of upland prairie sites. Dotted gayfeather is common on shallow soils or on heavier loam soils. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Dotted Gayfeather | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Standard methods employed. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Fall.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Another <i>Liatris</i> sp. has retained viability for 12 years under controlled temperature and humidity conditions at the Manhattan Plant Materials Center. This may or may not apply to dotted gayfeather.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Barr, C.A. 1983. Jewels of the Plains. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<p> Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.<p> Johnson, J.R. and J.T. Nichols. 1970. Plants of South Dakota Grasslands. Ag. Exper. Sta. Bulletin 566. Brookings: South Dakota State University.<p> Kindscher, K. 1992. Medicinal Wild Plants of the Prairie. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.<p> Nebraska Department of Agriculture. 1979. Nebraska Weeds. Lincoln: State of Nebraska, Weed Division.<p> Phillips Petroleum Company. 1955. Pasture and Range Plants (a series of six sections).<p> Salac, S.S. 1977. Collection, Propagation, Culture, Evaluation, and Maintenance of Plant Materials for Highway Improvement. Nebraska Department of Roads. Research Study 64-62.<p> Stubbendieck, J., S.L. Hatch and K.J. Kjar. 1982. North American Range Plants, 2d ed. Lincoln, Nebraska: Univiversity of Nebraska Press. | Wynia, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Liatris punctata</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Manhattan Plant Materials Center Manhattan, Kansas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1546 | Liatris (punctata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Liatris | punctata | Hook. | LIAPUN | East Glaicer, MT | Dotted gayfeather is a perennial species that ranges from southern Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, south to Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. It ranges east in the Midwestern states to Minnesota, Illinois and Iowa. It is drought resistant and well adapted to a variety of upland prairie sites. Dotted gayfeather is common on shallow soils or on heavier loam soils on the drier plains, hillsides and roadsides. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml (7 cu in) | 6 Months | Months | Firm root plug with multiple leaves. | Dotted gayfeather | Dotted gayfeather flowers in August and September and produces a dense spike of clustered flowers that are pink to reddish purple. The fruits are achenes that are dark grey at maturity with a white feathery pappus borne at the top of the achene. Achenes mature approximately in late September and October. Seeds are dispersed by wind.<br>Achenes ripen from first from the lower portion of inflorescence and progress upwards. Collect fully achenes just prior to dispersal by hand. | Seeds are cold, moist stratified for 60 days in a refrigerator at 1 to 3 C. Seeds are imbibed in water and rolled into moist paper towels inserted into an opened zip-lock bag.<br>Dry stored seeds may germinate without pretreatment,but stratification gives a more uniform germination. <br> Sowing method: Direct seeding. | Seedlings are grown in a fully automated greenhouse. Seedlings are grown in a well aerated medium such as 2:1 (v:v) Sunshine mix #2 and perlite. | Seeds and seedlings need to be kept evenly moist during establishment. Once estblished, they must dry down between irrigations. | 1 month | Seedlings need to dry down between irrigations. They can be fertlized with a low dose complete fertilizer once per week. | 3 months | During mid to late summer, seedlings should be moved to the outdoor nursery to undergo hardening until late fall. | 3 months | Seedlings can be planted in the fall or overwintered in the nursery using Microfoam sheets and planted the following spring. Special precautions should be taken for over-wintering this species in containers so that seedlings do not receive excessive moisture during storage. | 5 months | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Liatris punctata</i> Hook. plants 160 ml (7 cu in); USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1547 | Liatris (pycnostachya) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Liatris | pycnostachya | Michx. | LIAPYC | L. pycnostachya is found from Kentucky southwest to Texas and west to the Great Plains. It grows in open, damp prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Kansas gayfeather | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 105 days. Germination occurs at 33D/19N C alternating temperature cycle. | Salac, S. S. and Hesse, M. C. (1975). Effects of storage and germination conditions on the germination of four species of wild flowers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 100, 359-361.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Liatris pycnostachya</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1548 | Liatris (pycnostachya) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Liatris | pycnostachya | Michx. | LIAPYC | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>L. pycnostachya</i> ranges from Wisconsin to Montana, south to Texas and Alabama. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Tall Gayfeather | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by a custom designed combine from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 6 to July 25. Seed is harvested about Sept. 14. | Field seed is sown in the fall after cleaning, therefore it does not require cold storage. If weather does not permit fall planting, store the seed dry, in cold storage at 34-36 degrees. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the LoveSeeder at a rate of 2.7 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as thereceiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Liatris pycnostachya</i> Michx. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1549 | Liatris (spicata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Liatris | spicata | (L.) Willd. | LIASPI | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>L. spicata</i> is found throughout the eastern third portion of the United States. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Spike Blazing Star | Seed is collected by a custom designed combine from nursery stock.<br>The plant flowers from approx. July 15 to August 28. Seed is harvested about Sept. 23. | Field seed is sown in the fall, after cleaning, therefore it does not require cold storage. If weather does not permit fall planting, store the seed dry, in cold storage at 34-36 degrees.<br>Field sown seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of approx. 2.0 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be.The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems todry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Liatris spicata</i> (L.) Willd. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1550 | Liatris (spicata) | Asteraceae | Aster | Liatris | spicata | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | dense blazing star | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Liatris spicata</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1551 | Liatris (squarrosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Liatris | squarrosa | (L.) Michx. | LIASQU | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Scaly blazing star | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 35/20 C temperature cycle. Germination is greater in the presence of lightthan dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1989e). Ecophysiology of seed germination and flowering in Liatris squarrosa. Bull.Torrey Bot. Club 116, 45-51.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Liatris squarrosa</i> (L.) Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1552 | Libocedrus (decurrens) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Libocedrus | decurrens | Torr. | LIBDEC | L. decurrens is found in southern Oregon, California and western Nevada at montane elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Incense cedar | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 20 C. | Barton, L. V. (1930). Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17, 88-115<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Libocedrus decurrens</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1553 | Lilium (canadense) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Lilium | canadense | L. | LILCAN | L. canadense is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canada lily | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 20 C. | Barton, L. V. (1936b). Germination and seedling production in Lilium sp[p]. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 8, 297-309.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lilium canadense</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1554 | Lilium (michiganense) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Lilium | michiganense | Farw. | LIMI9 | Of low moist, rich areas in full sunlight to light shade. River flood plains of rich deciduous woods. A very showy orange lily up to 5' in height. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Michigan lily | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to September. Seed is a flat papery capsule and is harvested in September. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with 2-3 months of warm moist stratification at room temperature followed by 2-3 months cold moist stratification in a cool dry place. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any plug size. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill the cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. About 75% of our seeds germinated, but only 10% of those made it to plug maturity. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When there is no longer frost at night, plants can be left directly outside. Plugs in this phase do not need to be watered as much as plugs in other stages. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another growing season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lilium michiganense</i> Farw. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1555 | Lilium (occidentale) | Liliaceae | lilly | Lilium | occidentale | LIOC2 | may be found in "coastal prairie habitat, swamps and stagnant bogs with Drosera species, bluffs and sandy cliffs, and seaside spruce forests" | A limited number of locations in California and Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Western lily | We have found that a minimum of 30 days of warm/moist stratification followed by a cold treatment extending until germination to be the best growing conditions. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lilium occidentale</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1556 | Lillium (philadelphicum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Lillium | philadelphicum | L. | LILPHI | L. philadelphicum is found from Quebec to British Columbia south to Arizona, new mexico, texas, and Arkansas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wood lily | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lillium philadelphicum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1557 | Limonium (californicum) | Plumbaginaceae | Plumbago Family | Limonium | californicum | (Boiss.) Heller | Limonium | mexicanum | Blake | LIMCAL | Presidio, California | <i>L. californicum</i> is found near the coast from Humboldt County to San Diego County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Sea Lavender | Seeds are collected between September 9th and November 17th.<br> Seed is 3mm long and dark brown to red, narrowly elliptic at maturity.<br> Collect entire flower heads; flower detaches easily from stalk when seed is ripe. | None required. | Shadehouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are sown in containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are surface sown and sown at the rate of 5 seeds per container.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on April 1st.<br> % Germination: 65% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Extra seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | 2 months | Watch for fungal attack. Salt was lightly applied to leaves to reduce fungus problem. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Limonium californicum</i> (Boiss.) Heller plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1558 | Linanthus (bicolor) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Linanthus | bicolor | (Nutt.) Greene | LIBI | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | true babystars | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of conetainers were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) Seeds germinated readily with no treatment. Most seeds germinated within one to two weeks. | Bartow, Amy L. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Linanthus bicolor</i> (Nutt.) Greene plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1559 | Lindera (benzoin) | Lauraceae | Laurel | Lindera | benzoin | A common deciduous understory shrub found in the eastern U.S., which grows best on moist peaty or sandy sites with pH of 4.5-6.0. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Spicebush | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> 120 days of stratification at 41§F. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> September thru October. The 1/2" x 1/4" green fruit turns bright red at maturity.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Within one week of leaf drop, birds can claim all fruit, thus it is best to time collection prior to leaf fall.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Seeds lose viability soon after maturity, but can be prolonged with low temperature storage.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lindera benzoin</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1560 | Lindera (benzoin) | Lauraceae | Laurel Family | Lindera | benzoin | (L.) Blume | LINBEN | South Central Missouri | Spicebush is found from Maine to Ontario and south throughout the eastern and central United States from Nebraska south to Texas and Florida. It is found in low or moist woodlands and thickets along streams, in valleys, rvine bottoms, base of bluffs, and alog springs and seeps of wooded slopes. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 10 Months | Months | Height:18 to 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Spicebush | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Fruits mature in September and October. The fruits are red, fleshy and egg-shpaed; each bearing a single, hard, light brown, speckled seed. | We plant seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear at 4 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled in late fall and shipped from February to early May. | 3 -5 months | Vankus V., Brickman KA, Phippps HM. 2004. The genus Lindera. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Lindera.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Lindera benzoin</i> (L.) Blume plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1561 | Lindera (benzoin) | Lauraceae | Laurel Family | Lindera | benzoin | LINBEN | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Southern Maine to Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. Found in rich, moist woods. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 2+0 bareroot; 2+1 container | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Bareroot and container (1 and 2 gallon) material.<br> Height: 36 to 60 inches.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: In containers, fibrous roots filling container and forming a firm rootball. | Spicebush | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky by J. Copeland on 10/11/96, 9/15/97, 9/21/98 and 9/18/00; Shenandoah National Park, Virginia by G. Meyer on 9/21/94 and 10/4/95; George Washington Memorial Parkway, Virginia by G. Meyer on 9/8/94 and J. Kujawski on 9/21/00. | Seed Treatments: None; we sow seed outdoors and use natural stratification to overcome any dormancy.<br> Seed dormancy: Seeds require a warm-cold stratification regime to germinate. Sowing in the fall permits seed to undergo warm stratification prior to winter. | Propagation Environment: Outdoor nursery beds.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Hand-sowing seed in rows.<br> Container Type and Volume: Plants harvested bareroot may be potted in clusters into 1 gallon containers and later 2 gallon containers for Parks.<br> Growing Media: Container materials are planted into woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | Sowing Date: October.<br> % Emergence and Date: Seedlings generally emerge the spring following sowing.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are spaced 1/4 inch apart in rows). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 1/4 to 1/2 inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> Establishment Phase: Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | Rapid Growth Phase: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | Harvest Date: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Bareroot plants are generally harvested after 2 years in the field. If transplanted into gallons, it takes a third season for a cluster of 2 to 3 plants to fill a gallon container.<br> Storage Conditions: Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§ F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> Seed storage: Seeds do not store well and are sown soon after cleaning. | Storage Duration: 3 months. | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> Cumberland Gap, Shenandoah, George Washington Park collection records at NPMC. Beltsville, MD. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Lindera benzoin</i> plants 2+0 bareroot; 2+1 container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1562 | Linnaea (borealis) | Caprifoliaceae | Honesuckle family | Linnaea | borealis | L. | LINBOR | L. borealis is a circumboreal species found in wooded habitats throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Twinflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 21 C. | McLean, A. (1967). Germination of forest range species from southern British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 20, 321-322.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Linnaea borealis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1563 | Linnaea (borealis) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Linnaea | borealis | L. | LINBOR | Lodgepole forest, West Glacier, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.1100m elevation. | <i>L. borealis</i> is a circumboreal species, that occurs south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, South Dakota, Indiana, and West Virginia in open to dense woods. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 2 to 3 runners, 2.5 cm in height and 7 cm long.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainers. | Twinflower | Hand collect mature indehiscent capsules in late August when they turn brown. Each capsule contains only one seed, thus large quantities are needed.<br> Seeds are brown at maturity and reach maturity 36 days after flowering.<br> Seeds are collected in paper bags and is stored in dry location prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor stratification. A minimum of a 60 day cold, moist stratification is recommended. Seeds have been reported to have a light requirement. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds must be surface sown for light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Germination occurred in late May following several days of temperatures of 22C or above during the day. Germination continued for over 1 month. True leaves were evident 10 days after germination. | 4 weeks | Shoot growth was rapid following establishment. Seedlings had produced 2 to 3 stems with multiple leaves 8 weeks after germination. Seedlings were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK weekly at the rate of 100 ppm during active growth. This species produces a shallow root system. | 12 weeks | Seedlings were fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at the rate of 100 ppm during fall months. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Aspects of the Seed Ecology of Woody Plants of the Alaska Taiga and Tundra, Densmore, R., PhD Thesis, Department of Botany, Duke University, 1979. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Linnaea borealis</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1564 | Linum (aristatum) | Linaceae | Flax family | Linum | aristatum | Engelm. | LIAR3 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Arboretum at Flagstaff Property, Sinclair Wash Meadow, Coconino County, Arizona; 7100 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bristle flax | Very small lot, .06 pounds, hand collected into paper envelope. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Linum aristatum</i> Engelm. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1565 | Linum (lewisii) | Linaceae | Linum | lewisii | LILE3 | Maple Grove cultivar | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Lewis flax | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this cultivar (Maple Grove) germinated to 100% in all six treatments. The only treatment with less than 75% germination was treatment 5 (late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F)), where average germination was 60%. This suggests that seeding in warm conditions where the temperature does not drop below 50°F at night will lower the percent of seeds that will germinate. Additional research is needed to determine the extent to which these results are characteristic of the species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationLILE shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Linum lewisii</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1566 | Linum (lewisii) | Linaceae | Flax | Linum | lewisii | LILE3 | Piceance Basin Colorado | Alaska to California and east to Minnesota in mixed grass, sagebrush, shadescale, pinyon/juniper, mountain brush and aspen communities. It can also be found in coniferous forests and openings. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | Lewis flax | Seed was collected in late June to mid July from the Piceance Basin area. It was collected when the capsules were dry and the seed was in the hard dough stage. Capsules were clipped from the plant and hand stripped. Seed was stored in paper bags at room temperature until seed was cleaned in the winter.
286,700 seeds/lb. (USDA, NRCS, University of Manitoba. 1997) 285,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell, et al. 1996) | No treatment is necessary for this species. Prior to planting a germination test was performed on the Lewis flax from Piceance Basin, it had 72 percent germination. | Seed beds were firm and weed free. In August the seed was directly seeded into the ground. Seeds then laid dormant for the winter until they germinated in the spring. | Sowing date: August Sowing/Planting Technique: 30-33 pure live seeds/ft. Seeded with a belt seeder at 0.25 inches depth. | Two growing seasons | Warm summer months | Three months | Haas. R, Holzworth. L, et al. 1997. Native Grass Seed Production Manual (including selected forbs). Plant Materials Program, USDA, NRCS, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Manitoba Forage Seed Association and the University of Manitoba.
Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Ogle, et al. 2006. Plant Guide for Blue Flax and Lewis Flax. USDA NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Boise, ID. USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 29 December 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Blanke, Terri; Woodruff, Heather. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Linum lewisii</i> plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1567 | Linum (perenne) | Linaceae | Linum | perenne | LIPE2 | Appar cultivar | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | blue flax | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this cultivar (Appar) germinated to 100% in all six treatments. This suggests that seeding in warm conditions where the temperature does not drop below 50°F at night will not lower the percent of seeds that will germinate. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationLIPE shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Linum perenne</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1568 | Liquidambar (styraciflua) | Hamamelidaceae | Witch hazel family | Liquidambar | styraciflua | L. | LIQSTY | L. styraciflua is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sweetgum | Seeds are cold stratified 56 days and germinate at 24,16,and 32/24 C. Germination is equal in light and dark.<br> In another study, seeds are cold stratified 32 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Bonner, F. T. and Farmer, R. E., Jr. (1966). Germination of sweetgum in response to temperature, moisture stress, and length of stratification. For. Sci. 12, 40-43.<br>Bonner, F. T. (1967). Germination of sweetgum seed in response to light. J. For. 65, 339.<br> Wilcox, J. R. (1968). Sweetgum seed stratification requirements related to winter climate at seed source. For. Sci. 14, 16-19.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1569 | Liquidambar (styraciflua) | Hamamelidaceae | witch-hazel family | Liquidambar | styraciflua | L. | LIQSTY | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | General Distribution: Moist or wet woods; Connecticut to southern Ohio, southern Illinois and Oklahoma, south to Florida and Guatemala. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991) | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 2 or 3-gallon containers | 0 | Time to Grow: Seedlings are harvested after growing for two years in outdoor nursery beds. Most go out bareroot to the park in early spring following harvest. Some bareroot seedlings are retained as specimens. These are potted up into 1-gallon containers in late spring and moved to a shade house where they are grown to 2 or 3-gallon size as specified by the park for an additional 2-4 years.<br><br> Root Systems: Bareroot: well-developed, fleshy root system. Long roots are pruned as needed at harvest.<br>Container: Firm root ball that fills a container treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that inhibits root girdling.<br> Height: 2-0 bareroot seedlings are 12-40 inches. 2-2 plants in 3-gallon containers are up to 48". | sweetgum | Mature fruit heads were collected early October in the Great Smoky Mountains and between Oct. 11 and Nov. 5 in Cumberland Gap. Yellowing color indicates maturity. | Seeds exhibit shallow dormancy but germination is improved by cold, moist stratification. (Bonner, 1974) Seeds are sown outdoors in NPMC woody nursery beds from mid-November to mid-December to allow natural stratification to occur. | Propagation environment: bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds; container specimens aregrown to finished size in a container nursery.<br> Sowing date: mid-November to mid-December.<br> Sowing/planting technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. (Rows are 5-6 inches apart and seeds are sown close together within each row). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed and the row is covered with about _ inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. | Seedlings generally emerge during the spring following fall sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. | Outdoor woody beds: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor, sandy loam, seedlings in the outdoor nursery beds are fertilized once weekly from mid-April through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br><br> Container nursery: Containerized specimens are grown in a container nursery during the growing season until reaching outplanting size at 2 or 3 gallons. Plants are bumped up to the next container size in successive springs using a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 4 cups 180 day controlled release Nutricote 18-6-8 with micros and about 4 cups of endomycorrhizae per batch). Plant roots usually need a season or more after each bump-up for roots to fill the containers. <br>Daily irrigation is adjusted depending on natural precipitation and pot size. 2 and 3-gallon containers are moved to drip irrigation in full sun. If additional nutrients are needed, containers may be top-dressed with controlled release Nutricote at manufacturer-recommended rates.<br>If a central leader dies back, suckering will occur from the base. Prune as needed while dormant to a central leader and to shape the plant. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. <br>Container nursery: frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, depending on natural rainfall. | Bareroot: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed.<br><br> Containers: dormant containerized stock is overwintered outdoors under a microfoam-insulating blanket. After leaves have fallen, the clean, well-watered containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with microfoam. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then secured. | 3-5 months | Bonner, F. T. 1974. <i>Hamamelis</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 505-507.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD><br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> L. plants bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 2 or 3-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1570 | Liquidambar (styraciflua) | Hamamelidaceae | Witch Hazel Family | Liquidambar | styraciflua | L. | LIQSTY | South Central Missouri | Sweet gum is found from Connecticut south to Missouri and southeatsern Texas and east to Florida. It also occurs from central Mexico to Nicaragua. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Sweet gum | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. | We plant seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 10.5 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds by lightly pressing them into field beds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Liquidambar. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Liquidambar.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1571 | Liriodendron (tulipifera) | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia Family | Liriodendron | tulipifera | LIRTUL | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, National Capital Parks-East, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Vermont to southern Michigan, Missouri and south to Florida and Louisiana. Found in rich woods and coves. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bareroot and container seedlings/<br> <b>Height:</b> <u>Bareroot plants</u> 24-48 inches; <u>container plants</u> 24-72 inches. Root System: container plants have firm, full root ball when pulled from pots. | Tulip poplar | Collected at Great Smoky Mountains National Park by J. Marshall on 10/5/94-10/18/94; Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by J. Copeland on 10/29/96, 11/15/97, 11/18/98, 11/15/99 and 10/13/00-10/23/00; National Capital Parks-East by J. Kujawski on 9/24/97; Shenandoah National Park by J. Englert on 10/21/92 and 10/26/93, by J. Kujawski on 9/24/96; George Washington Memorial Parkway by G. Meyer on 10/14/94, by J. Englert on 10/25/95, by J. Kujawski on 10/9/96 and 10/12/00-10/26/00. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> We generally sow seeds in our outdoor nursery beds in the fall soon after collection and cleaning to allow natural stratification of the seeds. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Pre-treated seeds hand-sown in rows.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Some bareroot plants are transplanted into gallon size containers and then into 2- or 3-gallon pots, depending on plant sizes needed.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> In containers, plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae).<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> If seeds are not sown the same season they are collected, they are stored dry in paper bags or large cloth bags (depending on the amount of seed) in a seed cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Seeds have internal dormancy (USDA, 1974) and require cold, moist stratification to overcome this. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Mid-November.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seedlings generally emerge during the spring following fall sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are sown in a thick overlapping stream within each row). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 3/4 inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Bareroot plants are harvested after 2 years in nursery beds; 2-gallon container plants for some of our National Park Service projects are ready after an additional season.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size and larger container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450.<p> USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1572 | Liriodendron (tulipifera) | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia family | Liriodendron | tulipifera | L. | LIRTUL | L. tulipifera is found in temperate deciduous forests of the eastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tulip tree | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 70 days. Germination occurs at 21 C. Germination is equal in light and dark. | Crocker, W. (1930). Harvesting, storage and stratification of seeds in relation to nursery practice. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. Prof. Pap. 1(15), 114-120.<br>Bonner, F. T. (1967). Germination of sweetgum seed in response to light. J. For. 65, 339.<br> Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1573 | Liriodendron (tulipifera) | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia Family | Liriodendron | tulipifera | L. | LIRTUL | South Central Missouri | Tulip poplar isfound throughout the eastern United States; from New England and southern Ontario south to Texas and Florida. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 48 in<br> Caliper:0.05 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Tulip poplar | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The fruit is an elongated cones composed of many overlapping woody carpels that split open at maturity. | We sow 1 year old, cold stored seeds by hand in late October into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 20004. The genus Liriodendron. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Liriodendron.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1574 | Lithocarpus (densiflorus) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Lithocarpus | densiflorus | (H & A) Rehd. | LITDEN | Marin County, California | <i>L. densiflorus</i> is found from Ventura County, California to southern Oregon in wooded slopes and forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon can | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Tanbark Oak | Seeds are collected between September 1st and October 31st.<br> Mature nuts are brown.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Nuts are sown 1 per container (1 gallon can) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Nuts are surface sown.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> % Germination: N/A | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i> (H & A) Rehd. plants 1 gallon can; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1575 | Lithospermum (ruderale) | Boraginaceae | Lithospermum | ruderale | Dougl. ex Lehm | basin big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass habitat, 945 m, Ada County, ID | Chiefly east of the Cascade Mountains in open, fairly dry places at mid elevations in the mountains; occurs in all western states except Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western gromwell, western stoneseed, puccoon | The pale yellow flowers appear from March to May, depending on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (a nutlet) ripens uniformly in approximately 8 to 12 weeks. The fruit is mature when the nutlets are hardened and dehisce readily, though they persist on the plant for severalweeks. Fruits are hand-stripped from the inflorescence (terminal cyme) into containers. Gloves are recommended due to bristly hairs on the inflorescence. After collecting, the seed was thoroughly dried and placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. | Seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours, and then placed in clear plastic germination boxes with two sheets of moistened blotter paper. Boxes were placed in a germinator at 4§C in the dark. After 28 days, mold began developing on the seed. At this time, the persistent receptacle was removed from the seeds, falling off easily or with minimal pressure. The seeds were then washed with tap water and treated with Thiram, an anti-fungal seed protectant. Germination began within 24 hours after receptacle removal. Twenty-eight percent of the washed seeds germinated compared to 32% of the seeds treated with Thiram following washings. Viability of the seedlot was not determined. Receptacle removal may be key to inducing germination but can only be accomplished following imbibition. | Germinants were sown 1 cm deep in styrofoam conetainers filled with a 50% peat and 50% vermiculite mixture. Containers were watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system that turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80% and turns off when soil reaches 100% field capacity. Greenhouse temperature was set at a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | About 43% of the seeds germinated. Seeds began showing signs of germinating (hardened seed coat splits apically for the stout hairless radicle to emerge) after 35 days in cold moist stratification. Once germination began, it continued for 60 days, with the majority occurring within the first 22 days. True leaves began developing after approximately 2 weeks in the greenhouse. After 28 days in the greenhouse, the largest seedling was 2 inches tall, with three sets of leaves. Seedling survival in the greenhouse was 70%. About 12% of the seedlings were lost due to damping off, usually before the cotyledons were free from the seed capsule. The leaves of about 20% of the plants began to show some signs of yellowing or chlorosis after developing the third or fourth set of leaves, but no mortality resulted from this condition. | After approximately 2.5 months in the greenhouse, 39 seedlings were transplanted to a Boise, ID planting site in mid-April. The site is 670 m on sandy sil and receives annual precipitation of 300 mm. Plants were hand watered at 2-3 day intervals. About one-third of the seedlings may have died during the first summer, although some may have merely entered dormancy. Earlier transplanting may permit better development of the taproot during the first year. Survival will best be determined in the spring of 2006. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p.<br> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lithospermum ruderale</i> Dougl. ex Lehm plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1576 | Lloydia (serotina) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Lloydia | serotina | (L.) SW. | LLOSER | L. serotina is a circumboreal species found from Alaska to northwest Oregon,Nevada, and east to Alberta south to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alp lily | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lloydia serotina</i> (L.) SW. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1577 | Lobelia (cardinalis) | Campanulaceae | Bellflower Family | Lobelia | cardinalis | L. | LOCA2 | Wet ditches, edges of water bodies. 4-6 feet tall, scarlet spikes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cardinal flower | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from July to September. Seed type is an achene and is collected in October. | Stratification: mix seeds with an equal amount of perlite or vermiculite. Seal mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. 1-2 months of moist cold stratification in a cool dry place. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years) | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter)14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. do not cover these seeds with soil, as they need light to germinate. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From September to the end of December the greenhouse thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lobelia cardinalis</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1578 | Lobelia (cardinalis) | Campanulaceae | Harebell family | Lobelia | cardinalis | L. | LOBCAR | L. cardinalis is found in the American Southwest from southern California to Texas and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cardinal flower | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 30/15 C in light. | Baskin et al. unpublished.<br> Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lobelia cardinalis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1579 | Lobelia (inflata) | Campanulaceae | Harebell family | Lobelia | inflata | L. | LOBINF | L. inflata is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Indian tobacco | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C in light. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1992c). Role of temperature and light in the germination ecology of buried seeds of weedy species of disturbed forests. I. Lobelia inflata. Can. J. Bot. 70, 589-592.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lobelia inflata</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1580 | Lobelia (siphilitica) | Campanulaceae | Bellflower Family | Lobelia | siphilitica | L. | LOSI | shoreline, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL | Open wet woods, stream banks, marshes, meadows. Range: CT to extreme south eastern ND and WY south to GA, TX and CO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 1/2 | 6 Months | Months | firmly rooted in a 2 1/2 inch container | Great Blue Lobelia | Stratification: mixed with damp sand and stored at 38 F for 12 weeks in a sealed plastic bag | Growing Environment: Fully automated greenhouse.<br> Containers: Seeds sown into ITML brand 128 cell plug trays. Plugs transplanted into T.&O. brand SVD 2 1/2 inch containers.<br> Media: Seed sown into Fafard Super Fine Germinating Mix. Plugs transplanted into Sunshine SB300 Universal bark mix. | Sow date was early March. Seeds were hand sown 2 to 3 seeds per cell to compensate for possible lower germination rates. Seed was not covered because light aids in germination. Flats were placed in a shaded greenhouse under an automated mist system set at 3 seconds of mist every 30 minutes. Air temperature was set at 65 F and bottom heat was run at 70 F. Seedlings were moved to a full sun greenhouse after germination. Temperatures were set at 68 F days and 64 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Seedlings were watered when dry and fertilized weekly with 20-2-20 fertilizer at 200 ppm. Seedlings were thinned to one per cell. | 8 weeks from sowing until plugs were ready to transplant | Plugs were transplanted when firmly rooted. Plants were grown in a full sun greenhouse where temperatures were set at 65 F days and 61 F nights. Day length was extended to 12 hours using HID lights. Plants were hand watered when dry and fertilized with 20-10-20 fertilizer at 237 ppm weekly. | 5 weeks | Plants were moved outdoors to a cold frame in mid May. | 2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2006. The Plants Database (http:/plants.usda.gov, 13 November 2007) National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490<br> Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.2007. Native Plant Database (http://wildflower.org, 13 November 2007) lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Austin TX 78739 USA | Thomas, Catherine Suzanne. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lobelia siphilitica</i> L. plants 2 1/2; Chicago Botanic Garden - Propagation Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1581 | Lomatium (californicum) | Apiaceae | Carrot | Lomatium | californicum | Leptotaenia | californica | LOCA3 | low elevation forests and hilled regions | Oregon and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | California lomatium | We have found that this plant benefits by 90 days cool/moist stratification in order to break dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium californicum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1582 | Lomatium (canbyi) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | canbyi | (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose | LOCA4 | USFS, Ochoco National Forest, Crooked River National Grasslands, Oregon; 3000-4000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Canby's biscuitroot | Small lot, 1.6 pounds, hand collected into paper containers. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lomatium canbyi</i> (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1583 | Lomatium (dissectum) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | dissectum | (Nutt.) Math.&Const. | LOMDIS | L. dissectum is found from British Columbia and Alberta south to California, Colorado and Arizona. It grows on open,dry, rocky slopes from low to mid elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fern leaf biscuitroot | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 330 days. Germination occurs at 18 C. | Pelton, J. (1956). A study of seed dormancy in eighteen species of high altitude Colorado plants. Butler Univ. Stud. Bot. 13, 74-84.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium dissectum</i> (Nutt.) Math.&Const. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1584 | Lomatium (dissectum) | Apiaceae | Parsley | Lomatium | dissectum | (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance | Variety | multifidum | (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance | LODIM | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA | Southern British Columbia and western US to Montana and south to Colorado and Arizona where mean annual precipitation exceeds 14 inches. In eastern Washington it is usually found in dry areas of grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tight root plug in container. | Fern-leaf Desert parsley | Fruit is a schizocarp. Seed is collected in late June or early July when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are dark brown in color. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the entire inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Seed holds well in the inflorescence. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. <p> We determined 45,031 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Cool spring temperatures are also necessary. In trials at the PMC, no germination occurred without stratification. Plants which germinated outdoors died when moved into the greenhouse. <br>Seed planted outside immediately after harvest will germinate the following spring. Seed planted later in the fall will often require 2 winters to germinate. It has not yet been determined whether fresh seed is required for germination the following spring. | In late August seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Containers remain outside. They are watered during the fall and sparingly during dry spells in the winter and spring. Germination begins in March and may occur over 2-3 weeks. | 6-7 months | Plants are watered as needed while outside and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. They are moved to the lath house in June. | 3-4 months | Plants usually go dormant in July or August and do not require further hardening | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter with no protection except snow cover. Regrowth will begin in early March as soon as temperatures begin to warm. | Hitchcock and Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. 1973. <p>USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium dissectum</i> (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1585 | Lomatium (dissectum) | Apiaceae | Parsley family | Lomatium | dissectum | (Nutt.) Math. & Const. | Foothill Shrublands and Grasslands, Ada County, ID, 997 m | Widespread throughout the Northwest, south to southern California and Arizona and southeast to Colorado; typically on rocky slopes and in dry meadows; lowlands to midmontane. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fernleaf biscuitroot | Yellow flowers bloom as early as March or April and as late as May. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (a schizocarp) is mature when it turns brown and dehisces readily. This typically occurs 5 to 8 weeks after flowering (varying based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns). Fruit maturation is uniform within an inflorescence. Fruits on open-grown plants (away from shrub protection) mature more rapidly. Fruits are collected by hand stripping them into containers. After collection, seed is thoroughly dried and placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. | Seeds were soaked in distilled water for 24 hours, placed in clear plastic germination boxes on two layers of blotter paper, thoroughly moistened with distilled water, and placed in a germinator at 4§C in the dark for a 60-day prechill. Blotter paper was remoistened periodically as needed. Tetrazolium (TZ) tests (Idaho State Seed Laboratory) determined that 86% of the seeds were viable. Germination occurred over a 66 day period. Final germination percentage was 98% of the viable seeds. | Upon first signs of germination, seeds were sown in styrofoam conetainers filled with a 50% peat and 50% vermiculite mixture. Containers were watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system which turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80% and turns off when field capacity reaches 100%. Greenhouse temperature was a constant 27§C.Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | True leaves started to develop 14 days after germination. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium dissectum</i> (Nutt.) Math. & Const. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1586 | Lomatium (dissectum) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | dissectum | (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance | LODI | USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station - Big Foot Butte, Idaho; 3100 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Fernleaf biscuitroot | Small lot, 3.8 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lomatium dissectum</i> (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1587 | Lomatium (dissectum) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Lomatium | dissectum | (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance | LODI | Intermountain West | Fernleaf biscuitroot naturally occurs from British Columbia and Saskatchewan south to California and New Mexico and extends eastward to Wyoming and Colorado. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 4 Years | Years | Field produced seed with >95% purity. | Fernleaf biscuitroot | Seed matures in July into August. Wildland seed disarticulates readily and is easily hand collected. Very clean collections can be made by shaking ripened inflorescences over a bag or tarp. | Extended seed stratification is required for successful propagation of fernleaf biscuitroot. Dormant fall seeding is required. | Seed can be drilled in rows at 82 to 98 PLS/m (25- 30 PLS/ft) or into weed barrier fabric at 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) spacing. | Above ground growth is slow as young plants invest significant resources to produce a substantial taproot. Plants grow in early spring into summer and go dormant in mid-summer, giving the appearance of mortality. During the first year of establishment, most plants will only produce a few leaves. | 1 yr | Most plants will not produce flowers or fruit during the first 3 to 4 years of growth. Good weed control can be achieved through the use of weed barrier fabric and hand roguing. Because fernleaf biscuitroot enters dormancy in early summer, foliar herbicide applications of glyphosate to surrounding weeds are possible after senescence. Highest seed yields have been achieved with the use of supplemental irrigation. Shock and others (2010) at Ontario, Oregon showed a significant positive response to irrigation with 10 and 20 cm (4 and 8 in) additional water. Ontario has a mean annual precipitation of 24 cm (9.5 in), bringing the total received water to approximately 46 cm (18 in) for optimum seed production. Though fernleaf biscuitroot flowers are self-fertile, they still require visitation by pollinators for fertilization to occur. Cane (2007) showed a 60X increase in seed set in the presence of pollinators. Developing a manageable native pollinator for seed production is unlikely. In cultivation, honey bees and sweat bees may suffice. | Seed can be harvested in production fields via a vacuum type harvester or flail vac. Seed is cleaned using an air screen cleaner. Purities approximating 100% are achievable with minimal effort. Experimental plots at Ontario, Oregon, using supplemental irrigation produced seed in the fourth season with peak yields of 482 kg/ha (430 lb/ac) (Shock et al. 2010). | Cane J. 2007. Pollinating bees crucial to farming wildflower seed for U.S. habitat restoration. In: Bees in Agricultural Ecosystems. James, R.R. and T. Pitts-Singer (eds.). Oxford university Press. | Ogle, Dan; Shaw, Nancy; Cane, Jim; St. John, Loren; Tilley, Derek. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lomatium dissectum</i> (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1588 | Lomatium (grayi) | Apiaceae | Parsley family | Lomatium | grayi | Coult. & Rose | Mountain Home Uplands (associated with Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming sagebrush, Squirreltail grass), Ada County, ID, 945 m | Widespread east of the Cascade Mountains from central Washington to northern Idaho, south to eastern Oregon, Idaho, and northeastern Nevada. Infrequently seen in southeastern Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Gray's biscuitroot, Gray's lomatium | The yellow flowers bloom as early as March or April and as late as May. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (a schizocarp) is mature when it turns brown and dehisces readily. This typically occurs 5 to 8 weeks after flowering. Fruits are collected by hand stripping them from the compound umbels into a container. After collection, the seed was thoroughly dried and placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. It was stored in a large plastic jar at room temperature for 18 months prior to propagation trials. There are approximately 100,000 seeds/lb. | Tetrazolium (TZ) tests (Idaho State Seed Laboratory) determined that 68% of the seeds were viable. Unfilled seeds were then removed by sorting them over a light table. One hundred and fifty seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours, placed in clear plastic germination boxes on two layers of blotter paper, thoroughly moistened with distilled water, and placed in germinator at 4§C in the dark for a 60-day prechill. Blotter paper was remoistened periodically as needed. About 78% of the filled seed germinated. Germination began after 35 days of cold moist treatment and continued for 60 days, but once germination began, 77% germinated within the first 5 days. | Upon first signs of germination, seeds were sown in styrofoam conetainers with a 50% peat and 50% vermiculitemixture. Containers were watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system which turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80% and turns off when field capacity reaches 100%. Greenhouse temperature was a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | First true leaves began developing after 14 days. Seedlings remained in the greenhouse environment for 84 days. Survival was about 77%. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p. <br>USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium grayi</i> Coult. & Rose plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1589 | Lomatium (grayi) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | grayi | (J.M. Coult. & Rose) J.M. Coult. & Rose | LOGR | Rocky Mountain Research Station, Weiser River Road, Idaho; 2130 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Gray's biscuitroot | Small lot, 2.6 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lomatium grayi</i> (J.M. Coult. & Rose) J.M. Coult. & Rose seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1590 | Lomatium (grayi) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | grayi | (J.M. Coult. & Rose.) J.M. Coult. & Rose | LOGR | Intermountain West | Gray's biscuitroot occurs in Northwest North America, primarily from the Cascade and Sierra Nevada to the Rocky Mountains in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico. There are two populations in British Columbia, Canada where it is considered a threatened species. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 3 Years | Years | Field produced seed with >95% purity. | Gray's biscuitroot | Seed matures in July into August. Wildland seed disarticulates readily and is easily hand collected. Very clean collections can be made by shaking ripened inflorescences over a bag or tarp. | Seed of Gray's biscuitroot requires a 3-month moist chilling to relieve dormancy (Shock 2011). Fall-dormant seeding is required for field germination. | Seed production fields should be seeded at 25 to 30 PLS/ft. Rows planted on 75 cm (30 in) centers allow for between row cultivation and weed control. When using weed barrier fabric, plant seeds into 8 cm (3 in) holes at 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) spacing. | Above ground growth is slow as young plants invest significant resources to produce a substantial taproot. Plants grow in early spring into summer and go dormant in mid-summer, giving the appearance of mortality. During the first year of establishment, most plants will only produce a few leaves. | 1 yr | Most plants will not produce flowers or fruit during the first 2 to 3 years of growth. Good weed control can be achieved through the use of weed barrier fabric and hand roguing. Because Gray's biscuitroot enters dormancy in early summer, foliar herbicide applications of glyphosate to surrounding weeds are possible after senescence. Highest seed yields have been achieved with the use of supplemental irrigation. Shock and others (2010) showed a significant positive response to irrigation with 10 and 20 cm (4 and 8 in) additional water at Ontario, Oregon. Ontario has a mean annual precipitation of 24 cm (9.5 in), bringing the total received water to approximately 46 cm (18 in) for optimum seed production. | 7 yrs | Seed can be harvested in production fields via a vacuum type harvester or flail vac. Seed is cleaned using an air screen cleaner. Purities approximating 100% are achievable with minimal effort. Peak seed yields of over 1590 kg/ha (1,400 lb/ac) resulted from 20 cm (8 in) of supplemental irrigation (Shock and others 2010). | Barner J. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Lomatium grayi seeds; USDA-FS-R6 Bend Seed Extractory, Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 21 Dec 2010). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery. Shock CC. 2011. Station native wildflower seed production trials. Oregon State University Extension. Malheur Experiment Station. Online. Available at: http://www.cropinfo.net/crops/WildflowerSeedProd.html. Accessed 5 February, 2011. Shock, CC, Feibert E, Saunders L, Shaw N. 2010. Native wildflower seed production with limited subsurface drip irrigation. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, 2009 Annual Report: 193-209. Tilley D., St. John L. Ogle D., Shaw N, Cane J. 2011. Plant guide for Gray's biscuitroot (Lomatium grayi). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, ID | Ogle, Dan; Shaw, Nancy; St. John, Loren; Tilley, Derek. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lomatium grayi</i> (J.M. Coult. & Rose.) J.M. Coult. & Rose seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1591 | Lomatium (macrocarpum) | Apiaceae | Carrot | Lomatium | macrocarpum | Peucedanum | macrocarpum | LOMA3 | Is common to more arid and rocky or exposed regions at low elevations. | This plant may be found from Central to North-Western US and into Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | bigseed biscuitroot | This plant benefits from 45 to 90 days of cool/moist stratification in order to break dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium macrocarpum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1592 | Lomatium (nudicaule) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | nudicaule | Pursh | LONU2 | seeds were collected in Lane Co, Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | barestem lomatium | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 6 weeks. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 6 weeks and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/ 50 degree nights). | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 90% germination occured. | 1 month | Plants seemed slow to establish. They were watered daily and fertilized once mid-season with Peters 20-20-20 and placed in a shadehouse 1 month after coming out of the cooler. | 5 months | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium nudicaule</i> Pursh plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1593 | Lomatium (nudicaule) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | nudicaule | (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose | LONU2 | USFS, Umatilla National Forest, Ukiah, Oregon: 4000 - 4500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Barestem biscuitroot | Small lot, 3.5 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lomatium nudicaule</i> (Pursh) J.M. Coult. & Rose seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1594 | Lomatium (triternatum) | Apiaceae | Parsley | Lomatium | triternatum | (Pursh.) Coult. & Rose | Cogswellia | triternata | (Pursh.) M.E. Jones | LOTR2 | Paradise Creek Drainage near Pullman, WA | Dry to mesic open areas of western North America from southern British Columbia to northern California and east to Utah, Wyoming, and Montana. In eastern Washington it is commonly found in shrub-steppe, meadow-steppe, and open ponderosa pine forests.<br>Mean annual precipitation range is from 8-20 inches (USDA NRCS 2007). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 18 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Nine-leaf Desert Parsley | Fruit is a schizocarp splitting to 2 mericarps (seeds). Seed is collected in late June or early July when the inflorescence is dry and before the seeds shatter. Seed ripening within each individual umbel is uniform, but is less so between umbels on the same or different plants. The seeds are tan in color. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the entire inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Cool spring temperatures may also be necessary. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center showed no germination occurred without stratification and no seed germinated after 30 days cold, moist stratification. High germination was obtained from seeds sown in containers in November and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures. Seed began emerging in late March. Seedlings which germinated outside died when moved into the greenhouse. We did not determine whether warm greenhouse temperatures or root pathogens were the cause. | In November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Containers remain outside. They are watered only during dry spells. Emergence will begin as daytime temperatures warm in March, and may occur over 2-4 weeks. | 3-4 months | Plants are watered as needed while outside and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. They are moved to the lath house in early June. Growth does not occur during the summer months and the plants may senesce. Fertilizer is withheld in July and conetainers are watered only enough to prevent complete drying. | 4 months | Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not needed. | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter. They should be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in late winter or early spring as temperatures begin to rise. Regrowth will begin in early March as soon as temperatures begin to warm.<br> Rodents may be active under mulches and overwintering plants should be protected from them. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> Thompson, John N. 1985. Postdispersal Seed Predation in <i>Lomatium</i> spp. (Umbelliferae): Variation Among Individuals and Species. Ecology 66:1608-1616.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium triternatum</i> (Pursh.) Coult. & Rose plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1595 | Lomatium (triternatum) | Apiaceae | Parsley family | Lomatium | triternatum | (Pursh.) Coult. & Rose. | Malheur County, Oregon, 1399 m | Open slopes and meadows, dry to fairly moist soils from the lowlands to mid montane; southern Alberta and British Columbia to Colorado, Utah and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nine-leaf biscuitroot | Yellow flowers occur as early as March or April and as late as May. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (a schizocarp) is mature when it turns brown and dehisces readily. This typically occurs 5 to 8 weeks after flowering. Fruits are collected by hand stripping from the compound umbels into containers. | One hundred and fifty seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours, placed in clear plastic germination boxes on two layers of blotter paper, thoroughly moistened with distilled water, and placed in a germinator at 4§C in the dark for a 60-day prechill. Blotter paper was remoistened periodically as needed. 93% of the viable seed germinated. Tetrazolium (TZ) tests (Idaho State Seed Laboratory) determined that 92% of the seeds were live. | Upon first signs of germination, seeds were sown 1 cm deep in styrofoam conetainers with a 50% peatand 50% vermiculite mixture. Containers were watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system which turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80% and turns off when 100% field capacity is reached. Greenhouse temperature was a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | Germination began after 36 days of cold moist treatment. The majority germinated within the first 13 days, but continued sporadically for 67 days. True leaves appeared after 14 days. The seedlings were in the greenhouse for 77 days. Survival was about 53%. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 p. <br> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium triternatum</i> (Pursh.) Coult. & Rose. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1596 | Lomatium (triternatum) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | triternatum | (Pursh) Coult. & Rose | LOTR2 | USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station - Lakeview, Oregon; 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nine-leaf Biscuitroot | Small lot, 2.5 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lomatium triternatum</i> (Pursh) Coult. & Rose seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1597 | Lomatium (triternatum) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | triternatum | (Pursh) Coulter & Rose | LOTR2 | Intermountain West | Nineleaf biscuit is native to western North America, occurring from northeastern California to British Columbia and east to Alberta and Colorado. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 4 Years | Years | Field produced seed with >95% purity. | Nineleaf biscuitroot | Seed matures in July or August. Wildland seed is easily hand collected. The seed disarticulates readily from the stems, and very clean, small collections can be made by shaking ripened inflorescences over a bag or tarp. | Nineleaf biscuitroot requires an extensive stratification period for germination. Fall-dormant seeding is required for field plantings. | Seed can be sown in rows at 82 pure live seeds (PLS)/m (25 PLS/ft) or into weed barrier fabric at 40 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) spacing. All seeding should be completed as dormant fall seeding to allow natural stratification to occur. | Above ground growth is slow as the plants expend energy developing a substantial taproot. Plants grow in early spring and go dormant in mid-summer, giving the appearance of mortality. In the first year, most plants will only produce a few leaves. | 1 yr | Most plants will not produce flowers or fruit during the first 2 to 3 years of growth. Seed production fields at Aberdeen, Idaho did not produce flowers or seed until the fourth year of establishment. Good weed control can be achieved through the use of weed barrier fabric and hand roguing. Because nineleaf biscuitroot enters dormancy in early summer, foliar herbicide applications of glyphosate to surrounding weeds are possible after senescence. In preliminary herbicide tolerance trials, seed yields were reduced by early spring bromoxynil applications (Shock and others 2010b). Highest seed yields have been achieved with the use of supplemental irrigation. Shock and others (2010) showed a significant positive response to irrigation with 10 cm (4 in) additional water at Ontario, Oregon. Ontario has a mean annual precipitation of 24 cm (9.5 in), bringing the total received water to approximately 36 cm (14 in) for optimum seed production. | Seed can be harvested in production fields via a vacuum type harvester or flail vac. Seed is cleaned using an air screen cleaner. Purities approximating 100% are achievable with minimal effort. | Seed viability in proper storage conditions remains high for 3 to 4 years (Monsen and others 2004). | Baskin, Carol C, and J.M. Baskin. 2001. Seeds: Ecology Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Academic Press. p. 418. Stevens, R., and S.B. Monsen. 2004. Forbs for seeding range and wildlife habitats. In: S.B. Monsen, R. Stevens, and N.L. Shaw [compilers]. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2. p. 425-466. Shock, CC, Feibert E, Saunders L, Shaw N. 2010. Native wildflower seed production with limited subsurface drip irrigation. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, 2009 Annual Report: 193-209. Shock CC, Ishida J, Feibert EBG, Shaw N. 2010. Native perennial forb tolerance to repeated annual applications of postemergence herbicides. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, 2009 Annual Report:213-217. Tilley D., St. John L. Ogle D., Shaw N, Cane J. 2010. Plant guide for fernleaf biscuitroot (Lomatium triternatum). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, ID | Ogle, Dan; Shaw, Nancy; Cane, Jim; St. John, Loren; Tilley, Derek. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lomatium triternatum</i> (Pursh) Coulter & Rose seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1598 | Lomatium (utriculatum) | Apiaceae | Carrot | Lomatium | utriculatum | Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray | LOMUTR | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve, eastern Tehama County, California | From southern California north into British Columbia from 50-1550M elevation (Hickman 1993). | Unknown | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock (3 | 6 Months | Months | First year seedling with somewhat corky taproot 1-2mm in diameter and 10-20cm long. | Bladder lomatium | Collect seed/fruits immediately prior to or when fruit is completely ripe and dry on plant from mid-spring to mid summer | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Because this is a taprooted species, deep pots seem to work best. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 3-weeks; germination rates of > 80% was observed in seed cold-stored in moist vermiculite. | Approximately 3 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in early summer. The length of the active gorwth phase can be somwhat controlled with irrigation, but this species probably requires summer dormancy. Irrigating under warmer conditions can encourage fungus. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as active growth is generally initiated between mid-late fall and continues until summer dormancy. Growth resumes following initial fall rains. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-4 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS; | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lomatium utriculatum</i> Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray plants Potted nursery stock (3; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1599 | Lonactis (linariifolius) | Asteraceae | Lonactis | linariifolius | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | flaxleaf whitetop aster | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lonactis linariifolius</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1600 | Lonicera (hispidula) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Lonicera | hispidula | (Lindl.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray | Variety | vacillans | Gray | LONHIS | Catalina Island, California | Hairy Honeysuckle is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits streambanks,canyon bottoms and slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Treepot (173 cubic inches) | 9 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Hairy Honeysuckle | Fruits are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected fruits in September and October. Seeds are brown at maturity. | We have used a Physan fungicide soak or a 3 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> Germination percentage: 100% | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter and early spring months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional GrowingMix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> | 2 months | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Seedlings are ready for transplanting into 2 inch containers containers 8 to 10 weeks after germination.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> We shift 2 inch container plants once they are root tight to #1 treepots (173 cubic inches) after 9 weeks( end of May). We top prune as needed to encourage branching. | 6 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera hispidula</i> (Lindl.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray plants #1 Treepot (173 cubic inches); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1601 | Lonicera (hispidula) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Lonicera | hispidula | Benth. | Variety | vacillans | Gray | LONHIS | Marin County, California | <i>L. hispidula</i> var. <i>vacillans</i> is found in wooded habitats, mostly below 2,500 feet elevation; from Riverside County, California north to southern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pink Honeysuckle | Seeds are collected between July 1st and October 1st.<br> Mature fruits are shiny red berries.<br> Seed is hard at maturity. | Soak seeds for 24 hours in fresh water. Cold stratify in peat or perlite for 1 to 3 months. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br>
Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br>
6 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br>
Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x8" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 28 days | Seedlings grow rapidly after establishment. Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 1 month after transplanting.<br> Prune back 2 months after transplanting and as needed afterwards always leaving at least 4 nodes. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera hispidula</i> Benth. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1602 | Lonicera (involucrata) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Lonicera | involucrata | Banks ex Spreng. | LOIN5 | Crater Lake, around 6,500 feet near vidae falls; park headquarters | Western US including Alaska; upper midwest in Michigan and Wisconsin. Woodlands , moist to wet soils up to high elevations. At Crater lake, near creaks, streams and seeps | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-gallon containers | 0 | Well-branched roots and tops; free of foliar disease | twinberry honeysuckle | Ripened berries picked in August / Sept.; berries scarce in some years. Summer softwood cuttings can be collected in July. | Seed germination of young lots cold-moist stratified for 90 days was up to 55%; a small comparison of 1-year-old vs. 3-year-old seeds showed slightly reduced germination and initially weaker seedling vigor; however these seedlings grew quite well after one season | Seedlings started in shallow propagation trays and transplanted directly into vertically ribbed, 1-gallon pots filled with a rich soil mix of Sunshine #`1 peat-based potting medium amended with low rates of micromax trace elements. Plants should be closely monitored for aphids throughout spring and summer. | Seedlings or cuttings sensitive to drying out; media should be kept moist during initial establishment. Intermittent mist especially important for summer softwood cuttings. | 6 weeks (8 weeks for cuttings) | Whether established from seed or cuttings, established plants are held over summer in outdoor shadehouse (50% shade) with drip irrigation on elevated benches to provide air flow / air pruning to roots. Peters' Triple-20 fertilizer at 50% strength applied at 2 week intervals in May to July. Shoot pruning often needed in June to head back tall leaders and encourage branching. | May to July | Fertilizer withheld in August; watering intervals lengthened to encourage vegetative maturity; shade cloth removed by the end of August. Shoot growth should not be pruned back at this time because it will cause lateral bud break and start a new growth cycle. | August - September | Plants overwintered in outdoor lathhouse at PMC; aphids on new growth were a problem in the second spring; treated with Safers' insecticidal soap at label rates. Otherwise plants shipped via refrigerated van in August to a holding facility at Crater Lake NP to acclimate for outplanting in September. | overwintering outdoors ok; may need repotting / root and shoot pruning following spring. | Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823 <p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing, and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1992 Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera involucrata</i> Banks ex Spreng. plants 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1603 | Lonicera (involucrata) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Lonicera | involucrata | (Rich.) Banks. ex Spreng. | Variety | involucrata | Banks. ex Spreng. | Xylosteum | involucratum | (Banks ex Spreng.) Richards. | LONINV | Lodgepole Forest, Many Glacier, 1500m elev. | <i>L. involucrata</i> occurs from Alaska south to California and Mexico, east to Montana to New Mexico, and irregularly Michigan and Quebec. It is found from valley bottoms to subalpine zone in moist to wet soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 9 Months | Months | Height: 17 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Black twinberry | Fruit is collected in August. Hand collect when the fruit turns black. Seeds are tan at maturity. Keep fruit in plastic bags under refrigeration until it is cleaned. | Seeds were pretreated with 1000 ppm gibberellic acid for 24 hours. Following treatment, seeds were placed into a 48 hour running water rinse. Next, seeds were placed into cold, moist stratification for 90 days. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3 C.<br> | Greeenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Planting Germinants. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> | Germination was uniform and completed in 2 weeks when greenhouse temperatures are set at 22/15C alternating day/night) temperature cycle. | 4 weeks | Plants were fertilized weekly with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. This species requires frequent irrigation. | 16 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September and October and given one final irrigation before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera involucrata</i> (Rich.) Banks. ex Spreng. plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
1604 | Lonicera (involucrata) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Lonicera | involucrata | (Richards) | Sub-species | ledebourii | (Esch.) Zebel | Lonicera | ledebourii | Eschsch. | LONINV | Marin County, California | <i>L. involucrata</i> var.<i>ledebouri</i>i is the coastal variety that is found from Central California north to British Columbia in wooded habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Twinberry Honeysuckle | Seeds are collected between April 1st and July 1st.<br> Mature fruits are bluish black.<br> Seed is hard at maturity. | Soak seeds in fresh water for 12 hours. Cold stratify in peat or perlite for 3 to 6 months. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 6 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 15th.<br> % Germination:50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x8" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 28 days | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplFertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 1 month after transplanting.<br> Cut back 2 months after transplanting, leaving at least 4 nodes. Repeat as needed.<br> Twinberry is a rapid growing species. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera involucrata</i> (Richards) plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1605 | Lonicera (utahensis) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Lonicera | utahensis | Wats. | LONUTA | Lodgepole Forest, Two Medicine, Glacier National Park | <i>L. utahensis</i> occurs from southern B.C. east to Alberta and south to California, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. This species occurs in a variety of forest habitats that are vernally moist. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 172 ml conetainers. | Utah Honeysuckle | Fruits are hand collected in mid July when the fruit turns red. Seeds are tan at maturity. Fruit is collected and stored in plastic bags prior to cleaning. | Seeds were treated with 1,000 ppm gibberellic adic for 24 hours, followed by a 48 hour running water rinse. Seeds were placed into a 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification at 3 C. Seeds germinated at 3C after 60 days of stratification. Do not sow seeds until there is visible cracking or radicle emergence. | Greeenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Planting Germinants. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> | Emergence was uniform and complete 2 weeks after planting in the greenhouse. Greenhouse temperatures were maintained at 22C/15C 12 hr day/12 hr night. | 4 weeks | Plants were fertilized weekly with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants were multi-stemmed and root tight in conetainers in 3 months. Plants reached reproductive maturity 1 year after germination in the nursery. | 16 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September and October and given one final irrigation before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 25 weeks.<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera utahensis</i> Wats. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1606 | Lotus (crassifolius) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lotus | crassifolius | LOCR | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon; Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Its native range includes southwestern Washington, western Oregon, California and Baja California, Mexico at elevations up to 8000 feet. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Big deervetch | Hand collected into paper bag | Deervetch seeds require scarification prior to stratification. There are two effective methods to accomplish this. Seeds can be placed in fine mesh bags, soaked for 10 seconds in water at 95 °C and then immediately placed in cold water. Alternatively, seeds can be placed in a sandpaper-lined scarifier (Trent and others 2005) and scarified for 3 hours. Seeds are then placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Mesh bags are placed in a sealed container. The containers are placed in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days. It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 16 weeks, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. | Germination is moderate to high, depending on seed quality. It is usually complete in 2 to 3 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to early winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
[NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Lotus crassifolius (Benth.) Greene big deervetch. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LOCR (accessed 8 Oct 2018). Trent A, Kuhn T, Burr KE. 2005. Improved whitebark pine seed scarifier. 0524 2331. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center. 6 p. URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/php/library_card.php?p_num=0524%202331 (accessed 8 Oct 2018). Young-Mathews A, Darris D. 2011. Plant fact sheet for big deervetch (Lotus crassifolius). Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Material Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_locr.pdf (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lotus crassifolius</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1607 | Lotus (crassifolius) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lotus | crassifolius | (Benth.) Greene | LOCR | USFS, Willamette National Forest, Salmon Creek, and Lower Salmon Creek, Oregon: 1100 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Big deervetch | Small lot, 2 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lotus crassifolius</i> (Benth.) Greene seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1608 | Lotus (formosissimus) | Fabaceae | Legume family | Lotus | formosissimus | E. Greene | LOFO2 | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | seaside birds-foot trefoil | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Osmocote 14-14-14.) The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. | Flats were removed from cooler after 90 days and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 30% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lotus formosissimus</i> E. Greene plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1609 | Lotus (micranthus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lotus | micranthus | Hosackia | parviflora | LOMI | Can be found in many different types of plant communities | Western Canada, Washington, Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | desert deervetch | No treatment is needed prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse for germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lotus micranthus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1610 | Lotus (salsuginosus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lotus | salsuginosus | Greene | Variety | brevivexillus | Ottley | LOSAB | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Forest Service Road 24, 1.0 miles North of junction with Sears-Kay Ranch Road, Arizona; 3300 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Coastal bird's-foot trefoil | Small lot, 0.94 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lotus salsuginosus</i> Greene seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1611 | Lotus (scoparius) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lotus | scoparius | (Nutt.) Ottley | LOTSCO | L. scoparius is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common deerweed | Seeds germinate at 23 C. Germination was equal in light and dark | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lotus scoparius</i> (Nutt.) Ottley plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1612 | Lotus (scoparius) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lotus | scoparius | (Nutt. in T & G) Ottley | LOTSCO | Marin county, California | <i>L. scoparius</i> is found on dry slopes and fans below 5,000 feet elevation; from Humboldt and Plumas counties to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Common Deerweed | Seeds are collected between May 1st and August 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown, papery pods.<br> Each pod contains 1 seed. | Heat fresh water to 190F. Remove container from heat. Add seeds, cover, and let soak for 12 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 10 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%.<br> Water seedlings carefully after transplanting; be sure to water early in the morning only. | 20 days | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back 2 months after transplanting leaving 2 to 3 inches of growth. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lotus scoparius</i> (Nutt. in T & G) Ottley plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1613 | Ludwigia (alternifolia) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose family | Ludwigia | alternifolia | L. | LUAL2 | Swamp, stream banks, marshy shores and ditches. Eastern US. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | seedbox | Start the seeds in early spring in a warm greenhouse. Seeds are tiny and should not be covered. Keep the germination mix always moist. At 70F seeds germinated in 2 weeks. Grow at 65F night 75F day temperature. Keep the medium always moist. | Plants can be grown into 606 or quarter gallon containers. Regardless of the container size plants will flower 12 weeks after sowing. Plants grown in quarter gallon containers develop lateral branching while plants in 606 have little or no lateral branching. Plants were liquid fertilized biweekly alternating 180 ppm N of 15-0-15 with 187 ppm of 20-10-20. | Crow GE and Hellquist CB Fassett NC. 2000. Aquatic and wetland plants of northeastern North America Volume One. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press 536 p. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Chiari, Alessandro. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ludwigia alternifolia</i> L. plants Cougar Springs Ranch Brooklyn, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1614 | Ludwigia (palustris) | ONAGRACEAE | False loosestrife, water primrose | Ludwigia | palustris | L. Elliott | LUPA | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | marsh seedbox | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 95% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ludwigia palustris</i> L. Elliott plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1615 | Luetkea (pectinata) | Rosaceae | Rose | Luetkea | pectinata | LUPE | Deschutes National Forest | USA: AK , CA , ID , MT , OR , WA
Canada: AB , BC Native Distribution: Mountains of AK and Yukon to northern CA and western MT Native Habitat: Moist or shaded, mountainous areas, usually where snow persists late in the season | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml (10 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Partridgefoot | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 45 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.8 gram Nutricote per 164 ml container. | Germination is somewhat slow, but is usually complete in 3 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | During the growing season, soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK with minors) at 100 ppm is applied weekly throughout the season. | 18 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
[NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze partridgefoot. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LUPE (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Luetkea pectinata</i> Plants 164 ml (10 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1616 | Lupinus | Fabaceae | Lupinus | LUPIN | Colorado, Meeker Stock West (98-170s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Lupine | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Cleaned by Meeker. Collected at Meeker Stock West (98-170s). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in seed pack flat, 2-3 (?) seeds/slot, cover seed lightly with germination mix.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 4 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uniform and rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 3 weeks.<p> Meeker Stock West (98-170s) sowed 12/18/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1617 | Lupinus (microcarpus) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | microcarpus | LUMI9 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Western North America from southwestern British Columbia south through Oregon and California, including the Mojave Desert, and into Baja California | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Valley lupine | Seeds are placed in a rotating drum lined with sandpaper (Missoula Technology Development Center) for approximately 3 hours to scarify the seed coat. Seeds are then placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 2 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 7 days. | Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | If scarification is effective, germination is uniform and quite rapid. It is usually complete in 10 to 14 days. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 to 2 weeks. | 2 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment, and may need to be top-pruned approximately 3 months following establishment. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to mid-winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Lupinus subvexus C.P. Sm. var. subvexus valley lupine. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LUSUS (accessed 20 Feb 2020). Wikipedia. Lupinus microcarpus. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_microcarpus (accessed 20 Feb 2020). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus microcarpus</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1618 | Lupinus (adsurgen) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | adsurgen | LUAD | mountainous habitat including forests | Parts of both Oregon and California are considered home by this plant. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Drew's silky lupine | None; however, scarification increased germination which for us peaked at about 78%. It was also helpful to preform a rhizobium inoculation after germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus adsurgen</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1619 | Lupinus (affinus) | Fabaceae | Legume family | Lupinus | affinus | J. Agardh | LUAF | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | showy lupine | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 50% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus affinus</i> J. Agardh plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1620 | Lupinus (albifrons) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lupinus | albifrons | Benth. ex Lindl. | LUAL4 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Clear Creek Management Area, San Benito County, California | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Silver lupine | Very small lot, 0.165 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus albifrons</i> Benth. ex Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1621 | Lupinus (albifrons) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | albifrons | LUAL4 | dry grassland and meadow-type areas as well as coast lines and forests. | This plant may be found natively in both California and Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | silver lupine | None; however, germination was increased by 20% when scarification was preformed prior to planting. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus albifrons</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1622 | Lupinus (albifrons) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lupinus | albifrons | Benth. | Variety | collinus | Greene | LUPALB | Marin county, California | <i>L. albifrons</i> var. <i>collinus</i> is found in rocky and sandy places below 4,500 feet elevation; from Lake County to San Luis Obispo County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Silver Lupine | Seeds are collected on June 8th.<br> Mature pods are brown.<br> Collect pods when they are firm and full when they turn yellow or brown. Pods can be collected a little early if entire stalk is cut. | Wash seeds in a 5% bleach solution for 1 minute. Dry seeds completely. Place seeds in a sterile rock tumbler with sterile, sharp edged rocks.<br> Tumble for 72 hours. Inspect with hand lens; if seeds are not scratched, tumble for another 36 hours.<br> Remove seeds and soak in fresh water overnight. Seeds which have imbibed are ready to sow. Seeds which remain hard should be tumbled for another 36 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are sown in containers (2"x7" tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are planted 2 times the diameter to depth.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 15th.<br> % Germination: 65% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 28 days | Keep in greenhouse 2 weeks after transplanting and then move to shadehouse.<br> Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 2 months after transplanting.<br> Avoid fungus problems by keeping environment sterile as possible, avoid over watering andquarantine sick plants immdediately. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus albifrons</i> Benth. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1623 | Lupinus (angustifolius) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | angustifolius | Lupinus | linifolius | LUAN4 | Various areas (including Maine and Florida) in the US and Western Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | narrowleaf lupine | In our tests we have found germination to be best facilitated by scarification and a warm greenhouse. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus angustifolius</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1624 | Lupinus (arboreus) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | arboreus | Sims | LUPARB | California coastal bluffs, dunes, and inland areas | Probably native from Sonoma to Ventura counties; naturalized as far north as British Columbia; found below 100m | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 4 Months | Months | Yellow Bush Lupine | Collection Period: June-September. Seed characteristics: Seeds in black-brown hairy pods, 8-12 seeds/pod. Ripe seeds are 4-5mm in diameter, black-tan, often striped lighter. Seeds ripe when both pod and seeds are dark black-brown and rigid. Collection Procedures: Pods are manually collected; they are easily split by hand to release seeds and checked for insect predation. | Using 320 grit (fine) sand paper, seeds are gently rubbed along sand paper until seed coat is visibly eroded(i.e. until black-tan seed coat yields to white-grey interior). Be sure to rub seeds at their attachment point to the pod--a small divet on the shorter side of the seed. | Fully-controlled greenhouse. Sowing method: Direct sowing. 1 seed per container is sown in well-watered standard potting mix (peatmoss, fir bark, perlite, & sand). Seeds are covered with a thin layer of soil aproximately 2 times diameter of seed. Water/mist by hand. Seeds are sown August-September. Germination rate: 95% | Freshly-sown seeds & new seedlings are grown in greenhouse with automatic mist (VPD 25-30). Seedlings are kept in wire-mesh cages to prevent predation by rodents. Seeds germinate within 2 weeks of sowing. Seedlings are moved to wire-mesh cages in outdoor shadehouse immediately after plumules emerge. Maunal misting is continued until true leaves emerge. | 3 weeks | Plants are grown in outdoor shadehouse. Watering regime: Deep water when pots dry to bottom (approximately 40min/once a week). Plants are fertilized with NPK 13-13-13 at 3 months. Survival rate: 90% | 2-3 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Heimbinder, Erin; Johnson, Courtney Leilani. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus arboreus</i> Sims plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1625 | Lupinus (arboreus) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lupinus | arboreus | Sims. | LUPARB | California | <i>L. arboreus</i> is found in snady places below 100 feet elevation; from Ventura County, California, to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yellow Bush Lupine | Seeds are collected between June 15th and July 15th.<br> Mature pods are brown.<br> Collect before pods splits and releases seeds. | Soak seeds overnight before sowing. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 3 seeds are sown per container containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are planted 3 times the diameter to depth.<br> Containers are watered in by hand.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination: 30% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x8" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus arboreus</i> Sims. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1626 | Lupinus (arbustus) | Fabaceae | Legume family | Lupinus | arbustus | Dougl. ex Lindl. | LUAR6 | 14 biotypes from Utah and Nevada ranging in elevation from 4750 ft. to 8850 ft. | Plains, hillsides, and valley floors, in sagebrush climax and open pine forest, mostly below 8200 ft. elev., interruptedly widespread across the northwest third of the intermountain region | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7.5 cu.in. QPlug | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Transplantable plug. 4+ true leaves. | longspur lupine, spurred lupine | Lupine pods shatter when ripe, requiring collection while the seed is still green. As seed ripens pods become thin and change from green to yellow becoming somewhat transparent. Pods are ripe for harvest when individual seeds can be discerned when held against a light background. Hand stripping, breaking or cutting ripened inflorescences all bulk seed quickly for this species. This species ripens relatively uniformly across a plant and population. Harvested lupine seeds and pods have high moisture content and must be quickly spread out to dry. Small collections are covered with metal screens and large collections with mesh tarps to catch seed as the pods forcefully dehisce. Seed typically dries to between 5 and 7 % of the initial green bulk weight. | Lupinus arbustus seed requires no scarification. Seed is moistened and inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizae. Planting occurs in late January or early February. | Greenhouse: 65øF day/ 50ø night with 12 hours of light. Beaver Plastics 91/130 Styroblock containers are filled with 7.5 in3 Q plugs leaving a ¬" headspace. Two seeds per cell are planted ¬" to «" deep. Trays are heavily watered three to four times to saturate potting media. (Q Plugs are available from International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | Germination begins in about 4 days. Trays are watered as needed to ensure seed remains moist | 4 weeks, with most germination occurring during week 2. The first true leaves emerge in about two weeks. | Trays are thinned to 1 plant per cell. At 2 week intervals, beginning at 4 weeks, plants are fertilized with a liquid drench (15N:15P:15K). | 8 weeks. | Retrieved Dec., 13, 2006, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1989. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 3, Fabales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 26 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus arbustus</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. plants 7.5 cu.in. QPlug; USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1627 | Lupinus (arcticus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lupinus | arcticus | S. Wats. | Lupinus | latifolius | J.G. Agardh | LUPARC | L. arcticus is found from Alaska to the Northwest Territories and south to northern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic lupine | Germination occurs at 20 C and 21C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>McLean, A. (1967). Germination of forest range species from southern British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 20, 321-322.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus arcticus</i> S. Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1628 | Lupinus (argenteus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lupinus | argenteus | Pursh | LUAR3 | Deschutes National Forest, Bend Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Silvery lupine | Very small lot, 0.43 pounds, nursery grown and collected. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus argenteus</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1629 | Lupinus (argenteus) | Fabaceae | Legume family | Lupinus | argenteus | Pursh | LUAR3 | 9 Biotypes from Utah and Nevada, ranging in elevation from 5600 ft to 7450 ft. | Widespread between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra-Cascade cordillera with numerous varieties. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7.5 cu.in. Q Plug. | 11 Weeks | Weeks | Transplantable plug. 4+ true leaves. | silvery lupine | Lupine pods shatter when ripe, requiring collection while the seed is still green. As seed ripens pods become thin and change from green to yellow becoming somewhat transparent. Pods are ripe for harvest when individual seeds can be readily discerned when held against a light background. Seed can be collected by hand stripping the pods or breaking or cutting ripened inflorescences. This species does not ripen uniformly. Multiple collecting trips are required to maximize harvest. Harvested lupine seeds and pods have high moisture content and must be spread out to dry quickly. Small collections are covered with metal screens and large collections with mesh tarps to catch seed as the pods forcefully dehisce. Seed cleans out to 3-4% of initial bulk green weight. | Seed is placed in boiling water for 1 minute and then put on moistened blotter paper in a Petri dish to imbibe. Most seed that is adequately scarified by this method will imbibe within a week. Seed is refrigerated during the imbibing interval to retard fungal growth. Imbibed seed is inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizae then planted. Planting occurs in late January or early February. | Greenhouse: 65øF day/ 50ø night with 12 hours of light. Beaver Plastics 91/130 Styroblock containers are filled with 7.5 in3 Q plugs leaving a ¬" headspace. Two seeds per cell are planted ¬" to «" deep. Trays are heavily watered three to four times to saturate potting media. (Q Plugs are available from International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | Germination begins in about 4 days. Trays are watered as needed to ensure seed remains moist. | 3 weeks. Most germination will occur within 2 weeks. The first true leaves appear about 14 days after germination. | Trays are thinned to 1 plant per cell. At 2 week intervals, beginning at 4 weeks, plants are fertilized with a liquid drench (15N:15P:15K). | 8 weeks. | Retrieved Dec., 13, 2006, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1989. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 3, Fabales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 26 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus argenteus</i> Pursh plants 7.5 cu.in. Q Plug.; USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1630 | Lupinus (argenteus) | Fabaceae | Lupinus | argenteus | Colorado, Cow Creek (98-203s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Silvery Lupine | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<p> Cow Creek (98-203s) sowed 1/19/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus argenteus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1631 | Lupinus (bicolor) | Fabaceae | Lupine family | Lupinus | bicolor | Lindley | LUBI | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | miniture lupine | Seed pods wre clipped from plants when they began to turn light brown. Pods were collected in paper bags and placed in an open green house to dry. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus bicolor</i> Lindley plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1632 | Lupinus (bicolor) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lupinus | bicolor | Lind. | LUPBIC | Preisidio, California | <i>L. bicolor</i> is found in sandy places below 3,000 feet elevation; from Humboldt County to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Bicolor Lupine | Seeds are collected between May 6th and May 26th.<br> Mature pods are dark brown to black.<br> Seed is 5 to 8 mm in diameter. | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are sown in containers containing potting soil.<br> Seeds are sown on September 1st.<br> % Germination: 40% | Seeds germinate 45 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 45 days after germination to individual containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | 3 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus bicolor</i> Lind. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1633 | Lupinus (caudatus) | Fabaceae | Legume family | Lupinus | caudatus | Kellogg | LUCA | 5 biotypes from Nevada ranging in elevation from 4700 to 6500 ft. | Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming, south to California, Nevada, Arizona and Colorado. Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, aspen, mixed conifer and grassland communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | .5 cu.in. QPlug | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Transplantable plug. 4+ true leaves. | tailcup lupine | Lupine pods shatter when ripe, requiring collection while the seed is still green. As seed ripens pods become thin and change from green to yellow becoming somewhat transparent. Pods are ripe for harvest when individual seeds can be readily made out as a pod is held to the sky. Seed can be collected by hand stripping or breaking or cutting ripened inflorescences. This species does not ripen uniformly. Multiple collecting trips are required to maximize harvest. Harvested lupine seeds and pods have high moisturecontent and must be spread out to dry quickly. Small collections are covered with metal screens and large collections with mesh tarps to catch seed as the pods forcefully dehisce. | Seed is placed in boiling water for 1 minute and then put on moistened blotter paper in a Petri dish to imbibe. Most seed that is adequately scarified by this method will imbibe within a week. Seed is refrigerated during the imbibing interval to retard fungal growth. Imbibed seed is inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizae then planted. Planting occurs in late January or early February. | Greenhouse: 65øF day/ 50ø night with 12 hours of light. Beaver Plastics 91/130 Styroblock containers are filled with 7.5 in3 Q plugs leaving a ¬" headspace. Two seeds per cell are planted ¬" to «" deep. Trays are heavily watered three to four times to saturate potting media. (Q Plugs are available from International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | Germination begins in about 4 days. Trays are watered as needed to ensure seed remains moist. | 4 weeks. About 70% of germination occurs within 11 days. The first true leaves appear in about 2 weeks. | Trays are thinned to 1 plant per cell. At 2 week intervals, beginning at 4 weeks, plants are fertilized with a liquid drench (15N:15P:15K). | 8 weeks. | Welsh, S. L., Atwood, N. D., S. Goodrich and Higgins, L. C. 2003. A Utah Flora. Third Edition, revised. Brigham Young University, Provo. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 26 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus caudatus</i> Kellogg plants .5 cu.in. QPlug; USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1634 | Lupinus (chamissonis) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lupinus | chamissonis | Eschs. | LUPCHA | Fort Funston, California | <i>L. chamissonis</i> is found in sandy places and dunes from Marin County to Los Angeles County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Chamisso Bush Lupine | Seeds are collected between April 1st and June 30th.<br> Mature pods are brown.<br> Seed is dark and speckled and 3 to 4 mm long at maturity. | Scarify using sandpaper for 5 minutes. Heat water and soak seeds overnight. Seeds that do not imbibe need to be re-scarified and soaked. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media and planted 2 times the diameter to depth.<br> Flats are watered in by hand.<br> Seeds are sown on October 15th.<br> % Germination: 95% | Seeds germinate 3 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 3 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing 1 part standard compost mix to 1 part sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 1 week | After seedlings are transplanted, they are moved to the shadehouse.Seedlings do not transplant well. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus chamissonis</i> Eschs. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1635 | Lupinus (covillei) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | covillei | Depressions, meadow edges, moist rocky slopes, 8,000-11,000 feet. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lupine | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> <u>Seed</u>: no treatment required for fresh seed; scarification or hot water for stored seed. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus covillei</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1636 | Lupinus (elmeri) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | elmeri | Dry alpine summits, 6,500-11,500 feet. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dwarf Lupine | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> No treatment required for fresh seed; scarification or hot water for stored seed. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus elmeri</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1637 | Lupinus (havardii) | Leguminosae | Legume Family | Lupinus | havardii | S. Wats. | LUHA | Frequent in deserts, usually in alluvium or fine talus, south parts of Hudspeth, Presidio and Brewster Counties in the Trans-Pecos, spring; also Chihuahua. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 2.5 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Taproots slender. | Chisos bluebonnet | Collected at NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas on 5/05/1993. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Inoculant. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Rhizobia inoculation before seeding on listed beds, irrigation and cultivation. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> October.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Overall, all seeds germinated within a month, but a large mortality rate of plants occurred in spring when irrigation was applied. There was not a substantial amount of seeds at harvest time.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grain or grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> May.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late spring.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | Ajilvsgi 1991, 335; Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 803; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Lupinus havardii</i> S. Wats. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1638 | Lupinus (latifolius) | Fabaceae | Legume | Lupinus | latifolius | Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh | LULA4 | Crater Lake at 6,000 to 6,700 ft elev.; Mt Rainier - 3 collections along highways on theeast side of park at elevations of 2,000 to 5,400 ft. | Washington, Oregon, California - east to Utah and Arizona. In Cascade Mtns, B.C. to Calif.; ranges from subalpine to lowland eleveations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7 or 10" cones | 5 Months | Months | Healthy crowns, root development with some branching (tap-root habit; roots not expected to form a solid "plug") | broadleaf lupine | Seed pods hand-stripped just as they begin to turn brown (ripened seed pods shatter very quickly) ; placed into cloth seed sacks and held in a cool, shaded location until they can be spread out on benches in the poly house to dry. Ripened seed will have a duller, whitish appearance; seed collected too "green" tends to shrivel on drying. Pods contain high levels of moisture initially and these collections need to be handled carefully to keep from overheating during transit. Seed pods were plentiful in most years except for 2 seasons that were exceptionally warm in early spring. | Scarification with a hot water (pour hot tap water over seed a few times and then allow seed to steep in water while it cools) or mechanical scarification in a seed tumbler seems toaid in germination. Even with such treatment, there will be varying levels of hard seed that remains impermeable. | Seeds sown singly into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 soil-less potting mix amended with micromax trace elements, covered with 1/8" soil and placed into greenhouse at moderate temperatures (75 F days / 55 to 60 F nights). Seed can be inoculated with Rhizobium lupini inoculant (Nitragin Corp, Wisconsin, US) at sowing time. Four- inch- deep peat pots have also been used for producing spring transplants if established seedlings can be outplanted within 3 or 4 months. | Germination will be scattered; some seedlings emerging up to 45 days after sowing. During this time, medium is kept moist but good air flow is also important to prevent mildew. | 6 weeks | Seedlings fertilized once or twice with Peters' 9-45-15 starter fertilizer at half rate; seedlings need to be watched closely for powdery mildew. Mildew is mostly a problem if leaves are allowed to remain wet over night. Plants moved to an outdoor shade house (50% shadecloth) in May on elevated benches to allow good drainage. By mid-summer, cones may need to be spread out to every other cell in the racks to allow room for leaf / crown growth. | April to July | no fertilizer after July 1; irrigation intervals lengthened in August and shade cloth removed late August / September for full sun acclimation | 6 weeks | Plants shipped via refrigerated van or in protected, cool boxes in their cones in August / early September to parks for further acclimation prior to outplanting. | not recommended to everwinter in pots | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus latifolius</i> Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh plants 7 or 10" cones; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1639 | Lupinus (latifolius) | Fabaceae | Legume | Lupinus | latifolius | Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh | LULA4 | Crater Lake at 6,000 to 6,700 ft elev.; Mt Rainier - 3 collections along highways on the east side of park at elevations of 2,000 to 5,400 ft. | Washington, Oregon, California - east to Utah and Arizona | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed | 1 Years | Years | Clean, sound seed free of noxious weeds. | broadleaf lupine | Seed pods hand-stripped just as they begin to turn brown (ripened seed pods shatter very quickly) ; placed into cloth seed sacks and held in a cool, shaded location until they can be spread out on benches in the poly house to dry. Ripened seed will have a duller, whitish appearance; seed collected too "green" tends to shrivel on drying. Pods contain high levels of moisture initially and these collections need to be handled carefully to keep from overheating during transit. Seed pods were plentiful in most years except for 2 seasons that were exceptionally warm in early spring. | Scarification with a hot water (pour hot tap water over seed a few times and then allow seed to steep in water while it cools) or mechanical scarification in a seed tumbler seems to aid in germination. Even with such treatment, there will be varying levels of hard seed that remains impermeable. Scarified seed then inoculated with Rhizobium lupini (available from Nitragin Corp, Wisconsin, US) | Fine, weed-free seed bed prepared and amended with 2 lbs / a Boron ( a "standard" fertilization procedure for the heavily leached soils of the Willamette Valley prior to seeding with legume crops). | Both direct-seeding and transplanting were used for small field seed increase blocks at the PMC. Seeds direct-sown at shallow planting depth in small test plots (up to 0.2 acres) at 50 lbs/ac bulk rate. Germination will be scattered; some seedlings emerging up to 45 days after sowing. During this time, sprinkler irrigation is provided as needed to prevent soil crusting. Weed competition was a serious problem, with no selective herbicides available to control broadleaf weeds. <p> Transplants were produced in 4" deep peat pots in the greenhouse starting in February (see separate protocol for plug production), and hand-transplanted in April or early May. Transplanting into mulch fabric at 36" spacing was also tried, and resulted in much better first season survival, larger plants and increased seed production during the first year. However, winter survival was not high with or without mulch - it was felt that the (black) mulch fabric may have caused some mortality by raising soil temperatures around the crowns. Transplanting in non-mulched plots was on 6" within-row spacing; 36" between rows to allow mechanical cultivation for weed control. | 6 weeks | Weed control was provided with manual hoeing and weeding within rows, and, for non-mulched plots, mechanical tillage between rows. Few pest problems noted; with the exception of a heavy infestation of lepidoptera one year which were easily controlled with a single application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bti) Powdery mildew often showed up on plants around seed ripening time or later; but did not appear to weaken plant growth or affect winter survival. | March to July | na | na | Seeds ripen very unevenly and the indeterminate growth habit combined with pod shatter makes it difficult to recover the majority of seeds; plants were hand harvested from the small test plots up to 4x in June and July. Amounts collected ranged from 180 grams /0.005 acres (79.2 lbs/ac ) from a first-year plot established form spring transplants, to less than 15 g/0.01 ac on a 2nd-year stand after extensive winter die-off. Much higher per-plant yields were obtained from small experimental plantings grown in mulch fabric and harvested more frequently but this would not be feasible on a production basis. | Some seed remains viable for several years in cool, dry storage, due in part to presence of hard seed. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus latifolius</i> Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh seeds seed; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1640 | Lupinus (latifolius) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lupinus | latifolius | Lindl. ex J. Agardh | LULA4 | Willamette National Forest, Salmon Creek-Lower Salmon Creek, Oregon; 4500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Broadleaf Lupine | Small lot, 2.5 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus latifolius</i> Lindl. ex J. Agardh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1641 | Lupinus (latifolius) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lupinus | latifolius | LULA4 | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | broadleaf lupine | Seed has a hard seed coat that must be scarified with hot water or a seed tumbler. The following scarification technique was successful at Horning Seed Orchard: Put seed in nylon or cotton bag(s). Boil water in a container large enough to fit the bag(s). Remove container from heat and immerse bag(s) in water for one minute. Remove seed from water and rinse immediately with cold water. Drip dry and sow promptly. If seed is not completely dry before sowing, talc powder can be sprinkled on seed for easier handling. Ohter sources recommend letting seed remain in water as it cools, but that technique produced almost no germination at Horning Seed Orchard. | Kolden, Eleanor P. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus latifolius</i> seeds USDI BLM - Horning Seed Orchard Salem, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1642 | Lupinus (lepidus) | Fabaceae | pea | Lupinus | lepidus | LULE2 | Northwestern portions of the United States (Oregon, Washington & Alaska) and the far western quadrant of Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Pacific lupine | Placement in a warm growth chamber or greenhouse, in our experiences, is sufficient to stimulate germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus lepidus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1643 | Lupinus (leucophyllus) | Fabaceae | Legume | Lupinus | leucophyllus | Dougl. ex Lindl. | LULE3 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA | Western North America east of the Cascade Mountains in southern British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, extending into Idaho, Montana, California, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. In eastern Washington it is common in shrub-steppe, meadow-steppe, and open ponderosa pine forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Velvet lupine, Wooly-leaf lupine | Seeds are collected when the pods begin to split in July and August. Pods can be collected individually for maximum seed yield or the entire stalk may be cut. Cutting entire stalks results in collection of much immature seed. Ripening is indeterminant and the pods shatter readily when ripe. Seed collection must be done frequently. Use of Spodnam, an abscission layer inhibitor, did not appreciably reduce shattering. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned.<p> There is a wide variation in size, shape, and color of the seed. | The seed coat restricts water uptake and germination is increased by scarification. Seed of <i>L. polyphyllus</i> benefits from hot water scarification (Kruckeberg 1996). Some other lupine species require acid or hot water scarification while some germinate without pretreatment (Young & Young 1986). Fresh seed of <i>L. sericeus</i> germinates without pretreatment but stored seed should be hot water scarified (Mirov & Kraebel 1939). <i>L. argenteus</i> seed should be scarified (McDonough 1969). Romme et al (1995) found, however, that scarification increased the speed of germination but not total germination for <i>L. argenteus</i>. <br> The seed is brittle and easily damaged by mechanical scarifiers. Even short times in a mechanical scarifier resulted in 77% of the seed being broken or the seed coat entirely removed. Filling the scarifier to capacity may reduce damage. Rubbing the seed by hand between two pieces of sandpaper is effective but it is difficult to control the amount of scarification. Hot water scarification is the most effective method. Water is boiled, then removed from the heat source and seed immediately placed in the hot water. It is allowed to cool for several hours, then planted. Results of trials at the Pullman Plant Materials Center showed 77% emergence by this method, compared to 45% emergence from unscarified seed and 45% emergence from seed stratified for 30 days outdoors during the winter. | Seed should be inoculated with the proper Rhizobium species prior to planting. In January scarified seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until emergence occurs. Emergence usually begins in 5-6 days and continues over a period of 3-4 weeks. | 4 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 2.5-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> McDonough, Walter T. 1969. Effective Treatments for the Induction of Germination in Mountain Rangeland Species. Northwest Science 43:18-22.<p> Mirov, N.T., and C.J. Kraebel. 1939. Collecting and Handling Seeds of Wild Plants. Civilian Conservation Corps Forestry publ. No.5. US Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> Romme, William H., Laura Bohland, Cynthia Perischetty, and Tanya Caruso. 1995. Germination Ecology of Some Common Forest Herbs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 27:407-412.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Stevens, Richard, Kent R. Jorgensen, and James N. Davis. 1981. Viability of Seed From Thirty-two Shrub and Forb Species Through Fifteen Years of Warehouse Storage. Great Basin Naturalist 41:274-277.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (21 March 2007).<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 21 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus leucophyllus</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1644 | Lupinus (littoralis) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | littoralis | LILU2 | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | Seashore lupine can be found from British Columbia to Northern California in the immediate vicinity of the shoreline. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | seashore lupine | Lupinus littoralis seeds are not dormant and readily germinate in warm or cool temperatures. In our experiments the seeds germinated at a percentage of 49% when placed directly into the warm growth chamber (75F) and at 40% after 4 weeks in the cooler (35F). | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus littoralis</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1645 | Lupinus (luetiolus) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | luetiolus | Lupinus | milo-bakeri | LULU2 | This species can be found primarily (possibly exclusively) in Oregon and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | pale yellow lupine | No treatment appears to be needed prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus luetiolus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1646 | Lupinus (obtusilobus) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | obtusilobus | Lupinus | ornatus | LUOB | Nevada and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | bluntlobe lupine | Scarification prior to placement in a warm greenhouse seems to best facilitate germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus obtusilobus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1647 | Lupinus (oreganus) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | oreganus | LUOR | Oregon, Washington, and Western Canada | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | oregon lupine | In our tests, this plant is best served by 8 weeks cool/moist stratification for top germination rates. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus oreganus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1648 | Lupinus (polyphyllus) | Fabaceae | Pea | Lupinus | polyphyllus | LUPO2 | This plant can be found on both the western and Eastern side of the US (although more confined to the Northern portion of the Eastern US) as well as parts of Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | bigleaf lupine | Scarification and placement in a warm greenhouse aided germination in our growing experience. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus polyphyllus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1649 | Lupinus (prunophilus) | Fabaceae | Legume family | Lupinus | prunophilus | M.E. Jones | LUPR2 | Tintic Mountains, Juab Co., Utah. 6500 ft elev. | Widespread in valleys and foothill canyons below 7200 ft; from the Lake Section in Eastern Oregon south and east to the Calcareous Mountains Section in Nevada, the northern Bonneville Basin Section in Utah, to the western slope of the Colorado Rocky Mountains and north to the Columbia Basin. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7.5 cu.in. QPlug, (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Readily transplantable plug. 4+ true leaves. | hairy bigleaf lupine, Robinson's lupine | Lupine pods shatter when ripe, requiring collection while the seed is still green. As seed ripens pods become thin and change from green to yellow becoming somewhat transparent. Pods are ripe for harvest when individual seeds can be discerned when held against a light background. Hand stripping, breaking or cutting ripened inflorescences all bulk seed quickly for this species. This species ripens relatively uniformly across a plant and population. Harvested lupine seeds and pods have high moisture content and must be quickly spread out to dry. Small collections are covered with metal screens and large collections with mesh tarps to catch seed as the pods forcefully dehisce. Seed typically dries to between 5 and 7 % of the initial green bulk weight. | Seed is placed in boiling water for 1 minute, removed then placed on moistened blotter paper in a Petri dish to imbibe. Imbibation rates increased from about 66% to 90% by boiling seed. Most seed that is adequately scarified by this method will imbibe within a week. Damaged seed will begin to imbibe immediately. Seed is refrigerated during the imbibing interval to retard fungal growth. Imbibed seed is inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizae then planted. Planting occurs in late January or early February. | Greenhouse: 65øF day/ 50ø night with 12 hours of light. Beaver Plastics 91/130 Styroblock containers are filled with 7.5 in3 Q plugs leaving a ¬ " headspace. Two seeds per cell are planted ¬" to «" deep. Trays are heavily watered three to four times to saturate potting media. (Q Plugs are available from International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | Germination begins in about 4 days. Trays are watered as needed to ensure seed remains moist. | 4 weeks. Germination begins in about 5 days and remains slow for 2 weeks. Most germination occurs during the 3rd week. The first true leaves emerge in about 2 weeks. | Trays are thinned to 1 plant per cell. At 2 week intervals, beginning at 4 weeks, plants are fertilized with a liquid drench (15N:15P:15K). | 8 weeks. | Retrieved Dec., 13, 2006, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, http://www.itis.gov. Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1989. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 3, Fabales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus prunophilus</i> M.E. Jones plants 7.5 cu.in. QPlug, (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com); USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1650 | Lupinus (rivularis) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lupinus | rivularis | Douglas ex Lindl. | LURI | Willamette National Forest, Sweet Home Ranger District, Oregon; 2000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Riverbank Lupine | Small lot, 2.3 pounds, hand collected into a mesh bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus rivularis</i> Douglas ex Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1651 | Lupinus (rivularis) | Fabaceae | pea | Lupinus | rivularis | Lupinus | lignipes | LURI | West coast of both the US (from California to Washinton) and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | riverbank lupine | No treatment is needed prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus rivularis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1652 | Lupinus (sericeus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lupinus | sericeus | Pursh. | LUPSER | Fescue grassland, 1500m elev. Glacier Co., Glacier | <i>L. sericeus</i> is found in sagebrush deserts, grasslands, and open forests, from B.C. east of the Cascades to California and Arizona, east to Alberta and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 4 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Silky lupine | Seeds are collected when legumes turn tan before dehiscence. Seeds are tan to gray at maturity. Legume pods are cut from field plants just as they begin to dry. Pods are collected in paper bags. Since Lupines dehisce forcefully, pods are are spread out in the drying shed and covered with a fine mesh cloth. | Seeds are placed in a brief 5 to 10 second hot water scarification and imedaiately transferred to cold water tocool overnight. Seeds are wrapped in moist paper towels and placed under refrigeration at 3C for a 30 day stratification. Imbibed seeds should be inoculated with Rhizobium specific to Lupinus prior to sowing. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with media.<br>Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate uniformly in 8 days at 21C. Germination to true leaf stage is 7 to 15 days. | 4 weeks | There is rapid root and shoot development during the growing season. Plants are not fertilized Plants are susceptible to root rot and <i>Botrytis</i> if there is poor air circulation between cones. | 12 weeks | Plants should be planted as soon as root tightness is obtained. Seedlings can be planted in the spring or fall. | 4 weeks | Plants should be outplanted the first year if possible. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus sericeus</i> Pursh. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1653 | Lupinus (sericeus) | Fabaceae | Legume | Lupinus | sericeus | Dougl. ex Lindl. | LUSE3 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA | Western North America from British Columbia and southwest Alberta south to Oregon, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Arizona. In eastern Washington it is typically found in sagebrush, grasslands, and open Ponderosa pine forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Silky lupine | Seeds are collected when the pods begin to split in July and August. Pods can be collected individually for maximum seed yield or the entire stalk may be cut. Cutting entire stalks results in collection of much immature seed. Ripening is indeterminant and the pods shatter readily when ripe. Seed collection must be done frequently. Use of Spodnam, an abscission layer inhibitor, did not appreciably reduce shattering. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned.<p>There is wide variation in seed size within and among plants. Link (1993) reports 19,700 to 42,000 seeds/pound while Hassell et al (1996) reports a range of 12,900 to 42,000 seeds/pound. | The seed coat restricts water uptake and germination is increased by scarification. Seed of <i>L. polyphyllus</i> benefits from hot water scarification (Kruckeberg 1996). Some other lupine species require acid or hot water scarification while others germinate without pretreatment(Young & Young 1986). Fresh seed germinates without pretreatment but stored seed should be hot water scarified (Mirov & Kraebel 1939). <i>L. argenteus</i> seed should be scarified (McDonough 1969). Romme et al (1995) found, however, that scarification increased the speed of germination but not total germination for <i>L. argenteus</i>. <br> The seed of <i>L. sericeus</i> is also brittle and easily damaged by mechanical scarifiers. Rubbing the seed by hand between two pieces of sandpaper is effective but it is difficult to control the amount of scarification. Hot water scarification is the most effective method. Water is boiled, then removed from the heat source and seed immediately placed in the hot water. It is allowed to cool for several hours, then planted. Results of trials at the Pullman Plant Materials Center showed 75% emergence by this method. | Seed should be inoculated with the appropriate Rhizombium species before sowing. In January scarified seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until emergence occurs. Emergence begins in 5 days and is usually complete in 3 weeks. However, a few seeds may germinate after 5-6 weeks. | 3 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2 weeks | Hassell, Wendell, W. Rocky Beavers, Steve Ouellette, and Thomas Mitchell. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 25 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Link, Ellen (ed.). 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan. 240 pp.<p> McDonough, Walter T. 1969. Effective Treatments for the Induction of Germination in Mountain Rangeland Species. Northwest Science 43:18-22.<p> Mirov, N.T., and C.J. Kraebel. 1939. Collecting and Handling Seeds of Wild Plants. Civilian Conservation Corps Forestry publ. No.5. US Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> Romme, William H., Laura Bohland, Cynthia Perischetty, and Tanya Caruso. 1995. Germination Ecology of Some Common Forest Herbs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 27:407-412.<p> Rose, Robin, Caryn E.C. Chachulski, and Diane L. Haase. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. 248 pp.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Stevens, Richard, Kent R. Jorgensen, and James N. Davis. 1981. Viability of Seed From Thirty-two Shrub and Forb Species Through Fifteen Years of Warehouse Storage. Great Basin Naturalist 41:274-277.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus sericeus</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1654 | Lupinus (sericeus) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Lupinus | sericeus | Pursh | LUSE4 | Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests, Wenatchee River Ranger District, Leavenworth, Washington; 4000 ft elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Silky lupine | Small lot, 1.1 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lupinus sericeus</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1655 | Lupinus (sericeus) | Fabaceae | Legume family | Lupinus | sericeus | Pursh | LUSE4 | 3 biotypes from Utah and Nevada from elevations between 5775 and 6350 ft. | Meadows, dry banks, bunchgrass prairies, sagebrush plains, and openings in brush-woodland and aspen-conifer forest, reaching 8200 ft. in the Rocky Mountains, 10,200 ft. in Utah, and descending to 820 ft. in the Columbia Basin. Common in the eastern plains of the Snake River valley Idaho into Wyoming, reaching Nevada only in the mountainous northern Elko county, in Utah frequent on the north slope of the Uinta mountains and both slopes of the Wasatch mountains and Utah Plateaus into Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7.5 cu.in. QPlug | 11 Weeks | Weeks | Readily transplantable plug. 4+ true leaves. | silky lupine | Lupine pods shatter when ripe, requiring collection while the seed is still green. As seed ripens pods become thin and change from green to yellow becoming somewhat transparent. Pods are ripe for harvest when individual seeds can be readily discerned when held against a light background. Seed can be collected by hand stripping the pods or breaking or cutting ripened inflorescences. This species does not ripen uniformly. Multiple collecting trips are required to maximize harvest. Harvested lupine seeds and pods have high moisture content and must be spread out to dry quickly. Small collections are covered with metal screens and large collections with mesh tarps to catch seed as the pods forcefully dehisce. Seed cleans out to 3-4% of initial bulk green weight. | Seed is placed in boiling water for 1 minute, removed then placed on moistened blotter paper in a Petri dish to imbibe. Most seed that is adequately scarified by this method will imbibe within a week. Damaged seed will begin to imbibe immediately. Seed is refrigerated during the imbibing interval to retard fungal growth. Imbibed seed is inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizae then planted. Planting occurs in late January or early February. | Greenhouse: 65øF day/ 50ø night with 12 hours of light. Beaver Plastics 91/130 Styroblock containers are filled with 7.5 in3 Q plugs leaving a ¬" headspace. Two seeds per cell are planted ¬" to «" deep. Trays are heavily watered three to four times to saturate potting media. (QPlugs are available from International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | Germination begins in about 4 days. Trays are watered as needed to ensure seed remains moist. | 3 weeks. Most germination occurs during the first 10 days. | Trays are thinned to 1 plant per cell. At 2 week intervals, beginning at 4 weeks, plants are fertilized with a liquid drench (15N:15P:15K). | 8 weeks. | Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A. H., Holmgren, N. H., Reveal, J.L. and Holmgren, P. K. 1989. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 3, Fabales. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 26 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Jensen, Scott L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus sericeus</i> Pursh plants 7.5 cu.in. QPlug; USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory Provo, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1656 | Lupinus (succulentus) | Fabaceae | Legume Family | Lupinus | succulentus | Dougl. ex K. Koch | LUPSUC | Catalina Island, California | Arroyo lupine is an annual species found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits open grassy slopes and rocky ridges. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 inch containers | 4 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Arroyo Lupine | Pods are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected pods from late May to June. | We use 5 minute 5% bleach solution soak to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> We use a 2 hour hot water scarification treatment to maximize germination rates.<br>Germination percentages have ranged from 20 to 98%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during early spring months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. | 1 month | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 2 inch containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. | 3 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Herrera, Mike. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus succulentus</i> Dougl. ex K. Koch plants 2 inch containers; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1657 | Lupinus (versicolor) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Lupinus | versicolor | Lindl. | Lupinus | varicolor | Steud. | LUPVAR | Marin county, California | <i>L. versicolor</i> is found below 1,000 feet elevation; from Humboldt County to San Luis Obispo, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Many Colored Lupine | Seeds are collected between April 1st and July 1st.<br> Mature pods are brown. Pods can be collected early if at least 4 inches of stem is collected with the pods. Pods will dry and open at room temperature.<br> Seed is greenish brown at maturity. | Wash seeds in a 5% bleach solution for 1 minute. Dry seeds completely. Place seeds in a sterile rock tumbler with sterile, sharp edged rocks.<br> Tumble for 72 hours. Inspect with hand lens; if seeds are not scratched, tumble for another 36 hours.<br> Remove seeds and soak in fresh water overnight. Seeds which have imbibed are ready to sow. Seeds which remain hard should be tumbled for another 72 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 1 seed is sown per container 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are sown 2 times the diameter to depth and are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 28 days | Water this species carefully,making sure the top inch of soil dries between waterings.<br> Remove and quarantine plants at the first sign of fungal attack. Bring into greenhouse when weather is foggy for extended periods of time.<br> Protect germinating seeds from rodents. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lupinus versicolor</i> Lindl. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1658 | Luzula (campestris) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Luzula | campestris | (L.) DC | Luzula | comosa | E. Meyer | LUCA2 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | field woodrush | Entire seed heads are clipped from plants when seeds are mature. Plant material is left in an open greenhouse to dry. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Seeds need a brief cold period to germinate. Flats were left outside in fall. | Seedlings emerged quickly. | Plants grew steady through out the winter and flowered in mid spring. | Plants were watered year-round and never went dormant. | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Luzula campestris</i> (L.) DC plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1659 | Luzula (glabrata) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Luzula | glabrata | Hamet-Ahti | Variety | hitchcockii | (H„met-Ahti) Dorn | Luzula | hitchcockii | Hamet-Ahti | LUZHIT | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. | <i>L. glabrata</i> var. <i>hitchcockii</i> occurs from southern B.C. to Oregon, and from southwest Alberta, Idaho, Montana, and northern Wyoming; in montane forests to subalpine and alpine meadows and slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 to 6 true leaves; 5 to 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in containers. | Hitchcock's smooth woodrush | Fruits are reddish-brown capsules containing three seeds Seeds are collected in September when capsules begin to split open revealing shiny black seeds. Seeds are collected using scissors and paper bags. | Outdoor nursery seed subjected to 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification.<br> Mechanical or hot water scarification or repeated freeze thaw cycles of stratified seeds may aid in breaking physical dormancy and increasing germination percentages. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. Media is kept moist during germination. Shoot and root development occur slowly following germination. | 8 weeks | Root development of this species occurs at a moderate rate during the growing season. This species has a loosely caespitose root system. Plants grown in conetainers do not fill; shallow square pots are more appropriate. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 2, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-103, Jan.1981.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Native and Introduced Species Statistics, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Luzula glabrata</i> Hamet-Ahti plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
1660 | Luzula (parviflora) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Luzula | parviflora | (Ehrh.) Desv. | LUZPAR | L. parviflora is a circumboreal species found south in North America to California, Arizona, New Mexico, Minnesota and New York. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Small flowered wood rush | Bell, K. L. and Amen, R. D. (1970). Seed dormancy in Luzula spicata and L. parviflora. Ecology 51, 492-496.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Luzula parviflora</i> (Ehrh.) Desv. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1661 | Luzula (parviflora) | Juncaceae | Rush | Luzula | parviflora | (Ehrh.) Desv. | LUPA4 | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | smallflowered woodrush | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Seeds were placed in plastic germination boxes on moistened germination paper and stored in a growth chamber set at 8 degrees celcius days and 4 degrees celcius nights with 8 hours of light for 45 and 90 days each. One "control" box of seeds was left in a greenhouse set at fall temperatures (16 degrees celcius days/10 degrees celcius nights.) | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Luzula parviflora</i> (Ehrh.) Desv. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1662 | Luzula (spicata) | Juncaceae | Rush family | Luzula | spicata | (L.) DC | LUZSPI | L. spicata is a circumboreal species found south in North America to California, and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spiked wood rush | Amen, R. D. (1965). Seed dormancy in the alpine rush, Luzula spicata L. Ecology 46, 361-364.Amen, R. D. (1967). The effects of gibberellic acid and scarification on the seed dormancy and germination in Luzula spicata. Physiol. Plant. 20, 6-12.<br>Bell, K. L. and Amen, R. D. (1970). Seed dormancy in Luzula spicata and L. parviflora. Ecology 51,492-496.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Luzula spicata</i> (L.) DC plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1663 | Lycium (andersonii) | Solanaceae | Nightshade Family | Lycium | andersonii | Gray | LYCAND | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Lycium andersonii</i> common in the Mojave and Colorado deserts from southern California north to Mono County and east to Utah and New Mexico and south to Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container | Anderson's Wolfberry | Seeds are hand collected in June when berries have fully matured. | Seeds are soaked in water for 10 to 24 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br>Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %:65 to 70% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lycium andersonii</i> Gray plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1664 | Lycium (berlandieri) | Solanaceae | Potato Family | Lycium | berlandieri | Dunal | Madrean Archipelago | Berlandier’s wolfberry is a species typical of the Chihuahuan and Sonoran desert scrub ecosystems found in Northern Mexico and in the United States from Arizona to Texas (Matthews 1994). It grows along washes and on flats, rocky slopes and gravelly hills (Matthews 1994). In Arizona it flowers March-September (Matthews 1994). It is a particularly important food and shelter source for Gambel’s quail and scaled quail, although other birds and rodents utilize it as well (Matthews 1994). Berlandier wolfberry is drought tolerant, losing its leaves and becoming dormant under water stress (Matthews 1994).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Berlandier’s Wolfberry | Collect mature berries by hand.
| Germination rates of some Lycium sp. increase with cold stratification, although it varies between species and some do not require stratification (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Untreated Lycium andersonii seeds have germination rates between 68% and 94% while Lycium barbarum seeds need 60-120 days of cold stratification in moist sand at 5°C to achieve germination results of 74% (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Information on germination rates and stratification of Berlandier wolfberry is lacking, so germination tests on untreated and stratified seed of this species would be beneficial. Berlandier wolfberry can also be propagated by cutting (Matthews 1994).
| Bonner, Franklin T. and Robert P. Karrfalt, eds.The woody plant seed manual, USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 727. Government Printing Office, Washington DC: U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2008.
Dreeson, David. “Tumbling for Seed Cleaning and Conditioning.” 2004 LLPMC Annual Technical Report. Las Lunas, NM, 2004. Web. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/nmpmcrj5935.pdf. Matthews, Robin F. “Lycium berlandieri.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 1994. Web. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, January 26]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lycium berlandieri</i> Dunal Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1665 | Lycium (cooperi) | Solanaceae | Nightshade Family | Lycium | cooperi | Gray | LYCCOO | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Lycium cooperi</i> is found on dry mesas and slopes the Mojave and Colorado deserts from upper San Joaquin Valley to Kern County south to southern California and east to Utah and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Cooper's Wolfberry | Seeds are hand collected in when berries have fully matured. | Seeds are soaked in water for 10 to 24 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %:65 to 70% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is coveredwith a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lycium cooperi</i> Gray plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1666 | Lycium (fremontii) | Solanaceae | Potato family | Lycium | fremontii | A. Gray | LYFR | BLM, Seeds of Success, USFS land, Tonto National Forest, North Power Road, 5 miles east of the junction with Highway 202, south side of road, Maricopa County, Arizona: 1497 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Fremont's desert-thorn | Small lot, 9.23 pounds, hand collected into plastic zip-lock bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Lycium fremontii</i> A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1667 | Lycopus (americanus) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Lycopus | americanus | Muhl. ex W. Bart. | LYCAME | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American bugle weed | Seeds were cold stratified for 270 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Shipley and Parent 1991.Germination responses in 64 wetland species in relation to seed size, minimum time to reproduction and seedling relative growth rate. Func. Ecology. 5, 111-118. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lycopus americanus</i> Muhl. ex W. Bart. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1668 | Macaranga (carolinensis) | Euphorbiaceae | Spurge Family | Macaranga | carolinensis | MACCAR | Yap Islands | Bith is an endemic species to the Caroline islands. It inhabits coasal strand forest and interior island forests on limestone bedrock. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybag | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Bith | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flatsare checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 4 weeks | Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Macaranga carolinensis</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybag; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1669 | Machaeranthera | Asteraceae | Machaeranthera | MACHA | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-015s), Twin Sisters (98-078s), Endovalley (98-142s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Tansyaster | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed removed from seed head.<p> Collected at Sprague Lake (98-015s) on 9/16/98; Twin Sisters (98-078s) on 9/21/98; Endovalley (98-142s) on 10/3/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> one. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heat pad (set to 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown on 4x8 or 36pk seed flat 2-3 seeds/slot. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 3 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uneven but rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Sprague Lake (98-015s) sowed on 10/27/98; Twin Sisters (98-078s) sowed on 11/12/98; Endovalley (98-142s) sowed on 12/8/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Machaeranthera</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1670 | Machaeranthera (canescens) | Asteraceae | Machaeranthera | canescens | Dieteria | canescens | MACA2 | wild collected from San Juan County, New Mexico | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | hoary tansyaster | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from San Juan County, New Mexico germinated to nearly 100% in all three treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Germination also reached 80% in the early-spring treatment with cold night temperature (34°F). Treatments without cold or winter conditions (treatments 3 & 5) had very little germination (under 25%). This suggests that seeding in warm conditions where the temperature does not drop below 41°F at night will significantly lower the percent of seeds that will germinate. Additional research is needed to determine the extent to which these results are characteristic of the species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationMACA shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Machaeranthera canescens</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1671 | Machaeranthera (canescens) | Asteraceae | Machaeranthera | canescens | (Pursh) Gray | Mountain Home Uplands (at the collection site, growing with squirreltail grass, Sandberg bluegrass, cheatgrass), Elmore County, ID, 957 m | Typically an early successional species of dry open habitats, from lowlands to more than 3000 m, but more common at lower elevations. Widespread in the western U.S. and Canada, mainly east of the Cascade-Sierran summits, east to North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska, and south to southern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, and central New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hoary aster | Purple flowers bloom from July to October. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (achene) matures 4 to 5 weeks after flowering. Mature achenes are cream-colored to tan and easily dispersed by the wind. The seed (achenes) was collected by hand into containers. Seed maturation is indeterminate. After collection, the seed was thoroughly dried and placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. It was then stored in brown glass jars at room temperature prior to propagation trials. | Achenes were placed in germination boxes with 2 layers of blotter paper moistened with distilled water. Achenes were pre-chilled for 35 days in a germinator at 4§C in the dark. Additional water was added as necessary. | Boxes containing prechilled seeds were incubated in a germinator at a constant 21§C with exposure to 12 hours of cool-white flourescent light alternating with 12 hours of darkness. Germination began in less than 5 days and was 76% complete in 8 days. Total germination percentage was 77%. | Secondary leaves began to appear approximately 7 days after germination. This species is best seeded directly onto a soil medium as the roots quickly penetrated the germination blotters. Extracting them from the paper meant losing a large portion of the seedling root, but about 90% survived when planted in containers. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 p.<br> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Machaeranthera canescens</i> (Pursh) Gray plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1672 | Machaeranthera (canescens) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Machaeranthera | canescens | (Pursh) A. Gray | MACA2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: Grant County Public Utility District property, along Columbia River, Grant County, Washington: 400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Hoary tansyaster | Very small lot, 0.12 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Machaeranthera canescens</i> (Pursh) A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1673 | Machaeranthera (canescens) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Machaeranthera | canescens | (Pursh) A. Gray | MACA2 | Intermountain West and Rocky Mountains | Western North America | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 4 Months | Months | Foundation quality seed with high purity and viability. | Hoary tansyaster | Wildland collections can be made by hand stripping or shaking ripe seed into collection bags. | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions withtemperatures of approximately 10ø C (50ø F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. | Seed is sown into weed barrier fabric at 23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 in) spacing. Seed should be planted in late fall or early spring into slightly roughened soil and then lightly covered and packed. | First emergence occurs in early spring in late April and early May. | Seed can be harvested the first full growing season. Two to three years of additional harvests may be possible depending on ecotype. Plants go dormant in late summer and can be mowed for the winter. | Seed can be collected by hand, combine, flailvac, or vacuum-type harvester. We use a "jet harvester" (Bair and Tilley 2010) with the fan running at 3,000 to 5,000 rpm. This ensures that only ripe seed is harvested and allows for multiple harvests during the season. Seed readily disarticulates from flower heads when ripe. | Bair C, Tilley DJ. 2010. The jet harvester: a shop built tool for harvesting forb and shrub seed. Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Technical Note 55. 6 p. | Tilley, Derek. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Machaeranthera canescens</i> (Pursh) A. Gray seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1674 | Machaeranthera (canescens) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Machaeranthera | canescens | (Pursh) A. Gray | MACA2 | Along Simco Road in Elmore County, southeast of Boise, Idaho. 3,150 feet/960 m elevation. | In various habitats throughout western and central North America. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 2.875 inch x 5.5 inch plant band (container) | 6 Months | Months | Healthy root development filling container | Hoary tansyaster | Seed was hand collected on October 19, 2011. Mature seed (white to tan achene) was removed from seed heads and placed directly into large paper bags, taking care to minimize dispersal into the wind. | Seed was stored at room temperature in a dark location prior to sowing. No treatment was applied. | Sowing Method: Seed (with pappus retained) was sown directly into 550 containers (3-5 seeds/container) on February 27. Soil was a 2:1:5 mix of lava fines, perlite, and Sunshine Mix #4. Seed was sown ¬ inch deep and covered with 1/8 inch layer of chicken grit. Containers were hand watered and placed outside. No fertilizer was added to soil mix. | By March 16 (18 days later), the first germinants were observed. By April 3, (5 weeks later), approximately 80% of the containers had at least one seedling. On May 3, 118 containers were reseeded with 2-3 seeds each. Some losses were observed but additional plants germinated later in the growing season. In the end, 80% of planted containers had established seedlings. | About 2 months | Containers were allowed to dry slightly between hand waterings. A weak fish emulsion fertilizer was applied twice a month from April through June. Plants were grown outside in full sun until outplanting in early October. 544 containers were outplanted, a small subset of which had multiple individuals. | Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A., Vol. 5, Asterales. Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal, P.K. Holmgren. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 1994. | DeBolt, Ann M.; Barrash, Kris. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Machaeranthera canescens</i> (Pursh) A. Gray Plants 2.875 inch x 5.5 inch plant band (container); Idaho Botanical Garden Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1675 | Machaeranthera (grindelioides) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Machaeranthera | grindelioides | MAGR2 | Fremont County, Wyoming | M. grindelioides is found throughout the Mountain West of the United States and extending North into Alberta and Saskatchewan. | Plants | Seed | rayless tansyaster | Fruit is an achene with a pappus. M. grindelioides seed is cream to tan in color. Seed is collected by removing mature seed from seed heads. Seeds mature uniformly on individual plants throughout late summer. Seed was stored in paper or cloth bags at room temperature until cleaned and then vacuum sealed and placed in a freezer for long term storage.
Seeds/lb for this ecotype was ~453,600 | Seeds require cold moist stratification for optimum germination. In a germination trial, seeds that underwent no cold stratification had an average percent germination of only 33 % after a 28-day incubation under a diurnal temperature regime of 9/25 ° C (corresponding to the average temperatures in Fremont county, WY in June). Four different cold stratification durations were tested, where seeds were incubated in sealed petri dishes on 0.7 % (w/v) agar at 3 ±2° C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 months prior to the germination trial. Average seed germination was > 75% for seeds that had undergone 2, 3, or 4 months of cold stratification, with the highest germination under the 3-month duration (86 % germination following 3 months cold stratification and 28 days at 9/25 ° C). We also included a gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on un-stratified seeds to test chemically-induced dormancy relief compared to cold stratification. 1mM GA3 was added into the 0.7% (w/v) agar and average germination after 28 days at 9/25 ° C was 46 %. The overall low germination of the GA3 treated seeds indicates that under these conditions and at the concentration tested, it is not an effective means of dormancy relief for M. grindelioides. | 2023. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Machaeranthera grindelioides</i> Plants Lander, Wyoming. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1676 | Maclura (pomifera) | Moraceae | Mulberry Family | Maclura | pomifera | (Raf.) Schneid. | MACPOM | South Central Missouri | Osage orange is native to the bottomlands of southern Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. Elsewhere, it is widely planted as living fences and for its ornamental traits. Osage orange is widely naturalized in areas outside its natural range. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height:24 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Osage Orange | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. The fruit is a large yellow-green fruit containing many seeds. | We plant seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear at 9 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved fromfield to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 20004. The genus Maclura. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Maclura.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Maclura pomifera</i> (Raf.) Schneid. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1677 | Madia (elegans) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Madia | elegans | Lindley | MAEL | seeds were collected from Lane Co, Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | common madia | Seed heads are clipped from plant when the sepals begin to reflex. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of conetainers were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/ 50 degree nights) | Seeds germinated readily with no treatment. Most seeds germinated within one to two weeks. | Plants grew quickly and when roots had sufficiently filled the cone-tainer (about 1 month), they were transplanted into 5'X6' tub filled with 12" of amended Sunshine #1 mix. Plants were spaced 6" apart and watered as needed. Plants grew to 3' feet high and were covered with blooms. | 4 months | Seeds were collected from individual seed heads when sepals began to dry and reflex. They were dried on tarps in a greenhouse and cleaned in an air-screen machine. | Bartow, Amy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Madia elegans</i> Lindley seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1678 | Madia (glomerata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Madia | glomerata | Hook. | MAGL2 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into a field covered with weed fabric (to collect the seeds and keep out weeds). | Mountain tarweed | We let the seeds fall on the weed fabric as the ripen. This is a very late season plant. We usually sut the plants back in October, thresh out whatever seed is left in them and clean the weed fabric using a leaf-blower in reverse (as a vacuum). | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in a heated greenhouse. Seeds germinate best in hot temperatures. This is a late season plant, when greehouse temps were above 80 degrees, the seeds began to germinate. | Seeds germinated readily with no treatment (in a hot greenhouse). | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Madia glomerata</i> Hook. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1679 | Madia (gracilis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Madia | gracilis | (Sm.) Keck & J. Clausen ex Applegate | Madia | dissitiflora | (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray | MADGRA | M. gracilis is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Slender tarweed | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Madia gracilis</i> (Sm.) Keck & J. Clausen ex Applegate plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1680 | Madia (gracilis) | Asteraceae | aster | Madia | gracilis | Madia | dissitiflora | MAGR3 | This plant can be found primarily in the Western US and Canada, stretching as far south as California and as far East as Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | grassy tarweed | This plant is best suited to 45 days of cool/moist (38F for us) stratification to break dormancy prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Madia gracilis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1681 | Magnolia (acuminata) | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia family | Magnolia | acuminata | L. | MAGACU | M. acuminata is found temperate deciduous forests of the eastern United States and is the only Magnolia native to Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yellow magnolia | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 140 days. Germination occurs at 26D/5N C and 26D/15N C alternating temperature cycles. | Afanasiev, M. (1937). A physiological study of dormancy in seed of Magnolia acuminata. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 208.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Magnolia acuminata</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1682 | Magnolia (fraseri) | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia | Magnolia | fraseri | MAFR | Monongahela National Forest | Mountain magnolia is found primarily in mountainous regions in the eastern one fourth of the continental US. It is fairly common from New York south to Alabama and from Virginia west to Tennessee. | Not known to be invasive in the US. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting by hand with at least 12" top growth and a healthy tap root. | Mountain magnolia | Seeds of the Monongahela National Forest ecotype mountain magnolia were harvested in the fall from existing populations at high elevations in Pocahontas County, WV. Magnolias produce cones which contain multiple seeds which dislodge as the fruit matures. Some cones and seeds were picked up off the ground and some were harvested from logging operations as the trees were felled. | Seeds were washed 5 times with water and dishwashing liquid to remove most of the oily substance from the exterior of the seeds. Seeds were then placed in a plastic bag with moistened sphagnum moss and placed in the seed cooler (34 degrees F) for 4 months for cold stratification. After cold stratification, the seeds were soaked in a 10% bleach solution for 15 minutes to try to reduce the chance of a fungal infection. The seeds were then rinsed with water and were ready for planting. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The growing media was compacted slightly to form a firm seedbed. | Seeds were spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were placed in the greenhouse to allow the seeds to germinate. | 1 month | Seedlings began to emerge after about a month in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into quart plastic containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. Once the roots filled the quart containers, they were upsized into 1 gallon containers filled with Metro-mix 510. After 1 growing season, they were moved to the shade house and allowed to grow for an additional year. | 23 months | No hardening phase was required because the plants had been moved to the shade house previously. | N/A | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailer was covered with tarps to prevent excessive wind burn. | 1 day | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Magnolia fraseri</i> Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1683 | Mahonia (aquifolium) | Berberidaceae | Barberry | Mahonia | aquifolium | MAAQ2 | Mt Hood and Willamette National Forests, Oregon | USA: CA , DC , ID , KY , MI , MT , NJ , NY , OH , OR , WA
Canada: BC Native Distribution: British Columbia to Idaho and northwest Montana, south to northern CA Native Habitat: Deep, conifer forests; open, rocky woods | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 22 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Hollyleaf barberry | Ripe fruits may be pick by hand, using heavy gloves, or flailed onto cloth beneath the bushes. Seeds should not be allowed to dry out after collection. | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 48 hours.
Seeds are placed in a sealed container and into warm stratification (10 °C) for 45 days. Following warm stratification, seeds are layered in peat and placed into cold stratification (1 to 3 °C) for an additional 70 days. It is very important to check seeds in warm strat and peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is not uniform, and can take up to 4 weeks to be complete. During that time, plants may be lightly fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm. | 4 to 5 weeks | Plants are slow-growing, sometimes requiring 2 full growing seasons if cultured in this size container. However, plants can reach target specifications if fertilized heavily throughout the growing season. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 18 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MAAQ2 (accessed 8 Oct 2018). [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Hollyleaved barberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=MAAQ2 (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Smith, Haley S.; Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mahonia aquifolium</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1684 | Mahonia (fremontii) | Berberidaceae | Barberry family | Mahonia | fremontii | Torr. | Berberis | fremontii | MAHFRE | M. fremontii is found in southern Colorado and Utah and northern New Mexico and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fremont's oregon grape | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 13/6 C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Meyer, S. E. (1993d). Seed dormancy in the Colorado Plateau shrub Mahonia fremontii (Berberidaceae) and its ecological and evolutionary implications. Southw. Nat. 38, 91-99.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mahonia fremontii</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1685 | Mahonia (fremontii) | Berberidaceae | Barberry Family | Mahonia | fremontii | (Torr.) Fedde. | Berberis | fremontii | Torr. | MAHFRE | Utah | <i>M. fremontii</i> is found from in the southwestern United States and Great Basin from California to Colorado and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Fremont oregon grape | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br>Mature fruit is a blue berry containing several seeds. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 in. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March)when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 6 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Mahonia fremontii</i> (Torr.) Fedde. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1686 | Mahonia (nervosa) | Berberidaceae | Barberry | Mahonia | nervosa | MANE2 | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | USA: CA , ID , OR , WA
Canada: BC Native Distribution: Northern and central California Coast Ranges to British Columbia and northern Idaho Native Habitat: Wooded slopes below 1800 m (6000 ft). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 22 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Cascade barberry | Ripe fruits may be pick by hand, using heavy gloves, or flailed onto cloth beneath the bushes. | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 48 hours.
Seeds are placed in a sealed container and into warm stratification (10 °C) for 60 days. Following warm stratification, seeds are layered in peat and placed into cold stratification (1 to 3 °C) for an additional 90 days. It is very important to check seeds in warm strat and peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is not uniform, and can take up to 4 weeks to be complete. During that time, plants may be lightly fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm. | 3 to 4 weeks | Plants are slow-growing, sometimes requiring 2 full growing seasons if cultured in this size container. However, plants can reach target specifications if fertilized heavily throughout the growing season. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 18 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MANE2 (accessed 8 Oct 2018). [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt. Cascade barberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=MANE2 (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Smith, Haley S.; Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mahonia nervosa</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1687 | Mahonia (repens) | Berberidaceae | Barberry Family | Mahonia | repens | (Lindl.) G. Donn. | Berberis | repens | Lindl. | MAHREP | Utah | <i>M. repens</i> is found in foothills and forests from eastern Washington south to northern Califronia and from Alberta south through the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin states to Texas, New Mexico and Utah. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Creeping oregon grape | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/ac or 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 8 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March)of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 8 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Mahonia repens</i> (Lindl.) G. Donn. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1688 | Mahonia (repens) | Berberidaceae | Barberry Family | Mahonia | repens | (Lindl.) G. Don | Berberis | repens | Lindl. | MAHREP | NRCS accession number 9078266, ecotype from Avalanche area of Glacier National Park and NRCS accession number 9081463, ecotype from the Old Faithful Overlook area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | seed | Bareroot(field grown) | 3+0 bareroot | 3 Years | Years | Creeping Oregon grape | Fruit collected by hand. | For bareroot production, rototill seedbed to break up clods and loosen soil prior to sowing. Lightly firm seedbed with a roller or packer prior to sowing with a belt seeder or drill. Sow seed at a density that results in the production of 6 to 8 plants per linear foot. Given an estimated 30 to 50% germination rate, we sow about 25 seeds per linear foot. Fall sowing usually results in good germination the next spring. As a standard practice, we cover seedbeds with excelsior mat to maintain soil moisture and reduce animal predation. This species can be held over as 3-0 stock because of its small stature. | Bareroot plants are harvested as dormant 2-0 or 3-0 stock as soon as the ground thaws in early spring. A "U" blade mounted to a 3-point system on the back of a tractor is used. Beds are undercut in two directions (lengthwise) prior to using the blade to lift the plants. Bundles of 10 to 25 plants are tied together, trimmed to a uniform size, then the roots packed in moist sphagnum or peat moss wrapped in plastic. The plants are stored in a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity until needed and then shipped in heavy wax coated boxes as priority ground mail early in the week. | Bareroot plants store for well for several weeks in a walk-in cooler maintained at34 to 37øF and 80+% humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot(field grown) <i>Mahonia repens</i> (Lindl.) G. Don plants 3+0 bareroot; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1689 | Mahonia (repens) | Berberidaceae | Barberry Family | Mahonia | repens | (Lindl.) G. Don | Berberis | repens | Lindl. | MAHREP | Open Lodgepole Forest, West Glacier, Glacier National Park, Flathead County, MT. 1030 meters | <i>M. repens</i> is found from dry foothills to lower montane forest; from eastern Washington south to northeastern California; east of the Cacades and east to Alberta, South Dakota,Texas, New Mexico, Utah and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 1 Years | Years | Height: 4 cm<br> Caliper: 4 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Creeping Oregon Grape | Seeds are collected in early August when fruit turns dark blueto purple. Seeds are brown at maturity. Fruits are hand collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed in a 48 hour water soak. Seeds are put in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss for 2 months at 21C (warm moist stratification) followed by 5 month cold moist stratification at 3C in ventilated containers.<br>Germination of this species is reported to occur over a several week period and is best at greenhouse temperatures of 13 to 19C. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery<br> Seeding Method: Direct seeding or planting germinants. Planting germinants is preferable because of the prolonged stratification period. Seed is covered with media.<br> Growing Media:50% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% washed sand containing Osmocote time relase fertilizer at the rate of .25 g and Micromax fertilizer at the rate of 0.20 g per 172 ml conetainer. | Media is kept evenly moist during germination by misting twice per day. Germination continues over a 8 week period and is best under fluctuating temperaures in the outdoor nursery in spring. No germination was obtained at greenhouse temperatures of 22C day/15C night. | 8 weeks | Seedlings develop 4 to 6 true leaves at the active growth stage. Seedlings are fertilized with liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 8 weeks | Seedlings are fertilized with liquid 10-20-20 NPK at 200 ppm for 2 to 4 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:1 year<br> Harvest Date:September<br> Storage: Seedlings are winterized outdoors under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1985.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeographyand Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants of North America, Young and Young, Timber Press Inc., 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theeory and Practice, Deno, Penn State University,1991.<p> Glacier National Park propagation records, unpublished.<p> Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants, Rose, R., Chachluski,C., and Haase, D., Oregon State University Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mahonia repens</i> (Lindl.) G. Don plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1690 | Mahonia (repens) | Berberidaceae | Barberry family | Mahonia | repens | (Lindl.) G. D | MARE11 | Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Fernan Lake, Blue Creek Bay, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Low Oregon Grape/creeping barberry | Small lot, 1.9 pounds, collected into zip lock plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Mahonia repens</i> (Lindl.) G. D seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1691 | Maianthemum (canadense) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Maianthemum | canadense | Desf. | MAICAN | M. canadense is found from British Columbia north to the Northwest Territories and east to Newfoundland. It ranges south in the United States to Georgia, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canadian may-flower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 71 to 112 days. | Nichols, G. E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various native American plants. Ecology 15, 364-373.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Maianthemum canadense</i> Desf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1692 | Maianthemum (racemosum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Maianthemum | racemosum | (L.) Link | Sub-species | racemosum | (L.) Link | Smilacina | racemosa | (L.) Desf. | MAIRAC | M. racemosum ssp. racemosum is found within temperate deciduous and coniferuous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Feathery false Solomon's-seal | Seeds are cold-warm-cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Barton, L. V. and Schroeder, E. M. (1941). Dormancy in seeds of Convallaria majalis L. and Smilacina racemosa. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 12, 277-300.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Maianthemum racemosum</i> (L.) Link plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1693 | Maianthemum (stellatum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Maianthemum | stellatum | (L.) Link. | Smilacina | stellata | (L.) Desf. | MAISTE | M. stellatum is found from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to Tennessee, Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Starry false solomon's seal | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 71 to 122 days. | Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Maianthemum stellatum</i> (L.) Link. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1694 | Malacothamnus (fasiculatus) | Malvaceae | Hollyhock Family | Malacothamnus | fasiculatus | (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Greene | Malacothamnus | fasiculatus | (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Greene | Sub-species | catalinensis | (Eastw.) Kearney | MALFAS | Catalina Island, California | Catalina Bush Mallow is found in southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits dry, rocky slopes, roadcuts and creek beds. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Treepots (173 cubic inches) | 5 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Catalina Bush Mallow | Capsules are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected capsules from late May to November. Mature seeds are brown. | We have used a 3 or 5 minute 5% bleach or Physan fungicide solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> We have tried several scarification treatments to maximize germination rates: 1 hour warm water soak, 1.75 hour hot water soak,4 hour hot water soak, and fire treatment. When using the fire treatment, seeds are sown in a flat that is covered with 1 inch thick layer of pine needles, set on fire and allowd to burn down.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 40%/ warm water treatment,22%/fire treatment,10 to 14%/ 1.75 hour hot water treatment, and 12%/4 hour hot water treatment. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 weeks after sowing. | 1 month | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 2 inch containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> We shift 2 inch container plants once they are root tight to #1 treepots (173 cubic inches) by the end of May. We top prune as needed to encourage branching. | 3 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Malacothamnus fasiculatus</i> (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Greene plants #1 Treepots (173 cubic inches); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
1695 | Malacothrix (clevelandii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Malacothrix | clevelandii | Gray | MALCLE | M. clevelandii is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cleveland's desert dandelion | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 26% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Malacothrix clevelandii</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1696 | Manfreda (virginica) | Agavaceae | Agave family | Manfreda | virginica | (L.) Salisb. ex Rose | Agave | lata | Shinners | MANVIR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | False aloe | Seeds are placed into cold stratification. Germination occurs at 28/18 C temperature cycle. Germination is equal in light and dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1971c). The ecological life history of Agave virginica L. in Tennessee cedar glades. Amer. Midl. Nat. 86, 449-462.<br>In: Baskin, C. andBaskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Manfreda virginica</i> (L.) Salisb. ex Rose plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1697 | Marah (fabaceus) | Cucurbitaceae | Cucumber | Marah | fabaceus | Seed collected along Butler Slough and Antelope Creek in eastern Tehama County, California | Majority of California. Streamsides, washes, shrubby and open areas below 1,600 meters (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year plant with large taproot 8-10 inches long and 1-4cm in diameter. | California manroot | Clean seed may be rapidly collected from ripening fruits of after falling to the ground from early to late spring. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into D-pots containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. One seed was pushed approximately 1/2" deep into each container. Pots were placed in a greenhouse and watered regularly to keep soil moist. Greenhouse propagation is not necessary and plants may easily be propagated outdoors from fall through spring. Seed was also directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing the same potting soil as above. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Initial germination was observed within 2-3 weeks. Respective germination rates for greenhouse and coldframe plants were 92% and 85%. | High germination rates (85-92%) were observed within 3-weeks of planting. Robust seedlings with deep, thick taproots were established by most individuals by the first spring. | Sprouts were established within approximately 4 weeks. | Active growth was observed within 2 weeks after seeding in fall. Plants produced a vigorous clambering vine which died back rapidly and completely by the end of the first spring. | Approximately 7 months, from fall through spring, plants senescing by the beginning of summer. | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 2-4 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Marah fabaceus</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1698 | Marah (fabaceus) | Cucurbitaceae | Gourd Family | Marah | fabaceus | (Naud.) Greene | MARFAB | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>M. fabaceus</i> is found on banks and slopes below 2,500 feet elevation near the coast; from Marin to Monterery County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Manroot | Seeds are collected between April 1st and June 15th.<br> Mature pods are brown and spiny.<br> Seed is greenish brown at maturity. | Seeds are soaked overnght with warm water. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are sown in containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are planted 2 times the diameter to depth.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on March 1st.<br> % Germination: 60% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Marah fabaceus</i> (Naud.) Greene plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1699 | Marah (macrocarpus) | Cucurbitaceae | Squash family | Marah | macrocarpus | (Greene) Greene | MARMAC | M. macrocarpus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cucamonga manroot | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Marah macrocarpus</i> (Greene) Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1700 | Melampyrum (lineare) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Melampyrum | lineare | L. | MELLIN | M. lineare is found in open forest throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cow-whet figwort | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 3 C. Cold stratification is required to break epicotyl dormancy. | Cantlon, J. E., Curtis, E. J. C. and Malcolm, W. M. (1963). Studies of Melampryum lineare. Ecology 44, 466-474.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Melampyrum lineare</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1701 | Melica (aristata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Melica | aristata | Thurb. ex Bol. | MEAR3 | Yosemite National Park | Western North America from California to southern Washington | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 4 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Bearded melicgrass | We placed the seed into finely woven mesh bags and then placed the mesh bags into gallon freezer bags filled with wet soil mix. These were placed in a cooler at 4.5° C (40° F) for 90 days.
After stratification treatment, our seed had already germinated and grown long roots and leaves. We transplanted 3 to 5 seedlings into 10 ci conetainers filled with Sunshine Mix #4, and watered them heavily to prevent desiccation. No fertilizer was added to the soil mix. | The soil surface is kept moist with short, intermittent 2-minute mistings at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00 and 17:00 from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Once each week the cones receive a longer duration misting of 40 to 60 minutes. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F).
Seed was planted on March 22. Plants were fully established within 8 weeks. | 8 wks | After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution.
The 10 ci conetainers were fully rooted within 4 months; however we maintained the plants until late August (about 5 months) when the outplanting site was ready. | 4-5 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 2 wks | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Melica aristata</i> Thurb. ex Bol. Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1702 | Melica (californica) | Poaceae | Grass family | Melica | californica | Scribn. | MECA2 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Hollister Field Office, Section 8, San Benito County, Hollister, California; 1971 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | California melicgrass | Very small lot, .3 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Melica californica</i> Scribn. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1703 | Melica (hardfordii) | Poaceae | true grasses | Melica | hardfordii | MEHA2 | The western coast of Canada and the US. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Harford's oniongrass | This plant is best served by treating it with 90 days of cool/moist stratification (38F) in order to break seed dormancy prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Melica hardfordii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1704 | Melica (harfordii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Melica | harfordii | MEHA2 | Yosemite National Park | Western North America from California to British Columbia | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 4 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Harford’s oniongrass | We placed the seed into finely woven mesh bags and then placed the mesh bags into gallon freezer bags filled with wet soil mix. These were placed in a cooler at 4.5° C (40° F) for 90 days.
After stratification treatment, our seed had already germinated and grown long roots and leaves. We transplanted 3 to 5 seedlings into 10 ci conetainers filled with Sunshine Mix #4, and watered them heavily to prevent desiccation. No fertilizer was added to the soil mix. | The soil surface is kept moist with short, intermittent 2-minute mistings at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00 and 17:00 from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Once each week the cones receive a longer duration misting of 40 to 60 minutes. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F).
Seed was planted on March 22. Plants were fully established within 8 weeks. | 8 wks | After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution.
The 10 ci conetainers were fully rooted within 4 months; however, we maintained the plants until late August (about 5 months) when the outplanting site was ready. | 4-5 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 2 wks | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Melica harfordii</i> Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1705 | Melica (harfordii) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Melica | harfordii | Bolander | MEHA2 | This protocol was developed from our experience growing 9 wild collections from northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. | Harford's melic occurs in sunny areas of the Pacific states and British Columbia. It is found at low to moderately high elevations. It is a deep-rooted perennial grass typically found on rocky slopes, talus, or steep banks. Often it appears to be anchoring soil and rocks in areas of active soil movement or slope instability. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 12 Months | Months | "Field-cleaned" seed harvested when an optimum amount of mature viable seed is present on the plants; 100% free of noxious weeds; other agricultural weed seeds present only in trace amounts; with no significant disease or insect infestation. | Harford's melic, Harford's oniongrass | Lifespan on the Farm:<p>Individual plants die after 2-5 (or more) years. Volunteers (from fallen seed at harvest time) do not become readily established in our plantings. Plantings can sometimes become a mix of different-aged plants after many years. Typical lifespan of our plantings is 3-4 years. A few plantings suffered a lot of mortality after the second crop-year and were plowed under. Our longest-lived melica planting was 6 years old when it was plowed under.<p> Yield Information:<p>Yield Information: Below are typical "field-cleaned" harvest weights. Finished-cleaned seed yields would be lower and highly variable by species and even within species. New plantings that failed (for any reason) and were plowed under were not included in these averages. Older plantings that were abandoned pre-maturely (for any reason) are only included through their last crop-year). <p> Average first year yield from fall plantings = 360 pounds per acre (N=5, range 189-531).<p>Average first year yield from spring plantings = 121 pounds per acre (N=4, range 51-243).<p>Average second year yield = 464 pounds per acre (N=8, range 88-765).<p>Average third year yield = 508 pounds per acre (N=6, range 200-845).<p>Average fourth year yield = 454 pounds per acre (N=4, range 248-645).<p>Average fifth year yield = 205 pounds per acre (N=2, range 190-220). | GROWING AREA PREPARATION:<p> <i>Site Selection:</i><p> <i>Melica harfordii</i> appears to be intolerant of poorly drained soils so care is taken to prepare beds in well-drained areas. Our observations have also led us to conclude that the health of <i>Melica harfordii</i> plantings is also dramatically affected by other soil factors we have not been able to identify. These could be toxins, micronutrient abnormalities, pH, soil microorganisms or other causes. In the absence of better knowledge, we simply try to place our melica beds in parts of the nursery that experience indicates are "good fields."<p> <i>Isolation Distances:</i><p> Our clients expect the seed we produce to be representative of the local wild stocks they originally send us to grow. Plantings are separated to minimize gene exchange between different lots of the same species. We generally maintain 300 feet between Harford's melic plantings except less distance is allowed when plantings are end-to-end with a roadway between them.<p> <i>Soil Preparation:</i><p> Soils are worked and sometimes organic soil amendments are incorporated.Soils are then fumigated with dazomet (Basamid) at a rate of 392kg/ha (350 lbs/acre), to control soil-borne pathogens. Several weeks after fumigation, soils are ripped and disked and 1.2m (4 ft) wide raised beds are formed. Phosphorus and potassium are banded into the beds. Formulations and rates are: Ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) and potassium sulfate (0-0-53) at a rate of 280 kg/ha (250 lbs/acre) of each.<p><hr> ANNUAL PRACTICES FOR PERENNIAL CROPS:<p> <i>Weed Control:</i><p>The fumigation described in a previous sub-section also keeps most weeds out of newly sown plantings. Hand weedings are done throughout the year, with greatest frequency in the spring. Hand weeding is our single biggest expense in the growing of our seed crops. A special visit is made to each planting immediately before harvest to clip out any weed seed that would inadvertently be harvested with the seed crop. Glyphosate (Roundup) and oxyfluorfen (Goal), as well as hand weeding, are used in the pathways and along irrigation pipelines. Nozzles are shrouded to prevent crop damage. Simazine or oxyfluorfen are sometimes used as pre-emergence herbicides on established plantings in early October where germinating rat-tail fescue and annual bluegrass is expected to be a problem.<p> <i>Disease and Pest Control:</i><p>Harford's melic is not very susceptible to rust. A typical planting of Harford's melic gets zero or one treatment per year. When infections exceed IPM thresholds, we use the systemic fungicide propiconazole (Banner Maxx, Tilt), at label rates, to control these rusts.<p> Spider mites are rarely a problem on Harford's melic. When needed, they are controlled by applications of chlorpyrifos (Dursban), at label rates, when mite populations exceed IPM thresholds.<p> Harford's melic is not normally bothered by thrips, aphids, smut, ergot or other pests and pathogens that affect grass seed crops.<p><i>Post-harvest and Dormant Season Treatments:</i><p> The combine discards straw onto the stubble of the beds. The straw is promptly chopped up with a tractor-drawn chopper and ejected into the tractor paths between the beds. If the client requests it, the straw is instead baled with a hay baler, and then stacked for the client to use.<p> If the planting was harvested with the flail-vac instead of the swather and combine, the planting will be mowed. Mowing should be prompt if there is enough stem material to lie down and smother the plants underneath. Remove clippings after mowing to also prevent smothering. If there are not a lot of stems and they are not likely to smother the plants, mowing can be done much later during the summer or early fall. | Beds are sown most commonly from late September through early November. Sowings from late February through mid-April are also successful, though first year crop weights from these spring plantings will be less than fall plantings. Seed is sown through a modified Love/Oyjord seed drill at a rate of 65 to 100 seeds per linear meter (20 to 30 seeds per linear foot). Seed is sown in four rows, 30cm (12in) apart and immediately covered with a 6 to 8 mm layer of sawdust.<p> Frequent irrigations are often needed to keep the seedbed moist during the germinating period. Seedlings usually emerge in one or two weeks. Thereafter irrigations are applied when needed to maintain adequate soil moisture for small young plants.<p> | In late February/early March, a complete fertilizer (13-13-13-12 plus trace elements) is applied to established plantings at the rate of 308 kg/ha (275 lbs/acre). New fall-sown plantings that are well-emerged by this time should get the same, or an application of ammonium nitrate at the rate of 112 kg/ha (100 lbs/acre) may be substituted. In April or early May, before plants get too high to drive over, ammonium nitrate is applied at the rate of 112 kg/ha (100 lbs/acre). New fall-sown plantings would be fertilized now with 13-13-13-12 plus trace elements at the rate of 308 kg/ha (275 lbs/acre) if they did not get this complete fertilizer in the Feb/March application. New spring-sown plantings get fertilized anytime from now through early June, before plants get too high to drive over, with either one of the formulations described above, at the rates mentioned.Plantings are watered as needed to keep water from being a limiting factor on growth or seed production. In hot dry weather in late spring and early summer this means twice a week in our sandy loam soil. | We continue to water twice a week through the hot part of the summer, decreasing to once a week as weather cools in the fall. Fields need to be dry for harvest. The last irrigation of the year on established plantings is usually in the last « of October.<p> A nitrogen application is done in September (after harvest), usually ammonium nitrate at the rate of 112 kg/ha (100 lbs/acre). | Seed Harvesting:<p>Seed is harvested when the seed can be easily shaken out of the heads and some has started to naturally fall. Color change and endosperm consistency also influence when harvest occurs. One method of judging appropriate harvest time that is NOT advised for Harford's melic is bending and raking seedheads between your fingers. With this method, the seed will come off easily in your hand before it is really mature. The proper harvest date will normally be in June or July (sometimes August) and varies by age and ecotype. The objective is choosing the time when the highest weight of mature seed can be harvested. There is always some green immature seed at this time, as well as seed that has already fallen or that will be lost during swathing and combining.<p>Harvesting seed is done by one of following two methods:<p>1. Beds are harvested by swathing followed by combining. The swather is a John Deere swather with a sicklebar and belt draper, which cuts the culms and lays them on the beds in a windrow. Our swather has been modified to accommodate the width of our beds. After 2-4 days of drying, our Wintersteiger "research" combine picks up and threshes the seeds from the stems. This combine is designed for small plantings and is easy to clean between different lots.<p>2. On smaller lots, or if the other harvest equipment is busy, the beds are harvested with a Woodward "flail-vac" seed stripper manufactured by Ag-Renewal, Inc. of Oklahoma. It is a large rotary brush and hood arrangement mounted on the front of a tractor and powered by the tractor's hydraulic system. Other manufacturers make similar devices. Besides the tractor operator, two workers are on the ground using broom handles to guide the grass culms under the hood where the seeds can contact the spinning rotary brush. This operation involves SOME RISK to the workers because the machinery is advancing toward them and their hands and broom handles are in close proximity to spinning parts. AN ALERT TRACTOR OPERATOR AND CAUTIOUS WORKERS ARE REQUIRED.<p> Seed Processing and Storage:<p> Harvested seed is placed in drying bins 1.2m (4 ft) by 1.2m (4 ft) by 0.5m (1.5 ft) deep with screened bottoms. These screens are stacked five high over a warm air duct which moves heated air 38C (100F). Air flow continues for 12 hours until seed moisture drops between 5 and 8 percent. Dried seed, without further machine cleaning, is placed in plastic bags (4mils) in boxes. Boxes are stored in coolers at 1C (34F) and/or freezers at -17(2F) for long term storage. Viability is expected to be greater than 8 years under these conditions. | JHSN summaries of seed crop yields, unpublished, but revised and sent to clients each year. | Rolle, Wayne; Archibald, Colleen. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Melica harfordii</i> Bolander seeds USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1706 | Melica (imperfecta) | Poaceae | Grass family | Melica | imperfecta | Trin. | MELIMP | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Small flowered melic grass | Germination occurs at 23D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Melica imperfecta</i> Trin. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1707 | Melica (imperfecta) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Melica | imperfecta | Trin. | Melica | imperfecta | Trin. | Variety | flexulosa | Boland | MELIMP | Marin county, California | <i>M. imperfecta</i> is found in dry rocky places below 4,000 feet elevation; from Santa Clara and Eldorado counties south to Lower California and east to the Mojave Desert. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Small Flower Melicgrass | Seeds are collected between April 15th and June 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is tan at maturity. | Soak seeds overnight in fresh water and cold stratify for 2 weeks in peat. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 6 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are sown 2 times the diameter to depth.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on September 1st.<br> % Germination: 30% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers 1.5"x 8" tubes (Leach tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 42 days | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back to 2 to 3 inches 3 months after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Melica imperfecta</i> Trin. plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1708 | Melica (mutica) | Poaceae | Grass | Melica | mutica | Walter | MEMU | Stones River | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | twoflower melicgrass | Seed of Stones River ecotype twoflower melicgrass was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 16 August 2011). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Melica mutica</i> Walter plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1709 | Melica (spectabilis) | Gramineae | Melica | spectabilis | Scribn. | MESP | Sequoia Canyon National Park, California | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Oniongrass or Melic grass | Collected in Sequoia Canyon National Park, California. | <b>Propagation environment:</b> Seed field established from tublings grown in greenhouse.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Not successful in direct seeding. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> July.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Cool and dry. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Melica spectabilis</i> Scribn. plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1710 | Menodora (longiflora) | Oleaceae | Olive Family | Menodora | longiflora | Gray. | MELO2 | Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive, 2200 ft. elevation | In rocky soil and on ledges along streams in canyons on the Edwards Plateau and Trans-Pecos, June-September; from Texas and south New Mexico, south to central Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Taproot. | Showy menodora | Collected at NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by Ray Cragar and Lynn Pace on 11/07/1990. | N/A. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late summer - early fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> June-September.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration: </b> 7 months. | Powell 1988, 331; Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas 1197; NRCS James E. `Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Menodora longiflora</i> Gray. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1711 | Mentzelia (albicaulis) | Losaceae | Mentzelia | albicaulis | MEAL6 | wild collected from Emery County, Utah | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | whitestem blazingstar | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from Emery County, Utah only germinated in treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Of these, nearly 100% of viable seeds germinated in treatment 2, while around 75% germinated in treatment 3, and only 25% in treatment 5. Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had no germination (0%). This suggests that seeding during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination, and to determine how representative these results are of the entire species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationMEAL shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Mentzelia albicaulis</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1712 | Mentzelia (dispersa) | Loasaceae | Blazing star family | Mentzelia | dispersa | S. Wats. | MENDIS | M. dispersa is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nevada blazing star | Seeds germinate at 27/18 C. | Sweeney, J. R. (1956). Responses of vegetation to fire. University of California Press, Berkeley. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.3 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mentzelia dispersa</i> S. Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1713 | Mentzelia (laevicaulis) | Loasaceae | blazing star | Mentzelia | laevicaulis | (Dougl. ex Hook) Torr. & Gray | MELA2 | Moses Coulee | Desert valleys and lower mountains of eastern Washington and British Columbia east to Montana and south to Utah and Colorado.It is usually found in central Washington and is not a typical Palouse Prairie species. However, it may occur in the canyon grasslands of the Snake River and tributaries. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tight root plug in container. However, the plants are tap-rooted and a tight root plug was not obtained. Plugs must be handled carefully to prevent root damage. | blazing star | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is grey in color. Seed is collected when the capsules begin to split in August and is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. | Mirov & Kraebel (1939) obtained 30% germination without pretreatment. Kruckeberg (1996) recommends fall seeding outdoors.<br> Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 10% emergence occurred without stratification. 30 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 48% emergence. 90 or more days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 65% emergence. Some seed germinated after a second winter. | In the fall seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in late January. Germination usually begins in 6-7 days and is complete in 10-12 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 8-10 weeks | Plants are moved to the cold frame in mid April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Mirov, N.T., and C.J. Kraebel. 1939. Collecting and Handling Seeds of Wild Plants. Civilian Conservation Corps Forestry publ. No.5. US Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada.463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 22 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mentzelia laevicaulis</i> (Dougl. ex Hook) Torr. & Gray plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1714 | Mentzelia (laevicaulis) | Loasaceae | Loasa family | Mentzelia | laevicaulis | (Dougl. ex Hook.) Torr. & Gray | MELA2 | BLM, Lakeview District, Lakeview Resource Area, Hart Canyon, Lakeview, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Smoothstem blazingstar | Small lot, 4.6 pounds, hand collected into yard bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Mentzelia laevicaulis</i> (Dougl. ex Hook.) Torr. & Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1715 | Menyanthes (trifoliata) | Menyanthaceae | Buck bean family | Menyanthes | trifoliata | L. | MENTRI | M. trifoliata is a circumboreal species found south in North America to Colorado,Indiana, California, and Pennsylvania. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common buckbean | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Menyanthes trifoliata</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1716 | Menyanthes (trifoliata) | Menyanthaceae | Bog Bean family | Menyanthes | trifoliata | L. | MENTRI | M. trifoliata is a circumboreal species occuring in marshes, fens and bogs throughout the northern hemisphere. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bog bean | Seeds were cold stratified for an unspecified time period. Seeds were germinated at room temperature. Germination was greater in light than in dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Hewettt. 1964. Bioloical flora of the British Isles: Menyanthes trifoliata J. Ecology 52-723-735. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Menyanthes trifoliata</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1717 | Menyanthes (trifoliata) | Menyanthaceae | Buckbean | Menyanthes | trifoliata | L. | Matanuska Valley lakes, southcentral Alaska | Lakes and bogs throughout Alaska and southward. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Young containerized plants for direct field planting. | Buckbean | In Alaska, seed is collected in early summer. Collected seed is stored in containers of water. Do not let seed dry out. | Cold wet stratification is necessary for germination. Seed is overwintered in covered plastic containers filled with water. Typically, they may go through several freeze-thaw cycles until Spring. | In Spring, seed is removed from water-filled containers and sown in McConkey A18-01 inserts filled with Cornell wetland soil mix. Inserts are moved to the greenhouse. | Keep saturated with water. Germination occurs in the greenhouse. Germination is continuous but uneven through the Spring and Summer. Approximately 75% had germinated by mid-August. | Young plants are transplanted and moved outside soon after true leaves appear and the roots are sufficiently developed. | Hult‚n, Eric. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press. 1968. | Moore, Nancy; Ross, Donald. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Menyanthes trifoliata</i> L. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1718 | Menziesia (ferruginea) | Ericaceae | Heath | Menziesia | ferruginea | (Smith) | Menziesia | glabella | (Gray) | Sub-species | glabella (Gray) Calder & Taylor | MENFER or MEFE | North Fork GNP | Throughout the Pacific Northwest and North to Alaska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 | 7 Months | Months | Root Tight in container- Roots will be weak. | False Huckleberry | Seeds Ripen in September and October. Seed capsules split open when ripe and release fine brown threadlike seeds. These can be collected by shaking into an envelope or other suitable container. For larger quantities entire capsules could be collected. | Seed was stored for three months in a cool dry place between collection and planting. | Seed was surface sown into a single four inch pot filled with a 1:1 ratio of peat moss and perlite. Media was moistened with a weak solution of Miracid Brand plant food. The pot was placed into a one gallon plastic Ziplock bag and sealed to retain humidity. Then held at room temperature for germination. | Medium was kept moist with a weak solution of Miracid brand plant food according to directions on package for constant watering. | 2-6 weeks | Prick out and transplant seedlings into 4" pots when they have several true leaves and are large enough to handle. Ours had to wait until temperatures in unheated greenhouse were suitable for transplant. Fertilize with 1/4 tablespoon of Osmocote after transplanting into 4" pots. Plants were watered daily with microsprinklers and fertilized with fullstrenght Miracid solution every two weeks. Soil Media transplanted into was a collection of duff mixed with peatmoss, however seedlings in germination mix of 1:1 peatmoss and perlite did equally well. | 4-6 months | Plants were produced in an unheated greenhouse with poor heat retention. No further cold hardening was required. Fertilizer was tapered off before planting- watch for signs of deficiency or low acid levels and correct as needed. | 0 | Lesica, Peter, 2002. Flora of Glacier National Park. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, Or. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Cullina, William. 2002. Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines a Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, NY | Schlegel, William Clark. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Menziesia ferruginea</i> (Smith) plants 4; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1719 | Menziesia (ferruginea) | Ericaceae | Heath | Menziesia | ferruginea | (Smith) | Sub-species | glabella | (Gray) Calder & Taylor | Menziesia | glabella | (Gray) | Sub-species | MENFER or MEFE | North Fork GNP | Throughout the Pacific Northwest and North to Alaska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 | 7 Months | Months | Root Tight in container- Roots will be weak. | False Huckleberry | Seeds Ripen in September and October. Seed capsules split open when ripe and release fine brown threadlike seeds. These can be collected by shaking into an envelope or other suitable container. For larger quantities entire capsules could be collected. | Seed was stored for three months in a cool dry place between collection and planting. | Seed was surface sown into a single four inch pot filled with a 1:1 ratio of peat moss and perlite. Media was moistened with a weak solution of Miracid Brand plant food. The pot was placed into a one gallon plastic Ziplock bag and sealed to retain humidity. Then held at room temperature for germination. | Medium was kept moist with a weak solution of Miracid brand plant food according to directions on package for constant watering. | 2-6 weeks | Prick out and transplant seedlings into 4" pots when they have several true leaves and are large enough to handle. Ourshad to wait until temperatures in unheated greenhouse were suitable for transplant. Fertilize with 1/4 tablespoon of Osmocote after transplanting into 4" pots. Plants were watered daily with microsprinklers and fertilized with full strenght Miracid solution every two weeks. Soil Media transplanted into was a collection of duff mixed with peatmoss, however seedlings in germination mix of 1:1 peatmoss and perlite did equally well. | 4-6 months | Plants were produced in an unheated greenhouse with poor heat retention. No further cold hardening was required. Fertilizer was tapered off before planting- watch for signs of deficiency or low acid levels and correct as needed. | 0 | Lesica, Peter, 2002. Flora of Glacier National Park. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, Or. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Cullina, William. 2002. Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines a Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, NY | Schlegel, William Clark. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Menziesia ferruginea</i> (Smith) plants 4; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
1720 | Menziesia (ferruginea) | Ericaceae | Heath | Menziesia | ferruginea | (Smith) | Sub-species | glabella | (Gray) Calder & Taylor | Menziesia | glabella | (Gray) | Sub-species | MENFER or MEFE | North Fork GNP | Throughout the Pacific Northwest and North to Alaska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 | 7 Months | Months | Root Tight in container- Roots will be weak. | False Huckleberry | Seeds Ripen in September and October. Seed capsules split open when ripe and release fine brown threadlike seeds. These can be collected by shaking into an envelope or other suitable container. For larger quantities entire capsules could be collected. | Seed was stored for three months in a cool dry place between collection and planting. | Seed was surface sown into a single four inch pot filled with a 1:1 ratio of peat moss and perlite. Media was moistened with a weak solution of Miracid Brand plant food. The pot was placed into a one gallon plastic Ziplock bag and sealed to retain humidity. Then held at room temperature for germination. | Medium was kept moist with a weak solution of Miracid brand plant food according to directions on package for constant watering. | 2-6 weeks | Prick out and transplant seedlings into 4" pots when they have several true leaves and are large enough to handle. Ours had to wait until temperatures in unheated greenhouse were suitable for transplant. Fertilize with 1/4 tablespoon of Osmocote after transplanting into 4" pots. Plants were watered daily with microsprinklers and fertilized with full strenght Miracid solution every two weeks. Soil Media transplanted into was a collection of duff mixed with peatmoss, however seedlings in germination mix of 1:1 peatmoss and perlite did equally well. | 4-6 months | Plants were produced in an unheated greenhouse with poor heat retention. No further cold hardening was required. Fertilizer was tapered off before planting- watch for signs of deficiency or low acid levels and correct as needed. | 0 | Lesica, Peter, 2002. Flora of Glacier National Park. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, Or. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Cullina, William. 2002. Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines a Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, NY | Schlegel, William Clark. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Menziesia ferruginea</i> (Smith) plants 4; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
1721 | Mertensia (virginica) | Boraginaceae | Borage family | Mertensia | virginica | (L.) Pers. ex Link | MERVIR | M. virginica is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Virginia bluebells | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin and Baskin,1988, unpublished. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mertensia virginica</i> (L.) Pers. ex Link plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1722 | Mertensia (viridis) | Boraginaceae | Forget-me-not family | Mertensia | viridis | A. Nels. | MERVIR | M. viridis is found at mid to high elevations in Montana,Oregon and Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Green mertensia | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies onthe germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mertensia viridis</i> A. Nels. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1723 | Metrosideros (polymorpha) | Myrtaceae | Myrtle | Metrosideros | polymorpha | Gaud. | wide range of mesic to wet forest, near sea level to 2,200 m | Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, present on all main islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | 25 cm height, 10 mm stem diameter | `ohi'a, `ohi'a lehua, lehua | Collect seeds from trees in the same region as will be planted. Flowering may take place on individual trees any time of year. The primary flowering season is late spring and summer, although this varies between populations. The tiny seeds are borne in capsules which swell when mature, showing lines where the capsule will soon split open. Collect capsules just before they begin turning brown (before the seeds are released and disperse in the wind). Fruits mature 70 - 90 days after flowering. Collect by hand or with pole pruners. | No pretreatment is necessary. | A rain protected but light area is necessary for germination in trays (such as a cold-frame with clear film roof). After the germination and early establishment phase, full sun is recommended for growing out the individual seedlings in containers.<p> Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or other root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) work well. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and micronutrients and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. Once the seedlings reach 15-25 cm, they can be moved up to one gallon root training containers, or outplanted. | The tiny seeds of `ohi'a should be started in trays and later transplanted to individual growing containers. Sprinkle the seeds over fine commercial potting medium, black cinder, sterile compost, or vermiculite, as preferred. Covering the seeds is not recommended. However, the medium must be kept moist with a very fine mist sprayer so as not to disturb the tiny germinants. Alternatively, the trays can be placed in larger shallow trays filled with water keep the medium moist from below. Germination temperature of 72 degrees F is ideal. Some light (not full sun) is recommended to improve germination. Germination takes 7 - 14 days for fresh seed, longer for older seed (4 - 6 weeks for one year old seed.<p> When the seedlings have reached the 4-leaf stage (about 2 - 3 cm tall), transplant to individual containers. | 6 - 8 weeks | Seedlings should be grown in full sun. Keep seedlings well spaced apart to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. | 8 months | Space seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. If fertilization is necessary during the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be minimized or eliminated, with emphasis on P, K, and micronutrients. | 6 - 8 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Keeping them in their containers help protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Cutting the pot off (rather than pulling the plant out of the pot) will help reduce root damage during transplanting. | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1996. Ten native Hawaiian trees for urban landscapes. Lawai, Hawaii. <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/met-poly.htm <p> Allen, J. 2002. "Metrosideros Polymorpha Gaudich." In: Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721. <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer.1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Metrosideros polymorpha</i> Gaud. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1724 | Metroxylon (amicarum) | Arecaceae | Palm Family | Metroxylon | amicarum | Coelococcus | carolinensis | METAMI | Yap | Caroline ivory-nut palm is native to the Caroline Islands of Micronesia, Guam and the Phillipines. On Yap, it has become quite rare. It is usually found in wet, swampy areas and along riverbanks. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A (4 to 5 fronds)<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Caroline ivory nut palm, rupung | Flowers on borne on a large axillary inflorescence. Flowers are produced regularly which enables it to constantly bear fruit. Seeds are collected by hand when fully mature and when available. | None; fully mature seeds are planted after collection. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Inferred seed dormancy is morpho-physilogical dormancy. Seeds do not germinate for up to 6 months after planting due to complex seed dormancy. Once embryos are fully developed, seeds begin to germinate.<br> Seedlings are germinated in the greenhouse were they arer protected from excessive rainfall. Containers are watered by hand. We use a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 6 months | Seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 3 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 weeks prior to outplanting. At this stage, seedlings typically have 4 to 5 fronds and a firm root plug. | 1 month | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Metroxylon amicarum</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1725 | Microseris (heterocarpa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Microseris | heterocarpa | Chambers | Stebbinsoseris | heterocarpa | (Nutt.) Chambers nom. illeg. | MICHET | Catalina Island, California | Brown Microseris is an infrequent, annual species found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits open, dry grassy slopes and coastal sage shrub communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 or 4 inch containers | 4 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Brown Microseris | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected seeds from May to July. | We have used a 5 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> Germination percentage: 32% | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during late winter andearly spring months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into flats filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 1 to 2 weeks after sowing. | 2 to 4 weeks | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 2 or 4 inch containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium.<br>Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br>By mid-May most plants are in fruit. | 3 months | No hardening required; this ia an annual species. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Microseris heterocarpa</i> Chambers plants 2 or 4 inch containers; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1726 | Microseris (nutans) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Microseris | nutans | (Hook.)Schulz-Bip. | MINU | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | British Columbia and northwestern US east to Montana and South Dakota and south to Colorado and California. Mean annual precipitation range is from 16-60 inches (USDA NRCS 2006). In eastern Washington it is usually found in mesic open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 14 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Nodding microseris | Fruit is an achene which ripens in June. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is brown in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed maturity is indeterminant and daily collections are needed to maximize volume. Seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. Seed should be stored loosely in bags. Compressing the seed with the attached pappus increases difficulty during cleaning.<p> We determined 215,692 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Some germination occurs without pretreatment, but 90 or more days of cool, moist stratification maximizes germination. Seed can germinate in cool temperatures.<br> Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 22.5% germination occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 55% germination. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 75% germination. 92.5% germination was obtained from seeds sown in containers in early November and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures. Seedlings which germinated in the greenhouse thrived in the constant warmth, so it is likely the longer stratification time and not the cool, fluctuating temperature was the factor in the increased germination.<br> Germination in containers remaining outside began 10 days later than that in containers moved to the greenhouse after 90 days stratification. <br> <i>M. troximoides</i> (<i>Nothocalais troximoides</i>) does not germinatewithout pretreatment (Maguire & Overland, 1959). | In early November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 90+ days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in early February. Germination usually begins in 3 days and is complete in 10 days, although a few seeds may germinate 2-3 weeks later. | 10-14 days | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients.<br>Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions, then moved to the lath house in June. <br>Plants will not attain tight root plugs by early May and are held in the lath house until the following spring. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. Plants make little further growth after June, and may senesce in late summer. Senescent plants are given only enough water to prevent the medium from drying completely. <br>Starting stratification earlier possibly will result in field ready plants by the first planting season. | Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not needed. | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter. They should be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in late winter or early spring as temperatures begin to rise. <br>Regrowth will begin in early March as soon as temperatures begin to warm and plants will be field ready in late April. | Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Maguire, James D. and Alvin Overland. 1959. Laboratory Germination of Seeds of Weedy and Native Plants. Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 349, Pullman, WA. 15 p.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (02 February 2006).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Microseris nutans</i> (Hook.)Schulz-Bip. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1727 | Microsteris (gracilis) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Microsteris | gracilis | (Hook.) Greene | Phlox | gracilis | (Hook.) Greene | MIGR | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Common and abundant in dry to mesic grasslands and open forest of western North America from Alaska to California, east to Montana, Nebraska, and New Mexico, extending into South America.<p> Wetland indicator status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | not invasive | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 8 Months | Months | pink microsteris, slender phlox | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is brown in color. Seed is collected when the capsules begin to split in June and is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. Because the plants flower indeterminately and the capsules dehisce forcefully upon ripening, collecting seed is difficult and time-consuming. The seed must be collected as it ripens but before the capsules dehisce. <br>Plants can be cut and dried under cover on tarps or in bags. Small amounts can be dried in paper bags at room temperature with the top of the bag covered with open weave cloth. Larger amounts are dried on tarps in a greenhouse or shed. Plants are covered with garden row cover to prevent seed loss. Fans can be used to assure good air circulation.<p> We determined 292,080 seeds/lb or 644 seeds/gram for this ecotype (USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center 2005). | Seed requires 1-2 weeks of cold moist stratification to germinate. Germination will occur at cold temperatures.<br> Seeds planted in containers and placed outside for 30 days of cold, moist stratification began emerging the day after being moved into the greenhouse. Container planted untreated seed did not germinate in the greenhouse. <br>Replicated germination trials were also conducted at the Pullman PMC. Seed placed on wetted germination paper in petri dishes in a refrigerator at 38-40<sup>o</sup>F began germinating after 2 weeks while still in the refrigerator. Cold germination ultimately reached 94%. <br>Only 13% of seeds germinated in petri dishes held at ambient room temperature. After 40 days, the ungerminated seeds were moved to the refrigerator and began germinating after 6 days in cold temperatures. Cold germination ultimately reached 95%. The petri dishes were exposed to ambient room light and indirect sunlight, but light is not believed to be a factor in germination. Seed sown covered in containers germinated at high rates.<br> Seed sown covered in the field in November began emerging in early March and established at a high rate.<br> | <i>M. gracilis</i> is an annual. In the fall, seed is sown at a rate of 30-40 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. Seed should be placed so that it is barely covered by soil. | Germination will begin as daytime temperatures warm in March, and may occur over 2-4 weeks. | 2-4 weeks | Weeds are controlled by hand. No fertilizer is needed. Plants are not irrigated. Plants begin flowering in mid-May. Seed ripening and senescence is complete by mid June. | 3-4 months | Daubenmire, R.F. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Washington State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service EB 1446. Pullman, WA.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 332pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (4 March 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf <p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 4 March 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Microsteris gracilis</i> (Hook.) Greene seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1728 | Mikania (scandens) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Mikania | scandens | (L.) Willd. | MISC | Wet woodlands, stream banks, marshes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | climbing hempvine | Seeds need 4 months of cold, moist stratification. | After the pre-treatment seeds germinate in 2 weeks at 70F. Repot into a quarter gallon containers filled with Growing mix made of 1 part sand and 4 parts of a commercial potting mix containing 40-50% of composted pine bark. Because of its climbing habit and fast growth rate the plant is difficult to control in a greenhouse. Plants are ready for planting within 8-10 weeks from germination. | Baskin, CC Baskin, JM Leck, MA. 1993. Afterripening pattern during cold stratification of achenes of then perennial asteraceae from eastern north America, and evolutionary implication. Plant Species Biology 8: 61-65 <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Chiari, Alessandro. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mikania scandens</i> (L.) Willd. plants Cougar Springs Ranch Brooklyn, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1729 | Mimosa (strigillosa) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Mimosa | strigillosa | Torr. and A. Gray | MIST2 | Originally collected in east Texas (Houston County, Texas along the Trinity River) | M. strigillosa is a warm season legume found from east Texas to Florida. It grows on open, somewhat sandy areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 4 Months | Months | Plug container seedling. Root system: Firm plug which leaves no soil when pulled from container cell. | Powderpuff or herbaceous mimosa | Seed is combine harvested at the USDA-NRCS East Texas Plant Materials Center production field. Plants bloom in June and seed is harvested in July. Multiple harvests are possible in a single growing season if plants receive adequate rainfall or supplementary irrigation water. | Seed is mechanically scarified with a Westrup laboratory brush machine or Forsberg sample seed scarifier lined with P100 to 150 grit sandpaper. When using the Forsberg, scarify the seed for approximately 5 seconds. The Westrup laboratory brush machine settings include medium stiff bristles, heavy sandpaper lined mantle and brush machine control speed set at 4. The exit gate opening is approximately 1/4". Damage from heat or friction is possible if seed is left too long in the brush machine. When viewed under a microscope, the scarified seedcoat should be lightly scratched, not broken or cracked. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse with temperature set at 74F, with natural day length. Seed Propagation Method:Seed maybe hand or mechanically sown in germination trays. Container Type and Volume: Seed is sown into Hiko HV93 plug trays (cavity volume: 5.7 in. or 93 ml). Seed is sown into a 1:1 soilless mixture of Promix BX and Sunshine rediearth. Use only media to cover seeds. If vermiculite or other light material is used, emerging seedlings will push themselves out and expose their roots. | Sowing Date: February depending upon the outplanting date. At sowing, inoculate scarified seed with rhizobium inoculant for Mimosa sp. from Plant Probiotics, Indianapolis, Indiana. Emergence and Date: Emergence of seedlings should begin within a week of sowing. The majority of seed emergence is completed in 2 weeks. Keep planting media moist, but not wet. | Rapid Growth Phase: Emerged seedlings will first grow dicot leaves. Then the first stem emerges from the center of the dicot leaves and begins growing true leaves. Afterward the seedling produces more stems as it matures. A small amount of Osmocote Smart Release Plant Food (14-14-14) pellets are applied to each container cell shortly after seedling emergence. | Two to three weeks before outplanting, plants are moved outdoors to a shade house and watering is reduced. | Harvest Date: Plugs are usually ready for outplanting 12 to 14 weeks after seedlings emerge. Storage Conditions:n/a Plugs are seeded in late winter and outplanted the same spring. | n/a | Diggs, G.M., B. Lipscomb and R. O'Kennon, 1999. Shinner and Mahler's Flora of North Central Texas. Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Ft. Worth, Texas. Nuruddin, A.A. and M. Chang. 1999. Responses of herbaceous mimosa(Mimosa strigillosa), a new reclamation species to soil pH. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 27:287-298. | Shadow, Alan; Brakie, Melinda; Woody, Michael. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mimosa strigillosa</i> Torr. and A. Gray plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - East Texas Plant Materials Center Nacogdoches, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1730 | Mimulus (bolanderi) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Mimulus | bolanderi | Gray | MIMBOL | M. bolanderi is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bolander's monkeyflower | Seeds germinate at 27/18 C. | Sweeney, J. R. (1956). Responses of vegetation to fire. University of California Press, Berkeley. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.3 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mimulus bolanderi</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1731 | Mimulus (cardinalis) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Mimulus | cardinalis | Dougl. ex Benth. | Diplacus | cardinalis | (Dougl. ex Benth.) Groenl. | MIMCAR | Muir Woods, California | <i>M. cardinalis</i> is found in seeps and along streams below 8,000 feet elevation; from Oregon south to California and east to Arizona and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Scarlet Monkey flower | Seeds are collected between October 1st and October 31st.<br> Mature capsules are brown.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system and placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | Seedlings require frequent watering and grow rapidly. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mimulus cardinalis</i> Dougl. ex Benth. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1732 | Mimulus (guttatus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Mimulus | guttatus | DC | Mimulus | nasutus | Greene | MIGU | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Moist to wet soils of springs, seeps, meadows, and streambanks in the western US east to North Dakota and Nebraska and south to New Mexico and California. Also found in Michigan, New York, Delaware, and Connecticut.<br>It is ranked as an obligate wetland species over its range. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Seep, Yellow or Common monkeyflower | Seeds are collected when the capsules begin to split in July. Capsules can be harvested individually or seed can be collected by shaking into a container. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. Seed is brown in color and small. <p>4,000,000 seeds/lb (PLANTS Database). | None required. 74% germination was obtained without pretreatment. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #1 and covered lightly. Head space of 1/4 to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 6 days and continues over a period of 2-3weeks. | 2-3 weeks | Plants are watered deeply once every day and fertilized twice per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. <i> Mimulus guttatus</i> is an obligate wetland species and must be kept wet. Greenhouse soils with high drainage are more difficult to keep saturated but can be used if watered more frequently. Growth is rapid after germination. | 2 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every day if the weather is cool, and twice per day during hot, dry spells. | 2 weeks | Hitchcock and Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. 1973. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> Young and Young. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. 1986.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. 2nd ed. 1996.<p> Guard, B. Jennifer. Wetland Plants of Oregon and Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, 1995. | Skinner, David M,. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> DC plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1733 | Mimulus (guttatus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Mimulus | guttatus | DC. | MIGU | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Forest Service Road 24, 1.0 miles North of junction with Sears-Kay Ranch Road, Arizona; 3271 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Seep monkeyflower | Very small lot, 0.025 pounds, hand collected into paper envelope. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> DC. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1734 | Mimulus (guttatus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Mimulus | guttatus | Fisch. ex DC | MIMGUT | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>M. guttatus</i> is found from Alaska south to California and south through the Rocky Mountain states to Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Common Monkeyflower | Seeds are collected between July 1st and September 30th.<br> Mature capsules are brown.<br> Seed is very tinyu and black. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 80% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | 1 month | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br. Prune back to 4 nodes 3 months after transplanting. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> Fisch. ex DC plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1735 | Mimulus (lewisii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Mimulus | lewisii | Pursh. | MIMLEW | Subalpine streambank, Granite Park, 2032m elev. Glacier Co., Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>M. lewisii</i> occurs in from mid-montane to upper elevations in all mountain ranges in the Pacific Northwest. <i>M. lewisii,/i> is a vigorously rhizomatous perennial, which forms dense clumps along streambanks and in wet, boggy ground in the subalpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Lewis' monkeyflower | Seeds are collected in early fall when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. the tiny, dust like seeds are light tan at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning.<br> Capsules of some <i>Mimulus</i>species do not open fully unless they are soaked in water. | 5 month cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement. <br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1.0 gram of Micromax per 800 ml conetainer.<br>Containers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Germination was very uniform. Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and given frequent irrigation. Plants were root tight 4 weeks following germination. Some individuals flowered 8 weeks after germination. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm in fall, pots are leached with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mimulus lewisii</i> Pursh. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1736 | Minuartia (glabra) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Minuartia | glabra | (Michx.) Mattf. | Arenaria | glabra | Michx. | MINGLA | M. glabra is found in the southeasterb United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Appalchian stitchwort | Seeds are warm stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1982a). Germination ecophysiology of Arenaria glabra, a winter annual of sandstone and granite outcrops of southeastern United States. Amer. J. Bot. 69, 973-978.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Minuartia glabra</i> (Michx.) Mattf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1737 | Mirabilis (laevis) | Nyctaginaceae | Four O'Clock Family | Mirabilis | laevis | (Benth.) Curran | Mirabilis | californica | Gray | MIRCAL | Catalina Island, California | Wishbone Bush is found throughout southern California and the channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits dry rocky slopes and sea bluffs. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Tree pot (173 cu in) | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Wishbone Bush | Capsules are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected capsules from June to December. | We have used a 3 minute Physan fungicide soak to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> Seeds are sown in late winter, but do not germinate until the second winter. We have obtained 15% germination using this method. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during winter months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> | 1 year until germination | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 2 inch containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> We shift 2 inch container plants once they are root tight to #1 treepots 173 cubic inches) by the end of May (4 months after germination). We top prune as needed to encourage branching.<br> This species forms thick tuber-like roots and requires a large container to accomaodate root system. | 6 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mirabilis laevis</i> (Benth.) Curran plants #1 Tree pot (173 cu in); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1738 | Mirabilis (multiflora) | Nyctaginaceae | Four O'clock Family | Mirabilis | multiflora | (Torr.) Gray | MIRMUL | Zion National Park, Utah | <i>Mirabilis multiflora</i> is found from Oregon and California east through the Great Basin States to Colorado and south to Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon containers | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Colorado Four o'clock | Seeds are hand collected from sites within the Park when fruits have fully matured. | Seeds are scarified with sandpaper prior to sowing.<br> Seeds are naturally stratified outdoors during fall months. <br> Sowing Methods: Seeds are sown in Dyna flats with drainage holes containing a medium of 1.5 parts vermiculite, 1 part sterile sand, 1 part coarse turface, and 2 parts peat moss (v:v:v:v). Trays are watered thoroughly after sowing and are not allowed to dry out completely during stratification and germination. | Seedlings are grown in a shadehouse from April to October. | Transplant emergents at cotyledon stage from germination flats to 1 gallon containers. It is important to transplant at the cotyledon stage as root growth is fast and deformation will occur if delayed beyond this stage of development. We sometimes incorporate 13:13:13 NPK Osmocote time release fertilizer into media. | Seedlings are hand watered throughout the growing season after they are well established. Throughout the active growth phase, we irrigate when containers are nearly dry as a method of hardening the plants while they are being grown. | Decker, Cheryl. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mirabilis multiflora</i> (Torr.) Gray plants 1 gallon containers; USDI NPS - Zion National Park Springdale, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1739 | Mitella (breweri) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Mitella | breweri | Gray | MITBRE | Subalpine fir understory, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. Glacier Co., Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>M. breweri</i> occurs from moist mountain valleys to treeline. It ranges from southern B.C. to California, east to Alberta, Montana, and Idaho.<p> <i>M. breweri</i> is a rhizomatous perennial, which forms dense clumps along streambanks and in subalpine fir forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 5 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainer. | Brewer's mitrewort | Seeds are collected in early fall when capsules turn brown and seeds begin to fall out of the saucer-shaped receptacle.<br>Seeds are shiny black at maturity.<br>Seeds are hand collected using scissors and paper bags. | 5 month cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with a thin layer of grit.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge in late spring. Germination was very uniform under spring time fluctuating temperatures.<br>True leaves appeared 3 weeks after germination. Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and given frequent irrigation. Plants were root tight 12 weeks following germination. Plants were ready for outplanting at Logan Pass by late July. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK in fall, pots are flushed with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mitella breweri</i> Gray plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1740 | Mitella (nuda) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrgae family | Mitella | nuda | L. | MITNUD | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>M. nuda</i> is found in damp woods, stream banks, and in bogs; from Alaska to northwestern Washington, east to Labrador and Newfoundland, and south to North central Montana, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania; also in eastern Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 116 ml conetainers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br> Height: 3 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Bare-stemmed mitrewort | Seeds are collected in early fall when capsules and discs turn tan. Seeds are black at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with media.<br> Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination occurred in the fall; following a 160 cold moist stratification and 120 warm moist stratification. Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 12 to 16C during the day and 0 to 10 C at night. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 in the fall. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years<br> Harvest Date: September of the 2nd year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mitella nuda</i> L. plants 116 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1741 | Monarda (clinopodia) | Lamiaceae | Monarda | clinopodia | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | white bergamot | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Monarda clinopodia</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1742 | Monarda (clinopodia) | Lamiaceae | mint | Monarda | clinopodia | L. | MOCL | Monongahela National Forest | White bergamot is widely distributed throughout eastern North America from Vermont south to Gerogia and Alabama and west to Missouri. | none | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | white bergamot | Seed of Monongahela National Forest ecotype white bergamot was hand harvested from existing populations within the West Virginia confines of the Monongahela National Forest. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 21 March 2013). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monarda clinopodia</i> L. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1743 | Monarda (didyma) | Lamiaceae | mint | Monarda | didyma | L. | MODI | Monongahela National Forest | Scarlet beebalm is widely distributed throughout eastern North America from Quebec and Ontario in Canada south to Gerogia and west to Missouri, Iowa and Minnesota. It is also found in Oregon and Washington. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | scarlet beebalm | Seed of Monongahela National Forest ecotype scarlet beebalm was hand harvested from existing populations within the West Virginia confines of the Monongahela National Forest. | Seed is planted into round cell greenhouse flat liners with 38 cells per flat that have been filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Seed is surface sown at a rate of 3-5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with starter sized, 1/16" - 1/8" diameter, granite poultry grit to combat damping off diseases. Prepared flats are lightly hand watered to slightly moisten the growing medium and cold stratified at 35 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 21 days. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 10 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-10 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 2-4 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 2-4 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 1-2 week period prior to transplanting. | 1-2 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 10 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monarda didyma</i> L. plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1744 | Monarda (fistulosa) | Labiatae | Mint Family | Monarda | fistulosa | L. | MOFI | Of dry open, gravelly or rocky ground, oak or pine woodland, prairies, fields, and roadsides. Occasionally in sedge meadows or at edges of woods or thickets. A typical member of the Mint family with square stems and fragrant foliage when crushed. A showy terminal whorl of lilac to pink flowers. Height to 2'. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wild bergamot, Bee balm | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers during July and August. Seed is 1/16" nutlets and is harvested in October. Cut seed head shake out seed. Extract more seeds by rubbing the seed heads on hand; the seeds will easily come out. Seeds are small and black. Seed is not cleaned. | None are used. The seed readily germinates on its own. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: Grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter), 14"x8.5"x4" deep. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes on the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press the soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3-5 seeds in each cell. Covet the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press seeds into the dirt. Sow February until late July. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not transplanted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another growing season. Transplant if needed. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monarda fistulosa</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1745 | Monarda (fistulosa) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Monarda | fistulosa | MONFIS | Shenandoah National Park | Quebec to Manitoba and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Arizona. Found in upland woods, thickets and prairies. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug seedling.<br>
<b>Height:</b> 3-4".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm, full plug that fills the container. | Wild bergamot | Collected at Shenandoah National Park, South end, Miles 98-102.5, Mile 3-4 by J. Englert on 8/20-1/92, 9/21/92 and 9/28/93. | <b>Seed treatment:</b> Germination has been improved, even doubled, by giving seeded trays a minimum of two weeks cool, moist stratification at 40§F. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures varied from 70-85186;F during the winter months depending on natural solar; night temperatures averaged around 65-68§F.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown into plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed has been sown into 392 plug trays and seedlings transplanted to 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots, or direct sown into the 72 plug trays and multipots. Because we stratify the seeded trays, the volume of plugs needed determines if we direct seed into the final container.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germination mix is used for starts in 392's. For 72 plug trays and multipot containers: fill about 3/4 full of Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. Cells are topped with germination mix and seed is sown into this. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> January.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 7-10 days.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is hand-sown and lightly covered with germination mix. (It is easy to over seed the containers resulting in the need to thin seedlings later.) Trays are given a Triathlon fungicidal drench, covered in clear plastic and placed in a seed cooler for a 2 week stratification period.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination occurs within 7-10. Substrate is kept evenly moist during germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <i>Monarda</i> is especially susceptible to powdery mildew and can be bothered by the usual greenhouse pests such as broad and spider mites and white flies. Spot treat as needed. We have found that periodic cut backs rejuvenate top growth, allow air circulation, encourage root growth and eliminate many pests. These plants do not do well in plug trays for extended periods of time and may need spacing within the plug tray. Fertilized lightly approximately bi-weekly or as needed with soluble fertilizer at approximately 75-100 ppm N. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Two weeks prior to outplanting, the greenhouse is cooled down or plugs are moved outdoors, depending on weather, and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 13 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are not overwintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> In seed bags in National Plant Materials Center cooler at 40186;F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Germination has been improved, even doubled, by giving seeded trays a minimum of two weeks cool, moist stratification at 40§F. | Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Monarda fistulosa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1746 | Monarda (fistulosa) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Monarda | fistulosa | L. | MONFIS | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>M. fistulosa</i> occurs from low to mid elevations in the Rockies and east to the northern Great Plains states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Wild Bergamot | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 1 to August 20. Seed is harvested Sept. 9. | Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown plugs.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one week. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monarda fistulosa</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1747 | Monarda (fistulosa) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Monarda | fistulosa | L. | MOFI | BLM, Seeds of Success, Coconino County, Upper West Fork of Oak Creek, Arizona; 6562 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Wild bergamot | Very small lot, 0.26 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Monarda fistulosa</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1748 | Monarda (fistulosa) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Monarda | fistulosa | L. | MONFIS | Open slope, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>M. fistulosa</i> occurs from low to mid elevations and is found in open woods, fields and roadsides, from B.C east to Quebec, and south through the United States to Arizona, New Mexico,Texas, Louisiana, Alabama and Georgia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 9 cm<br> Caliper:n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Wild Bergamot | Seeds are hand collected in fall when capsules turn tan and papery. Seeds are black at maturity.<br>Capsules are collected in paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor stratification for material grown in the Outdoor Nursery.<br>A 30 day cold moist stratification was used in the refrigerator for greenhouse grown material.<br>This species is reported to have up to a 97% germination rate in the presence of light. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 21C or above during the day. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination.ÿ4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants reached root tightness in containers in 3 months. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:6 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed: A State of the Art, Vol. 3: Forbs, U.S.D.I., NTIS General Technical Report, 1982.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monarda fistulosa</i> L. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1749 | Monardella (odoratissima) | Lamiaceae | Mint | Monardella | odoratissima | MOOD | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | M. odoratissima grows in montane forests and amongst sagebrush scrub above 600 to 3000 m (2000 to 10,000ft) in Canada, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California, and Nevada. Specifically, M. odoratissima is found in Northern California coast ranges, Cascade Range, the Sierra Nevadas, Modoc Plateau, White Mountains, and Inyo Mountains. M. odoratissima will grow in wet or dry, rocky, and sandy soils. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 14 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Mountain Monardella | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 14 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 2 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is uniform and quite rapid. It is usually complete in 10 days. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 1 to 2 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a rate of 100 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 12 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
iNaturalist Network. nd. Mountain Coyote Mint Monardella odoratissima. URL: https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/62678-Monardella-odoratissima (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Boudreaux, Tanja. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monardella odoratissima</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1750 | Monardella (odoratissima) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Monardella | odoratissima | Benth. | MOOD | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | mountain monardella | Germination trials were established with the following results: warm stratification, 13% germination; 45 days cold-moist stratification, 54% germination; and 90 days cold-moist stratification, 91% germination. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Seeds germinated in the cooler as well as at room temperature. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Monardella odoratissima</i> Benth. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1751 | Monardella (odoratissima) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Monardella | odoratissima | Benth. | MOOD | USFS, Umatilla National Forest, Ukiah, Oregon: 4500 - 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mountain monardella | Small lot, 1.1 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Monardella odoratissima</i> Benth. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1752 | Monardella (sheltonii) | Lamiaceae | Mint | Monardella | sheltonii | Seed was collected form 3 locations within eastern Tehama County, California: along Lower and Upper Dye Creek at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve, along Antelope Creek and from the Hog's Back ridge. Seed was also collected from The Natur | California and Oregon. Rocky clearings, montane forest, oak woodland, chaparral, and serpentine below 2000 meters (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year seedling approximately 4 cm tall with vigorous, fibrous and rhizomatous root system. | Shelton's coyote-mint (may hybridize with other species of Monardella) | Relatively clean seed may be shaken from whole fruiting heads collected from mid to late summer. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Active growth occurs well into summer, though summer watering may result in fungal growth and rot. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature which may stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. Under good growing conditions, this species may flower within the first year. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks. Highly variable germination rates were observed for individuals from different populations. Observed germination rates were as follows: Seed sown in an outdoor cold frame - 15% (Vina Plains), 25% (Hogback) and 30% (Dye Creek); Seed cold-stored at approximately 44F in moist vermiculite - 70% (Cone Grove Park), 68% (Dye Creek), 34% (Hogback), 33% (Lower Dye Creek), and 53% (Vina Plains). Robust seedlings approximately 4 cm tall with vigorous fibrous root system may be established the first summer (within 7-8 months). | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed within 2 weeks after seeding in November (i.e. germination) and continued until early summer (June). | 7-9 months (fall to late summer). Older plants may not initiate above-ground growth until spring. | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants ofNorthern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monardella sheltonii</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1753 | Monardella (villosa) | Lamiaceae | Mint | Monardella | villosa | Monardella | antonina | MOVI2 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Monardella villosa grows in chaparral, coastal sage scrub, and various forest/woodland habitats in southern Oregon and throughout California. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 14 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | coyote mint | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 14 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 2 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is uniform and quite rapid. It is usually complete in 10 days. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a rate of 100 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 12 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
California Native Plant Society. nd. Coyote mint Monardella villosa. URL: https://calscape.org/Monardella-villosa-() (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monardella villosa</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1754 | Monardella (villosa) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Monardella | villosa | Beth. | MONVIL | MArin County, California | <i>M. villosa</i> is found in rocky places below 3,000 feet elevation; from Humboldt County to San Luis Obispo, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coyote Mint | Seeds are collected between July 1st and September 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is dark brown at maturity. | Soak seeds in fresh water for 4 hours. Put in plastic freezer bag with an equal amount ph neutral peat. Stratify at 40F for 2 weeks or until seeds start to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 25% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 28 days | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back as needed. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Monardella villosa</i> Beth. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1755 | Montia (linearis) | Portulacaceae | Purslane family | Montia | linearis | E. Greene | MOLI4 | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into a field covered with weed fabric for seed increase | narrowleaf minerslettuce | Pods were allowed to split on the weed fabric and drop seed. The weed fabric was vacuumed using small battery-powered hand vacuums to collect seed that had shattered. | seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 2 weeks. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 2 weeks and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/ 50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 60% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Montia linearis</i> E. Greene seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1756 | Morella (californica) | Myricaceae | Wax Myrtle Family | Morella | californica | (Cham. & Schelt.) Wilbur | Myrica | californica | CA. | MORCAL | Marin County, California | <i>M. californica</i> is found in moist canyons and slopes below 500 feet elevation; from Santa Monica mountains north to Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Wax Myrtle | Seeds are collected In January.<br> Mature berries are grey; 1/4 inch across.<br> | Soak clean seeds overnight in fresh water. Drain and rinse in a 5% bleach solution for 1 minute. Rinse. Place seeds in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of ph neutral peat. Keep in refrigerator at 40F for 2 to 3 months or until seeds begin to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 15 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peatmoss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media .<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on April 1st.<br> % Germination: 25% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 28 days | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse with 30% shadecloth. Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back 3 months after transplanting and afterwards as needed.<br> This species grows quickly once established. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Morella californica</i> (Cham. & Schelt.) Wilbur plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1757 | Morella (pensylvanica) | Myricaceae | Bayberry | Morella | pensylvanica | Lionel | MYPE2 | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | This upright shrub is found along coastal areas from Nova Scotia to Florida and west to Minnesota. Tolerates poor soils and high salt concentrations and has broad range of uses. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> 12 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Plant will have a good root system in containers. | Northern bayberry | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in September/October by hand harvesting. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Hand rubbing the seed on a rubbing board. Seed can use a 3 month cold stratification at 34ø- 40øF. If seeding in late fall, natural stratification will be effective. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seed is sown in cold frame in early winter.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed are sown in sturdy plastic flats in Metro-Mix 250 growing media and placed in cold frames in early winter December). Once seedlings are up, they are transplanted to 5 inch pots and gallon containers, with Pro-Mix BX media. Once in 1 gallon containers, they are placed in lathe house.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1 gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Pro-Mix BX. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed should be sown in late fall/early winter, in cold frames or raised beds in the field.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Good germination should occur in the spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed can be sown in flats with Metro-Mix 360.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Once the seedlings are up, transplant them to 5 inch pots with Metro-Mix 250. Monitor the watering. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Once plants are to a sufficient size, transplant to 1 gallon pots. They can be fertilized with Osmocote slow release fertilizer. Monitor the watering. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> When the seedlings are transplanted into 5 inch pots, they can be placed in the lathe house where they can later be placed into 1 gallon containers. | <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> It takes 3 years to obtain a plant of 1 gallon size material for transplanting.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> September/October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Seed should be stored with its waxy coat in a seed cooler at 40øF. | Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Trees and Shrubs of New England, M. J. Dewelley, Down East Books, 1980. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Morella pensylvanica</i> Lionel plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1758 | Morinda (citrifolia) | Rubiaceae | Coffee | Morinda | citrifolia | L. | dry to moderately wet sites, 0-450 m | Indigenous to southeastern Asia to Australia and possibly Guam. It is an aboriginal introduction that has naturalized in most Pacific Islands. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height 25 cm, Stem diameter: 10 mm | Indian mulberry; beach mulberry (English); noni (Hawaii, Marquesas); kura (Fiji); nonu (Tonga, Samoa, Niue, Wallis and Futuna); nono (Cooks, Societies); te non (Kiribati); nen (FSM); lada (Guam); nen or nin (Marshall Islands); kesengel, lel, ngel (Palau) | Noni flowers and fruits year-round. Fruits are harvested when they start turning white, or even when they have turned fully soft, translucent and characteristically fragrant. For seed production, the riper the fruit, the better. Collect from plants that have desirable characteristics such as large fruit for fruit production, or vigorous leaf growth for hedges, etc. | Without pretreatment, noni seeds germinate sporadically over 6 - 12 months. Scarifying by nicking the seed coat gives more uniform germination in about 30 days. Nicking can be done with a small fingernail clippers or sharp file. Large seedlots can be effectively scarified in a blender by suspending fruits or seeds in water and sparingly using the pulse function to ensure that minimal damage is done to the seeds while most are scarified. | A rain- and wind-protected but sunlit area (such as a cold-frame with clear film roof) is recommended for germination in trays. Germinate the seeds in trays filled with 1 part peat to 1 part perlite or vermiculite only. Warm, moist and light conditions are beneficial for optimum germination. After the germination and early establishment phase, moderate shade (20 -30%) to full sun is used for growing out the individual seedlings in containers. | Sprinkle the scarified seeds evenly over a mix consisting of 1 part perlite to 1 part peat. Cover lightly with 5-10 mm of mix. Keep moist with a fine sprayer soas not to disturb the seeds or the medium. Partial shade or full sun can be used for germination. An even temperature of 38 degrees Celsius is recommended, which can be achieved with bottom heat. | 2 - 3 months | When the seedlings reach the 4-leaf stage, carefully transplant to individual containers for the growth phase. Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or other root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) work well. One gallon root-training containers can also be used. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. <p> Seedlings should be grown in light shade and moved after 1 -2 months into full sun. Keep seedlings well spaced apart to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. | 8 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 1 month | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Keeping them in their containers help protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Nelson, Scot. 2002. The Noni Website. University of Hawaii CTAHR, Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/ctahr2001/commodities/noni/ [web page last updated 10/28/02] <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Valentine, Nicholas. 1999. A Preliminary Report on Non-timber Forest Products in Some Pacific Island Countries (with a case study on Morinda citrifolia). SPC/UNDP/AusAID/FAO Pacific Islands Forests & Trees Support Programme. RAS/97/330, Working Paper No. 6. <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Morinda citrifolia</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1759 | Morus (rubra) | Moraceae | Mulberry Family | Morus | rubra | L. | MORRUB | Louisiana | Red mulberry is found throughout the eastern and central United States. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 12 in<br>
Caliper:0.12 to 0.25 in<br>
Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Red mulberry | Seeds are purchased from Louisiana. Fruits are dark red to dark black at maturity. | We cold, moist stratify seeds in 1:1 (v:v) sawdust to seeds in a cooler at 36 F for 3 months.<br>We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 11.5 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Read RA and Barnes RL. 1974.Seeds of the Woody Plants of the United States.US Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Agricultural Handbook 654.544-547. | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Morus rubra</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1760 | Muhlenbergia (asperifolia) | Poaceae | Grass family | Muhlenbergia | asperifolia | (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) Parodi | MUAS | BLM, Lakeview Resource Area, Summer Lake Wetlands, Lakeview, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Scratchgrass | Small lot, 3.5 pounds, hand collected into plastic leaf bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Muhlenbergia asperifolia</i> (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) Parodi seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1761 | Muhlenbergia (emersleyi) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Muhlenbergia | emersleyi | Vasey | Madrean Archipelago | Found on dry, rocky slopes and hillsides to canyon cliffs and gravelly arroyos from 4,000 - 8,000 feet in the southern portions of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and throughout Sonora, Mexico (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+). Bull grass is an excellent species for slope stabilization and is a mainstay of the target species list for the region. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Bullgrass | This grass is commonly found in large populations making it a wonderful species for seed collection. Seed collection can occur between late October to mid-November. Using shears or a knife, snip off entire inflorescences. This method allows for quick collection of large amounts of seed.
| No specific information about germination treatment requirements was found for this species. | Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+.
Gould, Frank W. Grasses of the Southwestern United States. U of Arizona, 1951. Print. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Muhlenbergia emersleyi</i> Vasey Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1762 | Muhlenbergia (montana) | Poaceae | Muhlenbergia | montana | MUMO | Colorado, Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-030s), Beaver Meadow Trailhead (98-063s, 98-105s), Alluvial Fan (98-061s), MPCG (98-062s), Upper Beaver Meadows (98-100s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mountain Muhly | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed may be stripped by hand quite easily or may use a sandpaper block and rasp.<p> Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-030s) collected on 9/28/98; Beaver Meadow Trailhead (98-063s, 98-105s) collected on 9/28/98; Alluvial Fan (98-061s) collected pm 9/26/98; MPCG (98-062s) collected on 10/3/98; Upper Beaver Meadows (98-100s) collected on 9/17/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> bGermination media:/b Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).br <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2.<p> Beaver Meadow Picnic (98-030s) sowed 11/3/98; Beaver Meadow Trailhead (98-063s, 98-105s) sowed 11/10/98; Alluvial Fan (98-061s) sowed 11/10/98; MPCG (98-062s) sowed 11/10/98; Upper Beaver Meadows (98-100s) sowed 11/24/98. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Surface sown in 12x12. Recommend small pots for ease of divisions later.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination occurs over several days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Muhlenbergia montana</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1763 | Muhlenbergia (porteri) | Poaceae | Grass family | Muhlenbergia | porteri | Scribn. | MUHPOR | M. porteri is found from Colorado and Nevada south into Arizona and western Texas and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bush muhly | Germination occurs at 30D/17N C alternating temperature cycle. | Ashby and Hellmers,1955.Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Muhlenbergia porteri</i> Scribn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1764 | Muhlenbergia (rigens) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Muhlenbergia | rigens | (Benth.) Hitchc. | Madrean Archipelago | Found in wet areas across the southwestern United States and central Mexico at elevations of 90-2500m (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+). It often grows along streams, drainages and washes on substrate ranging from sand to rock (Flora of North America Editorial Committee).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Deergrass | Panicles are ready for seed collection when they are a golden-brown color and seeds come readily off the panicle. Collecting the entire inflorescences by snipping them off with garden clippers or by hand is the best way to obtain large amounts of seed from deergrass plants. | Anderson, M. “Plant Guide for Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth,) A.S. Hitchc.” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-National Resources Conservation Service, National Plant Data Center, University of California, Davis, California. n.d. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_muri2.pdf [2017, January 11].
Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Muhlenbergia rigens</i> (Benth.) Hitchc. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1765 | Muhlenbergia (wrightii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Muhlenbergia | wrightii | Vasey | MUHWRI | M. wrightii is found from southern Colorado and Utah south to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spike muhly | Germination occurs at 12 to 34.5 C. | Sabo,1979.Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Muhlenbergia wrightii</i> Vasey plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1766 | Myoporum (sandwicense) | Myoporaceae | Myoporum | Myoporum | sandwicense | A. Gray | wide distribution from coastal strands to high dry sites | All main Hawaiian islands and Mangaia (Cook Islands) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 6 Months | Months | 20 cm height, 8 mm stem diameter | Naio, naeo, naieo, bastard sandalwood, false sandalwood | Collect fresh matured whitish-colored fruits and clean off the pulp from the seeds. There are 4-12 seeds per fruit. Viable seeds sink in water, the floaters can be discarded. | Untreated seed germinates sporadically over a period of 1 - 18 months. Treating with 120 -135 deg F warm water and soaking for 12 - 48 hours my hasten germination. Treating the seed coat by nicking with a nail clippers may also hasten germination. | Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) are recommended.<p> Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) are recommended. | Naio seedlings are quick to establish once germination has taken place. Keep seedlings moist, but do not overwater. | 2 - 4 weeks | Growing in full sun will begin to harden the plants and ready them for harsh environments. Naio has few pests or disease problems. Scale can be treated with insecticidal soap. | 4 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, butwatering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 2 - 4 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Keeping them in their containers help protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Cutting the pot off (rather than pulling the plant out of the pot) will help reduce root damage during transplanting. | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/myo-sand.htm <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1996. Ten native Hawaiian trees for urban landscapes. Lawai, Hawaii. <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Myoporum sandwicense</i> A. Gray plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1767 | Myosotis (asiatica) | Boraginaceae | Forget-me-not family | Myosotis | asiatica | Schischkin & Sergievskaja | Variety | Myosotis | sylvatica | F.W.Schmidt.) Hoch | Variety | alpestris | MYOASI | M. asiatica is a circumboreal species occuring in the arctic and mountain regions of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine forget-me-not | Germination occurs at 20D/10N alternating temperature cycles. | Weilenmann, K. (1981). Importance of germination and first developmental phases of alpine taxa from various habitats. Ber. Beobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel 48, 68-119. (In German with English summary).<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Myosotis asiatica</i> Schischkin & Sergievskaja plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1768 | Myosotis (laxa) | Boraginaceae | Borage family | Myosotis | laxa | Lehm. | MYLA | seeds collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | small flowered forget-me-not | Seeds were planted into conetainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro nutrients (MicroMax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Sown flats were placed in a greenhouse set at modrate temperatures (70 degree days, 50 degree nights). | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks with no treatment. 95% germination was observed. | 1 month | One-month old plants were transplanted into 3'X 4' tubs filled with 6" of Sunshine #1 media. Plants were spaced 4" apart and watered heavily. | 6 months | Seeds were collected by cutting off flower stalks when the lowest nutlets turned black. They were then dried in a greenhouse and cleaned in an air-screen machine | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Myosotis laxa</i> Lehm. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1769 | Myosurus (minimus L.) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Myosurus | minimus L. | MYMI2 | Collected in Lane Co. Oregon, near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | tiny mousetail | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soul-less peat based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats were placed in an unheated greenhouse (avg. temp: 40 degree days, 35 degree nights). | After 1 month, flats were moved to heated greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (65 degree days, 50 degree nights). | Seeds will only germinate in cool temperatures. Seeds germinated in 2-4 weeks. | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Myosurus minimus L.</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1770 | Myosurus (minimus) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup | Myosurus | minimus | (Greene) G. R. Campb. | subsp. | apus | MYSE2 | Vernal Pools | Baja California, California, Oregon | None | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 4 months | Our goal was to produce as many seeds as possible for reintroduction. | Little mousetail | Wild collected seeds were collected along maternal lines in Dennery Canyon, San Diego County, CA | None | Pots were sterilized prior to use with Physan 20. | Seeds were surface sown along maternal lines in 2” pots filled with sunshine mix #3. Pots were maintained evenly moist with gentle misting until germination was seen. Small plants were kept moist with gentle watering. | 4 weeks | Plants were maintained evenly moist. They were fertilized once monthly with a 100ppm solution of 20-20-20 fertilizer. | 6 weeks | Once plants began flowering watering was reduced to once weekly to allow slight drying between watering. Once plants were in the fruiting stage, watering was reduced further and the plants were allowed to slowly dry down. | 6 weeks | Plants were harvested along maternal lines by carefully cutting off the scapes after being allowed to dry down in the pots. Seeds were removed from scapes and allowed to slowly dry down in the cool dry environment of the seed bank. Seeds were then sealed in Mylar bags for storage. | Seed has not yet been used for reintroduction. | Anderson, Stacy; Weatherson, Tobin. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Myosurus minimus</i> (Greene) G. R. Campb. Seeds San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1771 | Myrciaria (floribunda) | Myrtaceae | Myrtle family | Myrciaria | floribunda | (West ex Willd.) Berg | MYRFLO | St. Thomas | M.floribunda is found in Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and parts of the Lesser Antilles. Also from southern Mexico through to Colombia, Venezuela, east Brazil and Peru.<br>In St. Thomas, the trees are found primarily on the north side of the island. Some are wild trees and some planted. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | guavaberry | Fruits are collected directly from the tree. | Plant the cleaned seeds in 2 in. germination trays. Cover with 0.25 inch of commercial potting soil. | Seeds generally germinate between 7 and nine months after planting.<br>Plants are about 1 in. tall with about 6 to 8 leaves before they are transferred out of the tray into individual containers.Transplant survivorship is about 90%. | Seedlings are transplanted into 4 inch pots with a heavier soil containing a mix of commercial and local top soil.<br> Seedlings are fertilized with Osmocote once the transplanted seedling starts producing leaves on its own. They continue to produce new growth even when not fertilized. | Little, Woodbury and Wadsworth. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands vol II. Ag Handbook No. 449 USDA, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. pp 1024. | Neuburger, Jackie. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Myrciaria floribunda</i> (West ex Willd.) Berg plants Propagacian de plantas St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1772 | Myrica (cerifera) | Myricaceae | Bayberry | Myrica | cerifera | Dioecious evergreen to semi-evergreen shrub found in sandy swamps and wet woods of the coastal plain from southern New Jersey to Florida and west to Texas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Waxmyrtle | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Clean seed. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> September thru October.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Maximum stored viability is maintained if waxy coat remains and seed is refrigerated at less than 40§F.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Myrica cerifera</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1773 | Myrica (pensylvanica) | Myricaceae | Bayberry | Myrica | pensylvanica | Dioecious upright shrub is found on dry and wet sandy coastal sites from Nova Scotia to Florida and west to Louisiana, and along the shores of Lake Erie; Inland bogs of northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania also have populations of this species growing. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Northern Bayberry | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b>Clean seed. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> September thru October.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Maximum stored viability is maintained if waxy coat remains and seed is refrigerated at less than 40§F.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Myrica pensylvanica</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1774 | Myriophyllum (spicatum) | Haloragaceae | Water Milfoil Family | Myriophyllum | spicatum | L. | MYRSPI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spiked water milfoil | Seeds were cold stratified for 120 days. Seeds germinate at 20C. Germination was greater in light than in dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Hartleb et al 1993.Environmental factors affecting seed production in Myriophyllm spicatum L. Aquatic Botany 45 15-25. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Myriophyllum spicatum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1775 | Najas (flexilis) | Najadaceae | Water Nymph Family | Najas | flexilis | (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt | NAJFLE | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nodding water nymph | Seeds were cold stratified for 210 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 19/15 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936. Storage and Germination of Seeds of Aquatic Plants. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 652. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Najas flexilis</i> (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1776 | Nassella (cernua) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Nassella | cernua | (Stebbins & R.M. Love) Barkworth | Stipa | cernua | Stebbins & R.M. Love | NASCER | Catalina Island, California | Nodding Needlegrass is found throughout southern California. It is rare on Catalina Island. It inhabits dry or eroded clayey or grassy slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch container | 4 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Nodding Needlegrass | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. We usually collet seeds in late July and early August. | We have used a 5 to 15 minute Physan fungicide soak or a 3 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 19 to 92%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during late winter or early fall months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into containers. Containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium.<br> Seeds begin to germinate 1 to 2 weeks after sowing. | 1 month | Seedlings are watered as needed during the active growth phase. | 3 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nassella cernua</i> (Stebbins & R.M. Love) Barkworth plants 10 cubic inch container; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1777 | Nassella (lepida) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Nassella | lepida | (A.S. Hitchc.) Barkworth | Stipa | lepida | A.S. Hitchc. | NASLEP | Catalina Island, California | Foothills Needlegrass is found throughout southern California and the channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits dry, rocky slopes and bluffs. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 40 cubic inch containers | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Foothills Needlegrass | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected seeds from late May to June. | We have used a 5 minute Physan fungicide soak or a 3 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 15% to 50%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are sown in late fall andgerminate the following spring. Seeds are directly sown into containers. Plants remain for several weeks in a shadehouse. Flats and containers are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> | 5 months | Seedlings are watered as needed during the active growth phase. | 4 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nassella lepida</i> (A.S. Hitchc.) Barkworth plants 40 cubic inch containers; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1778 | Nassella (leucotricha) | Poaceae | Grass family | Nassella | leucotricha | (T.&R.) Pohl. | Stipa | leucotricha | T.&R. | NASLEU | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Texas wintergrass | Germination occurs at 25 to 30 C. | White, J. J. and Van Auken, O. W. (1996). Germination, light requirements, and competitive interactions of Stipa leucotricha (Gramineae). Southw. Nat. 41, 27-34.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nassella leucotricha</i> (T.&R.) Pohl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1779 | Nassella (pulchra) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Nassella | pulchra | (A.S. Hitchc.) Barkworth | Stipa | pulchra | A.S. Hitchc. | NASPUL | Marin County, California | <i>N. pulchra</i> is found in dry places below 4,000 feet elevation in the coastal ranges and foothills of the Sierras; from Humboldt to San Diego counties, Channel Islands to Lower California. | plants | seed | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Purple Tussockgrass | Seeds are collected between and .<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is light gray at maturity. | Cold stratify seeds in the refrigerator for 3 weeks. | Sowing Method: Direct Sowing.<br> 4 seeds are per container are planted 2 times the diameter to depth. Media used is a standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 20% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 1.5"x 8" tubes (Leach tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 2 months | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13)in September.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Nassella pulchra</i> (A.S. Hitchc.) Barkworth plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1780 | Nassella (tenuissima) | Poaceae | Grass family | Nassella | tenuissima | (Trin.) Barkworth | NATE3 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Russel Gap Road, Chaves County, New Mexico: 5843 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Finestem needlegrass | Very small lot, 0.5 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Nassella tenuissima</i> (Trin.) Barkworth seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1781 | Nassella (viridula) | Poaceae | Grass family | Nassella | viridula | (T&R) Barkworth | Stipa | viridula | Trin. | NASVIR | N. viridula is found from New York east to Alberta and south to Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona in open prarire and woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Green needlegrass | Germination occurs at 20 and 15 C.Germination was greater in dark than light.<br> Mechanical injury of caryopsis or coverings resulted in 96% germination.<br> Application of gibrellic acid resulyted in 49 to 100% germination.<br> Pretreatment with potassium nitrate resulted in 69% germination.<br> Afterripening dry storage resulted in 25% germination. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Fulbright, T. E., Redente, E. F. and Wilson, A. M. (1983).Germination requirements of green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.). J. Range Manage. 36, 390-394.<br>Robocker, W. C., Curtis, J. T. and Ahlgren, H. L. (1953). Some factors affecting emergence and establishment of native grass seedlings in Wisconsin. Ecology 34, 194-199.<br>Fulbright, T. E., Redente, E. F. and Wilson, A. M. (1983).Germination requirements of green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.). J. Range Manage. 36, 390-394.<br>Frank, A. B. and Larson, K. L. (1970). Influence of oxygen, sodium hypochlorite, and dehulling on germination of green needlegrass seed (Stipa viridula Trin.). Crop Sci. 10, 679-683.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nassella viridula</i> (T&R) Barkworth plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1782 | Navarretia (intertexta) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Navarretia | intertexta | (Benth.) Hook. | NAIN2 | Collected in Lane Co. Oregon, near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | needleleaf navarretia | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soul-less peat based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats were placed in an unheated greenhouse (avg. temp: 40 degree days, 35 degree nights). | After 1 month, flats were moved to heated greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (65 degree days, 50 degree nights). | Seeds will only germinate in cool temperatures. Seeds germinated in 2-4 weeks. | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Navarretia intertexta</i> (Benth.) Hook. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1783 | Navarretia (willamettensis) | Polemoniaceae | phlox | Navarretia | willamettensis | NAWI | Oregon, United States of America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Willamette navarretia | In our experience a two week prechill of cool/moist stratification (38F) prior to placement in a heated greenhouse is best suited to maximizing germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Navarretia willamettensis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1784 | Nelumbo (lutea) | Nelumbonaceae | Lotus Family | Nelumbo | lutea | Willd. | Nelumbium | luteum | Willd. | NELLUT | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American lotus | Seeds were scarified. Seeds germinated at alternating temperatures of 35/23 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Francko.1986. Studies on Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. I. Techniques for axenic liquid seed culture. Aquatic Botany 26.113-117. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nelumbo lutea</i> Willd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1785 | Nemopanthus (mucronatus) | Aquifoliaceae | Holly Family | Nemopanthus | mucronatus | (L.) Loes | NEMU2 | Deciduous woody shrub found in Bogs, in characteristic zone of high shrubs near the outer margin, swamps, thickets, swales, inderdunal hollows, low places in woods, margins of lakes, damp coniferous woods on sandy banks. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain Holly | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers May-June. Conspicuous red fruit on auxiliary pedicels. Drupe only on female plants. Seed is harvested July thru August. | Sratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place bag in a room temperature setting for at least 2 months followed by cold storage in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least 2 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate air. Vents open during summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2 " diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow seeds year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan, until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nemopanthus mucronatus</i> (L.) Loes plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1786 | Nemophila (aphylla) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Nemophila | aphylla | (L.) Brummitt | Nemophila | microcalyx | (Nutt.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey | NEMAPH | N. aphylla is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Smallflower baby blue eyes | Seeds are warm stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Chester, E. W. (1993a). Seed germination ecology of two mesic woodland winter annuals, Nemophila aphylla and Phacelia ranunculacea (Hydrophyllaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120, 29-37.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nemophila aphylla</i> (L.) Brummitt plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1787 | Nemophila (menziesii) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf | Nemophila | menziesii | Hook. & Arn. | NEME | Seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | baby blue eyes | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micr-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 2-4 weeks. The flats were removed from the cooler after 2-4 weeks and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Bartow, Amy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nemophila menziesii</i> Hook. & Arn. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1788 | Nemophila (menziesii) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Nemophila | menziesii | Hook. & Arn. (Fisch. & Mey.) Chandler | NEME | Collected in Lane Co. Oregon, near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into a field covered with weed fabric for seed increase. | baby blue eyes | The weed fabric was vacuumed using small battery-powered hand vacuums to collect seed that had shattered. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soul-less peat based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats were placed in an unheated greenhouse (avg. temp: 40 degree days, 35 degree nights). | After 1 month, flats were moved to heated greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (65 degree days, 50 degree nights). | Seeds will only germinate in cool temperatures. Seeds germinated in 2-4 weeks. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nemophila menziesii</i> Hook. & Arn. (Fisch. & Mey.) Chandler plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1789 | Nicotiana (attenuata) | Solanaceae | Nightshade family | Nicotiana | attenuata | Torr. ex S. Wats. | NICATT | N. attenuata is found throughout the Great Plains south to California, Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coyote tobacco | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination occurs in the presence of light. | Wells, P. V. (1959). An ecological investigation of two desert tabaccos. Ecology 40, 626-644.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nicotiana attenuata</i> Torr. ex S. Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1790 | Notholithocarpus (densiflorus) | Fagaceae | Beech | Notholithocarpus | densiflorus | NODE3 | Various sites in southern Oregon | Tanoak occurs on fertile mountain slopes and ridges below 1200 meters in the Coast Ranges from the Santa Inez Mountains in Southern California, to the Cascade Ranges in Southwestern Oregon | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 656 ml (40 in3) container | 22 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | tanoak | If tanoak nuts have been collected from areas infested with Phytophthora ramorum, or within quarantine areas, the best precaution is to soak nuts in a 1% bleach solution for 10 minutes to surface sterilize the nuts. There is no evidence to date that P. ramorum has been found inside the seed coat.
Following the bleach soak, nuts are placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in aerated water for an additional 48 hours. The nuts are then placed in mesh bags, layered in peat and sealed in containers that are placed in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 45 days. It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. Germination may begin to occur during the stratification period in collections from some locations. If radicles have started to emerge, the germinated seeds should be sown immediately. | Seeds are directly sown into containers from stratification trays. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 3 g Apex per 656 ml container. | Germination and emergence can be somewhat uneven, depending on collection location, and may take up to 4 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, cells are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 5 to 6 weeks | Following emergence, tanoak grows rapidly. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly.
It is easy to overwater this species, so irrigation must be carefully controlled. | 18 to 20 weeks | Irrigation is reduced starting in early September. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September induce dormancy. | 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) P.S. Manos, C.H. Cannon, & S.H. Oh tanoak. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=NODE3 (accessed 11 Oct 2018). Immel D. 2002. Plant guide: Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Davis (CA): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Data Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_lide3.pdf (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i> Plants 656 ml (40 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1791 | Nuphar (luteum) | Nymphaeaceae | Water Lily Family | Nuphar | luteum | (Linnaeus) J. E. Smith | NUPLUT | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yellow Pond Lily | Seeds were cold stratified for 45 days. Seeds germinate at 25 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Beal and Southhall 1977.The taxonomic significance of experimental selection by vernalization in Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae). Systematic Botany 2 49-60. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nuphar luteum</i> (Linnaeus) J. E. Smith plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1792 | Nymphaea (odorata) | Nymphaeaceae | Water Lily Family | Nymphaea | odorata | Ait. | NYMODO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White water lily | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 days. Seeds germinated at room temperature. | Else and Riemer.1984. Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Factors affecting the germination of seeds of fragrant waterlily (Nymphaeaodorata). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management.22 22-25. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Nymphaea odorata</i> Ait. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1793 | Nyssa (aquatica) | Nyssaceae | Gum Family | Nyssa | aquatica | L. | NYSAQU | South Central Missouri | Water tupelo is found throughout the coastal plains from Virginia to northern Florida and east to Texas, and north to Missouri and southern Illinois. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Water tupelo | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Ripe fruits range in color from white to dark grey. | We sow seeds by hand in late April into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand liftedafter the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Nyssa. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Nyssa.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Nyssa aquatica</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1794 | Nyssa (sylvatica) | Nyssaceae | Gum Family | Nyssa | sylvatica | Marsh. | NYSSYL | South Central Missouri | Black gum is found from thorughout the eastern US: from the northeastern and Upper Midwestern states south to eastern Texas and Florida. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Black gum | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Fruits are blue-black, fleshy drupes that ripen in the fall. | Seeds are sown in late October using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear @5 setting. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Fertilization: We apply 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with a mechanical spreader the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Nyssa. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Nyssa.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> Marsh. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1795 | Oemleria (cerasiformis) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Oemleria | cerasiformis | (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon | OECE | USFS, Willamette National Forest, Oregon; 1000 to 2000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Indian Plum | Small lot, 0.99 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Oemleria cerasiformis</i> (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1796 | Oemleria (cerasiformis) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Oemleria | cerasiformis | (Torr. & Gray ex Hook & Arn) Landan | Nutallia | cerasiformis | Torr. & Gray ex Hook & Arn. | OEMCER | Presidio, California | <i>O. cerasifromis</i> is found in canyons below 5,000 feet elvation, in the coastal and foothills of the Sierras; from Santa Barbara to Del Norte County and Tulare to Shasta County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Indian Plum | Seeds are collected between May 7th and July 29th.<br> | Soak seeds in water and stratify for 60 days. | Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are lightly covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system and placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 37% | Seeds germinate 4 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted at the 3 true lef stage 4 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 70%. | 8 days | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oemleria cerasiformis</i> (Torr. & Gray ex Hook & Arn) Landan plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1797 | Oenanthe (sarmentosa) | Apiaceae | Carrrot Family | Oenanthe | sarmentosa | Presl. | OENSAR | Presidio, California | <i>O. sarmentosa</i> is found in marshes and sluggish water from California to British Columbia and east to Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Water Parsely | Seeds are collected between August 15th and September 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> | Soak seeds for 24 hours. Cold stratify for 21 to 30 days. | Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are sown in containers 2"x 7" or larger (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 70%. | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oenanthe sarmentosa</i> Presl. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1798 | Oenothera (albicaulis) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose family | Oenothera | albicaulis | Pursh | Madrean Archipelago | Grows from 2,500-7,500 ft in dry, grassy, and disturbed localities (Kearney and Peebles 1960). Flowers March-July. Commonly found in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Montana, Utah, Texas, and Wyoming (USDA, NRCS 2009).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Whitest Evening Primrose | Break the capsules off the plants manually.
| Typically, germination for this genus requires both light, humidity, and is most successful when seeds are sown directly onto the substrate surface (Greiner and Kohl 2013). In one study, successful germination lots occurred when the seed was wet blotted in a petri dish for 1-3 days (Greiner and Kohl 2013). Another method involved sowing seeds directly into substrate and placing them under a translucent dome to maintain humidity for about 1-2 weeks, however seed quality/age can affect the germination rate and cause extreme delays (Greiner and Kohl 2013). Germination rates here can be increased by soaking seeds for 24 hours at low temperatures (4-10°C) in the dark (Greiner and Kohl 2013). Best germination rates were seen in the spring season with direct lighting (Greiner and Kohl 2013). However, this is general information for the Oenothera genus and may not apply to seeds of O. albicaulis as shown by the following study.
In a different study, Oenothera albicaulis germination rates were tested for four different treatments: untreated, 3-week moist cold stratification, 12-week moist cold stratification, and 3-week moist warm stratification (Pendleton and Pendleton 2014). Germination rates for all treatments were 4% (Pendleton and Pendleton 2014). It is suggested that other methods be attempted to break the dormancy of these seeds including dry heat, smoke, darkness, and wet/dry cycles (Pendleton and Pendleton 2014). | Epple, Anne Orth., and John F. Wiens. Plants of Arizona: a field guide. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides, 2012. Print.
Greiner, Stephan and Karin Kohl. “Growing Evening Primroses (Oenothera).” Frontiers in plant science 5 (2013): 38. Web. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923160/ [2017, January 9]. Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Pendleton, Rosemary L., and Burton K. Pendleton. "Germination patterns of a suite of semiarid grassland forbs from central New Mexico." Native Plants Journal 15.1 (2014): 17-28. USDA, NRCS. “Map for Oenothera albicaulis Pursh.” The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 2009. Web. http://plants.usda.gov [2017, February 6]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oenothera albicaulis</i> Pursh Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1799 | Oenothera (biennis) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose family | Oenothera | biennis | L. | OENBIE | O. biennis is found in non forested areas of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common evening primrose | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 30/15 C' Germination is equal in light and dark. | Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. (1994a). Germination requirements of Oenothera biennis seeds during burial under natural seasonal temperature cycles. Can. J. Bot. 72, 779-782.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oenothera biennis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1800 | Oenothera (biennis) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose Family | Oenothera | biennis | L. | OEBI | Dry, sandy roadsides, clearings, disturbed ground, fields, dunes, beaches. Stout, erect sometimes branched biennial up to 2 meters tall, often purplish stems produced from the previous years' rosette. Yellow flowers borne on dense terminal elongated spikes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common evening primrose | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Cut entire flower spike and place upside-down in a large paper bag. Flowers from late June to September. The seed is harvested in September-October. Fruit is a capsule containing seeds. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with 3 months of moist cold stratification in a refrigerator or cold garage. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run coninuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scott's Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes on the bottom/sides of the tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. Approximately 50-75% of the seeds germinate and make it to maturity. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oenothera biennis</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1801 | Oenothera (caespitosa) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose family | Oenothera | caespitosa | Nutt. | OENCAE | Open slopes, Two Medicine, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>O. caespitosa</i> is widespread east of the Cascades to the Great Plains throughout the West. It occurs on roadcuts and shoulders, talus slopes, dry hills to open Ponderosa pine forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 116 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm, 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Rock evening primrose | Seeds are hand collected in late August when capsules turn dark brown and woody. Seeds are black at maturity. Capsules are collected using pruning shears and are stored in paper bags prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with media.<br> Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination.<br>Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 21C or above during the day. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 2 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants had 10 to 12 true leaves and were root tight 8 weeks after germination. Plants are biennial and will not flower until the second year. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: Late July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oenothera caespitosa</i> Nutt. plants 116 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1802 | Oenothera (elata) | Onagraceae | Evening primrose | Oenothera | elata | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek Preserve, Tehama County, California | Western North America to Central America. Moist places below 2,800 m (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 8 Months | Months | Robust rosette forms within 6-10 months. | Hooker's evening primrose | Fruits ripen from May through June (July). Seed may be rapidly gathered by drying fruit upside down in palstic bags. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging from D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). | Initial germination was observed within 1 week; Observed germination rate was 87% for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 2-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until late summer/early fall (depending on moisture and sunlight. | Up to 10 months depending on moisture and sunlight. | Not necessary. | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oenothera elata</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1803 | Oenothera (flava) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose Family | Oenothera | flava | (A. Nels.) Garrett | Lavauxia | flava | A. Nels. | OENFLA | Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta | <i>Oenothera</i> <i>flava</i> is found from Washington to Saskatchewan, south to California, Colorado and North Dakota. It inhabits drying mud of shallow ponds and prairie potholes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml container | 8 Months | Months | Height: 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 160 ml container. | Yellow Evening Primrose | Seeds are hand collected in August when capsules begin to split open. Seeds are brown at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are imbibed in water for 4 hours and placed on moist paper towels insertd into a opened plastic bag. Seeds undergo a 90 day cold, moist stratifcation at 1 to 3C in th refrigerator. | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery.<br>Greenhouse set at 23C day /15C night temperatures.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 sphagnum peat,vermiculite,and perlite. Conetainers are irrigated thoroughly after sowing. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination by misting twice per day. True leaves emerge 2 weeks after initial germination and seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Containers are leached with water. Irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:7 months Harvest Date: September Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow.<br> Seedlings are ready for outplanting in September. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oenothera flava</i> (A. Nels.) Garrett plants 160 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1804 | Oenothera (villosa) | Onagraceae | Evening Primrose Family | Oenothera | villosa | Thunb. | Oenothera | strigosa | (Rydb.) Mack & Bush | OENVIL | Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta | <i>Oenothera</i> <i>villosa</i> is found on dry, open slopes and disturbed ground in the montane zone; from British Columbia to Manitoba south to California, Oklahoma and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml container | 9 Months | Months | Height: 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 160 ml container. | Hairy evening primrose | Seeds are hand collected in August when capsules begin to turnwoody and dehisce. Seeds are brown at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are imbibed in water for 4 hours and placed on moist paper towels inserted into an opened plastic bag. Seeds are stratified at 1 to 3 C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery.<br>Greenhouse set at 23C day /15C night temperatures.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 sphagnum peat,vermiculite and perlite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are irrigated thoroughly after sowing. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination by misting twice per day. True leaves emerge 2 weeks after initial germination and seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Containers are leached with water. Irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October.<br> Seedlings are ready for outplanting in September. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:7 months Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oenothera villosa</i> Thunb. plants 160 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1805 | Oligoneuron (rigidum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Oligoneuron | rigidum | (L.) Small | Variety | rigidum | (L.) Small | Solidago | rigida | L. | OLIRIG | O. rigidum var. rigidum is found from New York to Georgia west to the Great Plains. It inhabits dry open prairie. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Stiff goldenrod | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 to 90 days. Germination occurs at 22 C. | Smreciu, E. A., Currah, R. S. and Toop, E. (1988). Viability and germination of herbaceous perennial species native to southern Alberta grasslands. Can. Field-Nat. 102, 31-38.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oligoneuron rigidum</i> (L.) Small plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1806 | Olneya (tesota) | Fabaceae | Pea | Olneya | tesota | Gray | Arid areas of Southern California and Arizona | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1, 5 and 15 gallon pots | 0 | For one gallon pots, height of 12 to 18 inches. Larger for larger containers. | Desert Ironwood | Different trees will flower more or less each year depending upon rainfall in immediate area. Watch for heavily blooming trees in May, and return to collect seed later. Collect seed from mid June to mid July, as soon as seed pod and seed are dry but before it falls to the ground, to avoid insect infestation. If collected early, shelled and placed in airtight storage, insecticide is not necessary. | Desert Ironwood is one of the few desert legumes who's seed does not need scarification. Simply soak seed in water for 24 hours beforeplanting. | All plants in our nursery are grown outside under 68% shade cloth or in full sun. (Plants grown under shade will be more leggy, but soil temperatures will be lower during the summer heat. Its a trade off.) Therefore, outside temperature dictates when to plant. Pots are the typical 7 in diameter x 7 in high black plastic pots such as the ones made by Nursery Supply. However, we reuse and buy back pots, so they are often a mix of slightly different sizes, styles and brands. No additional cleaning is done. Soil mixture is approximately 50% local soil (sand) and 50% inexpensive wood mulch (mostly to lighten up the pots for shipping) | After soaking seeds for 24 hours seed should be obviously swelled. Do not bother planting seed that does not swell, or seed that floats (usually indicating an insect infestation). Germination is non-existent unless the soil has thoroughly warmed (temperatures reach the 90's, normally in April). Seeds should be planted at a depth of about twice the seed diameter, one to two seeds per pot. Most germination should occur within one week, and is usually close to 90%. Herbivery of seedlings is not a problem. These are very drought tolerant plants, so irrigation should keep pots moist, but never soggy | One month | Thin to one plant per pot when trees are finger length high. Plants are actively growing from May through September, the hottest months. If transplanting to a larger pot, do it during this time. Prune off dead twigs in winter. Plants have long tap root and resent being confined. They often grow quite slowly in pots. However, I have seen them double in size in one growing season once planted and given adequate water. | May through September | After one year of growth, ie. April to April, either outplant or pot up trees. Plants have a deep taproot, and will be stunted if left in too small of a pot. Stunting can also occur if the soil temperature is excessive (not hard to do with black pots in full sun with 110+ ambient temperatures). Any transplanting needs to occur during the active growth period for success. | None | Plants are shipped via truck during the summer months. This is also an occasional landscape plant in SW Arizona, so some plants are potted up to larger sizes for retail sale. We recommend our retail customers plant these trees in May for best results. | None | Thanks to the Desert Legume Program (DELEP) sponsored by Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum and the University of Arizona Tucson for helpful information on Desert Ironwood. Also refer to the Ironwood Alliance for more information on Ironwood forest destruction. | Kleffner, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Olneya tesota</i> Gray plants 1, 5 and 15 gallon pots; Lower Colorado River Prop. Specialist Bayfield, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1807 | Olneya (tesota) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Olneya | tesota | Gray | OLNTES | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Olnneya tesota</i> is found in desert washes below 2,000 ft elevation; from Lower California to Arizona and southern California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Ironwood | Seeds are hand collected in August when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are directly sown to blotter paper. We have had better success without any pretreatment.<br> In the past, seeds were scarfied by clipping followed by a 2 to 3 hr water soak.<br>Seeds are placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %:75%(No pretreatment) | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Olneya tesota</i> Gray plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1808 | Olsynium (douglasii) | Iridaceae | Iris | Olsynium | douglasii | (A. Dietr.) Bickn. | Variety | inflatum | (Suksdorf) Cholewa & Douglass M. Hend. | Sisyrinchium | inflatum | (Suksdorf) St. John | OLDOI, SIIN15 | north of Pullman, Washington | Native to open, vernally moist places from shrub-steppe to open ponderosa pine forests east of the Cascade Mountains of southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, extending into Idaho, Utah, and northern Nevada. | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 2 Years | Years | Tight root plug in container. | grass widows | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is reddish brown in color. Seed is collected when the capsules begin to split in July and is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. | Extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Cool spring temperatures may also be necessary.<br> For other species of <i>Sisyrinchium</i>, seed germination without pretreatment is low (Kruckeberg 1996). Germination of untreated seed of <i>S. angustifolium</i> in the greenhouse is fair (Link 1993). For a Palouse ecotype of <i>S. inflatum</i>, Nauman (2002) found 90 to 120 days of cold moist stratification resulted in high germination. She also reported that seed germinates in cold temperatures during stratification.<br> In trials at the Pullman Plant Materials Center, no germination occurred without stratification and no seed germinated after 30 days cold, moist stratification. High germination was obtained from seeds sown in containers in November and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures. Germination occurred at cool temperatures. Some seed will germinate after a second winter outdoors. | In late October or early November seedis sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Containers remain outside. They are watered only during dry spells. Germination will begin as daytime temperatures warm in March, and may occur over 2-4 weeks. | 2-4 weeks | Plants are watered as needed while outside and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. They are moved to the lath house in early May. Plants will not grow beyond the 2 true leaf stage the first season. They will often senesce in the early to mid summer. Senescent plants are given only enough water to prevent the medium from drying completely. Plants are grown in containers for a second season in the lath house, then transplanted to the field in late fall while dormant. | 2 seasons | Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not needed. | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter. They should be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in late winter or early spring as temperatures begin to rise. | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Daubenmire, R.F. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Washington State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service EB 1446. Pullman, WA.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 7+ vols. New York and Oxford. Oxford University Press. Online at http://www.fna.org/FNA/<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Volume 1, Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Link, Ellen (ed.). 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan. 240 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Nauman, C. 2002. Germination of 12 Palouse Prairie forbs after stratification under light and dark treatments. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow ID.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (20 February 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf <p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Olsynium douglasii</i> (A. Dietr.) Bickn. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
1809 | Oplopanax (horridus) | Araliaceae | Ginseng family | Oplopanax | horridus | (Sm.) Miq. | OPHO | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Mt. Baker - Snoqualmie National Forest, approximately 0.5 miles up Boulder Ridge Trail, Whatcom County,Washington: 3350 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Devilsclub | Very small lot, 0.35 pounds, hand collected into cloth bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Oplopanax horridus</i> (Sm.) Miq. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1810 | Oplopanax (horridus) | Araliaceae | Ginseng Family | Oplopanax | horridus | Miq. | Oplopanax | horridum | (Smith) Miq. | OPLHOR | Cedar/ Devil's Club habitat, 1000 m, Avalanche, Glacier National Park | <i>O. horridus</i> occurs in moist forests from Alaska to Oregon, east and west of the Cascades, east to Idaho and Montana, and in Michigan and Ontario. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 490 ml containers | 2 Years | Years | Height: 10 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in container | Devil's Club | Seeds are collected in late August when fruit turns dark red. Seeds are tan at maturity.<br>Fruits are hand stripped from field plants and collected in plastic bags. Fruits are kept under refrigeration until cleaned. | 72 hour running water rinse, followed by a minimum of a 100 day cold, moist stratification/100 day warm, moist stratification/100 day cold, moist stratification. Germination occurred the second year after sowing. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method:Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 490 ml ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Germination occurred the second year in June at 22C during the day and 16C during the night. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination. Plants had developed 2 to 4 true leaves 1 month following germination. Initial establishment is slow. | 4 to 8 weeks | Seedlings grow at a moderate rate following establishment. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer during the growing season.<br>Plants average 3.5 cm in height/ 3 mm in caliper at the end of the first growing season. Root development also occurred at a moderate rate. Seedlings were not root tight at the end of the first growing season. | 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK liquid in the fall, pots are leached with clear water, one final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest:2 years.<br>Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oplopanax horridus</i> Miq. plants 490 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1811 | Orcuttia (californica) | Poaceae | Grass | Orcuttia | californica | Vasey | ORCA | Vernal Pools | Southern California, Baja California, Central Valley California | None | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 6 months | Our goal was to produce as much seed as possible for reintroduction by seed. | Orcutt’s Grass | Wild collected seeds from Dennery Canyon, San Diego County, CA
| None | Pots were sterilized using physan 20 | Seeds were planted along maternal lines in pasteurized(in oven 4 hours at 165f) native soil in 2” pots in January. Plots were placed in tub and submerged under approximately 0.5” of water. Germination was observed at approximately 3 weeks. Plants were allowed to grow submerged for approximately 3 weeks until well established. Water levels were gradually lowered during establishment stage. | 8 weeks | Once plants were growing well out of the water in 2” pots of native soil, they were transplanted to shallow 8” pots filled with a moderately well drained potting mix. Plants grow rapidly vegetatively at this stage. Plants were fed 100ppm balanced(20-20-20) liquid fertilizer once monthly during this phase. | 8 weeks | When plants began flowering, watering was reduced to once weekly to allow for some drying between watering. Once plants stopped flowering watering was reduced to once every two weeks | 8 weeks | Plants were Allowed to dry down in pots and harvested along maternal lines by cutting the seeds heads off with scissors. Seeds were separated from chaff using sieves and seed winnower. The plants were highly productive,producing approximately 50,000 seeds from 89 individuals. Seeds were slowly dried down in a cool dry environment and sealed in a Mylar bag for storage until use. | Seed has not yet been used in reintroduction project. Plants grow naturally in deepest parts of vernal pools that remain submerged the longest | Anderson, Stacy; Weatherson, Tobin. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Orcuttia californica</i> Vasey Seeds San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1812 | Orthocarpus (luteus) | Scrophulariaceae | Orthocarpus | luteus | ORLU2 | Colorado, MPCG (98-028s, 98-045s), Hollowell (98-086s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Owl Clover | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Inflorescences crushed and sieved. Seeds are very small and will be mixed with a large quantity of miscellaneous plant material.<p> MPCG (98-028s) collected on 9/19/98; MPCG (98-045s) collected on 10/3/98; Hollowell (98-086s) collected on 9/12/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None, 30 day cold moist treatment. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on orange heat pad (set to 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 4x8, covered lightly.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 14 days (no cold treatment), 7 days (with cold treatment).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination occurs over several days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> MPCG (98-028s) sowed 10/28/98; MPCG (98-045s) sowed 12/4/98; Hollowell (98-086s) sowed 11/16/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Orthocarpus luteus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1813 | Osmorhiza (berteroi) | Apiaceae | Carrot | Osmorhiza | berteroi | OSBE | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Distribution: Widely distributed throughout much of Washington; southern Alaska to California, east to South Dakota and Arizona.
Habitat: Woodlands, from near sea level to moderate elevations in the mountains. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 14 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Mountain sweet-cicely | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 4 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is uniform and quite rapid. It is usually complete in 10 days. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a rate of 100 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 12 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Giblin D. nd. Osmorhiza berteroi Chilean sweet-cicely, mountain sweet-cicely. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Burke Museum. URL: http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Osmorhiza berteroi (accessed 20 Sep 2018). [NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Osmorhiza berteroi DC. sweetcicely. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=OSBE (accessed 20 Sep 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza berteroi</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1814 | Osmorhiza (chilensis) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Osmorhiza | chilensis | H.&A. | OSMCHI | O. chilensis is a widespread cordilleran species and is also found in northeastern North America; also South America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain sweet cicely | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 140 days. Germination occurs at 5D/1N C alternating temperature cycle. | Baskin, C. C., Meyer, S. E. and Baskin, J. M. (1995). Two types of morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of two genera (Osmorhiza and Erythronium) with an Arcto-Tertiary distribution pattern. Amer. J. Bot. 82, 293-298.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza chilensis</i> H.&A. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1815 | Osmorhiza (chilensis) | APIACEAE | Carrot Family | Osmorhiza | chilensis | H. & A. | Osmorhiza | divaricata | (Britt.) Suksdorf | OSMCHIL | Cedar/Hemlock forest, Avalanche, 1000m | <i>O. chilensis</i> occurs from sea level to mid montane zone and is a widespread cordilleran species. It is also found in northeastern N. America and is disjunct in South America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Mountain sweet-cicely | Seeds are hand collected in early August when seeds turn black and are easily hand stripped from the inflorescence.<br> Seeds are kept in paper bags in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month cold, moist outdoor stratification. A minimum of 140 day stratification is recommended for germination.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Germination is reported to be higher in the presence of light for this genus. Thus, seeds should be surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is 50% milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocite and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and complete after 2 weeks.<br>Germination occurs in mid-May under fluctuating temperatures. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 6 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Seedlings are placed in the shadehouse during active growth. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 Npk liquid fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza chilensis</i> H. & A. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1816 | Osmorhiza (chilensis) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Osmorhiza | chilensis | H. & A. | OMCHI | Marin County, California | <i>O. chilensis</i> occurs from sea level to mid montane zone; a widespread cordilleran species; also in northeastern N. America; also in South America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Mountain sweet-cicely | Seeds are collected between and .<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is light gray at maturity. | Soak seeds for 24 hours. Stratify for 42 days. | Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 30% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 85%. | 20 days | After establishment, seedlingsare moved to the shadehouse. Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza chilensis</i> H. & A. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1817 | Osmorhiza (claytonii) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Osmorhiza | claytonii | (Michx.) C.B. Clarke | Osmorhiza | aristata | Variety | brevistylis | DC.) Boivin | OSMCLA | O. claytonii is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Clayton's sweetroot | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1991). Nondeep complex morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Osmorhiza claytonii (Apiaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 78, 588-593.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza claytonii</i> (Michx.) C.B. Clarke plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1818 | Osmorhiza (longistylis) | Umbelliferae | Parsley Family | Osmorhiza | longistylis | Torrey | OSLO | Rich, often moist areas, deciduous woods. Flowers are white. 1 to 3 feet in height. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sweet cicely | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Flowers from May to July. Seed is a ridged pod, elongate with pointed ends. Strong licorice odor when bruised. | Stratification: Seal the seeds in Ziploc-style bag or Rubbermaid-style container with an equal mix of seeds and perlite or vermiculite. Add just enough water to barely saturate the mixture and store in a refrigerator orcold garage (42 degrees F) for at least 2 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse made of standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: Sweet cicely grows in a variety of cell types. It grows especially well in a 24 cell (2"in diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep trays. Further sowing of seed may determine a more accurate type of cell to use for sweet cicely. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cells plugs with soil to the top this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to variable germination rates. | From Jan. thru Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil doesnot need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants are moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. Once danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Transplant plugs if needed. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza longistylis</i> Torrey plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1819 | Osmorhiza (longistylis) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Osmorhiza | longistylis | (Torr.) DC. | Osmorhiza | aristata | Variety | longistylis | (Torr.) Boivin | OSMLON | O. longistylis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Aniseroot | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1984a). Germination ecophysiology of the woodland herb Osmorhiza longistylis (Umbelliferae). Amer. J. Bot. 71, 687-692.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza longistylis</i> (Torr.) DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1820 | Osmorhiza (occidentalis) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Osmorhiza | occidentalis | (Nutt.) Torr. | OSMOCC | O. occidentalis is found from northwestern Washington and southern Alberta south to California and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western sweet cicely | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 140 days. Germination occurs at 1 C. | Baskin, C. C., Meyer, S. E. and Baskin, J. M. (1995). Two types of morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of two genera (Osmorhiza and Erythronium) with an Arcto-Tertiary distribution pattern. Amer. J. Bot. 82, 293-298.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza occidentalis</i> (Nutt.) Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1821 | Osmorhiza (occidentalis) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Osmorhiza | occidentalis | (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Torr. | OSOC | BLM, Seeds of Success: In open areas off road at Loop Campground, South Willow Canyon, Tooele County, Utah: 7378 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Western sweetroot | Small lot, 1.02 pounds, hand collected into cloth bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Osmorhiza occidentalis</i> (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Torr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1822 | Osmorhiza (occidentalis) | APIACEAE | Carrot Family | Osmorhiza | occidentalis | (Nutt. ex T. & G.) Torrey | OSMOCC | Aspen forest understory, 1500 m | <i>O. occidentalis</i> occurs from lowlands to mid montane elevations; from northwest Washington to southwest Alberta, south to California and Colorado. It is a common understory species in mesic aspen forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Western sweet-cicely | Seeds are hand collected in late August when seeds turn dark brown and are easily hand stripped from the inflorescence.<br> Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in drying shed prior to cleaning.<br> Collection Locality: Firebrand Pass Trail, Glacier National Park, MT. | A minimum of 140 day cold, moist stratification is recommended for germination.<br> Germination occurs under cooler temperatures of 13C to 15C during the day for 15 hours and 3C to 6C during the night for 9 hours. Low temperatures during germination are necessary to make food reserves in the endosperm available to the growing embryo. Low temperatures will break both the morphological and physiological dormancy. Germination occurs immediately after snow melt under natural conditions. Germination is reported to be higher in the precence of light for this genus. Seeds should be surface sown or only covered with a thin layer of perlite.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination temperatures range from 5 to 10 C. Initial germination appeared uniform and complete after 4 weeks. | 6 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 6 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants attained root tightness 4 months following germination. | 16 to 20 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmorhiza occidentalis</i> (Nutt. ex T. & G.) Torrey plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1823 | Osmunda (regalis) | Osmundaceae | Royal Fern Family | Osmunda | regalis | OSMREG | National Capital Parks-East , Washington, D.C. | Circumboreal in America, from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Texas, and tropical America. Found in swamps and moist, acidic soil. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 10-12 inches with a well-formed crown, multiple stems and fiddleheads.<br> <b>Root System:</b> root ball is fibrous and firm, but does not always fill out container completely. | Royal Fern | Collected from National Capital Parks-East, Washington D.C. Oxon Run Parkway by J. Kujawski, M. Norman 5/19/97, 6/6/97; spores and/or fertile fronds are collected into paper bags or envelopes. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> lab, greenhouse, outdoor shade house.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Jiffy 7 peat pellets in sealed plastic containers for germination, then into open flats with rigid plastic humidity domes and larger containers for finishing.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Jiffy 7 peat pellets, transplant into peat pellet medium in flats, then into Promix BX for finishing. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early summer.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Prothalli develop over a month-long period.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Spores are sprinkled by hand over Jiffy 7 peat pellets; pellets are placed into sealed clear plastic containers (such as hinged salad containers) and maintained in the lab at 72-77 F with a 16 hour light, 8 hour dark light cycle. This part of the process is also feasible in the greenhouse.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> prothalli develop on the peat pellets, plugs are kept moist to allow for sporophyte production. Prothalli may require thinning if they become too crowded on pellets. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> After 8-10 weeks (once sexual reproduction on the prothalli occurs), small sporophytes begin to develop. These tiny ferns are transferred to flats with humidity domes containing loose peat pellet mix and maintained for approximately 2 months during which they develop many stems and roots. Moisture is maintained by handwatering and misting. Larger ferns are transplanted to trays containing Promix BX and for plants with several sets of true leaves, ¬ strength 20-20-20 fertilizer is applied. These flats are moved from the lab to the greenhouse to begin hardening off plants. Again, this process could be done entirely in the greenhouse with attention to temperature and moisture. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Young ferns in Promix trays are exposed to open air in the greenhouse by removal of humidity domes after they have reached approximately 1-2 inches in height. Misting will help prevent dehydration of plants as they acclimate. These ferns can be transplanted into quart size containers after they reach a height of 2-3 inches. Ferns in larger containers should be moved outside to a shade house from the greenhouse in summer. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Ferns are ready approximately 1-1« years after spore germination.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size containers are stored outside on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a group of containers. | Kujawski, J. 1997 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<br> Norman, C.M. 1998. Fern production quarterly reports. Anne Arundel Community College, Arnold, MD.<br> Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada,2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmunda regalis</i> plants 1 gallon container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1824 | Ostrya (virginiana) | Betulaceae | Birch family | Ostrya | virginiana | (P.Mill.) K. Koch | OSTVIR | O. virginiana is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastern hophornbeam | Seeds are cold stratified for 140 days and germinate at 25/10 C. | Schopmeyer, C. S. and Leak, W. B. (1974). Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Eastern hophornbeam. Pp. 564-565. In: c. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> (P.Mill.) K. Koch plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1825 | Oxydendrum (arboreum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Oxydendrum | arboreum | OXYARB | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Pennsylvania to Indiana, south to Florida and Louisiana. Commonly found in woods of mountainous areas. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Because the seed is so small, Oxydendrum seedlings are started in the National Plant Materials Center greenhouses and are transplanted as plugs (usually at the 4-5 month stage) out to the NPMC woody beds. There, they are grown under shade for two years and are dormant-harvested during late fall or early winter as 6-12" seedlings. They are over-wintered bare root in moist sawdust in the National Plant Materials Center cooler. In spring, bare root stock is delivered to the park for outplanting or potted into containers and grown as specimens for high visibility areas (i.e. parking lots) in the park. Specimen plants are finished in our shade house as 2-3 gallon containers (48-72" height.)<br> <b>Height:</b> Plug: 4-6"; bare root: 6-12"; container specimen: 60-72".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full in container, but not pot-bound. The bare root plants harvested from the National Plant Materials Center woody beds in fall, 2000, had dense, fibrous root balls that resembled the root systems found in container pla | Sourwood | Collected at Hensley Settlement in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by J. Copeland on 11/91, 10/21/96 and 10/20/97; Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Foothills Parkway, West, Wears Valley and Chilhowee west, by National Park Service staff on 9/94 and 11/95. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None needed. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures. Trays were placed under continuous fluorescent light and mist (4-second duration at 15 min intervals) during germination. After germination seedlings were given extended 14 hour days under high intensity lights from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed was surface-sown by hand.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is sown in 4x4" or 10x20" germination trays. Seedlings are transplanted to 2" pots or 72 plug trays for outplanting to the National Plant Materials Center woody beds. Container specimens are finished in 3 gallon pots.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are sown onto screened peat, peat and perlite or a peat:sand mixture. Seedlings are transplanted into a 1:1 mix of Sunshine #1 and peat. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed is best sown in the greenhouse in January. Plugs from a March, 1999 sowing did not mature in time for field planting that summer.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Germination occurred in about 3-4 weeks and seedlings were too numerous to count.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed was mixed with talc and surface-sown on moist peat in germination trays. (See Propagation Environment under <u>Growing Area/Preparation</u> for details on lighting and misting.)<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings were transplanted (some in clumps) from germination trays to 2" pots or plug trays at the two-leaf stage in late March, early April. Soil was kept evenly moist, but not saturated and seedlings were fertilized infrequently (about every two weeks) with a dilute solution of Peters Acidic liquid fertilizer. Seedlings in clumps will need to be thinned to allow one dominant plant per cell. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Greenhouse plugs grow slowly during February and March but increase growth with lengthening days. Fertilize as needed with Peters Acidic soluble fertilizer.Hardening Phase: Greenhouse plugs are hardened by putting them outdoors in a sheltered, shaded location for approximately 2 weeks before outplanting in the woody beds. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Greenhouse plugs are hardened by putting them outdoors in a sheltered, shaded location for approximately 2 weeks before outplanting in the woody beds. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> From sowing to 2" plug takes approximately 4 « to 5 months in the greenhouse. The plugs are lined out in the woody beds and are dormant harvested as bare root stock in late fall of their second year. Container specimens spend an additional 2-3 years in the shade house reaching finished size.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late fall, early winter for bare root plantings in the National Plant Materials Center woody beds. Outplanting in the parks is in the spring. (March for Cumberlant Gap National Historical Park, April or May for Great Smoky Mountains National Park).<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bare root Oxydendrum that are harvested dormant from the National Plant Materials Center woody beds in the fall are bundled, packed in moist sawdust and overwintered in cold storage (40§F, 35% relative humidity).<br> Container plants in the National Plant Materials Center shade house are overwintered under microfoam.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> In cooler @ 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 3-4 months. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason and Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants, D. Van Nostrand Co. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Oxydendrum arboreum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
1826 | Oxydendrum (arboreum) | Ericaceae | Heath | Oxydendrum | arboreum | OXAR | Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Found in woods and clearings from Florida to Louisiana north to Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and Indiana. In the Great Smoky Mountains NP, trees were found in wooded areas and clearings on steep slopes and flats. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sour Wood | Seed collections were made from October to December at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>PROPAGATION METHOD:</b> Seedlings propagated in the greenhouse and planted to raised beds in field. Better results possibly by transplanting seedlings in winter once plants are dormant. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seed was sown in flats in peat, covered with plastic to maintain humidity, and placed under continuous light. Germination was 75% in three weeks at Beltsville, Maryland. Seedings on 1:1:1 peat, perlite, vermiculite in cone-tainers and placed under continuous light also germinated successfully. Maintaining moisture and light appears important for germination. Seedlings are very slow to grow in the greenhouse once germinated. A few plants have been successfully transplanted to a raised bed in the field, but growth was minimal.<p> Seed harvested in November of 1992 successfully germinated in the greenhouse by January 1993. Depending on size of seedlings in late spring, plants may be grown in containers for a year before planting to raised beds. | <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Production of adequate size trees for transplanting will require at least two growing seasons.<br> <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> September - October (Young & Young 1992, 235).<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Young, James A., and Cheryl G. Young. 1992. Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Oxydendrum arboreum</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1827 | Oxyria (digyna) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Oxyria | digyna | ( L.) Hill | OXYDIG | Subalpine meadows, growing in rock outcroppings, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 2032m elevation. | <i>O. digynia</i> is a circumboreal species that occurs in the subalpine and alpine in moist sharply drained sites; Alaska through the Cascades to California, east to Labrador, New Hampshire, and south through the Rockies to New Mexico, also in Eurasia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 7 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Mountain Sorrel | Seeds are collected in late August when achenes turn reddish tan and are easily hand stripped from the inflorescence.<br>Seeds are air dried in paper bags in the drying shed. | Stratification is not necessary. Germination occurs in the outdoor nursery at 21C. Seed must be surface sown. Germination is greater in light (surface sown) than dark (covered with mulch). | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer 12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Conetainers can be outplanted in July. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:6 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam coverand snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art. Vol. 3; Forbs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Technical Report, 1982.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy; Johnson, Kathy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxyria digyna</i> ( L.) Hill plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1828 | Oxyria (digyna) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Oxyria | digyna | L. | OXYDIG | O. digynia is a circumboreal species occuring throughout mountain regions of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain sorrel | Germination occurs at 20 C, and 22D/18N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination is greater in light than in dark. | Mooney, H. A. and Billings, W. D. (1961). Comparative physiological ecology of arctic and alpine populations of Oxyria digyna. Ecol. Monogr. 31, 1-29.<br>Chabot, B. F. and Billings, W. D. (1972). Origins and ecology of the Sierran alpine flora and vegetation. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 163-199.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxyria digyna</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1829 | Oxytropis (campestris) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Oxytropis | campestris | (L.) DC. | Oxytropis | columbiana | St. John | Variety | columbiana | St. John | OXYCAM | O. campestris is found on dry to mesic soils; including river bars, gravel terraces, open forests, alpine meadows and steppe; from British Columbia south to Montana, Idaho, and Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Field crazyweed | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Steshenko, A. P. (1966). Biology of newly collected seeds of the high mountain zone plants of the Pamirs. Bot. Zhur. 48, 965-978. (In Russian with English summary).<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis campestris</i> (L.) DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1830 | Oxytropis (campestris) | Fabaceae | Pea | Oxytropis | campestris | (L.) DC. | Sub-species | gracilis | (Nels.) Hult. | Central, South-Central Alaska; dry, sandy areas | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Root trainer, 10.5 cu.in./cell. Multiple leaves, firm root plug. | Field Oxytrope | By hand when pods start opening. The seeds are ripe when brown and hard. | Our best germination occurred when seeds were planted into cells in the fall and subjected to ambient temperature fluctuations. In spring seeds start germinating at approximately 50 degrees F. With a Tetrazolium test of 96%, eleven days after bringing cells into greenhouse, 92% of seeds had germinated. If seed is to be planted in the spring here in Alaska, a slight scarification (fine sandpaper) enables germination to occur. Germination is less. | Soil mix: Upland, well drained. Plant 2 seeds per cell. If planted in the fall, bring into greenhouse by end of March. If planted in the spring, initial propagation site is greenhouse. | Plants moved to lathhouse to harden off after last frost. Fertilize minimally after true leaves appear. | Two months | Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press. 1008 pp. | Moore, Nancy J.; Hunt, Peggy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis campestris</i> (L.) DC. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1831 | Oxytropis (lambertii) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Oxytropis | lambertii | Pursh | OXYLAM | O. lamberti is found from western canada south to Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lambert's crazyweed | Germination occurs at 36D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. | Cox, R. A. and Klett, J. E. (1984). Seed germination requirements of native Colorado plants for use in the landscape. The Plant Propag. 30(2), 6-10.<br>Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis lambertii</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1832 | Oxytropis (lambertii) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Oxytropis | lambertii | Pursh | OXLA3 | South end Duchesne Co. Utah | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Spring plant out. | Purple locoweed | Hand collected seed pods. Cleaned seed stored dry for 3 weeks then at 2-4 C in seed bank until use (3 months). | Seeds were tested for germination with and without scarification and 4 weeks Cold stratification at 2-4 C. Treatment A-With scarification, B-without scarification, C-with scarification and 4 weeks cold strat, D-Without scarification and with 4 weeks cold strat. After two weeks Treatment A had 95% germ, Treatment B had 0%, treatment C had 100%, treatment D had 5%. Results: Scarification was neccesary whether or not cold strat was used. | Seeds were moved to 20D/10N following pretreatment. Seeds were held with 12 hrs light durring all stages of germ trial. | Germlings were moved to Rootrainers containing soilless medium following germination. | 3 months | Utley, Matthew C.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis lambertii</i> Pursh plants Red Butte Garden Salt Lake City, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1833 | Oxytropis (lambertii) | Fabaceae | Oxytropis | lambertii | Colorado, UBM Entrance (98-108s, 98-116s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Lambert/Colorado Loco | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from pods.<p> UBM Entrance (98-108s, 98-116s) collected on 8/16/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 4x8, covered lightly.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 3 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination occurs over several days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> UBM Entrance (98-108s, 98-116s) sowed 12/2/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Oxytropis lambertii</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1834 | Oxytropis (maydelliana) | Fabaceae | Pea | Oxytropis | maydelliana | Trautv. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Root trainer, 10.5 cu.in./cell. Multiple leaves, firm root plug. | Yellow Oxytrope | By hand when pods start opening and seeds are hard. Mid to late August. | None, stored seed sown in spring. | Soil mix: Upland, well drained. Plant 2 seeds per cell. Initial propagation site in greenhouse in April. | Seeds germinate in approximately one week. Plants moved to lathhouse to harden off after last frost. Fertilize minimally after true leaves appear. | Two months | Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press. 1008 pp. | Moore, Nancy J.; Hunt, Peggy. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis maydelliana</i> Trautv. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1835 | Oxytropis (sericea) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Oxytropis | sericea | Nutt. | Variety | Oxytropis | spicata | (Hook.) Standl. | OXYSER | Fescue grassland, 1450m elev., Cutbank Valley | <i>O. sericea</i> is a Rocky Mountain species that occurs from northern B.C. to central Idaho, western Montana south to Texas and New Mexico and northeastern Nevada; from prairies to subalpine meadows and ridges. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 8 true leaves, 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Silky crazyweed | Seeds are hand collected in late August when the legumes dry and begin to dehisce. Seeds are black at maturity. Pods are collected in paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Hot water scarification for 5 to 10 seconds. Seeds are immediately transferred to cold water to imbibe in cold water for 24 hours. Following scarification, seeds are placed into a 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification at 1 to 3 C. <br>Inoculation of imbibed seeds with <i>Rhizobium</i> enhances growth and development of seedlings. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge 2 weeks after outdoor temperatures reach 21C during the day. Following establishment, seedlings must dry down slightly between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are fertlized with 20-10-20 liguid NPK fertilizer at 50 ppm during the active growth stage. Seedlings are root tight in conetainers 9 weeks after germination. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; irrigation is gradually reduced through the fall. One final irrigation is applied before overwintering.ÿ | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:8 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing,1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Growth Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., publ. June, 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, N.P.S. and N.R.C.S., Denver Service Center, Hassell, W., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis sericea</i> Nutt. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
1836 | Oxytropis (sericea) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Oxytropis | sericea | Nutt. | OXYSER | O. sericea is found from Alberta, Montana, and South Dakota to Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Utah; in rocky prairies, gravelly streambanks and open wooded hillsides. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Silky crazyweed | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs at 22 C. | Smreciu, E. A., Currah, R. S. and Toop, E. (1988). Viability and germination of herbaceous perennial species native to southern Alberta grasslands. Can. Field-Nat. 102, 31-38.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis sericea</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1837 | Oxytropis (sericea) | Fabaceae | Oxytropis | sericea | Coloraod, E. inlet (98-107s, 98-115s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Rocky Mountain Loco | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from pods. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 4x8, covered lightly.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 3 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination occurs over several days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> E. inlet (98-107s, 98-115s) sowed 12/4/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Oxytropis sericea</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1838 | Oxytropis (splendens) | Fabaceae | Pea | Oxytropis | splendens | OXSP | See | Yukon to northeastern Oregon, east to Newfoundland and south in Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona; plains, hills, slopes, and streambanks. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 33 kg/ha (30 lb/ac). | Showy locoweed | Wildland collection occurs mid August to mid September after the reddish-purple pea-like flower matures into a brown, 2-celled (deeply intruded) pod-type fruit, and has not begun to dehise (separate at maturity) from the plant; the pod is easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person yielded 509 grams (18 oz) clean seed and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> , 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with push-type belt seeder, optimum seeding depth 1.3 cm (0.50 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Irrigate as needed to maintain adequate soil moisture (also helps prevent soil crusting (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Summer to fall; soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup- -no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination). | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurred on July 20 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Inflorescences were hand-harvested, placed in plastic sacks, and transported to drying area. Seed is placed in cloth or paper seed sacks, and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physical dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001.<p> Manual of the Plants of Colorado, H. D. Harrington, The Swallow Press Inc., Chicago, 1954. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Oxytropis splendens</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1839 | Oxytropis (splendens) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Oxytropis | splendens | Dougl. | OXYSPL | Fescue grassland, 4500 elev., Saint Mary | <i>O. splendens</i> occurs from Alaska to New Mexico; chiefly on the east slope of the Rocky Mountains; and east to Ontario and Minnesota. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Height: 6 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Showy crazyweed | Seeds are hand collected in early September when the legumes dry and begin to dehisce. Seeds are black at maturity. Pods are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are scarified by a brief 5 to 10 second hot water bath, and immediately transferred to cold water to imbibe for 24 hours. Seeds are cold, moist stratified for 30 days. 5 year old seeds germinated to 100%. <br>Inoculation of imbibed seeds with <i>Rhizobium</i> enhances growth and development of seedling. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge 2 weeks after sowing. After seedlings are established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Seedlings produce 4 to 6 truw leaves 8 weeks after germination. Seedlings are fertlized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during active growth. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:6 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing,1973.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Growth Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., publ. June, 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, N.P.S. and N.R.C.S., Denver Service Center, Hassell, W., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis splendens</i> Dougl. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1840 | Oxytropis (splendens) | Fabaceae | Oxytropis | splendens | OXSP | Colorado, E. inlet (98-106s, 98-109s, 98-113s, 98-114s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | Showy Loco | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from pods. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 4x8, covered lightly.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 3 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination occurs over several days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> E. inlet (98-106s, 98-109s, 98-113s, 98-114s) sowed 12/4/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Oxytropis splendens</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1841 | Oxytropis (viscida) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Oxytropis | viscida | Nutt ex T&G | OXYVIS | O. viscida is found in montane to alpine zones; from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south to Minnesota and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sticky crazyweed | Germination occurs at 20 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxytropis viscida</i> Nutt ex T&G plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1842 | Packera (anonyma) | Asteraceae | Packera | anonyma | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Small's ragwort | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Packera anonyma</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1843 | Packera (cymbalarioides) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Packera | cymbalarioides | (Buek) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve | Senecio | cymbalarioides | Buek. | PACCYM | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier County, MT 2030 meters | <i>P. cymbalarioides</i> is found in wet often organic soil of alpine and subalpine meadows and along small high elevation streams; from British Columbia and Alberta south to California, Idaho, and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm with multiple leaves<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Alpine Butterweed | Seeds are hand collected in late September when achenes are easily separated from the disk. Seeds are grey at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated greenhouse during the drying process and prior to cleaning. | 5 month cold moist stratification period. | Outdoor Nursery.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with media.<br> Container Type and Volume: 160 ml (7 cu. inch) Ray-leach conetainers.<br> Media: 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, vermiculite.<br> Seed is hand sown at the rate of 5 seeds per cell and lightly covered with perlite and thoroughlywatered prior to winter stratification. | Germination is uniform and continues over a 2 week period following snowmelt in the spring. True leaves appear 3 weeks after germination and seedlings are thinned to 1 per cell at this stage. Seedlings are irrigated only when the media is dry on the surface at during this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedlings produce multiple leaves 8 weeks after germination. Seedlings are fertilized twice weekly with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and media is kept evenly moist during this stage. Plants are fully root tight 8 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Plants can be hardened off prior to planting in July for 2 weeks. Plants that are held over in the nursery are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September.<br>Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are given one final irrigation prior to winterization.<br> Harvest Date: July | 2 weeks or 2 months | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvets Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press,7th printing, 1981.<p> Flora of Glacier National Park, Lesica, in press, 2000.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Packera cymbalarioides</i> (Buek) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1844 | Packera (multilobata) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Packera | multilobata | (Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve | PAMU11 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, San Miguel County, Colorado: 6747 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Lobeleaf groundsel | Small lot, 1.62 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Packera multilobata</i> (Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1845 | Packera (multilobata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Packera | multilobata | (Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve | Senecio | multilobatus | Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray | PAMU11 | Intermountain West and Rocky Mountains | Western North America | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | Multilobed groundsel | Wildland collections can be made by hand stripping or shaking ripe seed into collection bags. Seed can be collected slightly early by harvesting the entire inflorescence and allowing the seed to after ripen. | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10ø C (50ø F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. | Seed is sown into weed barrier fabric at 23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 in) spacing. Seed should be planted in late fall into slightly roughened soil and then lightly covered and packed. | First emergence occurs in early spring in late April and early May. | Seed can be harvested the first full growing season. Two to three years of additional harvests may be possible depending on ecotype. Plants go dormant in late summer and can be mowed for the winter. | Seed can be collected by hand, combine, flailvac, or vacuum-type harvester. We use a "jet harvester" (Bair and Tilley 2010) with the fan running at 3,000 to 5,000 rpm. This ensures that only ripe seed is harvested and allows for multiple harvests during the season. Seed readily disarticulates from flowerheads when ripe. | Bair C, Tilley DJ. 2010. The jet harvester: a shop built tool for harvesting forb and shrub seed. Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Technical Note 55. 6 p. Tilley D, St. John L. 2011. Initial toxicity screening of groundsel (Senecio spp.); 2011 Progress Report. Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. 3 p. | Tilley, Derek J.. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Packera multilobata</i> (Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1846 | Paeonia (californica) | Paeoniaceae | Peony family | Paeonia | californica | Nutt. | Paeonia | brownii | (Nutt.) Abrams | Sub-species | californica | (Nutt.) Abrams | PAECAL | P. californica is is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California peony | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Paeonia californica</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1847 | Panax (quinquefolius) | Araliaceae | Aralia family | Panax | quinquefolius | L. | PANQUI | P. quinquefolius is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America; from Quebec to Georgia and waet to Iowa, Minnesota and Alabama. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American ginseng | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Stoltz, L. P. and Snyder, J. C. (1985). Embryo growth and germination of American ginseng seed in response to stratification temperatures. HortScience 20, 261-262.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Panax quinquefolius</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1848 | Pandanus (tectorius) | Pandanaceae | Screw pine | Pandanus | tectorius | S. Parkinson ex Z | Mesic coastal sites, and low elevation mesic slopes of mesic valleys | Indigenous to Hawaii, found on all the main islands except Kaho'olawe. Also indigenous to the rest of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia, to northern Australia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 30 cm, Stem diameter: 12 mm | pandanus; screw pine; hala, pu hala (Hawaii); balawa; vadra (Fiji); fala, lau fala, fasa (Tonga, Samoa); 'ara (Cooks); fara (Societies); fa'a; ha'a (Marquesas) | There are female and male hala trees. The female trees flower and bear fruit several times per year. The fruit takes several months to ripen, turning from greenish to yellow, orange or reddish and very fragrant when ripe. The fruit is about the size and shape of a squat pineapple, and consists of 40 - 80 sections called keys. Each key has a fleshy end and a hard end containing 1 or 2 seeds. | No pretreatment is necessary. Cutting off the fleshy end of the seed is recommended in order to reduce decomposition of the organic matter in the germination bed. It is said that soaking for five days in water (changing the water daily) hastens germination. | Seeds can be germinated in light shade or full sun. Seeds are sown first in trays filled with 2 parts peat and 1 part perlite and transplanted when the seeds begin to germinate. Bury the seeds half way, and keep moist. Germination takes about 2 months. | Because hala germinants are large, it is recommended that seedlings are grown in 1/2 gallon or 1 gallon root training containers. Options include Deepots (Tall Ones, available from Steuwe & Sons), Roottrainers (Carl Whitcomb), or copper-coated poly bags. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi). | 2 months | Seedlings can be grown in light shade or full sun. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. The crevices between leaves lend themselves as habitat for mealy bugs and scale. Insecticidial soap can be used to control these pests. | 6 - 8 months | Move seedlings to full sun conditions for hardening phase. Space seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. If fertilization is necessary during the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be minimized or eliminated, with emphasis on P, K, and micronutrients. | 2 months | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. The container should be cut off (rather than pulling out the plant) to reduce damage to the root system. | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1996. Ten native Hawaiian trees for urban landscapes. Lawai, Hawaii. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/pan-tect.htm <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pandanus tectorius</i> S. Parkinson ex Z plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1849 | Pandanus (tectorius) | Pandanaceae | Screwpine Family | Pandanus | tectorius | PANTEC | Yap Islands | Choy is found on Pacific islands in the rest of Polynesia, in Micronesia, in Melanesia, and as far west as northern Australia. It grows in moist coastal locations and valley slopes to an elevation of 2,000 feet. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 0 | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Choy | Trees are either male or female. Female trees produce a large, segmented fruit somewhat resembling a pineapple. Male trees produce large clusters of tiny, fragrant flowers surrounded by white to cream colored bracts.The fruit is a large, woody, subglobose syncarp with numerous (often 50 or more) woody keys containing a buoyant mesocarp with one or more seeds.<br> Fruits are hand collected when fruits begin to drop from the plant. Plants produce some fruits throughout the year. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 3-4 months | Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 6 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 1 month | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pandanus tectorius</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1850 | Panicum (acuminatum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Panicum | acuminatum | Sw. | Panicum | occidentalis | Sw. | PAOC | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | western panicgrass | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50degree nights). | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 30% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Panicum acuminatum</i> Sw. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1851 | Panicum (anceps) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Panicum | anceps | PANANC | Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Moist, especially sandy soil. New Jersey to southern Ohio and western Missouri, south to the Gulf | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Plug container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> Around 6" after cut-backs. More spreading than upright habit.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug which leaves no loose soil when pulled. | Beaked panicum | Collected at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cades Cove Old Field by National Park Service staff in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Stratify sown seed for 8-10 weeks in cold storage at 40§F and 35% relative humidity to promote uniform germination. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (75/68§F) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high pressure sodium lights.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sown in germination plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are sown in 392 plug trays. Seedlings are transplanted to 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots (67 cells).<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are sown in Fafard Germinating Mix. Seedlings are transplanted into a 2:1 Sunshine #5:Compro mix (1 bale sunshine, 2 bags Compro) with 180 day Nutricote (16-8-8) SR fertilizer incorporated at 20 oz. per batch of mix. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed was sown on 9/11/98 and cool stratified 8 weeks (9/11-11/9); placed on bench 11/9/98.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> First germination occurred within 7 days of return to the greenhouse. Over 50% of the seedlings that ultimately germinated, emerged within 30 days; the rest took up to 45 days.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is sown in 392 or 406 plug trays into germination mix and lightly covered with media, then drenched with fungicide, covered with clear plastic and cold-stratified for 8-10 weeks. Trays are then moved to the greenhouse bench and kept evenly moist until germination. Leaving the clear plastic on the seed trays has enhanced germination in other warm season grasses and may be beneficial here too. Trays will still have to be watered.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings were transplanted to 72 plug flats about 60 days after removal from cold stratification. Smaller, later-germinating seedlings were hand-dug; the rest pulled. This grass appears to prefer well-drained media. | <b>Rapid growth phase:</b> Occurs when day length and natural radiant heat in greenhouse increase in late winter or early spring. Plugs "sat" for a while during January and February. Problems developed during this time with chlorosis and some senescence of leaf blades which could not be corrected. Seedlings resumed growth in late February/early March and were ready for outplanting the first week of May. One factor for the delayed growth may have been the excessive number of cloudy, wet days and lack of natural solar experienced during this winter. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to out-planting, fertilization is stopped, water is decreased and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors to a sheltered location. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Allow about 14-15 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Out-planted in early May in the Park.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A; plugs are not over-wintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed bags in seed cooler held at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Unknown. | Hitchcock. 1950. Manual of the Grasses of the United States, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Second ed. Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden. 910 pp. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Panicum anceps</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1852 | Panicum (hallii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Panicum | hallii | Vasey | PAHA | BLM, Seeds of Success, near Jerome, off Mescal Canyon Road, Yavapai County, Arizona; 4724 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Hall's panicgrass | Very small lot, .06 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Panicum hallii</i> Vasey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1853 | Panicum (obtusum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Panicum | obtusum | HBK | PANOBT | P. obtusatum is found from Missouri to Colorado and south into Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mesquite switchgrass | Germination occurs at 35D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br>Pretreatment with potassium nitrate resulted in 56% germination. | Ashby, W. C. and Hellmers, H. (1955). Temperature requirements for germination in relation to wild-land seeding. J. Range Manage. 8, 80-83.<br>Toole, V. K. (1940). Germination of seeds of vine-mesquite, Panicum obtusum, and plains bristle-grass, Setaria macrostachya. Agron. J. 32, 503-512.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Panicum obtusum</i> HBK plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1854 | Panicum (virgatum) | Gramineae | Grass Family | Panicum | virgatum | L. | PAVI2 | Found only sparingly within Michigan's U.P. Full sunlight to very light dappled shade. Prairies, dunes, swales, wet jack pine woodlands, open (often marshy) ground. Warm season grass with a height of up to 3'. In stands of various sizes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Switch grass | The seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers in Aug.-Sept. Seed is an achene and is collected in October. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add enough water to moisten the entire mixture of seeds and perlite/vermiculite with no visible water. Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for one month. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Heat for the cold months. Container Type: Grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter),14"x8.5"X4" deep. Switch grass will also grow successfully in a variety of other plug cell shapes and sizes. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seeling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper to prevent soil from falling through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each small cell and about 5 seeds in each large cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Panicum virgatum</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1855 | Panicum (virgatum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Panicum | virgatum | L. | PANVIR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Switch grass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 14 days. Germination occurs at 30 C. | Hsu, F. H., Nelson, C. J. and Matches, A. G. (1985). Temperature effects on germination of perennial warm-season forage grasses. Crop Sci. 25, 215-220.<br>Shaidaee, G., Dahl, B. E. and Hansen, R. M. (1969). Germination and emergence of different age seeds of six grasses. J. Range Manage. 22, 240-243.<br>In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Panicum virgatum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1856 | Panicum (virgatum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Panicum | virgatum | L. | PANVIR | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>P. virgatum</i> is found in moist areas in all the Great Plains states east to Nova scotia and Ontario south to Florida and west to the Dakotas and Arizona; also in Mexico and Central America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Switch Grass | Seed is harvested by combine about Sept. 18. It is ready when it no longer has a soft, creamy center. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4. Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Do not add slow release fertilizer to the grasses, as it tends to burn the young, tender roots. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one week.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent the seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Grasses are not thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Panicum virgatum</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1857 | Papaver (alaskanum) | Papaveraceae | Poppy | Papaver | alaskanum | Hult. | Dry, gravelly areas in South-Central Alaska | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Multiple leaves, firm root plug. | Alaska Poppy | By hand when capsule begins to open and seed can be heard when capsule is moved (pepper shaker). Seed is black when ripe in August. | None. | Soil Mix: Upland, well drained. Seed very lightly covered and watered into soil. Initial propagation site is greenhouse. | Seeds have approximately 50% germination 15 days after sowing. Plants moved to lathhouse to harden off after last frost. Fertilize minimally after true leaves appear. | Two months | Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press. 1008. | Moore, Nancy J.; Hunt, Peggy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Papaver alaskanum</i> Hult. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1858 | Papaver (californicum) | Papaveraceae | Poppy family | Papaver | californicum | Gray | Papaver | lemmonii | Greene | PAPCAL | P. californicum is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western poppy | Seeds germinate at 23 C. Seeds were dry stored for an unspecified period of time in which the embryo afterripened prior to germination.<br>Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 89% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2,10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Papaver californicum</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1859 | Papaver (macounii) | Papaveraceae | Poppy family | Papaver | macounii | Greene | Sub-species | discolor | (Hult‚n) R„ndel ex D. F. Murray | Dry slope south of Alaska Range near the Denali Hwy. | Northwestern Northwest Territories and northern and central Yukon Territory west through most of Alaska except SE panhandle. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Multiple leaves, firm root plug. | Macoun's Poppy | Capsules with seed are collected by hand when dry or nearly so. | No pretreatment necessary. | Some seed is Fall-sown in 10.5 in3 rootrainers with fac/up soil mix. These are overwintered where exposed to outside ambient temperatures. Also, cold-stored dry seed is sown in the Spring and placed in the greenhouse. | Fall-sown seed containers are brought into the greenhouse in Spring. Germination was rapid in both the Fall-sown and Spring-sown containers. | Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford. | Moore, Nancy; Ross, Donald. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Papaver macounii</i> Greene plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1860 | Papaver (pygmaeum) | Papaveraceae | Poppy family | Papaver | pygmaeum | Rydb. | PAPPYG | Alpine moraine, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>P. pygmaeum</i> occurs in Waterton National Park, Alberta and Glacier National Park, Montana. It inhabits talus and scree slopes, often where near permanent snow field at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 2.0 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Alpine glacier poppy | Seeds are hand collected in late August when porocidal capsules turn brown and seeds are easily shaken out of capsules. Seeds are black at maturity.<br>Seeds are kept in paper bags in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds of <i>Papaver</i> have rudimentary embryos at time of dispersal. Dry storage of seeds for 3 months prior to stratification appears to be an effective treatment to overcome this dormancy type; though germination percentages have remained very low for in 3 years of growing trials at Glacier. Some seeds germinate during the second summer after sowing.<br> Seed Treatments: 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Seeds that failed to germinate were treated with 5 mont cold, 5 month warm and 5 month cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers arefilled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination is non uniform and occurs over several weeks when temperatures are 21C F or above during the day. After seedlings are established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. This species produces a long extensive taproot. Plants produce 6 to 10 true leaves in a tight rosette 8 weeks following germination. Plants were fully root tight 3 months after germination. Plants form flowers the following year. | 12 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:8 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Papaver pygmaeum</i> Rydb. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1861 | Papaver (radicatum) | Papaveraceae | Poppy family | Papaver | radicatum | Rottb. | PAPRAD | P. radicatum is a circumpolar species found from Alaska east to the Northwest Territories and south to Alberta and through the Rocky mountains to New Mexico at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic poppy | Germination occurs at 19 to 23 C. | Olson, A. R. and Richards, J. H. (1979). Temperature responses of germination in arctic poppy (Papaver radicatum Rottb). seeds. Arctic Alpine Res. 11, 343-348.<br> Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Papaver radicatum</i> Rottb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1862 | Parkinsonia (florida) | Fabaceae | Pea | Parkinsonia | florida | (Benth.) S. Wats. | Cercidium | floridum | Benth ex Gray | Arid areas of southern California, Arizona, Nevada | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon, 5 gallon, 15 gallon container | 12 Months | Months | For one gallon plants, height of 1 - 1 1/2 ft. Longer grow out time and larger container if larger trees desired. | Blue Paloverde | Paloverde's easily cross pollinate. As there are three species of paloverde in southwestern Arizona, the native Parkinsonia florida (Blue Paloverde), the native Parkinsonia microphylla (Little Leaf or Foothills Paloverde) and the naturalized Parkinsonia aculeata (Mexican Paloverde), it is critical to collect seed from sources where the other trees are not found. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish blue paloverde from foothills paloverde when the trees are not in bloom if you are unfamiliar with the trees. Blue paloverde seems to retain some seed pods on the tree into late summer, whereas the foothills paloverde will drop all seeds as soon as they ripen. The seed pods and flowers are also distinctly different. Collect seed from mid June to mid July, as soon as seed pod and seed are dry but before it falls to the ground, to avoid insect infestation. If collected early, shelled and placed in airtight storage, insecticide is not necessary. | Paloverde's have a very hard outer seed coat that requires scarification in order to germinate. Nick with hand pruners or use sand paper to break through the outer seed coat. | All plants in our nursery are grown outside under 68% shade cloth or in full sun. (Plants grown under shade will be more leggy, but soil temperatures will be lower during the summer heat. Its a trade off.) Therefore, outside temperature dictates when to plant. Pots are the typical 7 in diameter x 7 in high black plastic pots such as the ones made by Nursery Supply. However, we reuse and buy back pots, so they are often a mix of slightly different sizes, styles and brands. No additional cleaning is done. Soil mixture is approximately 50% local soil (sand) and 50% inexpensive wood mulch (mostly to lighten up the pots for shipping). | After seed scarification, soak seeds for 24 hours to confirm you have penetrated the seed coat. Seeds should swell to over twice their normal size. Discard any seeds that float. This usually indicates an insect infestation. Germination is non-existent even when seeds are scarified unless the soil has thoroughly warmed (temperatures reach the 90's, normally in April). Seeds should be planted at a depth of about twice the seed diameter, one to two seeds per pot. Most germination should occur within one week, and is usually close to 90%. Cover pots with hardware cloth to prevent rodents from eating seedlings as they first emerge. Once they are larger they seem to become unpalatable. These are very drought tolerant plants, so irrigation should keep pots moist, but never soggy. | one month | Thin to one plant per pot when trees are finger length high. Plants are actively growing from May through September, the hottest months. If transplanting to a larger pot, do it during this time. Prune out dead or small crossing branches in the winter, but do not prune too heavily (otherwise growth patterns are interrupted). | Five months | After one year of growth, ie. April to April, either outplant or pot up trees. Plants have a deep taproot, and will be stunted if left in too small of a pot. Stunting can also occur if the soil temperature is excessive (not hard to do with black pots in full sun with 110+ ambient temperatures). Any transplanting needs to occur during the active growth period for success. | None | Plants are shipped via truck during the summer months. This is also a common landscape plant in SW Arizona, so some plants are potted up to larger sizes for retail sale. We recommend our retail customers plant these trees in May for best results. | None | Thanks to the Desert Legume Program (DELEP) sponsored by Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum and the University of Arizona Tucson for helpful information on Paloverde's. | Kleffner, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Parkinsonia florida</i> (Benth.) S. Wats. plants 1 gallon, 5 gallon, 15 gallon container; Lower Colorado River Prop. Specialist Bayfield, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1863 | Parkinsonia (floridum) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Parkinsonia | floridum | (Benth ex Gray) Wats. | Cercidium | floridum | Benth ex Gray | PARFLO | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Parkinsonia florida</i> is foundin washes and sandy places below 12oo ft elevation in the Colorado desert of Arizona and southern California. it is also found into Lower California and Sonora, Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Palo Verde | Seeds are colected in summer whem pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are scarified by clipping and soaking in water overnight. Seeds can be directly sown to containers. Seeds can also be placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %: 100% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts.<br> monitor for top and root pruning. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Parkinsonia floridum</i> (Benth ex Gray) Wats. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
1864 | Parkinsonia (microphylla) | Fabaceae | Pea | Parkinsonia | microphylla | Torr. | Cercidium | microphyllum | Torr. | Arid areas of California and Arizona | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon, 5 gallon and 15 gallon plants | 12 Months | Months | For one gallon plants, height of 1 - 1 1/2 ft. Longer grow out time and larger container if larger tree desired. | Yellow/Little Leaf/Foothills Paloverde | Paloverde's easily cross pollinate. As there are three species of paloverde in southwestern Arizona, the native Parkinsonia microphylla (Little Leaf or Foothills Paloverde), the native Parkinsonia florida (Blue paloverde), and the naturalized Parkinsonia aculeata (Mexican paloverde), it is critical to collect seed from sources where the other trees are not found. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish blue paloverde from foothills paloverde when the trees are not in bloom if you are unfamiliar with the trees. Blue paloverde seems to retain some seed pods on the tree into late summer, whereas the foothills paloverde will drop all seeds as soon as they ripen. The seed pods and flowers are also distinctly different. Collect seed from mid June to mid July, as soon as seed pod and seed are dry but before it falls to the ground, to avoid insect infestation. If collected early, shelled and placed in airtight storage, insecticide is not necessary. | Paloverde's have a very hard outer seed coat that requires scarification in order to germinate. Nick with hand pruners or use sand paper to break through the outer seed coat. | All plants in our nursery are grown outside under 68% shade cloth or in full sun. (Plants grown under shade will be more leggy, but soil temperatures will be lower during the summer heat. Its a trade off.) Therefore, outside temperature dictates when to plant. Pots are the typical 7 in diameter x 7 in high black plastic pots such as the ones made by Nursery Supply. However, we reuse and buy back pots, so they are often a mix of slightly different sizes, styles and brands. No additional cleaning is done. Soil mixture is approximately 50% local soil (sand) and 50% inexpensive wood mulch (mostly to lighten up the pots for shipping). | After seed scarification, soak seeds for 24 hours to confirm you have penetrated the seed coat. Seeds should swell to over twice their normal size. Discard any seeds that float. This usually indicates an insect infestation. Germination is non-existent even when seeds are scarified unless the soil has thoroughly warmed (temperatures reach the 90's, normally in April). Seeds should be planted at a depth of about twice the seed diameter, one to two seeds per pot. Most germination should occur within one week, and is usually close to 90%. Cover pots with hardware cloth to prevent rodents from eating seedlings as they first emerge. Once they are larger they seem to become unpalatable. These are very drought tolerant plants, so irrigation should keep pots moist, but never soggy. | One month | Thin to one plant per pot when trees are finger lengh high. Plants are actively growing from May through September, the hottest months. If transplanting to a larger pot, do it during this time. Prune out dead or small crossing branches in the winter, but do not prune too heavily (otherwise growth patterns are interupted). | For first year plants, 5 months. | After one year of growth, ie. April to April, either outplant or pot up trees. Plants have a deep taproot, and will be stunted if left in too small of a pot. Stunting can also occur if the soil temperature is excessive (not hard to do with black pots in full sun with 110+ ambient temperatures). Any transplanting needs to occur during the active growth period for success. | None | Plants are shipped via truck during the summer months. This is also an occasional landscape plant in SW Arizona, so some plants are potted up to larger sizes for retail sale. We recommend our retail customers plant these trees in May for best results. | None | Thanks to the Desert Legume Program (DELEP) sponsored by Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum and the University of Arizona Tucson for helpful information on Paloverde's. | Kleffner, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Parkinsonia microphylla</i> Torr. plants 1 gallon, 5 gallon and 15 gallon plants; Lower Colorado River Prop. Specialist Bayfield, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
1865 | Parnassia (fimbriata) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Parnassia | fimbriata | Konig. | PARFIM | Subalpine streambanks, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 2032m elevation. | <i>P. fimbriata</i> occurs from Alaska south to California, and east in the Rockies to Alberta, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico; in bogs, streambanks and wet meadows, from the montane to the alpine zone. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 490 ml containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Rocky Mountain Grass-of-Parnassus | Seeds are collected in fall when capsules turn light tan and seeds are easily shaken out of capsules. Seeds are light tan at maturity.<br>Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor germination. Germination occurs under fluctuating temperatures and is reported to be higher in the presence of light; seeds should be surface sown. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S ,0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 21C or above during the day. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs slowly following germination. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 6 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. Plants were not root tight at the end of the first growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK during the fall. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years<br> Harvest Date: June <br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Parnassia fimbriata</i> Konig. plants 490 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1866 | Parnassia (palustris) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Parnassia | palustris | Fern.&Rydb. | PARPAL | P. palustris is found from Alaska to Quebec and south to Minnesota, Colorado, and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Northern grass-of parnassus | Germiantion occurs at 22 C. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Parnassia palustris</i> Fern.&Rydb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1867 | Parthenium (integrifolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Parthenium | integrifolium | L. | PARINT | P.integrifolium is found from Virginia to Minnesota and west to Kansas. It occupies open wooded sites. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Parthenium | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Parthenium integrifolium</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1868 | Parthenium (integrifolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Parthenium | integrifolium | L. | PARINT | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>P. integrifolium</i> is found from the eastern United States west to Kansas and southern Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | American Feverfew or Quinine | Seed is collected by a custom designed combine from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. May 12 to July 30. Seed is harvested about August 12. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore, is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 1.8 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Parthenium integrifolium</i> L. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1869 | Parthenium (integrifolium) | Asteraceae | Aster | Parthenium | integrifolium | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | wild quinine | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Parthenium integrifolium</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1870 | Parthenocissus (quinquefolia) | Vitaceae | Grape Family | Parthenocissus | quinquefolia | PARQUI | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Kentucky | Maine to Ohio, Iowa, and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Grows in moist soil. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 containers | 1 Years | Years | <b>Stock Type:</b> container seedling in multipots or quarts.<br> <b>Height:</b> Vine.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full plug. | Virginia creeper | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Kentucky by J. Englert, 7/2/92; John Copeland 8/92, 12/92, 10/1/93, 10/30/96, 10/17/9. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Cool stratified in mesh bags in moist sand @40 F, 35% relative humidity for 60 days. Drench with fungicide to prevent mildew. Seed was also sown in 392 plug trays, given a fungicidal drench, wrapped in plastic and cool stratified as above. | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 392 plug trays, Ropak multipots and quarts.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix, Sunshine #5 with 180 day Nutricote SR 18-8-6, and woody mix (2:1mix of Sunshine #1:pine bark with above Nutricote). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Not available.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Not available.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds were hand sown in plug trays.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b>Not Available. | <b>Rapid Growing Phase:</b> Not Available. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Rooted cutting transplants were moved outside to a shadehouse in late summer. | <b>Seed storage:</b> In seed bag in cooler @40F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Needs 60 days cool moist stratification.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Rooted cuttings in quart containers were ready for outplanting in 1-2 years.<br> <b>Storage Conditions: </b>Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park collection records. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD. George Washington Memorial Parkway collection records. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden.<p> USDA Forest Service. 1974. Agriculture Handbook No. 450: Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i> plants 1+0 containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1871 | Pascopyrum (smithii) | Poaceae | Pascopyrum | smithii | Arriba cultivar | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | western wheatgrass | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this cultivar (Arriba) germinated to 75% in all three treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Two treatments without winter conditions (treatments 3 & 5) had very little to no germination (less than 20%), but the early-spring treatment without winter (treatment 1) had nearly the same response as those with 12 weeks of winter. This suggests that seeding during late winter can provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific minimum temperature conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination, and to determine how representative these results are of the whole species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationPASM shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Pascopyrum smithii</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1872 | Pascopyrum (smithii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Pascopyrum | smithii | (Rydb.) A. Love | Agropyron | smithii | Rydb. | PASSMI | P. smithii is found from Ontario to British Columbia and south to Kentucky, Texas, and California. it is common in dry prairie and along roads and in areas of disturbance. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western wheatgrass | Germination occurs at 27D/16N C,30D/15N C, and 18.5D/10N C alternating temperature cycles. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Knipe,1973, Toole, 1976, Sabo,1979.Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pascopyrum smithii</i> (Rydb.) A. Love plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1873 | Pascopyrum (smithii) | Poaceae | Grass | Pascopyrum | smithii | PASM | See | Grassland and sagebrush desert, often heavy moist soil, into foothills Ontario to Alberta and British Columbia; New York; Michigan to Washington, south to Tennessee, Texas, Arizona, and northeastern California. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 31 kg/ha (29 lbs/ac). | Western wheatgrass | Wildland collection occurs late July when caryopsis is gray-brown, at hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the erect spike; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield and average 37 grams (1.3 oz) clean seed (ranges 10 to 64 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatmenst:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrylr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<br> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs mid August, with a mean harvest date of August 18 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy peice of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Conquist, Universtty of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pascopyrum smithii</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1874 | Pascopyrum (smithii) | Poaceae | Grass | Pascopyrum | smithii | (Rydb.) A. Love | Agropyron | smithii | Rydb. | PASM | Most of US except the Atlantic Coast and Deep South. Usually on heavy soils where mean annual precipitation ranges from 8-36 inches. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Western wheatgrass | Seed ripens in early to mid August in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<p>114,000 seed/lb (USDA, NRCS. 2004).<br>110-156,000 seed/lb (Hassell, et al. 1996). | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 7 days and is complete in 14 days. Western wheatgrass germinates more slowly than many other cool season grasses and this may limit its ability to establish from seed, especially on dry sites.<br>It will germinate at a wide range of temperatures (Knipe, 1973). | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Knipe, O.D. 1973.Western wheatgrass germination as related to temperature, light, and moisture stress. Jour. Range Mgmt. 26:68-69.<p> USDA, NRCS. 1996. 1995-96 Annual Tech. Report. p 138-139. Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pascopyrum smithii</i> (Rydb.) A. Love plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1875 | Pectis (angustifolia) | Compositae | Sunflower Family | Pectis | angustifolia | Torr. | PEAN | Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive, 4000 ft. elevation. | Locally abundant in calcareous dry uplands, Edwards Plateau, south part of Plains Country and Trans-Pecos, summer-fall; Nebraska,Colorado and Arizona south and southeast to San Luis Potosi. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 1 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Slender tap root. | Limoncillo | Collected in NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by Ray Cragar and Lynn Pace on 11/08/1990. | N/A. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding on prepared listed beds, irrigation, fertilization, and cultivation.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> September-October. <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late summer - early fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7 months. | Ajilsvgi 1991, 135; Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 1685, NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pectis angustifolia</i> Torr. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1876 | Pedicularis (bracteosa) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | bracteosa | Benth. | PEDBRA | P. bracteosa is a widespread cordilleran species in North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Indian warrior | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis bracteosa</i> Benth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1877 | Pedicularis (capitata) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | capitata | Adams | PEDCAP | P. capitata is found the arctic to southeastern British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Boreal lousewort | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br> Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis capitata</i> Adams plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1878 | Pedicularis (contorta) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | contorta | Benth. | PEDCON | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>P. contorta</i> occurs from B.C. to northern California, Alberta to north and west Wyoming, and central Idaho. It is found in high elevation meadows and slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml contetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Parrots Beak | Seeds are collected in late August when capsules begin to split and seeds are easily shaken out of capsules. Seeds are dark grey at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are treated with 500 ppm gibberellic acid for 15 minutes. Seeds are rinsed with distilled water. Seeds are placed into moist paper towels inserted in a open plastic bag under refrigeration at 1 to 3 C for 90 days.<br> Seeds germinate after 90 days of stratification and are planted as germinants. | Greenhouse.<br>Sowing Method: Planting Germinants.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers irrigated thoroughly prior to sowing germinants. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day for 12 hours and 12 to 18C at night for 8 hours. | Planted germinants developed cotyledons 3 days after sowing and true leaves 7 days later.<br>Seedlings require a host plant in the container after establishment. After seedlings are well established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occur at a moderate rate. True leaves were evident 3 weeks after planting.<br> Seedlings were fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season.<br>At this stage, seedlings should be companion planted with a host species, such as <i>Poa alpina</i>. Plants are root tight 16 weeks following germination. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 5 months | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis contorta</i> Benth. plants 160 ml contetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1879 | Pedicularis (groenlandica) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | groenlandica | Retz. | PEDGRO | P. groenlandica is found in moist meadows from the prairie to the alpine; from Alaska south to California and New Mexico and east across Canada to Newfoundland. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pink elephant's head | Germination occurs at 22C. | Bock, J. H. (1976). The effects of increased snowpack on the phenology and seed germinability of selected alpine species. Pp. 265-280. In: H. W. Steinhoff and J. D. Ives (eds.). Ecological impacts of snowpack augmentation in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Final Report, San Juan Ecology Project. Colorado State University, Fort Collins.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis groenlandica</i> Retz. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1880 | Pedicularis (groenlandica) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | groenlandica | Retz. | PEDGRO | Sualpine wet meadows and streambanks, Logan Pass, Glacier Co., Glacier National Park, MT., 2032m elevation. | <i>P. groenlandica</i> inhabits wet meadows, streambanks, and wetlands from mid-montane to alpine elevations. It ranges from B.C to Labrador south to California and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pink Elephant's head | Seeds are collected in early fall when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seeds are brown at maturity and are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are treated with 200 ppm gibberellic acid for 24 hrs. Afterwards, seeds are thoroughly rinsed with water. Seeds are placed into a 90 to 100 day cold, moist stratification at 1 to 3 C.<br> Seeds begin to germinate during stratification and are planted as germinants. | Outdoor nursery growing facility or temperature controlled greeenhouse.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> | Seedlings developed the first set of true leaves at 4 weeks after germination. <i>Pedicularis</i> is hemi-parasitic and requires a companion host in the container during growth. We used <i>Carex nigricans</i> as a companion plant. <br>At this stage, it is necessary to companion plant a host plant in the conetainers. The initial root growth is very thin and unbranched, and seedlings grow slowly until the seedling root penetrate the roots of the host plant. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow at a moderate rate. It is important to manage leaf growth of companion host plant to ensure that it does not shade out the <i>Pedicularis</i> seedling.<br> Seedlings are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm once per month during active growth. | 16 weeks | Irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years<br> Harvest Date: August of the 2nd year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel,National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis groenlandica</i> Retz. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1881 | Pedicularis (groenlandica) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Pedicularis | groenlandica | Elephantella | groenlandica | PEGR2 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant prefers to grow in moist areas or meadow regions in the western US and most of North America through the Canada-America border and northward. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile of container. | Elephant head lousewort | In our tests this plant did not germinate in either our warm(75F days and 50F nights) or cool(38F) treatments. However, after three months in the warm treatments were placed in the cool for three months and then returned to the warm and there a germination rate of 54% was seen. This seems to suggest that in order to properly germinate Pedicularis groenlandica seeds need a warm-cool-warm treatment. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis groenlandica</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1882 | Pedicularis (labradorica) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | labradorica | Wirsing. | PEDLAB | P. labrodorica is a circumpolar species found south in North America to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Labrador lousewort | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis labradorica</i> Wirsing. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1883 | Pedicularis (lanata) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | lanata | Cham.&Schlect. | Pedicularis | kanei | Durand | PEDLAN | P. lanata is a circumboreal species found south in North America to Alberta and British Columbia and disjunct to PQ. on the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wooley lousewort | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis lanata</i> Cham.&Schlect. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1884 | Pedicularis (lanceolata) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | lanceolata | Michx. | PEDLAN | P. lanceolata is found in marshes, bogs and moist ground from eastern Canada and United States to the Great Plains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Swamp lousewort | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin et al,unpublished.Table 10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis lanceolata</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1885 | Pedicularis (parryi) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Pedicularis | parryi | Gray | PEDPAR | P. parryi is found in the southern Rocky mountains north to southwest Montana and central Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Parry's lousewort | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 56 days. Germination occurs at 22D/17N alternating temperature cycle. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>McDonough, W. T. (1970). Germination of 21 species collected from high-elevation rangeland in Utah. Amer. Midl. Nat. 84, 551-554.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pedicularis parryi</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1886 | Pediomelum (argophyllum) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Pediomelum | argophyllum | (Pursh) J. Grimes | Psoralea | argophylla | Pursh | PEDARG | P. argophyllum is found from southern Manitiba to Alberta and south to Minnesota, Wisconsin, Missouri, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. It inhabits prairies, sand dunes, open woodlands and stream valleys. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Silver-leaf scurf pea | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs at 24 C. Germination was equal in light anddark. | Spessard, L. L. (1988). Seed-germination studies of Psoralea esculenta Pursh (indian turnip) and Psoralea argophylla Pursh (silver scurfpea). Trans. Nebraska Acad. Sci. 16, 123-126.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pediomelum argophyllum</i> (Pursh) J. Grimes plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1887 | Pediomelum (esculentum) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Pediomelum | esculentum | (Pursh) Rydb. | Psoralea | esculenta | Pursh | PEDESC | P. esculentum is found from Manitoba to Alberta south to Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri, Colorado, Montana and Wisconsin and Minnesota. it inhabits dry open hillsides and prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Breadroot | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs at 24 C. Germination was greater in dark than light. | Spessard, L. L. (1988). Seed-germination studies of Psoralea esculenta Pursh (indian turnip) and Psoralea argophylla Pursh (silver scurfpea). Trans. Nebraska Acad. Sci. 16, 123-126.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pediomelum esculentum</i> (Pursh) Rydb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1888 | Pediomelum (subacaule) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Pediomelum | subacaule | PEDSUB | P. subacaule is found found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Breadrooot | Seeds are scarified and germinate at 30 C. | Baskin, J. M. and Quarterman, E. (1970). Autecological studies of Psoralea subacaulis. Amer. Midl. Nat. 84, 376-397.<br> In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pediomelum subacaule</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1889 | Penstemon (rydbergii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | rydbergii | A. Nelson | PERY | Yosemite National Park | Western North America; Washington to Montana, south to California, Arizona and New Mexico. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 5 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Rydberg’s penstemon | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. Flats were placed outside after planting to allow for natural over-winter stratification beginning in mid-November. Flats were brought into the greenhouse when outdoor conditions began to dry the soil in March. | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to ten seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is lightly covered with pea gravel. The soil surface is kept moist with 20 minutes of daily irrigation from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). | 8 weeks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. | 4 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 1 week | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon rydbergii</i> A. Nelson Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1890 | Penstemon (acuminatus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | acuminatus | Dougl. | Mountain Home Uplands (associated with basin big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, bitterbrush), Elmore County, ID, 817 m | On sandy soils of dunes and other dry places at low elevations; east of the Cascade Mountains in Washington, Oregon, northern Nevada and western Idaho (to Gooding County). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sand penstemon, Sand-dune penstemon, Sharp-leaved penstemon | Pale blue to purple flowers bloom from April to May. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (a capsule) is mature when it turns brown and begins to open, which typically occurs 5 to 8 weeks after flowering. Fruit maturation is quite uniform. Capsules do not retain seed for more than a couple of weeks beyond maturation. Seeds were collected by cutting mature inflorescences (racemes) with clippers and placing them in containers. After collection, the capsules were thoroughly dried and placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. Seed was stored in a brown glass bottle at room temperature for 18 months prior to propagation trials. Seeds are a dull brown color, 2 mm in size, and number 400,000-500,000 per pound. | Seed was soaked in 250 ppm giberellic acid for approximately 24 hours and then placed in germination boxes on two layers of blotter paper moistened with distilled water. Additional water was added as needed. Seed was prechilled at 4§C in the dark for 60 days. Mold began to form in the germination boxes after 30 days. The blotter paper was replaced and seeds were washed with Thiram, an anti-fungal seed protectant. After the 60 days of prechilling, seeds were incubated in a germinator at a constant 21§C with exposure to 12 hours of cool-white fluorescent light alternating with 12 hours of darkness. | Upon first signs of germination, seeds were sown in styrofoam conetainers filled with a mixture of 50% peat and 50% vermiculite. Containers were watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system which turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80% and turns off when soil reaches 100% field capacity. Greenhouse temperature is set to a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | Only 19% of the germinants survived in the greenhouse. A longer prechill may have increased germination. Adding a thin layer of sand or gravel in each cell might permit more rapid surface drying and reduce the incidence of damping off. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p. <br> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon acuminatus</i> Dougl. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1891 | Penstemon (acuminatus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | acuminatus | Douglas ex Lindl. | PEAC | Rocky Mountain Research Station, CCC Road, Boise, Idaho; 2700 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sharpleaf penstemon | Small lot, 1.1 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon acuminatus</i> Douglas ex Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1892 | Penstemon (albertinus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | albertinus | Greene | PENALB | Cliff faces. 1320m elev. Walton, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>P. albertinus</i> occurs from valleys to the subalpine zone in rocky open slopes, open forests and scree slopes. It ranges from southeast B.C. and southwest Alberta to western Montana and central Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Alberta penstemon | Seeds are collected in mid to late August when capsules turn brown and begin to split open at the top. Seeds are dark brown at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 150 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds germinate under cool temperatures 13 to 15 C. | Outdoor nursery growing facility or greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | For seeds that were stratified outdoors, germination began under cool early spring time temperatures. Greenhouse grown seedlings germinated at 13 to 15 C. Germination was very uniform at 13 to 15 C.<br>After seedlings are established, greenhouse temperatures are raised to 21 to 23C during the day and 15C at nght. True leaves appeared 3 weeks after germination. Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants were root tight 9 weeks following germination. Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 9 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in fall, pots are leached with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September and October<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon albertinus</i> Greene plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1893 | Penstemon (anguineus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | anguineus | PEAN3 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Habitat Description:
In chaparral or openings of coniferous forest on mountainsides or ridges, Transition and Canadian Zones. Distribution Range: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, southwestward to Humboldt and Glenn Counties, California. Type locality: Shelley Creek, Del Norte County, California. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml (10 in3) container | 17 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Siskiyou beardtongue | Seeds are placed in a solution of 250 mg/L GA3, soaked for 24 hours, rinsed, and soaked for an additional 4 hours in water. Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.8 gram Nutricote per 164 ml container. | Germination is not very uniform, depending on the quality of the seeds, and can take up to 3 weeks to be complete. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | 2 to 3 weeks | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Penstemon anguineus Eastw. Siskiyou beardtongue. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PEAN3 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). Wolfe Lab. 2014. Penstemon anguineus. URL: http://wolfelab.asc.ohio-state.edu/database/penstemon-anguineus (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon anguineus</i> Plants 164 ml (10 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1894 | Penstemon (angustifolius) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | angustifolius | Nutt. | PENANG | P. angustifolius is found from North Dakota to Oklahoma and west to New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona,and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Narrow beardtongue | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 21 C. | Tolstead, W. L. (1941). Germination habits of certain sand-hill plants in Nebraska. Ecology 22, 393-397.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon angustifolius</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1895 | Penstemon (attenuatus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | attenuatus | Douglas ex Lindl. | PEAT3 | USFS, Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Beauty Creek , Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2700 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sulphur penstemon | Small lot, 1.26 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon attenuatus</i> Douglas ex Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1896 | Penstemon (attenuatus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | attenuatus | Dougl. ex Lindl. | PEAT3 | Palouse region south of Moscow, ID | Native to grasslands and open forests of eastern Washington, northeast Oregon, northern and central Idaho, and western Montana. The Palouse phase is var. <i>attenuatus</i>.<br> Wetland indicator status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Taper-leaf penstemon, sulfur penstemon | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is dark brown in color. Seed is collected when the capsules begin to split in late July and is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. Plants hold their seed well after the capsules begin to split if winds are not excessive. | For this ecotype, 90 or more days of cold moist stratification is required.<br> Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that no emergence occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 10% emergence. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 72% emergence. Containers sown in November and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures achieved 95% emergence. Seedlings which germinated in the greenhouse thrived in the constant warmth, so it is likely the longer stratification time and not the cool, fluctuating temperature was the factor in the increased germination.<br>Surface sown seed in all treatments germinated at lower rates than covered seed. This, at least in part, may be due to desiccation from fluctuating moisture levels. Seed exposed to light might well germinate at higher levels under more favorable moisture conditions but the high germination and emergence from covered seed under extended cold, moist stratification indicates light is not a factor in germination of this ecotype.<p>Seed of some penstemon species loses dormancy after 2« years (Allen et al 1990). | In October or November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40 degrees F for 90+ days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 4 days and is complete in 7 days. | 1 week | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3-4 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Allen, Phil S. and Susan E. Meyer. 1990. Temperature Requirements for Seed Germination of Three Penstemon Species. HortScience 25(2):191-193.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1997. Northwest Penstemons. The Flower Press. Columbia Falls, MT. 191 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (1 March 2007).<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon attenuatus</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1897 | Penstemon (canescens) | Scrophulariaceae | Penstemon | canescens | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | eastern gray beardtongue | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon canescens</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1898 | Penstemon (cardwellii) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Penstemon | cardwellii | PECA16 | This plant is found primarily in Oregon and Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Cardwell's beardtongue | We have found that we have the best germination for this plant after 90 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon cardwellii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1899 | Penstemon (centranthifolius) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | centranthifolius | Benth. | PENCEN | P. centranthifolius is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Scarlet bugler | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 16% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon centranthifolius</i> Benth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1900 | Penstemon (cinicola) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Penstemon | cinicola | PECI2 | This plant primarily resides in California and Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | ash penstemon | This plant, we've found, is best served by a cool(38F)/moist stratification to break dormancy prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon cinicola</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1901 | Penstemon (comarrhenus) | Plantaginaceae | Penstemon | comarrhenus | PECO | Source Identified from Uncompahgre Partnership | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | dusty beardtongue | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) RESULTS: Viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from Emery County, Utah only germinated in treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Of these, nearly 100% of viable seeds germinated in treatment 2, while around 75% germinated in treatment 4, and only 25% in treatment 6. Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had no germination (0%). This suggests that seeding during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination, and to determine how representative these results are of the entire species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGermMEAL shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this Source Identified collection from the Uncompahgre Partnership in Colorado only germinated to high levels in treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6). Of these, nearly 75% of viable seeds germinated in all treatments. Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had little to no germination (0 to 12%). This suggests that seeding during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination, and to determine how representative these results are of the entire species. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon comarrhenus</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1902 | Penstemon (confertus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | confertus | Dougl. ex Lindley | PENCON | Fescue grassland 1100m elev. Big Prairie, | <i>P. confertus</i> occurs from valleys to the subalpine zone; throughout the Pacific Northwest east of the Cascades.It is found in B.C. and Alberta, south to Montana, Idaho, and Oregon.<br> <i>P. confertus</i> is a mat forming species that frequently colonizes road shoulders, cliffs, and disturbed ground in moist to dry meadows and prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br> Height: 5 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yellow penstemon | Seeds are collected in late summer when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seeds are brown at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 90 to 120 day cold, moist stratification.<br> Germination occurs in late spring under fluctuating temperatures in outdoor nursery. Germination occurred at 21C/15C (day/night) tempertures in the greenhouse. | Outdoor nursery growing facility or Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings that were fall sown and stratified outdoors emerge in late spring. Germination was very uniform under fluctuating temperatures. True leaves appeared 2 weeks after germination. Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. Germination was also very uniform under greenhouse conditions. Cotyledons emerged 5 days after sowing. | 3 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the active growth phase. Plants were root tight 9 weeks following germination. Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 9 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in fall, pots are leached with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native Plants, Hassel, W. NRCS AND NPS, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon confertus</i> Dougl. ex Lindley plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1903 | Penstemon (confertus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | confertus | Dougl. ex Lindl. | PECO6 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Native to open grasslands and open forests east of the Cascades Mountains from southern British Columbia to Oregon and east to western Montana.<br>Usually found where mean annual precipitation exceeds 15 inches (USDA, NRCS 2008). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Yellow penstemon, Yellow beard-tongue | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is brown in color. Seed is collected when the capsules begin to split in August and is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. Plants hold their seed well after the capsules begin to split if winds are not excessive.<p>We determined 4,628,000 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | 90 days cool, moist stratification resulted in 83% germination. Only 14% of the seed germinated without pretreatment and 19% germinated after 30 days cool, moist stratification. Some seed germinated after a second winter. Surface sowing the seed to expose it to light did not increase the germination rate.<br> Allen & Meyer (1990) found seed of some penstemon species lost dormancy after 2.5 years of storage. Unpublished data from trials at the Pullman PMC confirmed this for <i>P. confertus</i>. After 4 years in cold, dry storage at 40<sup>o</sup>F and 40% relative humidity, the same lot of seed exhibited 65% germination without pretreatment. | In October seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 90 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in mid to late January. Germination usually begins in 6 days and is complete in 12 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in mid April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Allen, Phil S., and Susan E. Meyer. 1990. Temperature Requirements for Seed Germination of Three Penstemon Species. HortScience 25(2):191-193.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1956. Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington. J.M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Limited. Vancouver, BC. 211 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1997. Northwest Penstemons. The Flower Press. Columbia Falls, MT. 191 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 7 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon confertus</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1904 | Penstemon (cyananthus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | cyananthus | Hook. | PENCYA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wasatch beardtongue | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle.<br>Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 15 C. | Meyer and Kitchen,1994.<br>Kitchen, S. G. and Meyer, S. E. (1991). Seed germination of intermountain Penstemons as influenced by stratification and GA3 treatments. J. Env. Hort. 9, 51-56.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon cyananthus</i> Hook. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1905 | Penstemon (cyananthus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | cyananthus | Hook | PECY2 | Red Butte Canyon, Utah | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Wasatch Beardtounge | Seeds were hand collected in August of 2005 and stored dry in 2-4 Celsius for3 months prior to propagation trial. | 2 replicates of10 seeds each recieved a cold and moist treatment of 2-4 Celsius for 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 weeks. The petri dishes were checked for germination for a period of 3 weeks following there treatments. The results were that 1O weeks produced 0% germination, 12 weeks produced 10%, 14 weeks produced 10%, 16 weeks produced 25%, and 18 weeks produced 25% germination. A cold and moist period of at least 16 weeks at 2-4 Celsius enhanced germination of this species. The germination rate may increase with a longer chill time or with the use of a longer after ripening stage. | Seeds were moved to 20D/10N following pretreatment. Seeds were held with 12 hrs light durring all stages of germ trial. | Seeds were transplanted off blotter paper and into soilless media if they were found to have germinated. Young germlings were moved to Rootrainers containing soilless medum following germingtation. Germlings remained on mist table with bolttom heat for approximately 2 weeks before moving into greenhouse at 25D/10N C. | Utley, Matthew C.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon cyananthus</i> Hook plants Red Butte Garden Salt Lake City, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1906 | Penstemon (cyaneus) | Scrophulariaceae | Snapdragon | Penstemon | cyaneus | PECY3 | See | Upper Snake River Plain of southern Idaho to southwest Montana and northwest Wyoming; open plains into the lower mountains. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 15 kg/ha (13 lb/ac). | Blue penstemon | Wildland collection occurs early August to early September, when the dark blue flowers turn brown and the dark brown capsule has not shattered (natural dispersion) from the cyme.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 44 grams (1.6 oz) clean seed and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with push-type belt seeder, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Irrigate as needed to maintain adequate soil moisture (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Spring to fall; soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup- -no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurred in late July, with an average harvest date of July 27 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seedheads were hand-harvested, placed in plastic sacks, and transported to drying area. Seed is placed in cloth or plastic seed sacks and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Northwest Penstemons, Dee Strickler, Flower Press, Columbia Falls, Montana, 1997.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon cyaneus</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1907 | Penstemon (davidsonii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | davidsonii | Greene | PENDAV | P. davidsonii is found from British Columbia toCalifornia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Davidson's beardtongue | Chabot, B. F. and Billings, W. D. (1972). Origins and ecology of the Sierran alpine flora and vegetation. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 163-199.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon davidsonii</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1908 | Penstemon (davidsonii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | davidsonii | PEDA2 | Deschutes National Forest, Oregon | USA: CA , NV , OR , WA
Canada: BC Native Distribution: Southern British Columbia to Tulare County, California and into Nevada Native Habitat: Rocky, alpine and sub-alpine woods and fields | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml (10 in3) container | 17 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Davidson's penstemon | Seeds are placed in a solution of 250 mg/L GA3, soaked for 24 hours, rinsed, and soaked for an additional 4 hours in water. Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.8 gram Nutricote per 164 ml container. | Germination is not very uniform, depending on the quality of the seeds, and can take up to 3 weeks to be complete. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Penstemon davidsonii Greene. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant= PEDA2 (accessed 6 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Penstemon davidsonii Greene. Davidson's penstemon. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PEDA2 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon davidsonii</i> Plants 164 ml (10 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1909 | Penstemon (deustus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | deustus | Dougl. ex Lindl. | PEDE4 | North Fork Palouse River near Colfax, WA | Dry, open and often rocky areas of eastern Washington east to Montana and south to California where mean annual preciptation ranges from 10 to 18 inches | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tight root plug in container. | Hotrock, Lava, or Scorched penstemon | Seeds are collected when the capsules begin to split in late August. Capsules can be collected individually or the entire stalk cut. Seed is brown in color and small. Seed is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned.<p> 400,000 seeds/lb (PLANTS Database) | 90 days cool, moist stratification resulted in 95% germination. No seed germinated without pretreatment when covered and only 8% germinated when planted uncovered in the greenhouse without stratification. 18% germinated after 45 days cool, moist stratification. Some seed germinated after a second winter if subjected to a stratification period of less than 90 days during the initial treatment. | In October seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40 degrees F for 90 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in early January. Germination usually begins in 6 days and is complete in 10-12 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2 weeks | Hitchcock and Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. 1973. <p> St. John, Harold. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. 1963. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young and Young. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. 1986. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon deustus</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1910 | Penstemon (deustus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | deustus | Dougl. | Foothills grasslands-shrublands (associated with mountain big sagebrush, bitterbrush, yarrow, ponderosa pine), Boise County, ID, 1176 m | Widespread east of the Cascades, usually associated with basaltic rock, and occasionally limestone, in sagebrush, juniper, and pinyon-juniper communities from 800-2500 m. In eastern Washington, Idaho, southwest Montana, and south through Oregon to the central Sierra Nevada in California, the northern 2/3 of Nevada, northwest Utah, and western Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hot-rock penstemon, Scabland penstemon | The white flowers bloom from May to July. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (a capsule) is mature when it turns brown and begins to open. This typically occurs 5 to 8 weeks after flowering. Seed maturation is relatively uniform, and the brown to black seed persists in the capsules for several weeks. Seed capsules were collected by cutting mature inflorescences (racemes) with clippers and placing them into containers. The capsules were thoroughly dried and placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. | Seed was soaked in 250 ppm giberellic acid for approximately 24 hours and then placed in germination boxes on two layers of blotter paper moistened with distilled water. Additional water was added as needed. Seed was prechilled at 4§C in the dark for 60 days. Mold began to form inthe germination boxes after 30 days. The blotter paper was replaced and seeds were washed with Thiram, an anti-fungal seed protectant. After 60 days of prechilling, seeds were incubated in a germinator at a constant 21§C with exposure to 12 hours of cool-white fluorescent light alternating with 12 hours of darkness. Tetrazolium tests (Idaho State Seed Laboratory) determined that viability was 49% and purity 23% (11%). The use of 250 ppm giberellic acid and the 60 days cold moist treatment appears adequate in breaking seed dormancy for this accession. Germination of prechilled seeds began after 3 days of incubation and was 77% complete by the 4th day. Total germination percentage was 97%. | Upon first signs of germination, seeds were sown (and barely covered with soil)in styrofoam conetainers filled with a 50% peat and 50% vermiculite mixture. Soil was watered from an overhead irrigation system that turns on automatically when soil saturation levels fall below 80%, and off at 100% field capacity. Greenhouse temperature is set at a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitable for seedlings were added periodically. | Only 9% of the germinants developed into healthy seedlings in the greenhouse. | Hitchcock, C. Leo and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p.<br> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon deustus</i> Dougl. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1911 | Penstemon (deustus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | deustus | PEDE4 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Distribution: Hotrock penstemon is found in scattered populations in eastern Washington, southern Idaho, southwestern Montana and south through Oregon to the central Sierra Nevada in California, the northern portion of Nevada, northwestern Utah and western Wyoming.
Habitat: Hotrock penstemon inhabits dry rocky places, basalt flows, pressure ridges and cliffs and occasionally limestone outcrops in sagebrush, juniper and pinyon-juniper plant communities. Plants typically occur at elevations from 800 to 2500 m (2600 to 8200 feet). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml (10 in3) container | 17 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Hot-rock penstemon | The white flowers bloom from May to July. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (a capsule) is mature when it turns brown and begins to open. This typically occurs 5 to 8 weeks after flowering. Seed maturation is relatively uniform, and the brown to black seed persists in the capsules for several weeks. Seed capsules are collected by cutting mature inflorescences (racemes) with clippers and placing them into containers. The capsules are thoroughly dried and placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. | Due to small seed size, seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). A solution of 250 mg/L GA3 is poured over the cells to thoroughly moisten and seeds and cells. Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.8 gram Nutricote per 164 ml container. | Germination is not very uniform, depending on the quality of the seeds, and can take up to 3 weeks to be complete. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
St. John L, Ogle DG, Shaw NL. 2003. Plant guide: Low beardtongue Penstemon deustus Douglas ex Lindl. Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pede4.pdf (accessed 10 Oct 2018). Parkinson H, DeBolt A. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Penstemon deustus Dougl. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2018/10/10). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon deustus</i> Plants 164 ml (10 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1912 | Penstemon (eatonii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | eatonii | Gray | PENEAT | P. eatonii is found from southwestern Colorado and southern Utah into Arizona and California. It is coomon in sandy and clayey soils, from 500 to 2400 meters elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Firecracker penstemon | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> In another study, seeds germinated at 15 C after cold stratification. | Meyer, S. E. (1992). Habitat correlated variation in firecracker penstemon (Penstemon eatonii Gray: Scrophulariaceae) seed germination response. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 119, 268-279.<br>Kitchen, S. G. and Meyer, S. E. (1991). Seed germination of intermountain Penstemons as influenced by stratification and GA3 treatments. J. Env. Hort. 9, 51-56.<br>Table 10.37 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon eatonii</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1913 | Penstemon (ellipticus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | ellipticus | Coult. & Fisch | PENELL | Talus and scree slope, Siyeh Bend, 1900m elev. | <i>P. ellipticus</i> is a northern Rocky Mountain species; occurring in subalpine to alpine zones in cliffs, talus and scree. It is found in southern B.C. and Alberta, south to Montana and Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 7 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Elliptic-leaved penstemon | Seeds are hand collected in late August and early September when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seeds are brown at maturity.<br>Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning.<br> Seed Source: Collected from plants at Siyeh Bend and Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, MT. | 5 month cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge in late April under fluctuating temperatures. Germination was very uniform. True leaves appeared 2 weeks after germination.<br>Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root growth. | 3 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the active growth phase. Plants were root tight 12 weeks following germination. Plants are ready for outplanting in July.<br>Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 10 weeks | Plants held over are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in fall, pots are flushed with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Floraof the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon ellipticus</i> Coult. & Fisch plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1914 | Penstemon (eriantherus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | eriantherus | Pursh | Variety | eriantherus | Pursh | PENERI | Open slope adjacent to fescue grassland, 1580m elev. Lee Creek, Alberta | <i>P. eriantherus</i> occurs from lowlands east of the Cascades through the Northern Great Plains; Central Washington and northeastern Oregon through Idaho, Montana, Alberta and southeastern B.C. It frequently colonizes sandy to gravelly soils on open sides and roadsides. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Fuzzytongue penstemon | Seeds are hand collected in late summer when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seeds are brown at maturity.<br>Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. ÿ | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination was very uniform at 21C. True leaves appeared 3 weeks after germination. Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development.<br>This species is susceptible to overwatering. After seelings are well establishe, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the active growth phase. Plants were root tight 4 months following germination. Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK in fall, pots are leached with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation isapplied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p> Flora of Glacier National Park, Lesica, P., at press, 1999. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon eriantherus</i> Pursh plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1915 | Penstemon (euglaucus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | euglaucus | English | PEEU | J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Glaucous beardtongue | Seed lot, 21 pounds, grown and harvested at J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, Oregon. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon euglaucus</i> English seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1916 | Penstemon (fruticosus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | fruticosus | (Pursh) Greene | PEFR3 | USFS, Okanogan - Wenatchee National Forest, Wenatchee River Ranger District, Leavenworth, Washington: 4000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bush penstemon | Small lot, 5 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon fruticosus</i> (Pursh) Greene seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1917 | Penstemon (fruticosus) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Penstemon | fruticosus | (Pursh) Greene | PEFR3 | This plant is found primarily in North Western United States and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | bush penstemon | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon fruticosus</i> (Pursh) Greene plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1918 | Penstemon (glaber) | Scrophulariaceae | Penstemon | glaber | Colorado, Cow Creek (98-199s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Alpine Penstemon | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from capsule.<p> Collected at Cow Creek (98-199s). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/551F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat.Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Slow.<p> Cow Creek (98-199s) sowed on 1/19/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon glaber</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1919 | Penstemon (gracilentus) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Penstemon | gracilentus | PEGR4 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | Slender beardtongue can be found mostly in Nevada, Oregon and California. It is seen primarily seen in the mountainous and sagebrush plateau areas where it grows best. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Slender penstemon | In our testing, 90 days of cold/moist treatment prior to placement in a warm growth chamber increased germination three times over. When placed directly into the chamber (held at 70 degree F during the day and 50 degrees at night) there was a germination rate of 11%. In contrast, when the seeds were first stratified in a cooler at a constant 38 degrees F beforehand this percentage increased to a germination at 33%. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon gracilentus</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1920 | Penstemon (grandiflorus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | grandiflorus | Nutt. | PENGRA | P. grandiflorus is found from Indiana west to North Dakota and Wyoming and south to central Texas. it grows is sandy and loamy soils in prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Large beardtongue | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 105 days. Germination occurs at 33D/19N C alternating temperature cycle. | Salac, S. S. and Hesse, M. C. (1975). Effects of storage and germination conditions on the germination of four species of wild flowers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 100, 359-361.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon grandiflorus</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1921 | Penstemon (heterophyllus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | heterophyllus | Lindl. | PENHET | P. heterophyllus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bunchleaf penstemon | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination.<br>Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 20% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon heterophyllus</i> Lindl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1922 | Penstemon (heterophyllus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | heterophyllus | Lindl. | Variety | heterophyllus | Lindl. | PEHEH5 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Hollister Field Office, Oak Flats Campground, San Benito County, Hollister, California; 2680 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bunchleaf penstemon | Very small lot, .06 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon heterophyllus</i> Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1923 | Penstemon (hirsutus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | hirsutus | (L.) Willd. | Penstemon | hirsutus | (L.) Willd. | Variety | minimus | Bennet | PENHIR | P. hirsutus is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hairy beardtongue | Seeds exhibit physiological dormancy. | Schroeder, E. M. and Barton, L. V. (1939). Germination and growth of some rock garden plants. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 10, 235-255.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon hirsutus</i> (L.) Willd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
1924 | Penstemon (humilis) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | humilis | Nutt. ex Gray | PENHUM | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Low penstemon | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 2 C. | Kitchen, S. G. and Meyer, S. E. (1991). Seed germination of intermountain Penstemons as influenced by stratification and GA3 treatments. J. Env. Hort. 9, 51-56.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon humilis</i> Nutt. ex Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1925 | Penstemon (humilis) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | humilis | PEHU | Deschutes National Forest, Oregon | Low penstemon is found in the western US from New Mexico to California and north to Washington. Penstemons are common to the western United States. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml (10 in3) container | 17 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Low beardtongue | Seeds are generally harvested by hand stripping. Seeds are mature when capsules are dry and seed is hard and dark in color. Flowering is indeterminate with mature capsules and flowers present at harvest period. Multiple harvest periods (by hand) may be necessary to maximize seed collection. Some seeds will shatter once capsules open, but the capsule is upright and tends to hold seeds very well | Seeds are placed in a solution of 250 mg/L GA3, soaked for 24 hours, rinsed, and soaked for an additional 4 hours in water. Seeds are sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.8 gram Nutricote per 164 ml container. | Germination is not very uniform, depending on the quality of the seeds, and can take up to 3 weeks to be complete. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Ogle DG. 2003. Plant guide: Low beardtongue Penstemon humilis Nutt. Ex Gray. Boise (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho State Office. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pehu.pdf (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon humilis</i> Plants 164 ml (10 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1926 | Penstemon (leiophyllus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | leiophyllus | Penell | PENLEI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Smooth leaf penstemon | Seeds are placed in cold stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 15 C. | Kitchen, S. G. and Meyer, S. E. (1991). Seed germination of intermountain Penstemons as influenced by stratification and GA3 treatments. J. Env. Hort. 9, 51-56.<br>Table 10.37 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon leiophyllus</i> Penell plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1927 | Penstemon (lyallii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | lyallii | Gray | PENLYA | Cliff faces. 1985m elev. near Big Drift, | <i>P. lyallii</i> occurs from the foothills to subalpine zone in dry rocky areas. It ranges from southeastern B.C. and southwestern Alberta to western Montana and northern Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 4 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 7 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Lyall's penstemon | Seeds are collected in late August when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seeds are brown at maturity and are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 30 to 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 1 to 3C. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium and irrigated thoroughly.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination was very uniform. True leaves appeared 2 weeks after germination. Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. | 3 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the active growth phase. Plants were root tight 9 weeks following germination. Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in fall, pots are flushed with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 4 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon lyallii</i> Gray plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1928 | Penstemon (newberryi) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Penstemon | newberryi | A. Gray | PENE3 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant is found in Oregon, California and Nevada primarily in forested areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling the soil profile in container. | mountain pride | *Pending* | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon newberryi</i> A. Gray plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1929 | Penstemon (nitidus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | nitidus | Dougl. | Variety | nitidus | Dougl. ex Benth. | PENNIT | Open slope adjacent to fescue grassland, Alberta | <i>P. nitidus</i> occurs from prairies to middle elevations in mountains; from Alberta and Montana west to Lemhi Co., Idaho. It colonizes dry,rocky soils and gravelly road shoulders. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br> Height: 8 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Shining penstemonÿ | Seeds are collected in late August when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seeds are dark brown at maturity.<br>Capsules are collected in paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 6 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Seeds are sown in the fall and undergo an outdoor cold, moist stratification. No germination was obtained with seeds sown in the greenhouse under warm temperatures above 22C. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct seeding. Seeds are covered with medium or grit.<br> Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under cool fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate after snowmelt under cool (4 to 10 C)under fluctuating early spring temperatures. True leaves appeared 3 weeks after germination.<br> Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development.<br>Plants are root-tight in containers in 9 weeks.<br> This species is susceptible to overwatering. It is important to use a well aerated medium and allow seedlings to dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the active growth phase. Plants were root tight 4 months following germination.The root system consists of a deep slender taproot with branched secondary roots.ÿPlants did not produce flowers the first year. | 14 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in fall, pots are flushed with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p> Flora of Glacier National Park,Lesic, P., at press, 1999. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon nitidus</i> Dougl. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1930 | Penstemon (pachyphyllus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | pachyphyllus | A. Gray ex Rydb. | var. congestus | (M.E. Jones) N.H. Holmgren | PEPA6 | Numerous Great Basin populations across the species elevational distribution. | This species occurs throughout the Great Basin region between 1100 to 2775 meters in elevation. It is usually found growing in well-drained gravelly or sandy soils. | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 5 years. Seed harvest begins in year 2. | 5 lbs. of pure live seed per source population
| thickleaf penstemon, thickleaf beardtongue | Ripened seed stalks from wild populations were hand harvested between mid-July and mid-August using a sickle. Seed stalks were stored in polypropylene sandbags at room temperature until cleaned.
| Populations expressed variable physiological dormancy, overcome with cold stratification. Fall planting typically results in good stands the following spring with some additional germination the second spring. | Our growing area preparation included creating a uniform seedbed, weed control and fertilization. Our production system utilized 5 ft wide 85 feet long nursery beds centered over 2 rows of buried drip tape. We began by tilling and shaping the bed with a nursery bed maker in the fall or spring one year prior to planting. Weeds that emerge on these beds were controlled early in their growth by spot spraying with Glyphosate (41% a.i.). During the hottest 6 weeks of the summer prior to planting, moistened beds were solarized with a tight covering of 2-mil clear plastic sheeting installed with a mulch layer. Fertilizer was surface broadcast prior to planting, with additional fertilizer applied as needed in the fall of each growing season. | PLUGS
We mechanically transplanted plugs to beds (5 ft x 85 ft) at the UDWR Research Farm in Fountain Green, Utah using a Mechanical Transplanter Model 5000, configured to plant in 3 rows spaced 22 inches apart, with 6” spacing between plants. Transplanted seedlings were surface irrigated using lawn sprinklers immediately following transplanting and periodically throughout the first two weeks (depending on temperatures and precipitation) to ensure establishment. DIRECT SEEDING Beds were planted in the fall. We used a Hege precision cone type seeder to plant seeds in three 85-ft-long rows at a target rate of 50 seeds per foot and a depth of 0.25 inches. Once planted, we covered beds with Dewitt’s 1.5 oz NSulate Fabric using a mulch layer. Fabric remained on the beds throughout the winter. We removed it in the spring when temperatures began to warm and there was minimal risk of freezing. | 1 year to establish, 2 years to begin producing seed. | Weeds and volunteer seedlings were removed from beds weekly using manual labor. Once plants were established (beginning in their second year) we used a mechanical “Eco-Weeder” to remove many weeds at the beginning of the growing season; however, this method only worked in the spring while the soil was soft and plants are relatively small.
We watered plants as needed throughout the growing season using subsurface irrigation drip tape placed approximately 8-10 inches below the surface. Fertilizer was surface broadcast each fall. Peak bloom was in early June. Flowering begins at the bottom of the inflorescence stalk and progresses toward the tip. Likewise, seed capsules on the lower section of the inflorescence stalk cure and split open earlier than those at the stalk tip. Seed is retained fairly well inside the open capsules as long as they are not excessively jostled (i.e. wind, rain, pedestrian traffic, etc.). For maximum seed production, we delayed harvest until the majority of the capsules at the top of the stalks were dry and splitting open. Harvest timing varied by year and by source, but usually occurred in late July or early August. | Seed was harvested mechanically using a Wintersteiger Plot Combine. Combine settings: cylinder speed 1270 rpm. Shaker air speed 1480 rpm (we start with the air as high as possible and turn down until no good seed is being blown out the back). 3 de-awner bars. Concave settings: Front=4, Back=0, Sieve height=medium.
Harvested material was dried thoroughly on a concrete floor for several days, before being cleaned to a high purity. | Kucera, K. F., Fant, J. B., Jensen, S., Landeen, M., Orr, E., and Kramer, A. T. 2021. Genetic variation and structure change when producing and using mixed‐source seed lots for restoration. Restoration Ecology, e13521.
Ogle, D., Peterson, S., St. John, L. 2013. Plant Guide for thickleaf penstemon (Penstemon pachyphyllus). USDANatural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, Idaho 83210. | Landeen, Melissa; Jensen, Scott L. 2022. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon pachyphyllus</i> A. Gray ex Rydb. Seeds Utah Division of Wildlife Resources - Great Basin Research Center Ephraim, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1931 | Penstemon (pachyphyllus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | pachyphyllus | A. Gray ex Rydb. | var. congestus | (M.E. Jones) N.H. Holmgren | PEPA6 | Numerous Great Basin populations across the species elevational distribution. | This species occurs throughout the Great Basin region between 1100 to 2775 m in elevation. It is usually found growing in well-drained gravelly or sandy soils. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | “Q Plug 30/50” Plug dimensions: 1.39” top x 2.2” deep. (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com) | Approx. 3 months | Plugs that can be mechanically transplanted. | thickleaf penstemon, thickleaf beardtongue | Ripened seed stalks from wild populations were hand harvested between mid-July and mid-August using a sickle. Seed stalks were stored in polypropylene sandbags at room temperature until cleaned. | GA3 TREATMENT
We treated seeds with a solution of 250 ppm Giberellic Acid (GA3) for 24 hours prior to planting to break dormancy by placing seeds on a paper towel saturated with GA3 solution in a ziplock bag. Seeds were planted immediately following treatment. Some collections did not immediately respond to the GA3 treatment and we stratified them in a cold room instead. COLD STRATIFICATION TREATMENT Beaver Plastics Hortiblock trays (128 cells/42 ml) with Q-plugs were planted, moistened, wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation, and placed in a cold room to stratify at 2 C [36 F]. We found that the ideal stratification period for this species is 12-20 weeks (Kucera et al 2021). | We pressed each Q-plug into the cell of a Hortiblock tray until the surface of the plug was approximately 0.25 inches below the tray surface.
We moistened the plugs prior to planting. We placed 1 to 3 seeds (depending on available quantity) on the surface of each q-plug and covered each plug with 0.25 inches of a mixture of sand (2 parts) and peat moss (1 part). | GA3 TREATMENT
We placed planted trays in the greenhouse immediately following planting. Seeds were watered daily throughout establishment. The majority of germination took place within 1 week. If multiple seedlings per plug emerged, we thinned plugs until only one plant remained to prevent crowding. Our attempts to transplant uprooted seedlings to vacant plugs were unsuccessful. COLD STRATIFICATION TREATMENT We moved trays to the greenhouse following 12 weeks of stratification in the cold room. Some plugs showed signs of seedling emergence; however, most germination did not occur until trays were placed in the greenhouse. The majority of germination took place within 1 week. If multiple seedlings per plug emerged, we thinned plugs until only one plant remained to prevent crowding. Our attempts to transplant uprooted seedlings to vacant plugs were unsuccessful. | Approx. 2 weeks following placement in the greenhouse. | Plants were watered daily so that plugs remain moist but not saturated. We maintained greenhouse temperatures between 65 and 85 degrees F, with a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Fertilizer (All Purpose Water Soluble MiracleGro®) was applied to plants biweekly.
| We timed our outplanting to follow the last typical frost date at our research farm, which is generally the week after Mother’s day. Because we plant post frost risk and use irrigation following outplanting our hardening process is abbreviated.
At 2” tall, and with their second set of true leaves, plants are moved to a lath house for 2 weeks and watered as needed, which is generally daily. These small plugs dry quickly. If frost is forecast, they are returned to the greenhouse until the frost has passed. | 2 to 4 weeks | Plugs are saturated with water prior to shipping. We ship plants in the Hortiblock trays to the transplant site and remove plants as they are placed on the transplanter. A dowel or small finger is helpful to push plants out of the trays.
| The mechanical transplanter adds water to each plant and is adjusted to seat the plug just below the soil surface while leaving most of the top exposed. Transplants are irrigated with aboveground sprinkler irrigation for 2 weeks post planting, followed by intermittent subsurface irrigation for the remainder of the first growing season. With this regime, we see very little mortality.
| Kucera, K. F., Fant, J. B., Jensen, S., Landeen, M., Orr, E., and Kramer, A. T. 2021. Genetic variation and structure change when producing and using mixed‐source seed lots for restoration. Restoration Ecology, e13521.
Ogle, D., Peterson, S., St. John, L. 2013. Plant Guide for thickleaf penstemon (Penstemon pachyphyllus). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, Idaho 83210. | Landeen, Melissa; Jensen, Scott L. 2022. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon pachyphyllus</i> A. Gray ex Rydb. Plants “Q Plug 30/50” Plug dimensions: 1.39” top x 2.2” deep. (International Horticultural Technologies, LLC. Hollister CA. www.ihort.com); Utah Division of Wildlife Resources - Great Basin Research Center Ephraim, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1932 | Penstemon (palmeri) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | palmeri | Gray | PENPAL | P. palmeri is found in Utah, Arizona and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Palmer's penstemon | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 15 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Kitchen, S. G. and Meyer, S. E. (1992). Temperature-mediated changes in seed dormancy and light requirement for Penstemon palmeri (Scrophulariaceae). Great Basin Nat. 52, 53-58.<br>Meyer, S. E. and Kitchen, S. G. (1992). Cyclic seed dormancy in the short-lived perennial Penstemon palmeri. J. Ecol. 80, 115-122.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon palmeri</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1933 | Penstemon (palmeri) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | palmeri | A. Gray | Variety | palmeri | PEPAP9 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, San Juan County, Colorado: 5442 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Palmer's penstemon | Small lot, 1.7 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon palmeri</i> A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1934 | Penstemon (procerus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | procerus | Dougl. | PENPRO | Fescue grassland, 1585m elev. Rising Sun, | <i>P. procerus</i> occurs from grassland foothills to subalpine zones, in mostly moister habitats. It is widespread throughout the Pacific Northwest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 4 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Small-flowered penstemon | Seeds are collected in late August when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seed is brown at maturity and is collected in paper bags that are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 30 to 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are lightly covered with medium. Germination occurs at 21C. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seed is covered with medium and irrigated thoroughly.<br> Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Seedlings emerge 5 days after sowing. Germination was very uniform under greenhouse conditions. True leaves appeared 2 weeks after germination. Once established and thinned after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants were root tight 9 weeks following germination. Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 9 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in fall, pots are flushed with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 4 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon procerus</i> Dougl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1935 | Penstemon (roezlii) | Scrophulariaceae | figwort | Penstemon | roezlii | Penstemon | laetus | PERO12 | Oregon, Washington & Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Roezl's penstemon | We have found that 80 days of cool(38F)/moist helps begin germination by breaking dormancy. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon roezlii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1936 | Penstemon (roezlii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort | Penstemon | roezlii | PERO12 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest | Oregon, Washington, and Nevada. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml (10 in3) container | 17 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Roezl's penstemon | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.8 gram Nutricote per 164 ml container. | Germination is not very uniform, depending on the quality of the seeds, and can take up to 3 weeks to be complete. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 3 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Bartow A. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Penstemon roezlii plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2018/10/10). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.
Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Penstemon roezlii Regel Roezl’s penstemon. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= PERO12 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon roezlii</i> Plants 164 ml (10 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1937 | Penstemon (rostriflorus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | rostriflorus | Kellogg | PENROS | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Beak flower penstemon | Seeds are placed in cold stratification for 28 to 56 days. Germination occurs at 15 C. | Kitchen, S. G. and Meyer, S. E. (1991). Seed germination of intermountain Penstemons as influenced by stratification and GA3 treatments. J. Env. Hort. 9, 51-56.<br>Table 10.37 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon rostriflorus</i> Kellogg plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1938 | Penstemon (sepalulus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | sepalulus | A. Nels. | PENSEP | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Littlecup penstemon | Seeds are placed in cold stratification for 84 to 112 days. Germination occurs at 15 C. | Kitchen, S. G. and Meyer, S. E. (1991). Seed germination of intermountain Penstemons as influenced by stratification and GA3 treatments. J. Env. Hort. 9, 51-56.<br>Table 10.37 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon sepalulus</i> A. Nels. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1939 | Penstemon (speciosus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | speciosus | Dougl. | Owyhee uplands and canyons, Malheur County, OR, 1180 m | Central Washington, eastern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho to California and Utah. Typically in Artemisia tridentata communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Showy penstemon, Sagebrush penstemon | The dark blue to purple flowers bloom from May to July. Phenology varies based on elevation, aspect and seasonal weather patterns. The fruit (a capsule) is mature when it turns brown and opens partially. This typically occurs 5 to 8 weeks after flowering. Seed ripening is quite uniform, with a collection window of approximately 2 to 3 weeks. Seeds are a dull brown and number 400,000-500,000/lb. The capsules were collected by cutting the mature inflorescence (a raceme) with clippers and placing them in containers. After collection, the capsules were thoroughly dried and placed in a standard freezer for 48 hours to remove insect pests. | Seed was soaked in 250 ppm giberellic acid for approximately 24 hours and then placed in germination boxes on two layers of blotter paper moistened with distilled water. Additional water was added as needed. Seed was prechilled at 4§C in the dark for 60 days. Mold began to form in the germination boxes after 30 days. The blotter paper was replaced and seeds were washed with Thiram, an anti-fungal seed protectant. After the 60 days of prechilling, seeds were incubated in a germinator at a constant 21§C with exposure to 12 hours of cool-white fluorescent light alternating with 12 hours of darkness. | Upon first signs of germination, seeds were sown 0.25-0.5 cm deep in styrofoam conetainers filled with a 50% peat and 50% vermiculite mixture. Soil was watered from an automatic overhead irrigation system that turns on when soil saturation levels fall below 80%, and turns off when it reaches 100% field capacity. Greenhouse temperature was a constant 27§C. Small amounts of fertilizer suitablefor seedlings were added periodically. | Germination of prechilled seeds began after 3 days of incubation and germination was complete after 4 days. Tetrazolium tests (Idaho State Seed Laboratory) determined that viability was 73% and purity 90% (66% PLS). 33% of the seed germinated (50/150). An extended period of cold moist stratification (beyond 60 days) is recommended. Only 26% of the germinants developed into healthy seedlings in the greenhouse. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p.<br> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Parkinson, Hilary; DeBolt, Ann. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon speciosus</i> Dougl. plants USDA FS - Rocky Mountain Research Station Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1940 | Penstemon (speciosus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | speciosus | Dougl. ex Lindl. | PESP | USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station - Interstate Highway 84, Idaho; 2500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Royal penstemon | Small lot, 1.1 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon speciosus</i> Dougl. ex Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1941 | Penstemon (spectabilis) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | spectabilis | Thurb. ex Gray | PENSPE | P. spectabilis is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Showy penstemon | Seeds germinate at 23 C.<br> Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 61% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.3 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon spectabilis</i> Thurb. ex Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1942 | Penstemon (strictus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | strictus | Benth. | PENSTR | P. strictus is found from Wyoming to New Mexico and east to Nevada and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rocky mountain penstemon | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 15 C. | Allen, P. S. and Meyer, S. E. (1990). Temperature requirements for seed germination of three Penstemon species. HortScience 25, 191-193.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon strictus</i> Benth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1943 | Penstemon (subglaber) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | subglaber | Ryd. | PENSUB | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Smooth beardtongue | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 15 C. | Kitchen, S. G. and Meyer, S. E. (1991). Seed germination of intermountain Penstemons as influenced by stratification and GA3 treatments. J. Env. Hort. 9, 51-56.<br> Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon subglaber</i> Ryd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1944 | Penstemon (virgatus) | Scrophulariaceae | Penstemon | virgatus | Colorado, Moraine Park (98-044s, 98-122s), Hollowell Park (98-085s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Penstemon | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed heads by crushing seeds head or using tweezers. Use of screens helpful for separating seed from miscellaneous plant material.<br> Moraine Park (98-044s, 98-122s) collected on 10/10/98; Hollowell Park (98-085s) collected on 9/12/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None, 30 day cold moist treatment. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on orange heat pad (set to 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 36 pk, 3-5 seeds/slot.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12-15 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination slow and uneven.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 to 1-1/2 months.<p> Moraine Park (98-044s, 98-122s) sowed 12/4/98; Hollowell Park (98-085s) sowed on 11/16/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Penstemon virgatus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1945 | Penstemon (whippleanus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | whippleanus | Gray | PENWHI | P. whippleanus isfound from southwestern Montana to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Whipple's penstemon | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon whippleanus</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1946 | Pentaphylloides (fruticosa) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Pentaphylloides | fruticosa | (L.) Schw. | Potentilla | fruticosa | L. | PENFRU | Open rocky slopes, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. | <i>P. fruticosa</i> is a circumboreal species that occurs from Alaska to Labrador, south to California, throughout the Rocky Mountains and New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It inhabits a wide range of wet to dry habitats including forest margins, cliffs, alpine scree and talus, prairie grasslands and wetland margins at all elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 800 ml container | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 17 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml (4.5 inch) and 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Shrubby cinquefoil | Seeds are hand collected in September when achenes turn tan. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Seeds from lower elevation sources also germinate to high percentages using a 60 to 90 day cold, moist stratification in a refrigerator. Stratification is used for high elevation seed sources. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination occurs at 21C and is usually complete in 15 days. Cotyledon to true leaf stage is 2 weeks. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and increase in height to 17 centimeters in 10 weeks. Root development is very rapid and fill conetainers in 8 weeks.<br>Conetainers are potted into 800 ml or 1 gallon containers for further growth and production of larger container stock. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Pots are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months in 800 ml containers and 5 months in 172 ml containers<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<br> | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pentaphylloides fruticosa</i> (L.) Schw. plants 800 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1947 | Penthorum (sedoides) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop family | Penthorum | sedoides | L. | PESE6 | Marshes, stream banks, ditches | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ditch stonecrop | Start the seeds in a greenhouse (65F night 75F day temperature) in late winter. Sow the seeds on the surface of the germination mix. Keep moist and do not cover. Seeds germinate in 2 weeks. Seedlings are very small. Repot into 2 inch containers. Growing mix is 1 part sand 4 parts ofa commercial potting mix containing 40-50% of composted pine bark. Keep the medium always moist. | 6-7 weeks | Repot into quarter gallon container and move outside in full sun or under 40% shade. Keep the medium always moist. Plants will flower in 16 weeks. | 9-10 weeks | Baskin JM, Baskin CC, Spooner DM. 1989. Role of temperature light and date seeds were exhumed from soil on germination of four wetland perennials. Aquatic Botany 35 (3-4): 387-394 | Chiari, Alessandro. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penthorum sedoides</i> L. plants Cougar Springs Ranch Brooklyn, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1948 | Perideridia (americana) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Perideridia | americana | (Nutt. ex DC.) Reichenb. | Eulophus | americanus | Nutt. ex DC. | PERAME | P. americana is foundwithin temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastern yampah | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 25/15 C. Germination is equal in light and dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1993). The ecological life cycle of Perideridia americana (Apiaceae). Amer. Midl. Nat. 129, 75-86.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Perideridia americana</i> (Nutt. ex DC.) Reichenb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1949 | Perideridia (bolanderi) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Perideridia | bolanderi | (A. Gray) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. | Sage, perennial grass; Elko Co., NV | Dry to moderately moist, sometimes gravely, open hillsides and dry washes, from California and southern and eastern Oregon to western and northcentral and extreme southern Idaho (Oneida and Bonneville counties). Across central and northern Nevada to Utah (Box Elder and Juab counties), and western Wyoming (Lincoln and Teton counties). | Not invasive. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Olasi, Yampah | The white flowers in compound umbels bloom in late May to mid-June. The fruit (a schizocarp) is mature when it turns brown and dehisces readily. We collected seed in late June to mid-July, approximately four to six weeks after flowering. Fruits were collected by hand stripping. Seed was placed in various porous storage containers (paper bags, woven polypropylene bags) and stored with a small (1" by 2") piece of Hot Shotr "No-Pest Strip" containing Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) 18.6% to kill insect pests, then spread out in a warehouse until dried. | We tested germination by placing 25 apparently whole, filled seeds on moist blotter paper in petri dishes (4 repetitions). Dishes were sealed inside closeable plastic bags to reduce desiccation, placed in a -2øC germinator for two weeks, and then held at +2øC. Germination commenced in 10 weeks, but most seeds germinated by 16 weeks. Germination rates ranged from 16 to 46%. For a larger plug production, approximately 500 seeds of each accession were dusted with Captanr fungicide powder and stirred into moist peat moss in closeable plastic bags, and placed in a +2øC germinator. Bags were checked weekly or daily until germinants were observed over a 12 week period, at which time seedlings were planted in the greenhouse. | Seedlings were carefully pricked into soil mix (2 parts sieved peat: 2 parts Vermiculite: 1 part Agsorbr or Turfacer (montmorillonite clay): 1 part #20 quartz silica sand, plus fertilizer and micronutrients) in 1«" x 1«" x 5«" deep seedling tubes. Greenhouse temperatures ranged from 15-22øC. Flats were irrigated as needed to keep roots moist. Seedlings had an 80% survival rate. | All accessions of this species failed to develop true leaves for the first growth phase. The cotyledons thickened and remained photosynthetic, and after two months, senesced. At that stage, we found each plant had developed a small (1/4") round root storage section (tuber or "biscuit") 1" beneath the soil surface. The roots also appeared to have senesced. The "biscuits" remained intact and healthy yet dormant for 28 weeks in flats in the greenhouse, where they received occasional irrigation. They were field planted as tubers in early spring. Some tubers had begun to sprout both new stems and roots. Most individuals in most accessions developed a single true leaf about one month after field planting. The true leaves senesced after two-three months. In 2006, the second field year, we will observe whether the individuals that developed true leaves will put out a greater number of leaves. | Unknown; possibly longer than one year. | Welsh, S. L., Atwood, N. D., Higgins, L. C., and S. Goodrich. 1987. A Utah Flora. Brigham Young University, Provo. Cronquist, A., Holmgren, N. H., and Holmgren, P. K. 1997. Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 3, part A: Subclass Rosidae (except Fabales). New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. | Meyer, Therese B.; Harr, Stephen C.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Perideridia bolanderi</i> (A. Gray) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. plants Utah Division of Wildlife Resources - Great Basin Research Center Ephraim, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1950 | Perideridia (gairdneri) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Perideridia | gairdneri | Hook. & Arn | PEGA3 | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Gairdner's yampah | Seeds were sown directly into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micro-max) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees). Seedlings emerged after 80 days. 80% germination was observed. | When seedlings emerged, flats were removed from the cooler and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree day/ 50 degree nights). | Seedlings germinated within one to two weeks after coming out of the cooler. | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Perideridia gairdneri</i> Hook. & Arn plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1951 | Perideridia (gairdneri) | Apiaceae | Parsley or Carrot | Perideridia | gairdneri | (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias | PEGA3 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Western North America from British Columbia east to Saskatchewan and south to New Mexico. Mean annual precipitation range is 14-24 inches (USDA NRCS 2006). In eastern Washington it is usually found in open mesic meadows and open forest.<br> Wetland status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | Years | Gairdner's yampah, Western yampah, False caraway | Fruit is a schizocarp. Seed is collected in September or early October when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are brown in color. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the entire inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<p>400,000 seeds/lb (USDA NRCS 2006). | Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that no germination occurred without stratification or with 30 days stratification. 60 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 38% germination. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 50% germination. 90% germination was obtained from seeds sown in cone-tainers in the fall and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures. Seedlings which germinated in the greenhouse thrived in the constant warmth, so it is likely the longer stratification time and not the cool, fluctuating temperature was the factor in the increased germination. | In October seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in February. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40 degrees F for 90 or more days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 8-10 days and may continue up to 21 days. | 3 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients.<br>Plants are moved to the lath house in June. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. They are fertilized once per week with a water soluble complete fertilizer containing micro-nutrients.<br>Plants will usually not grow beyond the 3-4 true leaf stage the first season. They will often senesce in the late summer. Senescent plants are given only enough water to prevent the medium from drying completely. Plants are stored in the lath house over winter. They should be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in late winter or early spring as temperatures begin to rise. Plants are grown in containers for a second season in the lath house, then transplanted to the field in late fall while dormant. | 2 seasons | Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not needed. | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1956. Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington. J.M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Limited. Vancouver, BC. 211 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (03 February 2006).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Perideridia gairdneri</i> (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
1952 | Perideridia (gairdneri) | APIACEAE | Carrot Family | Perideridia | gairdneri | ( H.&A. ) Math. | Carum | gairdneri | (H.&A.) Gray | PERGAI | Rough Fescue grassland | <i>P. gairdneri</i> grows in woodlands and dry to wet meadows; from lowlands to mid montane elevations in the mountains. It occurs from southern B.C. to southern California, east to Saskatchewan and South Dakota and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 5 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Small taproot in conetainer. | Yampah | Seeds are hand collected in late August when seeds turn dark brown and are easily stripped from the inflorescence. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning.<br> Collection Locality: Firebrand Pass Trail, Glacier National Park, MT | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification or a 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are sown in the fall and lightly covered with medium and thouroughly watered prior to winter.<br> Artificially stratified seeds were placed n a 48 hr running water rinse. Seeds were placed in fine mesh bags buried in moist peat moss in a ventilated container in the refrigerator at 1 C. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br>Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite withOsmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Germination occurs in mid May under fluctuating temperatures of 21 to 24C during the day and 13 to 15C during the night. Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination is complete after 2 weeks with seeds stratified outdoors. Seeds sown in the greenhouse following a 90 day cold, moist stratification were germinating at the time of sowing. True leaves were evident 7 days after sowing. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 2 to 4 true leaves were evident 6 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer during the first half of the growing season. This species develops a short, fleshy taproot. Seedlings must dry down slightly between irrigations. | 10 weeks | A 10-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 200 ppm is used to promote root development from mid July through September.<br> Hardening Phase: Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 10 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Perideridia gairdneri</i> ( H.&A. ) Math. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1953 | Perideridia (oregana) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Perideridia | oregana | PEOR6 | seeds were collected from Lane Co, Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Oregon yampah | Seeds were sown directly into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of conetainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. | Once removed from the cooler, the flats were placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/ 50 degree nights). | Seedlings emerged with in one to two weeks after being removed from the cooler. 80% germination occurred. | Bartow, Amy L. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Perideridia oregana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1954 | Perideridia (oregana) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Perideridia | oregana | (S. Wats.) Mathias | PEOR6 | BLM, Medford District, Chinquapin Mountain, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Oregon yampah | Very small lot, .15 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Perideridia oregana</i> (S. Wats.) Mathias seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1955 | Petalonyx (thurberi) | Loasaceae | Blazing Star Family | Petalonyx | thurberi | Gray | PETTHU | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Petalonyx thurberi</i> is found in dry sandy or gravely places in the Mojave and Colorado deserts from Inyo County, California to Nevada, Arizona and Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe Containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Sandpaper Plant | Seeds are hand collected when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are scarified with sandpaper and soaked in water overnight. Seeds are sown in open flats using a fine growing medium of 2 parts sand and 1 part mulch.(v:v). Germination %: 64% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Petalonyx thurberi</i> Gray plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe Containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1956 | Petasites (frigidus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Petasites | frigidus | (L.) Fries | PETFRI | P. frigidus is a circumboreal species, extending south in North america to Montana, Mass., michigan and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sweet colt's foot | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Petasites frigidus</i> (L.) Fries plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1957 | Phacelia (hastata) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf Family | Phacelia | hastata | Douglas ex Lehm. | PHHA | Intermountain West. This collection was made 11 miles north of Boise in the upper Boise Front, Boise County, ID at an elevation of 5,444 feet (1,660 m). | Well-drained, often sandy sites from low to higher elevations on both sides of the Cascade Mountains, from British Columbia to California, and east to the Dakotas and Nebraska. | None known. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 2.8" x 5.5" plant band (container) | About 7 months | Healthy root development filling the container. | Silverleaf phacelia | A small quantity of seed (0.14 lb) was hand collected on August 9, 2007 by clipping a portion of the dried flower stalk and placing them into large paper bags. Seed was collected from 400 plants. A 1” x 1” piece of No-Pest Strip was placed in each seed bag for a minimum of 48 hours to reduce potential insect predation. Seed was air dried in paper bags at room temperature prior to sending it to the Bend Seed Extractory for cleaning. | Seed was stored in a cool, dry, and dark location prior to sowing. | On January 29, 2014, 5 dry seeds were direct sown into each container at approximately ¼” depth. Soil was a 2:1:5 mix of lava fines, perlite and Sunshine Mix #4. After sowing, the soil surface was lightly covered with chicken grit. Containers were watered thoroughly and placed outside, where they would receive the necessary 30-60 days of cold stratification (reported in the literature). No fertilizer was added to the soil mix. In 2014, first emergence was observed on March 11, 40 days after sowing.
On February 24, 2015 (one year plus one month later), the above treatment was repeated with the same seed lot (SOS-ID930-B19-07). First emergence was observed on March 17, 21 days after sowing. Containers were kept somewhat moist during both 2014 and 2015. In 2014, conditions in Boise were wetter than average. In 2015, conditions were dry and warm and containers were hand irrigated more frequently to maintain these conditions. Germination was estimated at 80% or higher in both years. Seed viability did not noticeably decline from 2014 to 2015. Full emergence was reached by the end of May or first week of June both years, or within 3-4 months. As seedlings developed secondary leaves and if there was more than one per container, they were gently removed with a butter knife and placed into a separate 5.5” container. One seedling per container was our preferred result. | 3-4 months | Containers were kept outside on nursery tables through the growing season, but moved under 55% shade cloth in mid-June. Containers were allowed to dry slightly between near daily hand waterings. A weak fish emulsion fertilizer was applied several times in June and again in August and early September. Plants remained outside until outplanting in September or October, once fall rains arrived. Shade cloth was removed in mid-September both years. | About 6 months | Hand plant in September or early October after fall rains begin. If the fall is dry, irrigation greatly enhanced survival.
Seedlings planted in spring 2015 experienced high mortality. Conditions were warm and dry from February through April and seedlings received no supplemental irrigation. | Intermountain Flora. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 4. Subclass Asteridae. Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal, P.K. Holmgren. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. 1984. | DeBolt, Ann . 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia hastata</i> Douglas ex Lehm. Plants 2.8" x 5.5" plant band (container); Idaho Botanical Garden Boise, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1958 | Phacelia (bipinnatifida) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Phacelia | bipinnatifida | Michx. | Phacelia | brevistyla | Buckl. | PHABIP | P. bipinnatifida is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fernleaf phacelia | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Baskin and Baskin,1988, unpublished. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia bipinnatifida</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1959 | Phacelia (californica) | Hydrophyllaceae | Water Leaf Family | Phacelia | californica | Cham. | PHACAL | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>P. californica</i> is found in rocky bluffs and canyons, mostly below 1,500 feet elevation, in north coastal scrub and chapparal; from Del Norte County to Santa Clara County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tubes | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Phacelia | Seeds are collected between June 1st and October 31st.<br> Mature capsules are brown.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 4 seeds are sown per Leach tube (1.5"x 8") containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Seeds are planted 1 time the diameter to depth.<br>Containers are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 70% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Extra seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers. Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 42 days | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia californica</i> Cham. plants Leach Tubes; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
1960 | Phacelia (cicutaria) | Hydrophyllaceae | Water leaf family | Phacelia | cicutaria | Greene | PHACIC | P. cicutaria is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Caterpillar phacelia | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 27% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E., Morton, B. A., Pedrosa, A. and Trotter, P. (1985). Role of allelopathy, heat and charred wood in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. J. Ecol. 73, 445-458.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia cicutaria</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1961 | Phacelia (crenulata) | Hydrophyllaceae | Phacelia | crenulata | PHCR | wild collected from Emery County, Utah | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | cleftleaf wildheliotrope | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then mid-spring (59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) then late-spring (68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from Emery County, Utah only germinated in treatments that imposed 12 weeks of winter conditions (treatments 2, 4, 6), but no condition yielded more than 20% germination. Treatments without winter conditions (treatments 1, 3, 5) had little to no germination (0 to 4%). This suggests that seeding during late winter or early spring will not provide sufficient dormancy breaking to allow seeds to germinate. Additional research is needed to confirm the specific length of winter conditions needed to break dormancy and allow germination, and to determine how representative these results are of the entire species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationPHCR shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Phacelia crenulata</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1962 | Phacelia (dubia) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Phacelia | dubia | (L.) Trel. | PHADUB | P. dubia is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Small flower phacelia | Seeds are warm stratified and germinate at 15 C. Germination is greater in light than dark. | In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia dubia</i> (L.) Trel. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1963 | Phacelia (fremontii) | Hydrophyllaceae | Water leaf family | Phacelia | fremontii | Torr. | PHAFRE | P. fremontii is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fremont's phacelia | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 15% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E., Morton, B. A., Pedrosa, A. and Trotter, P. (1985). Role of allelopathy, heat and charred wood in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. J. Ecol. 73, 445-458.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia fremontii</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1964 | Phacelia (hastata) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf | Phacelia | hastata | PHHA | See | Southern British Columbia and Alberta to California, and east Colorado and western Nebraska; foothills, valleys, and plains. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 61 kg/ha (54 lb/ac). | Silverleaf phacelia | Wildland collection occurs late July to late September when the creamy white to lavender-colored flower turns tan and the seed is dark brown and hard; the bristly coiled cyme is unpleasant to hand-harvest.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 33 grams (1.2 oz) clean seed and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil sufrace is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late July to early August, with a mean harvest date of August 1 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> Hand-harvesting is required because the seedheads are low to the ground.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed is cloth or plastic seed sacks and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Phacelia hastata</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1965 | Phacelia (hastata) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Phacelia | hastata | Douglas ex Lehm. | PHHA | USDA Forest Service, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Silverleaf phacelia | Very small lot, 0.24 pounds, grown and harvested at Lucky Peak Nursery. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Phacelia hastata</i> Douglas ex Lehm. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1966 | Phacelia (hastata) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Phacelia | hastata | Dougl. | PHAHAS | Talus and scree slide, Siyeh Bend, 2000m elev. | <i>P. hastata</i> is a widespread cordilleran species that occurs from southern B.C. to the Sierras of California, east to the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Silver-leafed phacelia | Seeds are collected in late August and early September. Seeds are mature when calyx subtending the capsules becoes papery and stiff and when capsules turn tan and begin to split open at the top. Seeds are black at maturity.<br>Capsules are collected in paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 60 day cold, moist stratification. Germination is best under cooler temperatures. Germination percentages were low under greenhouse conditions. Germination rate increased when conetainers were moved to outdoor nursery in spring; and were subjected to fluctuating temperatures. Higher germination percentages may be obtained if containers are fall sown, where they undergo winter stratification and fluctuating spring temperatures. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night.<br> Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First average frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Germination was non-uniform. True leaves appeared 2 weeks after germination. Once established after emergence, the seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. This species has a flattened rosette habit, and will require careful irrigation practices to prevent crown rot. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants were root tight 12 weeks after germination. Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 6.5 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia hastata</i> Dougl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1967 | Phacelia (heterophylla) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf | Phacelia | heterophylla | Pursh | PHHE2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Western North America from British Columbia east to Montana and south to New Mexico. In eastern Washington it is usually found in dry, open, often rocky areas, especially where there is some disturbance.<br>It is a facultative upland species (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | virgate or varileaf phacelia | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is dark brown and pointed with a pitted surface. Seed is collected when the seed begins to shatter in late July or early August. The plants are covered with short hairs which are irritating to the skin, especially when dry. Gloves should we worn when handling the plants and plant parts. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence and stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. The entire inflorescence can be clipped from plants in seed increase plantings and dried under cover on tarps. Wild plants should never be collected whole.<p>We determined 1,233 seeds/gram or 559,172 seeds/lb. | Germination occurs at 15-20 degrees centigrade in the dark (Maguire & Overland 1959, Chirco & Turnoer 1986).<br>Trials conducted at the PMC comparing untreated seed with cold, moist stratified seed showed no benefit from stratification. 95% germination occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification also resulted in 95% germination. Seed sown in containers in November andleft outdoors under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures began germinating in mid-March and ultimately reached 98% germination, but the plants were not ready to be transplanted to the field the same spring. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 9-10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Growth is rapid and older plants may require watering every day. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Buhler, Douglas D., and Melinda L. Hoffman. 1999. Andersen's Guide to Practical Methods of Propagating Weeds and Other Plants. Weed Science Society of America. Lawrence, Kansas. 248pp.<p>Chirco, Ellen, and Terry Turnoer. 1986. Species without AOSA Testing Procedures. The Newsletter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 60(2):2-66.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p>Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 331 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p>Maguire, James D. and Alvin Overland. 1959. Laboratory Germination of Seeds of Weedy and Native Plants. Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 349, Pullman, WA. 15 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia heterophylla</i> Pursh plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1968 | Phacelia (heterophylla) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Phacelia | heterophylla | Pursh | PHHE2 | Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forest, Wenatchee River Ranger District, Leavenworth, Washington: 4000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Varileaf phacelia | Small lot, 2.3 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Phacelia heterophylla</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1969 | Phacelia (lyallii) | Hydrophyllaceae | Water leaf family | Phacelia | lyallii | (Gray) Rydb. | PHALYA | Talus and scree slide, Oberlin Bend, 2032 elev. | <i>P. lyalli</i> occurs in subalpine and alpine rocky slopes at high elevations. It is an endemic to western Montana and adjacent southern Alberta. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Lyall's phacelia | Seeds are hand collected in late August when capsules turn tan and begin to dehisce. Seeds are black at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds require a 60 to 100 day cold, moist stratification. Germination percentages are higher under cooler greenhouse temperatures of 21C Day/13C Night. Alternately, seeds can be fall sown outdoors to undergo winter stratfication and germinate to high percentages under cooler, fluctuating spring temperatures. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21C during the day and 13C at night.<br> Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge 8 days after sowing. Germination was non-uniform. Seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. Once seedlings are established, they must dry down between irrigations. Seedlings must be watered during early morning so they dense rossettes of leaves can dry and must be provided with adequate air movement. This practice prevents crown rot, leaf mold and root diseases. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm. Plants were root tight 16 weeks following germination. Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 5 months | Total Time to Harvest: 7 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia lyallii</i> (Gray) Rydb. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1970 | Phacelia (minor) | Hydrophyllaceae | Water leaf family | Phacelia | minor | (Harvey) Thellung ex F. Zimmerman | PHAMIN | P. minor is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wild canterbury bells | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 13% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia minor</i> (Harvey) Thellung ex F. Zimmerman plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1971 | Phacelia (ranunculacea) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Phacelia | ranunculacea | (Nutt.) Constance | PHARAN | P. ranunculacea is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ocean blue phacelia | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. and Chester, E. W. (1993a). Seed germination ecology of two mesic woodland winter annuals, Nemophila aphylla and Phacelia ranunculacea (Hydrophyllaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120, 29-37.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia ranunculacea</i> (Nutt.) Constance plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1972 | Phacelia (sericea) | Hydrophyllaceae | Water leaf family | Phacelia | sericea | (Grah) Gray | PHASER | P. sericea is a widespread cordilleran species; occuring from high elevations to the prairies of the Great Plains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Silky phacelia | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia sericea</i> (Grah) Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1973 | Phacelia (sericea) | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf | Phacelia | sericea | PHSE | See | Alberta to British Columbia, south to Colorado, Arizona, and California; open woods, hills, and slopes, mostly in the mountains. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 14 kg/ha (13 lb/ac). | Silky phacelia | Wildland collection occurs late August to early September when the dark purple flowers turn brown and the seed is dark brown and hard; the spike-like panicle is easy to hand-harvest.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 168 grams (6 oz) clean seed and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing seeds with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early July, with a meanharvest date of July 2 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> Hand-harvesting is required because seedheads are low to the ground.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in cloth or plastic seed sacks and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Phacelia sericea</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1974 | Phacelia (sericea) | Hydrophyllaceae | Water leaf family | Phacelia | sericea | (Grah) Gray. | PHASER | Talus and scree slide, Scenic Point, 2050m elev. | <i>P. sericea</i> is a widespread cordilleran species that inhabits open slopes in prairies and foothills to to alpine talus slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Silky phacelia | Seeds are collected in late summer when capsules turn tan and begin to dehisce. Seeds are black at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 70%6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is fromlate April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge under fluctuating spring temperatures. Germination was non-uniform. True leaves appeared 2 weeks after germination. Once seedlings are established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Once established after emergence, seedlings produce rapid shoot and root development. Seedlings were root tight 16 weeks following germination. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phacelia sericea</i> (Grah) Gray. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1975 | Philadelphus (lewisii) | Hydrangeaceae | Hydrangea family | Philadelphus | lewisii | Pursh | PHILEW | Flathead Lake, Flathead County, MT. | <i>P. lewisii</i> is found on open, rocky slopes from low to mid elevations; from British Columbia and Alberta south to Idaho, Montana, and California. It is found from sea level to 2500 meters elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 18 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 to 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Lewis' Mock Orange | Collect capsules in late summer when they turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold moist stratification. Stratification for a minimum of 8 weeks is recommended. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with media.<br> Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Seeds germinate in the outdoor nursery in late spring when temperature reach 21C during the day. Germination to true leaf stage is 2 weeks. Seedlings are thinned and transplanted at this stage. | 4 weeks | Growth is rapid follwing establishment. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm once a week during the active growth stage. Seedlings reach root tightness in conetainers in 8 weeks and can be uppotted to 800 ml containers. | 8 weeks | Seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20- NPK liquid fertilizer during September. Irrigation is gradually reduced through the fall months. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.5 years for 800 ml container stock.<br> Harvest Date: June or July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in the outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p>Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p>Glacier National Park Propagation records, unpublished. | Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Philadelphus lewisii</i> Pursh plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1976 | Phleum (alpinum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Phleum | alpinum | L. | PHLALP | P. alpinum is a circumboreal species and is found in subalpine and alpine meadows from Alaska to Newfoundland, south at high elevations throughout western North America to South America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine timothy | Germination occurs at 22 C and 17/12 C alternating temperature cycle. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>McDonough, W. T. (1969). Effective treatments for the induction of germination in mountain rangeland species. Northw. Sci. 43, 18-22.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phleum alpinum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1977 | Phleum (alpinum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Phleum | alpinum | L. | Phleum | commutatum | Gaudin | PHLALP | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>P. alpinum</i> occurs in subalpine to alpine meadows and stream banks; from Alaska to Newfoundland, south to most of the montane and subalpine areas of the western U.S. It is also found at high elevations in South America, and Europe. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Alpine timothy | Collect mature inflorescences in late August when florets turn tan. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Hand held sickles are used to cut stalks. Seeds are spread on a tarp in a drying shed and turned twice a day prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification was used, however no stratification is required. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. | 2 weeks | Shoot and root development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer until root tightness is obtained. Plants are outplanted the first year. | 6 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 2 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 8 months using a long stratification.<br> Harvest Date: July to August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phleum alpinum</i> L. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
1978 | Phleum (alpinum) | Poaceae | Grass | Phleum | alpinum | L. | PHAL2 | Collected at Mount Rainier National Park; near Tipsoo lake in wet meadows, 5,000 to 6,000 ft elevation | Western US; South Dakota; Michigan, also Northeast in Maine and New Hampshire. Occurs in wet meadows, bogs, and other wet places. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed | 2 Years | Years | Clean seed free of noxious weeds; approx 1,100,000 seed / lb. Native -collected lots tested at 98% germination after a 7-day prechill. | Alpine timothy | Hand stripped into paper sacks at maturity; ripened seed is retained for a short time on plants before shattering. Seed ripens in September in collection zone. | 7-day prechill for seed testing; or direct-sown into field in early April at Corvallis | Fine, weed-free seed bed prepared; seed shallowly drilled with a Planet Jr. - #10; 2.4 lbs /ac bulk seed rate resulted in fair stand establishment. | Supplemental sprinkler irrigation supplied as needed during stand establishment - through July of the first year. Small seedlings grow slowly at first and are susceptible to weed competition. Broadleaf weeds controlled with 2,4-D and Banvel at label rates; grassy weeds controlled by "spot-wicking" applications of Roundup herbicide. Ammonium nitrate (50 lbs N / ac) and 15 lbs/ ac Sulfur was applied in March and again in May to established field, additional 50 lbs N /ac ammonium nitrate applied again in December. | 1 year; little to no seed production during first year | Early spring growth (March and April) often affected by rust / fungi; these foliar diseases were controlled with 2 to 3 applications of Tilt and Bravo applied at label rates, prior to boot stage. | April to July at Corvallis PMC | na | na | Seeds hand stipped at PMC in late June / early July - methods same as for native colleciton. Seeds held in cool, dry storage in cloth sacks. | unknown | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa.<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Phleum alpinum</i> L. seeds seed; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1979 | Phlox (carolina) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Phlox | carolina | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | thickleaf phlox | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Phlox carolina</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1980 | Phlox (diffusa) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Phlox | diffusa | Benth. | PHDI3 | Crater Lake National Park, 7,000 ft elev on pumice flats and open gravelly slopes around Rim Village. | Western US and central plains on open, dry, gravelly or sandy soils, in openings and large clearings. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 | 1 Years | Years | Healthy, branched crown foliage with healthy central tap root | spreading phlox | Seeds are slow and tedious to collect from these low-growing plants; not present at all in some collection years and sparse in most; tend to wither if collected at less than full ripeness, single seed per flower. | Germination significantly enhanced in our trials with 17 weeks cold moist pre-chill | Seeds sown into standard "1040" flats with a fine, soil-less potting mix (Fisons' Sunshine #3 seedling starter); topped with a thin layer of fine vermiculite; watered-in and placed in polyethylene bags in a walk-in cooler at 34 - 36 F for 17 weeks. | Flats with stratified seeds placed in warm greenhouse (approx 60 nights / 70 to 85 F days) and lightly watered as needed until germination was complete, in about 45 days: approximately 50 % of seeds germinated with this treatment. Good air circulation and drainage is crucial; these seedlings are highly susceptible to damping-off and other fungal attacks. Seedlings remained in these flats for another 4 to 6 weeks until large enough to transplant. 1 gram of seed produced 36 healthy container plants for us in this trial. | 12 weeks | When large enough to handle for transplant, seedlings are placed in a light, fast-draining potting medium (Fisons' Sunshine Aggregate 4 Plus) in 4" deep pots and moved outdoors to a lightly shaded area (we placed ours at the outside northern edge of the shadehouse). Plants should be protected from overwatering and given plenty of room for air circulation. One light fertilization of Peters' started (9-45-15) given once after transplanting; excess fertilizer should be avoided on these slow-growing plants. | May to July | Plants can be allowed to become rather dry in August: pots should become quite light between waterings and then drained very quickly after watering. | August - September | Plants were shipped up to Crater Lake in late August via refrigerated van to a holding facility at the park; they can also be placed into a walk-in cooler with soil very lightly moistened for dormant storage over winter. Most important is for the plants not to be moved outside in early spring in Corvallis where they can become waterlogged and overwhelmed by foliar / fungal diseases. | Seeds - not known; plants can be held over winter but may need transplanting to deeper containers in the following spring. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Kruckeberg, Aurthur R. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Guide. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phlox diffusa</i> Benth. plants 4; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1981 | Phlox (gracilis) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Phlox | gracilis | E. Greene | Microsteris | gracilis | MIGR | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into a field covered with weed fabric for seed increase. | slender phlox | Pods were allowed to split on the weed fabric and drop seed. The weed fabric was vacuumed using small battery-powered hand vacuums to collect seed that had shattered. If the weed fabric gets wet, these seeds will glue themselves to the fabric (we make sure to vaccum before any summer rains). | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) The flatsof cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 2 weeks. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 2 weeks and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 85% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phlox gracilis</i> E. Greene plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1982 | Phlox (speciosa) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Phlox | speciosa | Pursh | PHSP | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Dry, open places in sagebrush steppe, grasslands, and open pine forests from southern British Columbia to northern California and east to Nevada and Montana. | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | showy phlox | Fruit is a capsule. The seed is dark brown in color and ripens in late June. Because the plants flower indeterminately and the capsules dehisce forcefully upon ripening, collecting seed is difficult and time-consuming. The seed must be collected as it ripens but before the capsules dehisce. <br>Plants in seed increase plantings can be cut and dried under cover on tarps or in bags. Wild plants should never be collected whole. <br>Small amounts can be dried in paper bags at room temperature with the top of the bag covered with open weave cloth. Larger amounts are dried on tarps in a greenhouse or shed. Plants are covered with garden row cover to prevent seed loss. Fans can be used to assure good air circulation. Stems and leaves are green at this point and mold will occur with poor air circulation. | At least 90 days of cold moist stratification is required for adequate germination.<br> Working with seed of another local ecotype, Nauman (2002) found 120 days of cold moist stratification in the dark resulted in the highest germination. She further noted seed is capable of germinating in cold temperatures. Fall seeding is recommended for another phlox, <i>P. diffusa</i> (Kingery et al 2003). Vegetative propagation is also possible (Kruckeberg 1996, Parish et al 1996).<br> Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 5% emergence occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 10% emergence. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 75% emergence. Increasing stratification time to 120 days resulted in 42% emergence. Seed planted in containers outdoors reached 55% emergence.<br> Germination will occur at cold temperatures. Some seed will germinate during stratification and stratified seed will emerge more rapidly than untreated seed.<br> | In late October or early November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40<sup>o</sup> F for 90 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 3 days and is nearly complete in 8 days, although a few seeds will continue to emerge up to 14 days later. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every third day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every other day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3-4 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Daubenmire, R.F. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Washington State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service EB 1446. Pullman, WA.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 332pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Nauman, C. 2002. Germination of 12 Palouse Prairie forbs after stratification under light and dark treatments. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow ID.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (6 March 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 6 March 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phlox speciosa</i> Pursh plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
1983 | Phyllodoce (breweri) | Ericaceae | Heath | Phyllodoce | breweri | Moist rocky slopes, meadows, sub-alpine; 4,000-11,000 feet. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red Mountain Heather | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Seeds: 2 months cold stratification at 35§F; seed mixed with moist vermiculite in a sealed plastic bag. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Propagules not stored. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phyllodoce breweri</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1984 | Phyllodoce (breweri) | Ericaceae | heath | Phyllodoce | breweri | Bryanthus | breweri | PHBR4 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant is known to grow in Nevada and California, mostly in wetland and subalpine field-type areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile of container | Purple mountainheath | In our trials, Phyllodoce breweri seeds needed a cold period to break dormancy and we saw no germination when they were placed in our warm growth chamber (70F days and 50F nights). When treated with 60 days of cold (38F) beforehand there was a germination rate of 48% seen, higher than the 37% seen in the seeds kept solely in the cool treatment until germination. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phyllodoce breweri</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1985 | Physaria (alpina) | Brassicaceae | Physaria | alpina | Rollins | Endemic to alpine areas in central and west-central Colorado. | None | Seed | Avery Peak twinpod | Seed was collected in central Colorado in 2018 | Stratification at 2-4C for 2-12 weeks produces high germination | Incubation at 20/10C (day/night) led to close to 100% germination | 2022. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Physaria alpina</i> Rollins Denver Botanic Gardens Denver, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1986 | Physocarpus (capitatus) | Rosaceae | Rose | Physocarpus | capitatus | PHCA11 | Siuslaw and Willamette National Forests, Oregon | Pacific ninebark is scattered to common west of the Cascades and often abundant in wet areas and on steep north slopes of the coastal mountains. Habitats include streambanks, lake margins, and swampy areas or openings in moist woods. Occasionally, Pacific ninebark is found in coastal marsh lands and meadows or at drier shrubby sites. Pacific ninebark occurs primarily west of the British Columbia Coast, Cascade, and Sierra Nevada Mountain Ranges from extreme southeast Alaska to central California | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific ninebark | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 30 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment, and may need to be top-pruned approximately 3 months following transplanting into the target container. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Gonzalves P, Darris D. 200. Plant fact sheet: Pacific ninebark Physocarpus capitus (Pursh Kuntze). Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_phca11.pdf (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Physocarpus capitatus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1987 | Physocarpus (capitatus) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Physocarpus | capitatus | (Pursh) Kuntze | PHCA11 | Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Fernan Lake, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2140 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pacific ninebark | Very small lot, 0.59 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Physocarpus capitatus</i> (Pursh) Kuntze seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1988 | Physocarpus (opulifolius) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Physocarpus | opulifolius | (L.) Maxim | PHYSO | Full sun to light shade. An edge species found along stream banks, rock outcrops, shores and swamps. Flowers white, shrub 3'-10' tall. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ninebark | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers in the spring. Seed is a bright red fruit and is harvested from July to August. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add as small amount of water. (There should be no visible water in the bag or container.) Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for 3-5 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cells plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sowing Date: Sow ninebarkseeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Physocarpus opulifolius</i> (L.) Maxim plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1989 | Physocarpus (opulifolius) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Physocarpus | opulifolius | (L.) Maxim. | PHYOPU | Missouri | Ninebark (<i>Physocarpus opulifolius</i> (L.) Maxim. [Rosaceae]) is a small shrub, 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall. The shrub is multi-stemmed, spreading to 2.5 m (8 ft). Bark peels off in thin papery strips, resembling the number nine in shape, exposing brown inner bark. It occurs naturally on gravel bars, rocky banks and bluffs along streams and moist thickets, often overhanging the water. This species is adaptable to a very wide range of soil and site conditions, from moist to dry, acid to alkaline, and gravelly to heavy clay. It will grow in partial shade to full sun and is found from Quebec west to Minnesota, South Dakota and Colorado, south to Oklahoma to Georgia and north to New York. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 15 Months | Months | Height: 42 to 92 cm<br> Caliper: 3 to 12 mm<br> | ninebark | In Missouri, fruits ripen from August to early October and are small, dry pods hanging in drooping, papery clusters that resemble bellows. Each pod contains 2 to 5 yellowish, shiny seeds. We collect seedpods in late September. To allow them to further ripen and dry, we place them in elevated wooden boxes with standard house screen on the bottom. | We always sow ninebark in fall (October). Seeds are drilled using a 7-row Love/Oyjord seeder. To get the very small seed to flow properly in our seeder, we mix seeds 1:1 (v:v) with sifted oak sawdust. We take sawdust, place it on window screen, and shake. Fine particles that sift through are mixed with seeds. Remember that the Love seeder calibrates based on total seed weight so to be accurate, crop seeds must be reweighed with the sawdust and the total weight used in calibration.<p> Weplant our ninebark seed at approximately 0.45 kg of the seed and sawdust mixture per 98 m2 (1 lb/1050 ft2) of bed space. Seeds per kg varies widely, but 2.2 million (1 million/lb) is average. This is about 1770 seeds per linear m (540 per linear foot) with the 7-row seeder and may sound high, but ninebark typically has low viability. Over the years we have found this planting rate to produce well-stocked seedbeds of 110 to 130 seedlings per m2 (10 to 12/ft2). | Seeds are sown to a depth of 3 to 6 mm (0.125 to 0.25 in). We have sown seed deeper, but if germination occurs, it can take as much as a month longer. Seedbeds are covered with about 6 to 12 mm (0.25 to 0.5 in) of sawdust applied with a manure spreader. We then apply a thin layer of hydromulch to cover the sawdust and keep it from blowing away. | Ninebark is one of the earliest seeds to germinate at our nursery. It is up by late March. Occasional frosty mornings do not seem to hurt new seedlings. | Beginning in late May we spread dry ammonium sulfate, 21N:0P2O5:0K2O:24SO4, at a rate of 140 kg/ha (125 lb/ac) over the crop, water it in, and repeat this application 4 to 6 times from late May to the end of July. At this rate, we apply about 45 to 68 kg (100 to 150 lb) nitrogen during the growing season. We irrigate regularly throughout the growing season and occasionally spray for leafhoppers (Homoptera:Cicadellidae) using a systemic insecticide (Astro (Permethrin) at 75 ml/ha (1 fluid oz/ac). | Seedlings are hardened off naturally in the bareroot bed during the fall. | Our minimum grade is 30 cm (12 inches) of height but most of our 1+0 seedlings are 46 to 92 cm (18 to 36 in) tall, with a caliper of 3 to 12 mm (0.125 to 0.5 in). During the last 4 y we have averaged about 5000 deliverable seedlings per kg of sown seed (11,000/lb). Ninebark is lifted in December or January (or whenever it is fairly dry as the large root mass make lifting very difficult when soil is wet), placed into cold storage (0.5 to 1.5 øC [33 to 35 ø F]), and kept moist. | Propagation Protocol for Ninebark, Hoss, G., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<p> [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2000. Biological names. Version 4.0 [on-line database]. URL: http://www.itis.usda.gov/plantproj/itis/itis-query.html (accessed 30 Oct 2000).<p> USDA NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 30 Oct 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. | Hoss, Gregory A.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Physocarpus opulifolius</i> (L.) Maxim. plants 1+0 bareroot; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1990 | Physostegia (virginiana) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Physostegia | virginiana | (L.) Benth. | PHYVIR | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>P. virginiana</i> is found from Quebec to Manitoba and south thorough the United States to Kansas, Virginia, Illinois and Tennessee. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: healthy bareroot system. | Obedient Plant | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. August 5 to Sept 16. Seed is harvested about Sept 30. | seed is planted in the fall, therefore is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F. Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Total Time to Harvest: Depending on weather and plant/root development, crops take 10 - 12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 2.7 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 6 months | Reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and gradingis performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Physostegia virginiana</i> (L.) Benth. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1991 | Physostegia (virginiana) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Physostegia | virginiana | (L.) Benth. | PHYVIR | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>P. virginiana</i> is found from Quebec to Manitoba and south through the United States to Kansas, Virginia, Illinois and Tennessee | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 0 | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Obedient Plant | Source of Propagules: Seed is ollected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. August 5 to Sept 16. Seed is harvested about Sept 30. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4. Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Propagation Method: Seed sown plugs.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br>Growing Medium: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March. <br>Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night. 75% germination is reached in about two weeks. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. Weed the flats when they are being thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 6 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving andgreenhousetemperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8- 0 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br>Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them in plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br>Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Physostegia virginiana</i> (L.) Benth. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
1992 | Picea (breweriana) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Picea | breweriana | S. Watson | PICBRE | P. breweriana is found in montane to subalpine forests in the Siksiyou mountains of southwestern Oregon and northern California; at 1000 to 2300 m elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Brewer spruce | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification during the winter months and germination occurs in the spring. | Heit, C. E. (1968a). Propagation from seed. Part 13: Some western and exotic spruce species. Amer. Nurseryman 127(8), 12-13, 51-63.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea breweriana</i> S. Watson plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1993 | Picea (engelmannii) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Picea | engelmannii | Parry ex Engelmann | PICENG | P. engelmannii is found from 1000 to 3000 m elevation; from British Columbia and Alberta south through the western United States to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Engelmann spruce | Heit, C. E. (1968a). Propagation from seed. Part 13: Some western and exotic spruce species. Amer. Nurseryman 127(8), 12-13, 51-63.<br>Safford, L. O. (1974). Picea A. Dietr. Spruce. Pp. 587-597. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea engelmannii</i> Parry ex Engelmann plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1994 | Picea (engelmannii) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Picea | engelmannii | (Parry) Engelm. | PICENG | Spruce/Fir forest, West Glacier, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.,1100m elevation. | <i>P. engelmannii</i> occurs mostly above 1000 meters elevation,from southernB.C. to California, east of the Cascades, east to southwest Alberta and south through the Rocky Mountians to New Mexico and Arizona.<br> East of the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, it readily hybridizes with <i>Picea</i> <i>glauca</i>. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Engelmann Spruce | Cones are collected in late September and early October when cones turn tan and scales begin to reflex. Mature seeds are firm and dark brown to black in color.<br>Cones are collected in burlap sacks and spread over canvas tarp in the drying shed prior to cleaning. | This species does not require stratification; however, pre chilling seeds and pre soaking increases germination energy and uniformity of emergence.<br>This species is reported to be light requiring. Pre-chilling the seeds overcomes the light requirement.<br> Seeds were surface sterlized with a 8:1 (v:v)water/bleach solution. Seeds are placed into a 48 hour running water rinse, followed by 30 to 60 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Technique: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. <i>Picea</i> is sensitive to excessive irrigation prior to and after germination. Careful attention to irrigation is needed at this stage. Germination is usually complete 2 weeks after sowing. Seedlings are thinned at the birdcage stage. Seedlings shed the seed coats 7 to 10 days after emergence.<br> After seedlings are well established, they must dry down slightly between irrigations. This practice will prevent post emergence damping-off disease and other root diseases. | 3 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Seedlings can be inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi at this stage. Plants were fully root tight 23 weeks after germination and averaged 10 cm in height. | 23 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September and October<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea engelmannii</i> (Parry) Engelm. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1995 | Picea (engelmannii) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Picea | engelmannii | Parry | PICENG | <i>P. engelmanii</i> is found found from British Columbia to califronia and east to southwestern Alberta and south the western United States to New Mexico. It is typically found above 3,000 feet elevation in moist forest or swampy areas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 | 3 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Engelmann spruce | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator 45 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/ac or 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at 10 inches for 3+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Year 3: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4 months each growing season. | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during rarly spring (early February to mid March)of the third year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Picea engelmannii</i> Parry plants 3+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
1996 | Picea (engelmannii) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Picea | engelmannii | Parry ex. Engelm. | PICENG | Northern Idaho | Engelmann spruce ranges from British Columbia and Alberta to Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico. In Idaho, it reaches it maximum size on deep, rich, loamy soils of high moisture content. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers" | 8 Months | Months | Height = 15 to 20 cm<br>
Root-collar diameter = 2.5 to 2.8 mm<br> Firm root plug<br> >2% foliar N | Engelmann spruce | Ovulate cones are solitary at the tips of branches in the upper portion of the tree crown. Mature seed cones are pale brown and 2.5 to 8 cm (0.16-0.98 in) long. Each cone contains numerous, elliptical, dark grey winged seeds that are 2.5 mm (0.09 in) long. Seeds are wind dispersed. Trees begin bearing cones at 20 years and produce good seed crops every 2 to 13 years. | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in running tap water for 48 hours to ensure imbibition.<p> Mesh bags are placed into plastic bags and seeds are stratified (cold, moist) for 28 days at 1 to 2øC (34 to 36øF). After stratification, seeds are soaked 24 hours in running tap water. <p> Based on cumulative germination at 21 days in a germination test, the total amount of seeds needed for the crop is determined to ensure 90% to 95% of the cells have at least one seedling. | Seedlings are grown in 2 fully-controlled greenhouses. Photoperiod is extended by 300 watt incandescent lamps (15 min on/off cycles) at an intensity of 500 lux. Irrigation is applied by an overhead traveling boom system, with nozzles spaced every 40 cm. Fertilizers are injected into irrigation water with a 1:100 injector.<p> Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium having a pH of 4.2.<p> Seeds are sown in late March and are immediately covered with a shallow layer of white grit or Forestry sand (6 mm deep) and immediately irrigated (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until the medium is saturated. Using a medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating reduces damping-off disease. Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF), and night-time temperatures are maintained at 18øC (65øF). | Once seedcoats begin to fall off germinating seedlings, seedlings are thinned to 1 seedling per container. Germination is usually complete within 21 to 28 days.<p> Photoperiod lights remain activated. Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. During the establishment phase (6 to 8 weeks), seedlings are fertilized with Peters Professional Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 42 ppm N, along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4). Phosphoric acid is used to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Seedlings are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. At the end of week 6, medium is leached with irrigation water to remove salt build-up. Day greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF) and night temperatures around 18øC (65øF). | 6 weeks | During the active growth phase, day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 24øC (70 to 75øF) and night temperatures are maintained at 18øC (65øF). Photoperiod control is continued. <p> Nutrients are supplied about twice a week using Peters Professional Conifer Grower (20N:7P2O5:19K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) alternated with calcium nitrate (15.5:0:0:10) to supply 120 and 92 ppm N, respectively, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). <p> Containers are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight, but this is slowly decreased so that by the time growers wish to initiate buds, containers are irrigated at about 70% saturated weight. Seedling heights are compared to those on a target growth curve, and if growth exceeds targets, nitrogen is reduced by decreasing the amount of calcium nitrate. Seedlings generally reach desired heights by week 12, and medium is leached with copious amounts of irrigation water. Medium is then allowed to dry down until it is just barely moist. | 6 weeks | Between weeks 12 and 15, when irrigation is necessary, Peters Professional Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) is applied every irrigation along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) and phosphoric acid. After week 15, finisher is alternated with calcium nitrate at the rate of 92 ppm N. <p> Photoperiodic lighting is discontinued. <p> Temperatures are allowed to go to ambient, but preferably under 27øC (80øF) during the day. However, minimum greenhouse temperature allowed is -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are ready to be packed in January. From mid-September until pack-out, day temperatures are kept cool as possible and we prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are hardened for 18 to 22 weeks. | 18 weeks | Seedlings are extracted for storage in late November through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but foliage should be dry before packing. <p>
Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at 0.5øC (33 to 34øF). Seedlings are monitored for storage mold problems. Storage molds can be reduced by packing disease-free stock, storing them for the shortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing. | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947.<p>Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1990. A growing regime for container-grown spruce seedlings. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. Bulletin 47. 8 p. | Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea engelmannii</i> Parry ex. Engelm. plants 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers"; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
1997 | Picea (engelmannii) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Picea | engelmannii | Parry ex Engelm. | PIEN | Engelmann spruce is widely distributed in the western United States and Canada. The southern terminus of the species range is in mountainous regions of New Mexico and Arizona. Engelmann spruce naturally occurs in a humid climatic zone with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. (Alexander and Sheppard 2004) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm; Caliper: 2 to 3 mm; Root System: Firm root plug. | Engelmann spruce | Entire cones are harvested by hand from trees. Cones are harvested when they begin to turn purple to brown, prior to scale opening. In New Mexico this is typically in the early to mid-September in its natural range and slightly later when grown at lower elevations. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. Seed will germinate without any stratification, however, stratification at 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C improves (shortens) germination time. To stratify the moistened seed is then placed into self-sealing plastic baggies and stratified for 10 - 14 days. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early April and seedlings are moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between 15 and 20 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 - 4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house irrigation is provided via standard fixed-area turf irrigation nozzles, spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation benches. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are performed early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid-based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 14 to 18 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 3 - 4 months | Alexander R.R. and W.D. Sheppard 2004. Engelmann Spruce. In (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_1/silvics_vol1.pdf (accessed 3 February 2009).<br><br>[ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2009. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 3 February 2009). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea engelmannii</i> Parry ex Engelm. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
1998 | Picea (glauca) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Picea | glauca | (Moench) Voss, Mitt. | PICGLA | P. glauca is found from 0 to 1000 m elevation; from the Yukon south across Canada south to Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin,New Hampshire, New Yrok, Vermont and South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White spruce | Safford, L. O. (1974). Picea A. Dietr. Spruce. Pp. 587-597. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea glauca</i> (Moench) Voss, Mitt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1999 | Picea (mariana) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Picea | mariana | (Miller) Britton | PICMAR | P. mariana is found in muskegs, bottomlands, bogs, and dry peatlands; from Alaska south across Canada to the Atlantic ocean. It is found south in the eastern United States from Maine to Pennsylvannia and south through the midwestern states to Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black spruce | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 24 days. Germination occurs at 20D/10N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> Germination is equal in light or dark. | Farmer, R. E., Jr., Charrette, P., Searle, I. E. and Tarjan, D. P. (1984). Interaction of light, temperature, and chilling in the germination of black spruce. Can. J. For. Res. 14, 131-133.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea mariana</i> (Miller) Britton plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2000 | Picea (pungens) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Picea | pungens | Engelm. | PICPUN | P. pungens is found in the southern Rocky Mountains north to Wyoming and south eastern Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Colorado blue spruce | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Heit, C. E. (1968a). Propagation from seed. Part 13: Some western and exotic spruce species. Amer. Nurseryman 127(8), 12-13, 51-63.<br>Safford, L. O. (1974). Picea A. Dietr. Spruce. Pp. 587-597. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea pungens</i> Engelm. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2001 | Picea (pungens) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Picea | pungens | Engelm. | Picea | parryana | Sarg. | PICPUN | Utah | <i>P. pungens</i> is found from Idaho and Wyoming south to Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Colorado Blue Spruce | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator for 45 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May.<br> Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring. Seeds are sown using a Oyjard seed drill at at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned in early June to a depth of 10 inches. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil. | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March) of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Picea pungens</i> Engelm. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2002 | Picea (pungens) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Picea | pungens | Engelm. | Picea | parryana | Sarg. | PICPUN | <i>P. pungens<i> is found from Idaho and Wyoming south to Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 | 3 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Colorado blue spruce | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator for 45 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.12 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/ac or 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at 10 inches for 3+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Year 3: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4 months each year | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March) of the third year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Picea pungens</i> Engelm. plants 3+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2003 | Picea (pungens) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Picea | pungens | Engelm. | PIPU | Blue spruce is native to the central and southern Rocky Mountains from south eastern Idaho through southern New Mexico and Arizona. Blue spruce naturally occurs in a cool and humid climatic zone with most of the annual precipitation occurring in the summer (Fechner 2004). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Blue spruce; Colorado blue spruce | Entire cones are harvested by hand from trees. Cones are harvested when they turn purple to brown, prior to scale opening. In New Mexico this is typically in the later weeksof September through early October. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. The moistened seed is then placed into self-sealing plastic baggies and stratified for 7 - 10 days. Stratification temperatures range from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early April and seedlings are moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between 15 and 20 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Shade house irrigation is provided via standard fixed-area turf irrigation nozzles. In both facilities, irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation benches. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen, seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 14 to 18 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling readily. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late Februaryor early March. | 3 - 4 months | Fechner, G.H. 2004. Blue Spruce. In: (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_1/silvics_vol1.pdf (accessed 17 December 2008). <br> <br>[ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 17 December 2008). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea pungens</i> Engelm. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2004 | Picea (sitchensis) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Picea | sitchensis | (Bong.) Carr. | PICSIT | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sitka spruce | Seeds germinated at 22 C. Germination was equal in light and in dark. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Taylor, J. S. and Wareing, P. F. (1979). The effect of light on the endogenous levels of cytokinins and gibberellins in seeds of sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carriere). Plant Cell Env. 2, 173-179. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Picea sitchensis</i> (Bong.) Carr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2005 | Pimenta (racemosa) | Myrtaceae | Myrtle Family | Pimenta | racemosa | (P. Mill.) J.W. Moore | PIMRAC | St. Thomas | P. racemosa is found through West Indies from Cuba and Jamaica to Grenada and Trinidad; also native to Venezuela.<br>Both wild and planted specimens are present in small numbers on St. Thomas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon | 0 | bay-rum tree | Seed collection can be difficult. Some large trees produce little to no seeds while adjacent, smaller trees do produce fruit. Fruit matures and drops from the tree quickly. Ripe fruits are taken from the ground and directly from the tree. | Intact, whole fruits are planted in germination trays with a commercial potting medium. Fruits are planted about 0.25 in deep. | Germination is not immediate.<br>Seedlings are allowed to grow longer in germination trays than most other tree species. They are transferred to 4 inch pots with a mix of commercial and local soil.<br>Plants seem to be delicate and not vigorous.Seedlings are susceptible to damping off and excessive watering. Special care and precautions should be taken during germination and establishment. | Plants are a least four or five inches tall before they are transplanted to one gallon size. | Little and Wadsworth. 1964. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin islands. Ag. Handbook No. 249. USDA, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. pp 548 | Neuburger, Jackie. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pimenta racemosa</i> (P. Mill.) J.W. Moore plants 1 gallon; Propagacian de plantas St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2006 | Pinus (albicaulis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | albicaulis | Engelmann | PINALB | P. albicaulis is found at 1300 to 3700 m elevation; from British Colubia and Alberta to Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and California, and south through the Rocky mountains to Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Whitebark pine | Seeds are cold moist stratified for 90 to 120 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Krugman, S. L. and Jenkinson, J. L. (1974). Pinus L. Pine. Pp. 598-638. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> Engelmann plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | Pinus (albicaulis) | Pinaceae | Pine famly | Pinus | albicaulis | Engelm. | PINALB | Subalpine fir/Whitebark pine forest, Two Medicine, Glacier National Park, MT., 2060m elevation. | <i>P. albicaulis</i> occurs at or near tree line on talus, exposed bedrock, or very young soils with little horizon development. It ranges from southern B.C. through the Cascades to California, east to northeast Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and northern Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Whitebark pine | Seeds are collected when cones turn from deep purple to dark brown in early fall. Mature seeds are very firm and brown in color. Whitebark pine cones must be caged with wire meshing to protect the developing cones from animal and bird predation. After removing cages, collectors climb trees and collect cones from branches with pruning shears. Cones are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated greenhouse to prior to cleaning. | This following is the recommended treatment: Hand scarify seedcoats with a file or nail clipper, ensuring that the endosperm is not damaged during scarification. Place seeds in a 48 hour running water rinse. Seeds are placed into a 30 day month warm, moist stratification at 21C day (12 hrs)/18C night 12hrs), with seeds exposed to light during day temperatures cycle. Next, seeds are placed into a 30 to 100 day cold, moist stratification in moist peat in darkness at 1 to 3C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding or Planting Germinants. Seeds are covered with medium and irrigated thoroughly.<br> Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination is non uniform. | 4 to 8 weeks | Whitebark pines are sensitive to any environmental changes during growth and will set terminal buds and cease growth.<br>Therefore, seedlings must begrown under greenhouse conditions where temperature, irrigation and photo period can be controlled.<br>Once seedlings are established, they must dry down between irrigations. <br>Seedlings are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the active growth phase. | 20 weeks 1st year, 25 weeks 2nd year | During fall months, seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Seedlings are leached with water before winterization. | 5 months | Total Time To Harvest: 2 to 3 years.<br> Harvest Date: September of the 2nd or 3rd year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Personal Contact: Aram Eramian, State Nursery, Couer d' Alene, ID., Nov. 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> Engelm. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2008 | Pinus (aristata) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | aristata | Engelmann | PINARI | P. aristata is found in high elevation forests of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado at 2500 to 3400 m elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bristlecone pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 30 days.<br> Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Krugman, S. L. and Jenkinson, J. L. (1974). Pinus L. Pine. Pp. 598-638. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br> Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus aristata</i> Engelmann plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 | Pinus (aristata) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | aristata | Engelm. | PIAR | Bristlecone pine grows at elevations from 7500 to over 11,000 feet (2300 to 3400 m) in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. In New Mexico, bristlecone pine is found on or near exposed ridges, often in association with mixed conifer species or in pure stands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm; Caliper: 2 to 3 mm; Root System: Firm root plug. | bristlecone pine, foxtail pine | Entire cones are harvested by hand from trees. Cones are harvested when they begin to turn purple and begin brown along cone scale edges, prior to scale opening. In New Mexico this is typically September through early October. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. The moistened seed is then placed into self-sealing, polyethylene baggies and stratified for 28 days. Stratification temperatures range from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early March and seedlings are moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between 15 and 20 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house irrigation is provided via standard fixed-area turf irrigation nozzles, spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 18 to 22 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 3 - 4 months | Harlow, Willliam M., and others. 1996. Textbook of dendrology, eighth edition. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. 534 pp.<br><br>[ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2009. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 4 February 2009). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus aristata</i> Engelm. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2010 | Pinus (banksiana) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | banksiana | Lambert | PINBAN | P. banksiana is found From the Northwest territoires south to Alberta and Bristish Columbia and east across Canada to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It ranges south into the United States in the upper midwestern states of Minnesota, michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana. It ranges south through the northeastern states from Maine to Pennsylvannia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Jack pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 7 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br>Seeds germinated equally well in light and dark. | Krugman, S. L. and Jenkinson, J. L. (1974). Pinus L. Pine. Pp. 598-638. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus banksiana</i> Lambert plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | Pinus (banksiana) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | banksiana | Lamb. | Pinus | divaricata | (Ait.) Dum.-Cours. | PINBAN | Jack pine occurs in Canada and in the north-central and northeastern United States. The northern boundary of its range extends east from the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories to Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Its range extends southwest from Nova Scotia to Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, northern New York, Michigan, extreme northwestern Indiana, and northeastern Illinois, and northwest through Wisconsin and Minnesota to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, central Alberta, and extreme northeastern British Colombia. In Missouri, we use this species for shelterbelt plantings. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Jack pine | We purchase our seeds commercially or we purchase them from local people who collect from established stands near the nursery.Ovulate cones mature in two years, and are tawny yellow or brown, ovoid to oblong, 3.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) long and are borne singly or in groups. Each cone contains several, black or brown, winged seeds. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours. Before planting, seeds are dried and treated with Thiram fungicide. We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 9 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils severaltimes during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Checkpruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Year 2: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4-5 months year 1 and year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Krugman SL, Jenkinson JL. 2004. The genus Pinus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Pinus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus banksiana</i> Lamb. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2012 | Pinus (clausa) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | clausa | (Chapman ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. | PINCLA | P. clausa is found in coastal area of the eastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sand pine | Seeds are cold stratified for 28 days and germinate at 25 C. | Outcalt, K. W. (1991). Stratification increases germination of Ocala sand pine seed in dry soil. Seed Sci. Technol. 19, 511-517.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus clausa</i> (Chapman ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | Pinus (contorta) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | contorta | Douglas ex Loudon | PINCON | P. contorta is found from Alaska,Yukon, and Northwest Territories east and south to Saskatchewan, South Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lodgepole pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 21 days. Germination occurs at 24 to 27 C.<br> Germination occurred equally well in light and dark. | Haasis, F. W. and Thrupp, A. C. (1931). Temperature relations of lodgepole-pine seed germination. Ecology 12, 728-744.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus contorta</i> Douglas ex Loudon plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | Pinus (contorta) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | contorta | Dougl.ex Loud. | Variety | latifolia | Engelm. ex S. Wats. | PINCON | Lodgepole forest, Many Glacier, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT, 1585m elevation. | <i>P. contorta</i> var. <i>latifolia</i> is found in montane dry to moist areas, often forming pure stands;from southern Alaska and Yukon, southward to northern Baja California, east to Alberta and extreme southwestern Saskatchewan, South Dakota, and through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. It is also common throughout the northeastern Oregon, Idaho, northern Utah, and extreme western Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br> Height: 16 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a.<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Lodgepole pine | Serotinous and non serotinous cones are collected in early September. Mature seeds are firm and brown in color.<br>Cones are collected by cutting branches with pruning poles. Cones are removed from branches with pruning shears and stored in burlap bags in a well ventilated drying shed. | Seeds are treated with 8:1(v:v)water/bleach bath for 10 minutes, followed by a 48 hour running water rinse soak and a 45 day cold, moist stratification.<br>Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags in moist peat moss and buried in ventilated containers at 3C.<br> Nonstratified <i>P. contorta</i> seeds are reported to germinate to higher percentages in light than in darkness. Stratified seeds germinate to higher percentages in darkness.<br> Prechilling may promote overall germination energy and uniformity. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Stratified seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Seeds must not be sown or covered too deeply. Initial germination is typically complete in 20 days. Germinants shed the seed coats 14 days after emergence. Seedlings are thinned at the birdcage stage.<br> Accelerated growth is usually reached by week 8. | 8 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 25-10-10 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during the growing season. Seedlings can be inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi at this stage. Plants were fully root tight 23 weeks after germination and averaged 16 cm in height. | 16 weeks | Tree seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Seedlings are flushed with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September and October<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus contorta</i> Dougl.ex Loud. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2015 | Pinus (contorta) | Pinaceae | Pinus | contorta | Variety | latifolia | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 10 Months | Months | Minimum height is 3in and minimum caliper is 4mm. | Lodgepole pine | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series - Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) inch of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During the summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. Soils are formed into 1.2m (4ft) wide raised beds separated by a 0.6m (2ft) tractor path. There are six beds between irrigation pipelines. | Seeds are the first to be sown at the nursery (mid-March). Seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial seedling density of 194 seedlings/m2 (18 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | 4 weeks | Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.2 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 181 kg/ha (162 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate, 12 weeks after emergence - 140 kg/ha (125 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate and 14 weeks after emergence - 168 kg/ha(150 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary. If lygus insect found to damage buds, utilize mechanical insect control (Bug suck vacuum) and isecticide (Pydrin) at 10 day intervals until damage frominsect no longer observed. | 4 months | By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced. Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications applied two weeks apart of112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate. This is applied in mid-fall after bud set. IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: Wrench at 12 inches in late August to enhance fall root activity. Vertical prune in October. | 2 months | Lifted the first and second week of December. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | Up to 6 months | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service. http://www.wpsm.net/<p>Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus contorta</i> plants 1+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2016 | Pinus (coulteri) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | coulteri | D Donn. | PINCOU | P. coulteri is found in the coast range of central California south into lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coulter pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 to 40 days. Germination occurs at 25D/19N C alternating temperature cycle and at 20 C.<br> In another study, seeds germinate at 30/20 C. | Barton, L. V. (1930). Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17, 88-115.<br>Johnston, G. R. and Clare, R. S. (1931). Hastening the germination of western pine seeds. J. For. 29, 895-906.<br>Table 10.38 Krugman and Jenkinson,1974 Table 10.1 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus coulteri</i> D Donn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | Pinus (echinata) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | echinata | P. Mill. | PINECH | P. echinata is found in southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Shortleaf pine | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 to 60 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1928). Hastening the germination of southern pine seeds. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. Prof. Paper 1(9), 58-69.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus echinata</i> P. Mill. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 | Pinus (echinata) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | echinata | P. Mill. | PINECH | South Central Missouri | Shortleaf pine occurs over most of the Atlantic, Midwestern, and Gulf Coast Plains states from New York to Indiana and south to eastern Texas and Oklahoma. It is the mostly widely distributed pine species in the southern US and occurs in dry forests and uplands; from 200 to 610 m (656 to 2,001 ft). | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 9 Months | Months | Height:6 in<br> Caliper:0.11 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Shortleaf pine | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Ovulate cones mature in two years, and are red-brown, ovoid to conic, 4 to 7 cm (1.5 to 2.75 in) long and are borne singly or in clusters, and bear winged seeds with a body length of 6 mm (0.23) and wing length of up to 16 mm (0.62 in). Seeds are dispersed from late October to November and the majority of seeds fall in 2 to 3 weeks after cone open. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours and treated with Thiram fungiide. We plant our seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 16 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Krugman SL, Jenkinson JL. 2004. The genus Pinus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Pinus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus echinata</i> P. Mill. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2019 | Pinus (edulis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | edulis | Engelm. | PINEDU | P. edulis is found from southwestern Idaho south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas and into Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pinyon pine | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Krugman, S. L. and Jenkinson, J. L. (1974). Pinus L. Pine. Pp. 598-638. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus edulis</i> Engelm. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2020 | Pinus (edulis) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | edulis | Engelm. | PINEDU | Utah | <i>P. edulis</i> is found from from southern Idaho south the Great to California and northern Mexico and east to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 10 in.<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Pinyon pine | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator for 90 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May.<br> Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring. Seeds are sown using a Oyjard seed drill at at a depth of 0.50 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre.<br> We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned in early June to a depth of 10 inches. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil. | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March) of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus edulis</i> Engelm. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2021 | Pinus (edulis) | Pinaceae | Pinus | edulis | Engelm. | PIED | Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | Pinyon Pine | Collected in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado by Noller on August 27. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Good emergence. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Hand Collected on August 27.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Cool and dry. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus edulis</i> Engelm. plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2022 | Pinus (edulis) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | edulis | Engelm. | PIED | Taos County, New Mexico | Pi¤on is the major co-component (along with <i>Juniperus</i> spp.) of semiarid lands in the southwestern United States, commonly referred to as "pi¤on-juniper woodlands." In New Mexico, pi¤on is most common on dry, rocky or sandy sites, at elevations from 4,500 to 8,000 feet (~1300 to 2400 m). Pi¤on-juniper woodlands generally occur in a moisture regime comparatively drier than <i>P. ponderosa</i> forest types. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 12.5 to 17.5 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Pi¤on; Pinyon pine; Colorado pinyon | Seeds are collected directly from trees by placing a tarp under trees on which the cones have already opened. The branches are then gently shaken and the seed falls onto the tarp where it is collected. This process can also yield dead needles and remnant pollen cones. In New Mexico this occurs typically from September through mid-October. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. The moistened seed is then placed into self-sealing, polyethylene baggies and stratified for 14 - 28 days. Stratification temperatures range from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early March and seedlings are moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between 15 and 20 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house irrigation is provided via standard fixed-area turf irrigation nozzles, spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 3 to 4 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 18 to 22 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 3 - 4 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 17 December 2008).<br> <br>Ronco, F. P., Jr. 2004. Pinyon. In: (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_1/silvics_vol1.pdf (accessed 17 December 2008). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus edulis</i> Engelm. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2023 | Pinus (edulis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | edulis | PINEDU | plants | seed | Container (plug) | One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14" | 0 | <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Pinon Pine | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 2 to 8 weeks.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Soaking or wet tumbling seed for several days.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus edulis</i> plants One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14"; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2024 | Pinus (flexilis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | flexilis | E. James | PINFLE | P. flexilis is found from 1500 to 3600 m elevation; from British Columbia and Alberta south through the western United States to California, Arizona and New Mexico and Nebraska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Limber pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 20C. | Krugman, S. L. and Jenkinson, J. L. (1974). Pinus L. Pine. Pp. 598-638. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus flexilis</i> E. James plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2025 | Pinus (flexilis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | flexilis | James | PINFLE | Rising Sun, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT.,1585m elev.ÿ | <i>P. flexilis</i> occurs at or near treeline in mostly semi-arid ranges from southeast B.C. to southwest Alberta and the Dakotas, south in Idaho and Montana to New Mexico, California, Nevada. It is also found in northeastern Oregon. It occurs east of the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml Conetainers | 20 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br> Height:9.0 cm<br> Caliper:8 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Limber pine | Cones are collected in late September when cones are yellowish brown and before cone scales are opened. Cones are cut from branches using pruning poles and hand pruners. Cones are kept in burlap sacks in the drying shed prior to cleaning. Seeds are brown at maturity. | Seeds were cleansed with a 8 minute 3:1 (v:v)water/bleach soak followed by a 48 hour running water rinse and a 45 to 100 day cold, moist stratification.<br> Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Seedings emerge 7 to 10 days after sowing. Seedlings are thinned at the bird cage stage. Germinants shed seedcoats 15 days after emergence.<br>It is important to allow medum to dry slightly after seedlings are established.This prevents pre and post emergence damping off disease and other root diseases.<br> Seedlings are fertilized with Conifer Starter 7-40-17 liquid NPK at 50 ppm for 1 month. | 4 weeks | Seedlings reach the rapid growth stage 4 to 5 weeks after germination.<br> Average height was 5 centimeters 4 months after germination. Plants attained root-tightness 6 months after germination.<br> Plants were regularly fertilized with 20-7-19 liquid NPK at 200 ppm. Plants are moved from the greenhouse to the outdoor nursery inlate May. | 20 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.8 years<br> Harvest Date: September of the second year<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants of the U.S., Agriculture Handbook #450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus flexilis</i> James plants 172 ml Conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2026 | Pinus (flexilis) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | flexilis | James | PINFLE | Carbon County, Montana seed sources. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 40-cubic-inch pots | 0 | Limber pine | Ripe cones turn a buff or light brown color in early to mid-August in south-central and southeastern Montana. Hand collect cones and place in a warm, dry environment for several days to promote opening. | Cold moist stratify fresh seeds for 30 to 60 days at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. | We either cold moist stratify seeds in sand in a ziplock bag and then sow, or sow the seeds directly into a well-drained peat moss:sand mix (1:1 or 1:2) and then cold moist stratify. This species prefers a very well drained media. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in an outdoor hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Overwinters well in 1- to 2-gal containers as previously described. Should store well in a cooler for several weeks prior to shipping. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus flexilis</i> James plants 40-cubic-inch pots; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2027 | Pinus (flexilis) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | flexilis | (James) Rydb. | PIFL | Pinus flexilis grows from Alberta and British Columbia to New Mexico, Arizona, and eastern California. In New Mexico, the range of this species is limited to the northern most reaches of the Sangre de Cristo mountains in the north central portion of the state. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height: 15 to 25 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Limber pine, Rocky Mountain white pine | Entire cones are harvested by hand from trees. Cones are harvested in mid- to late September from natural stands. Because of the relatively large seed, ripe cones can also be found in squirrel caches. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. The moistened seed is then placed into self-sealing, polyethylene baggies and stratified for 90 days. Stratification temperatures range from 2 to 4oC | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early April and seedlings are moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between15 and 25 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house irrigation is provided via sub-irrigation beds. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation an overhead sprinkler system using standard fixed area turf sprinklers. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of perlite is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughoutthe active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 16 to 20 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of Fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 3 - 4 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov Steele, R. 2004. Limber Pine. In (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_1/silvics_vol1.pdf | Harrington, John T. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus flexilis</i> (James) Rydb. plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2028 | Pinus (jeffreyi) | Gymnosperm | Pinus | jeffreyi | Pinus | ponderosa | PIJE | Found in Oregon, California and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Jeffrey pine | This plant benefits from 60 days cool(38F)/moist stratification to break dormancy prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus jeffreyi</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2029 | Pinus (jeffreyi) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | jeffreyi | A. Murr. | PINJEF | P. jeffreyi is found in southern Oregon to central California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Jeffery pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 15 C. | Stone, E. C. (1957b). Embryo dormancy of Pinus jeffreyi Murr. seed as affected by temperature, water uptake, stratification, and seed coat. Plant Physiol. 32, 93-99.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus jeffreyi</i> A. Murr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2030 | Pinus (jeffreyi) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | jeffreyi | Grev. & Balf. | PIJE | BLM, Roseburg District, Boomer Hill, Roseburg, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Jeffrey pine | Cones are removed from trees and stored in bushel size burlap bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pinus jeffreyi</i> Grev. & Balf. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2031 | Pinus (lambertiana) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | lambertiana | Dougl. | PINLAM | P. lambertiana is found from Oregon south through the Cascades and Sierra range to south central California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sugar pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 5 to 25 C. | Stone, E. C. (1957a). Embryo dormancy and embryo vigor of sugar pine as affected by length of storage and storage temperatures. For. Sci. 3, 357-371.<br>Baron, F. J. (1978). Moisture and temperature in relation to seed structure and germination of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.). Amer. J. Bot. 65, 804-810.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus lambertiana</i> Dougl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2032 | Pinus (lambertiana) | Pinaceae | Pinus | lambertiana | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 10 Months | Months | Minimum height is 4in and caliper is 3mm. | Sugar pine | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series - Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) inch of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During the summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. Soils are formed into 1.2m (4ft) wide raised beds separated by a 0.6m (2ft) tractor path. There are six beds between irrigation pipelines. | Seeds are the first to be sown at the nursery (mid-March). Seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial seedling density of 194 seedlings/m2 (18 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | 1 month | Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.2 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 181 kg/ha (162 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate, 12 weeks after emergence - 140 kg/ha (125 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate and 14 weeks after emergence - 168 kg/ha(150 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary. If lygus insect found to damage buds, utilize mechanical insect control (Bug suck vacuum) and isecticide (Pydrin) at 10 day intervals until damage from insect no longer observed. | 4 months | By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced. Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS)exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications applied two weeks apart of112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate. This is applied in mid-fall after bud set. IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: Wrench at 12 inches in late August to enhance fall root activity. Vertical prune in October. | 2 months | Seedlings lifted between mid-December and late-January. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | up 4 months | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service. http://www.wpsm.net/<p>Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus lambertiana</i> plants 1+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2033 | Pinus (monophylla) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | monophylla | Torr. & Frem. | PINMON | <i>P. monophylla</i> is found from southern Idaho through the Great Basin states to California west to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 | 3 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | One leaf pinyon pine | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator for 90 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.50 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 to 2 months after emergence in spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/ac or 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfurand 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: This species is root pruned the second year during June to encourage root growth. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Year 3: Same cultural procedures are followed as in year two; with a second root pruning as needed. | 4 months each growing season | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 to 2 months each growing season | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March) of the third year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus monophylla</i> Torr. & Frem. plants 3+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2034 | Pinus (monticola) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | monticola | Douglas ex Donn. | PINMON | P. monticola is found from 0 to 3000 m elevation; from British Columbia and Alberta south to Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Washington, oregon and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western white pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 20C.<br> Germination is greater in dark than light. | Barton, L. V. (1930). Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17, 88-115.<br>Gansel, C. (1986). Comparison of seed stratification methods for western white pine. Pp. 19-22 In: T. D. Landis (Tech. Coord.). Proceedings: Combined Western Forest Nursery Council and Intermountain Nursery Association meeting. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-137.<br>Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus monticola</i> Douglas ex Donn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2035 | Pinus (monticola) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | monticola | Dougl. | PINMON | Larch/Douglas-fir forest, West Glacier, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>P. monticola</i> occurs in moist valleys to somewhat dry slopes, from near sea level to 2000 meters elevation in the Rocky Mountains. It ranges from southern B.C. to California and western Nevada, east to Idaho and western Montana. Western white pine is a very long lived species. Trees can attain ages of 400 to 600 years. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 20 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 7 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Western White Pine | Cones are collected in early October when cones turn brown and scales begin to reflex. Mature seeds are firm and dark brown in color. Cones are collected from squirrel caches in burlap sacks. Cones are spread on a canvas tarp in the greenhouse drying the drying process.Western white pine cones must be dried immediately to avoid mold development. | Seeds are placed into a 8:1 (v:v)water/bleach treatment for 10 minutes to surface sterilize seed coats. Next, seeds are placed into a 48 hour running water rinse prior to a 45 to 120 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in a ventilated container under refrigeration at 1 to 3 C. <i>P. monticola</i> seeds are reported to germinate to higher percentages in dark vs. light. A gibberellic acid treatment followed by 45 day prechilling, under continuous light at 21C is reported to enhance germination. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S ,0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared non uniform and continued for 4 weeks. Germinants shed seed coats 17 to 21 days after emergence. The low germination percentage may have been improved if a longer stratification period was used. | 4 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 25-10-10 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during the growing season. Seedlings can be inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi at this stage. Plants were fully root tight 27 weeks after germination and averaged 7 cm in height. | 23 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus monticola</i> Dougl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2036 | Pinus (monticola) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | monticola | Douglas ex. D. Donn. | PINMON | Northern Idaho | Western white pine is found from British Columbia to California and west to Nevada and Montana. It reaches its greatest size and best stand and commercial development in northern Idaho and adjacent parts of Montana, Washington, and British Columbia. In northern Idaho, the best development is attained between 610 to 2,135 m (2,000 to 7,000 ft) on rich porous soils in moist valleys and middle and upper slopes and flats on northern exposures. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers" | 0 | Height = 12 cm<br>
Root-collar diameter = 3.2 mm<br> Firm root plug<br> | Western white pine | Ovulate cones mature in 2 years, and are upright, shiny nut-brown, ovoid to oblong, 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) long and are borne singly or in groups, and bear winged seeds with a body length of 3 to 4 mm (0.11 to 0.15 in) and wing length of up to 15 mm (0.6 in). Trees start bearing cones at 7 to 20 years and produce a good seed crop every 4 to 5 years in the Pacific Northwest. | We bleach treat seeds prior to stratification. Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 40% bleach solution (2 parts laundry bleach [5.25% sodium hypochlorite] to 3 parts tap water) for 10 minutes with hand agitation. Agitation is important to ensure complete sterilization. Seeds are thoroughly rinsed to remove all bleach residue and soaked in running tap water for 48 hours to ensure imbibition. <p> Mesh bags are placed into plastic bags and seeds are stratified (cold, moist) for 120 days at 1 to 2øC (34 to 36øF). After stratification, seeds are soaked 24 hours in running tap water. <p> Based on cumulative germination at 14 days in a germination test, the total amount of seeds needed for the crop is determined to ensure 90% to 95% of the cells have at least one seedling. | Seedlings are grown in 2 fully-controlled greenhouses. Photoperiod is extended by 300 watt incandescent lamps (15 min on/off cycles) at an intensity of 500 lux. Irrigation is applied by an overhead traveling boom system, with nozzles spaced every 40 cm. Fertilizers are injected into irrigation water with a 1:100 injector.<p> Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium having a pH of 4.2.<p> Seeds are sown in late March and are immediately covered with a shallow layer of white grit or Forestry sand (6 mm deep) and immediately irrigated (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until themedium is saturated. Using a medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating reduces damping-off disease. Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF), and night-time temperatures are maintained at 18øC (65øF). | Once seedcoats begin to fall off germinating seedlings, seedlings are thinned to 1 seedling per container. Germination is usually complete within 10 to 14 days and seedcoats are shed within 21 days. <p> Photoperiod lights remain activated. Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. During the establishment phase, seedlings are fertilized with Peters Professional Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and CAN-17 (liquid ammonium calcium nitrate [17N]) to supply 65 and 23 ppm N, respectively, along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4). Phosphoric acid is used to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Seedlings are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. At the end of week 6, medium is leached with irrigation water to remove salt build-up. <p> Day greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF) and night temperatures around 18øC (65øF). | 6 weeks | Western white pine grows slowly and has the tendency to set bud before desired heights are reached. High levels of nitrogen are necessary to force seedlings to remain growing until target heights are reached. <p>During the active growth phase, photoperiod control is continued and nutrients are supplied about twice a week using Peters Professional Conifer Grower (20N:7P2O5:19K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and calcium nitrate (15.5:0:0:10) to supply 192 and 186 ppm N, respectively, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). Containers are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight, but this is slowly decreased so that by the time growers wish to initiate buds, containers are irrigated at about 70% saturated weight. Seedling heights are compared to those on a target growth curve, and if growth exceeds targets, nitrogen is reduced by decreasing the amount of calcium nitrate to 93 ppm N. <p> Seedlings generally reach desired heights by week 16, and medium is leached with copious amounts of irrigation water. Medium is then allowed to dry down until it is just barely moist. | 10 weeks | When irrigation is necessary, Peters Professional Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) is applied every other irrigation. Micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) and phosphoric acid are supplied every irrigation. <p> Photoperiodic lighting is discontinued. <p> Temperatures are allowed to go to ambient, but preferably under 27øC (80øF) during the day. However, minimum greenhouse temperature allowed is -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are ready to be packed in January. From mid-September until pack-out, day temperatures are kept cool as possible and we prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are hardened for 18 to 22 weeks. | 13 weeks | Seedlings are extracted for storage in late November through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but foliage should be dry before packing. <p>
Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at 0.5øC (33 to 34øF). Seedlings are monitored for storage mold problems. Storage molds can be reduced by packing disease-free stock, storing them for the shortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing. | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, Wenny DL. 1987. Sowing sized seed of western white pine in a containerized nursery. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 2:128-130.<p>Dumroese RK, Wenny DL. 1997. Fertilizer regimes for container-grown conifers of the Intermountain West. In: Haase DL, Rose R, coordinators and editors. Symposium proceedings, forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field; 1997 Oct 28-29; Corvallis, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery Technology Cooperative. p 17-26.<p>Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947.<p>Dumroese RK, Page-Dumroese DS, Salifu KF, and Jacobs DF. 2005. Exponential fertilization of <i>Pinus</i> <i>monticola</i> seedlings: nutrient uptake efficiency, leaching fractions, and early outplanting performance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 35: 2961-2967.<p>Dumroese RK, James RL. 2005. Root diseases in bareroot and container nurseries of the Pacific Northwest: epidemiology, management, and effects on outplanting performance. New Forests 30:185-202.<p>Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1994. Nursery production: growing western white pine and western redcedar in greenhouses. In: Baumgartner DM, Lotan JE, Tonn JR, editors. Interior cedar-hemlock-white pine forests: ecology and management-symposium proceedings; 1993 Mar 2-4; Spokane, Washington. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension. p 261-266.<p>Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1987. A growing regime for containerized western white pine seedlings. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. Bulletin 44. 9 p.<p>Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1987. Germination of conifer seeds surface sterilized with bleach. Tree Planters' Notes 38(3):18-21.<p> | Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus monticola</i> Douglas ex. D. Donn. plants 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers"; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2037 | Pinus (monticola) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | monticola | ex D. Don | PIMO3 | USFS, Olympic National Forest, Hood Canal Ranger District, Washington: 0099 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Western white pine | Cones are removed from trees and stored in bushel size burlap bags. Large lot 101 bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pinus monticola</i> ex D. Don seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2038 | Pinus (palustris) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | palustris | P. Mill. | PINPAL | P. palustris is found in the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Longleaf pine | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 to 60 days and germinate at 21C. Germination is greater in light than in dark. | Barton, L. V. (1928). Hastening the germination of southern pine seeds. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. Prof. Paper 1(9), 58-69.<br>McLemore, B. F. and Hansbrough, R. T. (1970). Influence of light on germination of Pinus palustris seeds. Physiol. Plant. 23, 1-10.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus palustris</i> P. Mill. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2039 | Pinus (palustris) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | palustris | PINPAL | West Gulf Region | The natural range of <i>Pinus palustris</i> includes most of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast Plains from southeastern Virginia to eastern Texas and south through the the northern two thirds of pensisular Florida. It also grows in the Piedmont Ridge and Valley, and Mountain Provinces of Alabama and northwest Georgia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 9 Months | Months | Height: None; no stem elongation; needles 20 to 30 cm long.<br>
Caliper: 6 to 12 mm.<br> Root System: Firm root plug.<br> | Longleaf pine | Source of Seeds: Longleaf pine seed orchards in Texas, Louisana, Mississippi | Treat with Thiram. | Propagation Environment: Open growing facility. <p>
Container type and volume: <i>Pinus palustris</i> are very sensitive to competition and should be grown at a cell density of less than 540 cell/m2 to achieve good seedling quality. The Multipot 3/96 has atop opening of 3.8 cm and is 12 cm deep. The cavities are 98cm3 in volume with a cell density of 441/m2.<p> Growing medium: 50% spaghnum peat and 50% #2 grade vermiculite. The pH of the medium may need to be adjusted with lime to the level of 5.0. A slow release fertilizer, such as Osmocote 18-6-12, is incorporated into the medium at the rate of 6 lbs/cu. yard. Fill cavities and tamp lightly to remove air pockets. Brush media to make room for seed placement.<p> Sowing Date: May 1st<p> Sowing Technique: Sow 1 or 2 seeds per cavity depending on seed viability. These should be thinned to 1 seedling per cell before seed coats are shed. Oversowing or thinning is preferred to transplanting germinants. | <i>Pinus palustris</i> seeds germinate best at cooler temperatures, therfore, crops should be started by early May when outdoor temperatures are near the optimum 21C and with a range of 15C to 27C. Frequent misting is all that is needed during germination to keep the media moist. Care should be taken not to overwater which can cause lower germination and promote disease problems. Fungicide applications should begin as soon as feasilble to reduce damping off of germinants and inhibit pathogenic fungi development. Seedlings develop best in full sunlight so no shading is necessary. | 8 weeks | After seedlings are established, the frequency of irrigation is reduced. Seedlings should be watered thoroughly and the media surface allowed to dry between waterings. Some supplemental fertilization with a high nitrogen but balanced fertilizer solution, such as Peters 15-16-17 NPK Peat lite Special, should be used to maintain proper foliage coloration. Clipping and mowing is needed when needles begin to lay over the surrounding seedlings. Needles should not be clipped to less than 15 cm. | 15 weeks | Hardening should begin when stem diameters are near the desired size or when daylengths and temperatures restrict growth. Seedlings should be stressed by reducing water availibilty and withholding nutrients. | 4 weeks | Harvest Date: October 1 or as soil moisture at the planting site becomes sufficient for outplanting in the fall. Planting may continue throughout the fall and winter.
Storage Conditions: Seedlings can be held in the containers at the nursery unless temperatures below -8C are anticipated over a several day peroid. Seedlings may also be extracted from containers, boxed, and stored under refrigeration similiar to bareroot stock.<p> Storage Duration: Containerized stock can be held throughout the winter at the nursery if protected from extreme freezing temperatures. Holding in the nursery is practical because no stem elongation occursand some stem diameter growth does occur during warm periods. Those extracted and boxed can be held under refrigeration for 4 to 6 weeks. | See above | Gramling, Charles. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus palustris</i> plants 1+0 container plugs; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Brooklyn, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2040 | Pinus (palustris) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | palustris | P. Mill. | PINPAL | Louisiana | <i>P. palustris</i> is found from east Texas through the lower coastal plain to Virginia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 9 Months | Months | Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper:7 to 9mm <br> | Longleaf Pine | Cones are collected in September and October, with seeds dispersing naturally from October to November. Obtaining good quality seeds is difficult. | Use seeds with at least an 80% viability to reduce costs of thinning and transplanting.<p> Since long leaf pine seeds typically have pathogenic fungi, it is necessary to treat seeds with a fungicide. Soaking seeds in a 30% hydrogen peroxide for 1 hour or 10 minute bath in benomyl solution (5g/L [2 tbsp/gal]) reduces fungal infestation and improves germination. | Seedlings are grown outdoors in full sun.<p> Sowing Method: Seeds are sown in spring (March to May) and are sown by hand using simple dibble boards or seeding machines, depending on crop size. Seeds are coverd to a depth of 3mm with grit, medium, or vermiculite. Seeds with high viability are sown one per cell and are oversown depending on germination percentage.<p> Growing Medium used is 1:1mix of peat moss and #2 grade perlite. Medium ph should be held at 4.5 to 5.0 pH to restrict pathogenic fungi. Most growers incorporate 8 to 9 month, controlled release fertilizer (typically Osmocote 18N:6P0205:12K20 at 2 to 3.5 kg/m2 of medium.<p> Container Type and Volume: An ideal container for growing longleaf pine should have a volume of 100 ml, and a minimum depth of 11 cm, and a density of less than 535 seedlings per m2. Styroblocks, Multi-pots and HIKO containers are widely used in the southern United States. | Controlling temperature during germination is important since long leaf pine is ecologically adapted to fall germination. Day and night temperatures should be near 22C with a permissible range of 15 to 27C.<p> Water frequently but lightly to facilitate germination and avoid diseases. Fungicide applications should begin as soon as feasible to reduce damping-off and inhibit pathogenic fungi. | Seedlings must be monitore for pest and weed problems. Some common pests include; cutworms, fungus gnats, and ants.<p> Since stem elongation is delayed for this species, rapid growth is exhibited by needle growth. Heavy fertilization schedules promote root collar growth, but may require needle clipping to prevent lodging of the long needles that may reach lengths to 30 to 35 cm in length. Needle clipping may be necessary to prevent non uniform growth problems with neighboring seedlings and to reduce fungal problems. Clip only enough needles to reduce the problem; needles should not be clipped less than 15cm in length. | Medium should be allowed to dry near the wilting point between irrigation applications to enhance hardening, mycorrhizae and root development. Few, if any nutreints should be applied at this stage. | Growers may extract seedlings from the containers at the nursery or at the planting site. Before extraction, seedlings should be thoroughly watered.<p> Place seedlings in cardbard boxes for shipment. Properly hardened, container seedlings seedlings can be extracted, boxed and stored at 1 to 3C for several weeks. | Growing Longleaf Pine Seedlings in Containers, Barnett, J., and McGilvray, J., Native Plants Journal, Fall 2000, 1:54-58. | McGilvray, John M.; Barnett, James P.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus palustris</i> P. Mill. plants 1+0 container; USDA FS - Southern Research Station Pineville, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2041 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | ponderosa | Dougl. | PINPON | P. ponderosa is found from southern British Columbia to Mexico, and from the Plains states of Nebraska and Oklahoma to the pacfic coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ponderosa pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 20. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Barton, L. V. (1930). Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17, 88-115.<br>Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Dougl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2042 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pinus | ponderosa | Variety | ponderosa | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1,2,3,4 and 8 gallon containers | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | ponderosa pine | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller) or bareroot beds (1-0 and 2-0). | Seedlings are extracted from small containers or lifted from bareroot beds in winter and held in freezer storage until transplanting the following spring. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallong containers and ¬ cup for 8-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | 1 month | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> plants 1,2,3,4 and 8 gallon containers; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2043 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | ponderosa | Dougl. | PINPON | Ponderosa forest, North Fork of Flathead River drainage, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.,1000m elevation. | <i>P. ponderosa</i> occurs in lower levels in the mountains and valleys, where rather dry, often in pure stands; from southern B.C. to Baja California, mostly east of the Cascades, occasionally west of the Cascades in southwestern Washington but more abundantly in Oregon and California, east to southeast B.C., Montana, the Dakotas and south through the Rocky Mountains to west Texas and northern Mexico. It is found from 100 to 2700 m elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 16 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Ponderosa pine | Cones are collected in October and November when cones turn reddish brown. Mature seeds are firm and brown in color.<br> Ponderosa pine cones must be dried immediately to prevent mold development. Cones are spread on a canvas tarp in a well ventilated greenhouse during the drying process. | Seeds are placed in a 8:1 (v:v)water/bleach soak for 8 minutes to surface sterilize seeds. Seeds are then placed in a 48 hour running water soak prior to cold, moist stratification for 45 days.<br> Seeds are stratified in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3C.<br> <i>P. ponderosa</i> seeds collected east of the Continental Divide are reported to germinate equally well without stratification. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination is uniform and complete in 15 days. Germinants shed the seed coats 7 to 10 days after emergence. Seedlings are thinned at the birdcage stage. | 3 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 25-10-10 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during the growing season.<br>Plants were fully root tight 23 weeks after germination and averaged 16 cm in height. | 20 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. This practice induces the formation of the terminal bud.<br>Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 6.5 months<br> Harvest Date: September and October<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. ÿ | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Dougl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2044 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | ponderosa | P.&C. Lawson | PINPON | New Mexico | <i>P. ponderosa</i> is found throughout western North America; from British Columbia to Baja, Mexico. It ranges east to the Dakotas and southwards through the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin states to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height:N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Ponderosa pine | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator for 45 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year.Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using a Oyjard seed drill to a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 seedlings/square foot. | 1 month after emergence in spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre.<br> We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned in early June during the second year to a depth of 10 inches. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil. | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March)of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> P.&C. Lawson plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2045 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | ponderosa | P.&C. Lawson | PINPON | Utah | <i>P. ponderosa</i> is found throughout western North America; from British Columbia to Baja, Mexico. It ranges east to the Dakotas and southwards through the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin states to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 | 3 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Ponderosa pine | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator for 45 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warmdays. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/ac or 80 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Conifers are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at 10 inches for 3+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Year 3: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4 months each growing season | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 to 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March) of the third year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> P.&C. Lawson plants 3+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2046 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | ponderosa | P.& C. Lawson | PIPO | BLM, Roseburg District, Boomer Hill Ranch, Roseburg, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Ponderosa pine | Cones are removed from trees and stored in bushel size burlap bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> P.& C. Lawson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2047 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | ponderosa | Laws. | PINPON | Idaho | Ponderosa pine is the most widely distributed pine species in North America, ranging from southern British Columbia to central Mexico and from central Nebraska to the west coast from 200 to 3050 m (700 to 10,000 ft). The general distribution of Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (var. <i>scopulorum</i>)is from the eastern slope of the northern Rocky Mountains in Montana east to central Nebraska and Kansas and south to eastern Nevada, western Texas, and Mexico. The distribution continues south from Texas into Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potos, Mexico. A broad zone of intergradation exists, however, between Rocky Mountain and Pacific ponderosa pines in southeastern Idaho and on both sides of the Continental Divide in Montana and Wyoming. In northern Idaho, it occurs from 610 to 2135 m (2,000 to 7,000 ft).<p>Pacific ponderosa pine (var. <i>ponderosa</i>) ranges from southern British Columbia through the mountains of Washington, Oregon, and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers" | 8 Months | Months | Height = 15 cm<br>
Root-collar diameter = 2.8 to 3.5 mm<br> Firm root plug<br> | Ponderosa pine | Ovulate cones mature in 2 years, and are upright, shiny nut-brown, ovoid to oblong, 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) long and are borne singly or in groups, and bear winged seeds with a body length of 3 to 4 mm (0.11 to 0.15 in) and wing length of up to 15 mm (0.6 in).
Trees start bearing cones at 6 to 16 years and can continue to produce seeds for up to 350 years. Good seed crops occur every 4 to 5 years in the Pacific Northwest. | We bleach treat seeds prior to stratification. Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 40% bleach solution (2 parts laundry bleach [5.25% sodium hypochlorite] to 3 parts tap water) for 10 minutes with hand agitation. Agitation is important to ensure complete sterilization. Seeds are thoroughly rinsed to remove all bleach residue and soaked in running tap water for 48 hours to ensure imbibition.<p>
Mesh bags are placed into plastic bags and seeds are stratified (cold, moist) for 60 days at 1 to 2øC (33 to 36øF). After stratification, seeds are soaked 24 hours in running tap water.<p> Based on cumulative germination at 14 days in a germination test, the total amount of seeds needed for the crop is determined to ensure 90% to 95% of the cells have at least one seedling. | Seedlings are grown in 2 fully-controlled greenhouses. Photoperiod is extended by 300 watt incandescent lamps (15 min on/off cycles) at an intensity of 500 lux. Irrigation is applied by an overhead traveling boom system, with nozzles spaced every 40 cm. Fertilizers are injected into irrigation water with a 1:100 injector.<p> Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium having a pH of 4.2.<p> Seeds are sown in late March and are immediately covered with a shallow layer of white grit or Forestry sand (6 mm deep) and immediately irrigated (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until the medium is saturated. Using a medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating reduces damping-off disease. Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF), and night-time temperatures are maintained at 18øC (65øF). | Once seedcoats begin to fall off germinating seedlings, seedlings are thinned to 1 seedling per container. <p> Photoperiod lights remain activated. Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. During the establishment phase (6 to 8 weeks), seedlings are fertilized with Peters Professional Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and CAN-17 (liquid ammonium calcium nitrate [17N]) to supply 65 and 23 ppm N, respectively, along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4). Phosphoric acid is used to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Seedlings are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. At the end of week 6, medium is leached with irrigation water to remove salt build-up. <p> Day greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF) and night temperatures around 18øC (65øF). | 6 weeks | During the active growth phase, photoperiod control is continued. <p> Nutrients are supplied about twice a week using Peters Professional Conifer Grower (20N:7P2O5:19K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and calcium nitrate (15.5:0:0:10) to supply 60 and 23 ppm N, respectively, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). Containers are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight, but this is slowly decreased so that by the time growers wish to initiate buds, containers are irrigated at about 70% saturated weight. <p> When seedling heights reach 11 cm (4.3 in) tall, medium is leached with copious amounts of irrigation water. Medium is then allowed to dry down until it is just barely moist. | 5 weeks | During bud initiation, micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) are supplied every irrigation, but N is only supplied every other irrigation using CAN-17 at 40 ppm N. Photoperiodic lighting is discontinued. Once buds are present (3 to 4 weeks after initiation), Peters Professional Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and CAN-17 are applied to supply 12 and 81 ppm N, respectively, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). We have had sucess using Peters Foliar Fertilizer (27N:15P2O5:12K2O) to improve root-collar diameter. Foliar fertilizer allows nutrient addition without extra irrigation. Also, it improves seedling N concentration and color. Phosphoric acid is used to keep irrigation water pH around 6.0. Temperatures are allowed to go to ambient, but preferably under 27øC (80øF) during the day. However, minimum greenhouse temperature allowed is -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are ready to be packed in January. From mid-September until pack-out, day temperatures are kept cool as possible and we prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are hardened for 18 to 22 weeks. | 22 weeks | Seedlings are extracted for storage in late November through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but foliage should be dry before packing. <p>
Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at 0.5øC (33 to 34øF). Seedlings are monitored for storage mold problems. Storage molds can be reduced by packing disease-free stock, storing them for the shortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing. | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, James RL. 2005. Root diseases in bareroot and container nurseries of the Pacific Northwest: epidemiology, management, and effects on outplanting performance. New Forests 30:185-202.<p>
Dumroese RK, Wenny DL. 1997. Fertilizer regimes for container-grown conifers of the Intermountain West. In: Haase DL, Rose R, coordinators and editors. Symposium proceedings, forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field; 1997 Oct 28-29; Corvallis, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery Technology Cooperative. p 17-26.<p> Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947.<p> Montville ME, Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1996. Impact of foliar fertilization on container-grown ponderosa pine seedling viability. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 11:114-119.<p> Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1987. A growing regime for containerized ponderosa pine seedlings. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. Bulletin 43. 9 p.<p> Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1987. Germination of conifer seeds surface sterilized with bleach. Tree Planters' Notes 38(3):18-21. | Wenny, David L; Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Laws. plants 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers"; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2048 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | ponderosa | Variety | scopulorum | Engelm. | PIPO | San Miguel and Socorro Counties, New Meixco | Ponderosa pine is found throughout western North America, from southern British Columbia on through northern Mexico. In New Mexico, ponderosa pine occurs at elevations from 6500 to 9500 feet (~2000-2900 m), from dry foothills sites up to more mesic mixed conifer montane forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Ponderosa pine; Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine | Entire cones are harvested by hand from trees. Cones are harvested when they begin to turn purple and begin brown along cone scale edges, prior to scale opening. In New Mexico this is typically September through early October. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. The moistened seed is then placed into self-sealing, polyethylene baggies and stratified for 14 - 28 days. Stratification temperatures range from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early April and seedlings are moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between 15 and 20 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house irrigation is provided via sub-irrigation beds. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation an overhead sprinkler system using standard fixed area turf sprinklers. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation benches. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days forthe first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 14 to 18 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlingsare fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation benches. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 3 - 4 months | Carter, J.L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO 534 pp.<br><br> [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 17 December 2008).<br><br> Oliver, W. W. and R. A. Ryker 2004. Ponderosa Pine. In: (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_1/silvics_vol1.pdf (accessed 17 December 2008). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2049 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | ponderosa | PINPON | plants | seed | Container (plug) | One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14" | 0 | <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Ponderosa pine | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 2 to 8 weeks.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Soaking or wet tumbling seed for several days.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§ F day, 55§ F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§ F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> plants One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14"; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2050 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | ponderosa | Laws. | Variety | ponderosa | Northern Rocky Mountains | In northern Idaho, this species grows from 610 to 2135 m (2000 to 7000 ft) and does best on moist sites. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 90 ml (5 cu in) plugs | 9 Months | Months | Height: 15 cm<br>
Root collar diameter: >2.5 mm<br> Roots: Firm root plug | Ponderosa pine | We generally buy our seeds on the open market. Ponderosa pine usually begins to bear cones around 20 years of age with small crops annually and large crops every 5 to 7 years. Seeds may be transferred 229 m (750 ft) in elevation and 0.75 degrees latitude (Rehfeldt 1980). | We bleach-treat seeds before stratification. For production lots, we place no more than 0.25 kg (0.5 lb) of seeds into a mesh bag and soak it in a 40% bleach solution (2 parts common laundry bleach (5.25% sodium hyploclorite) to 3 parts tap water) for 10 min with hand agitation (wear gloves and eye protection)(Wenny and Dumroese 1987). We rinse seeds thoroughly to remove bleach and allow them to "soak" in a running water bath for 48 hrs. Mesh bags are then hung within plastic bags inside a cooler set at 1 to 2 C (33 to 36 F) for 40 to 60 days. After stratification, we rinse seeds for 24 hrs in a running water bath, spin dry them to remove excess moisture, and allow them to air dry so the seed coats are not shiny. | Our crops are grown in fully-controlled greenhouses. Before sowing, the houses are thoroughly cleaned (walls, benches, floors, lights). We sometimes use copper sulfate or bleach on the floors and walls to kill moss and algae. We use traveling-boom irrigation, a double-head Smith 1:100 injector, natural gas heaters, and evaporative cooling. Crops are grown on permanently-placed rolling benches. | We use styrofoam containers: 160 cavities per container (756 cavities/m2 [71/ft2]); 90 ml (5.5 in3) volume; 15 cm deep (6 in) and 3 cm (1.2 in) wide; interiors of the cavities coated with copper. Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) sphagnum peat moss:vermiculite medium having a pH around 4.2. We sow 1 to 4 seeds per cell depending on anticipated germination capacity. Seeds per cell are determined usingthe techniques of either Schwartz (1993) or Wenny (1993).<br><p>
After sowing, seeds are covered with a shallow layer of grit (6 mm [0.25 in] deep) and the containers moved to the greenhouse where they are immediately moistened with water (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until the medium is saturated. We generally refrain from pesticide applications, using cultural practices to inhibit problems associated with damping-off. We've found that using medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating keeps damping-off nearly non-existent at our facility. Day-time temps: 24 to 27 C (75 to 80 F). Night-time temps: 18 C (65 F). Once seedcoats begin to fall off germinating seedlings, we thin to one seedling per cavity, begin fertilization, and start photoperiod control.<br><p> Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. We use Peters Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O) and CAN-17 (liquid ammonium calcium nitrate [17N]) to supply 42 and 81 ppm N, respectively, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). We use phosphoric acid to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. We try to irrigate when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. Photoperiod is intermittent all-night-lighting (see Landis and others 1992; p 108) using 300 watt incandescent (15 min on/off cycles) providing about 500 lux at tree canopy height.<br><p> We are having increasing problems with <i>Lygus</i> during this period. We have a no-tolerance policy on this insect and use Diazinon to control them. | 6 to 8 weeks | Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. We use Peters Conifer Grower (20N:7P2O5:19K2O) and CAN-17 to supply 60 and 81 ppm N, respectively, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). We use phosphoric acid to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Day-time temps: 24 to 27 C (75 to 80 F). Night-time temps: 18 C (65 F). We try to irrigate when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight, but slowly decrease the percentage so that by the time we wish to initiate buds, we irrigate at about 70% saturated weight. Photoperiod control is continued. When seedlings reach 11 cm in height we leach the medium with copious amounts of irrigation water and begin the hardening process. | 6 to 8 weeks | <i>Bud initiation:</i><b><p>
Micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) are supplied every irrigation, but N is only supplied every other irrigation using CAN-17 at 40 ppm N. We use phosphoric acid to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Day-time temps: 24 to 27 C (75 to 80 F). Night-time temps: 18 C (65 F). We try to irrigate when blocks weigh 65% to 75% of saturated weight. Photoperiod is discontinued. <br><p> <i>Post bud-initiation:</i><br><p> Once buds are present (3 to 4 weeks after initiation), we use Peters Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O) and CAN-17 to supply 12 and 81ppm N, respectively, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). We use phosphoric acid to keep irrigation water pH around 6.0. Every 2 weeks we apply Peters Foliar Fertilizer (27N:15P2O5:12K2O) at 940 ppm N (3 passes with the traveling boom irrigation system; just enough application to wet entire crown). We try to irrigate when blocks weigh 75% of saturated weight. Temperatures are allowed to go to ambient, but we try to keep them under 27 C (80 F) during the day. Seedlings are ready for planting by mid-September. From mid-September until pack-out, we try and maintain day temperatures as cool as possible and prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2 C (28 F). | 18 to 22 weeks | Seedlings are extracted for storage in late November through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but we allow foliage to dry before packing. Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at -2 to 0 C (28 to 32 F)(we want the plugs just barely frozen). Seedlings are monitored for storage mold problems. We prevent storage molds by packing disease-free stock, storing them for the shortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing.<br><p>
We ship via UPS and only early in the week so seedlings don't sit in a warehouse over the weekend. | 1 to 5 months | Landis TD; Tinus RW; McDonald SE; Barnett JP. 1992. The container tree nursery manual, volume 3. Atmospheric environment. Washington (DC): USDA Agriculture Handbook 674. 145 p.<br><p>
Rehfeldt GE. 1980. Genetic gains from tree improvement of ponderosa pine in southern Idaho. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research tation. Research Note INT-300. 4 p.<br><p> Schwartz M. 1993. Germination math: calculating the number of seeds necessary per cavity for a given number of live seedlings. Tree Planters' Notes 44(1):19-20.<br><p> Wenny DL. 1993. Calculating filled and empty cells based on number of seeds sown per cell: a microcomputer application. Tree Planters' Notes 44:49-52.<br><p> Wenny DL; Dumroese RK. 1987a. Germination of seeds surface sterilized with bleach. Tree Planters' Notes 38(3):18-21.<br><p> Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1987b. A growing regime for containerized ponderosa pine seedlings. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. Bulletin 43. 9 p. | Wenny, David L; Dumroese, Kasten. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> Laws. plants 90 ml (5 cu in) plugs; University of Idaho - Center for Forest Nursery and Seedling Research Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2051 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pinus | ponderosa | pinpon | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 21 Months | Months | Generally clients on west side of Cascades order a larger seedling with minimum height of 6 inches (15cm) and 5 mm caliper while east of the Cascade clients order smaller trees with minimum heights of 4 inches (10cm) and 4 millimeter caliper. Root system must balance top growth. But this is less likely with the taller trees especially if root pruning is requested at 8 to 10 inches. No mechanical damage on the main stem. Cranberry girdler damage is acceptable if it is less than 0.6cm (¬") long by ¬ the circumference of the stem. | Ponderosa Pine | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series - Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) inch of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During the summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. The addition of sawdust, weed free fields and early sow of seed keeps the incidence of disease and weeds to a minimum and this is the reason we will not be fumigating our fields this year. We will however, be using a pre-emergence herbicide. | Seeds are sown in late March to early April. The seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial density of 237 seedlings/m2 (22 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of 10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | 3 Weeks | FIRST YEAR<p> Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.5 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 134 kg/ha (120 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate and 12 weeks after emergence - 112 ka/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate.IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary.<p>SECOND YEAR<p> Irrigation: Starting last week of March, irrigate soil profile when soil tension is -0.3 bars. Irrigate to cool seedlings when foliar temperatures reach 32C (90F) from April to mid June, 35C (95F) from mid June through July, 38C (100F) early August and 40C (105F) from late August on .Fertilizer: The first application of ammonium nitrate at 168 kg/ha(150 lbs/ac) is applied two weeks before bud break (end of March). Two weeks later 224 kg/ha (200 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate is applied and followed two weeks later with 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Hand weeding. If <i>Crysoteuchia topiaria</i> (cranberry girdler) exceeds threshold (which does not happen every year) then the bug vacuum is used to reduce the moth population. If the populations are still high, then pydrin at 5.3 oz/acre is used to control the moths. If high levels of seedling damage is detected in the summer months, then an application of Dursban will be considered. Prunes and wrenches: Vertically pruned in the spring to 15cm (6in) and immediately wrenched at 30cm (12in). 4 to 6 wrenches during the growing season. Top prune seedlings at 30cm (12 in) when 15 percent of the seedlings are at or above 30cm (12 in). Top prune a second time at 43cm (17in) when 10 percent of the seedlings are at or above 43cm (17 in). | FIRST YEAR<p> By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced. Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: No fertilizations. IPM: Handweed beds ifneeded. Prunes and wrenches: Seedlings are horizontally pruned at 15cm (6 in) in September and immediately wrenched at 30cm (12in).<p>SECOND YEAR<p> When 80 percent of the seedlings reach 25cm (10 in), dormancy is induced. Irrigation: Starting in June irrigate soil profile when pre-dawn PMS is 12 bars. In mid September, the soil profile is irrigated. From that point forward, the profile is irrigated when tensiometers read -0.3 to -0.5 bars.Fertilizer: No fertilizations. IPM: Handweed beds of needed. Prunes and wrenches: Wrenched at 30cm (12in) in mid Sept for root growth. | Lifting window is January through early February. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | Up to 5 months | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service.<p> Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> plants 2+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2052 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pinus | ponderosa | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 10 Months | Months | Minimum height 4 in and minimum caliper 4mm. | Ponderosa Pine | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series - Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) inch of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During the summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. Soils are formed into 1.2m (4ft) wide raised beds separated by a 0.6m (2ft) tractor path. There are six beds between irrigation pipelines. | Seeds are the first to be sown at the nursery (mid-March). Seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial seedling density of 194 seedlings/m2 (18 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis thebander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | 4 weeks | Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.2 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 181 kg/ha (162 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate, 12 weeks after emergence - 140 kg/ha (125 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate and 14 weeks after emergence - 168 kg/ha(150 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary. If lygus insect found to damage buds, utilize mechanical insect control (Bug suck vacuum) and isecticide (Pydrin) at 10 day intervals until damage from insect no longer observed. | 4 months | By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced.Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications applied two weeks apart of112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate. This is applied in mid-fall after bud set.IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: Wrench at 12 inches in late August to enhance fall root activity. Vertical prune in October. | 2 months | East of the cascade stock is lifted in December and west of the Cascade stock is lifted in January. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | up to 5 months | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service.<p> Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> plants 1+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2053 | Pinus (ponderosa) | Pinaceae | Pinus | ponderosa | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 0 | Minimum height is 3in and minimum caliper is 4mm. | Jeffery pine | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection bythe Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series - Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) inch of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During the summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. Soils are formed into 1.2m (4ft) wide raised beds separated by a 0.6m (2ft) tractor path. There are six beds between irrigation pipelines. | Seeds are the first to be sown at the nursery (mid-March). Seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial seedling density of 194 seedlings/m2 (18 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum.The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | 4 weeks | Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.2 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 181 kg/ha (162 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate, 12 weeks after emergence - 140 kg/ha (125 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate and 14 weeks after emergence - 168 kg/ha (150 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary.If lygus insect found to damage buds, utilize mechanical insect control (Bug suck vacuum) and isecticide (Pydrin) at 10 day intervals until damage from insect no longer observed. | 4 months | By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced. Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications applied two weeks apart of112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate. This is applied in mid-fall after bud set. IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: Wrench at 12 inches in late August to enhance fall root activity. Vertical prune in October. | 2 months | Lifted between December and January. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | up to 5 months | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants I the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service. http://www.wpsm.net/. <p> Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> plants 1+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2054 | Pinus (quadrifolia) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | quadrifolia | Parl ex. Sudw. | PINQUA | P. quadrifolia is found on the western edge of the Colorado desert in Arizona and California to lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Four leaf pinyon pine | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Krugman, S. L. and Jenkinson, J. L. (1974). Pinus L. Pine. Pp. 598-638. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus quadrifolia</i> Parl ex. Sudw. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2055 | Pinus (resinosa) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | resinosa | Aiton. | PINRES | Red pine occurs in Canada from Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and southern Quebec to Maine, and to central Ontario and southeast Manitoba; south to southeast Minnesota; and east to Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and the New England States. It occurs locally in Newfoundland, eastern West Virginia, and northern Illinois. It inhabits outwash plains, level or gently rolling sand plains,and low ridges adjacent to lakes and swamps. It also occurs on mountain slopes and hilltops, up to 820 m (2,700 ft)in the Adirondack Mountains and 1,290 m (4,200 ft)in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. In Missouri, we use this species for shelterbelt plantings. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 6 to 9 in<br> Caliper:0.11 to 0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Red pine | We purchase our seeds commercially or purchase from local people who collect from established plantings near the nursery.Ovulate cones mature in two years, and are purplish-brown with red-brown scale tips, ovoid to nearly globose, 3.5 to 6 cm (1 to 2.5 in) long and are borne singly or in groups. Each cone contains several, brown, winged seeds. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours and treated with Thiram fungicide.We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 9 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES:Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4-5 months year 1 and year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Krugman SL, Jenkinson JL. 2004. The genus Pinus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Pinus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus resinosa</i> Aiton. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2056 | Pinus (rigida) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | rigida | P. Mill. | PINRIG | P. rigida si found in the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pitch pine | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 to 90 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1930). Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17, 88-115.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus rigida</i> P. Mill. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2057 | Pinus (rigida) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | rigida | P. Mill. | PINRIG | Great Smoky Mountains National Park | <i>P. rigida</i>is found from New Brunswick to southern Quebec and Ontario,and south to Georgia. It is dominant in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. It grows in dry sandy soil. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 bareroot seedlings | 3 Years | Years | Root systems: Bareroot seedlings should have well-developed root systems.Long roots are pruned as needed at harvest.<br> Height: 2+0 harvested seedlings are 18-24". | pitch pine | Cones were collected between 10/18 to 10/25/94. | Although no embryo dormancy is indicated (USDA, 1974), seeds are sown in outdoor nursery beds in the fall to allow natural germination in the spring. | Propagation Environment: Outdoor nursery beds <br> Sowing Date: Seeds were sown November 21, 1996.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows which are 5 to 6 inches apart; seeds are sown side by side with no space in between seeds. Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust which is scraped back in spring before seedling emergence.<br> | Seedlings emerged the spring following fall sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | The NPMC soil is a nutrient-poor sandy loam which is amended with organic matter, such as composted leaves and manure. Seedlings in the nursery beds are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | Conifer seedlings are being harvested in late February prior to delivery to the parks in March, since longer storage of conifers in our cooler has resulted in desiccation, mildew and death of seedlings. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed, dipped into a mycorrhizal slurry, wrapped, moist, in air-tight plastic and held in cold storage at 40F for up to a month until delivery. This procedure has prevented drying of the roots during outplanting.<br><br> | 1 month | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden. USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus rigida</i> P. Mill. plants 3+0 bareroot seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2058 | Pinus (sabiniana) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | sabiniana | Dougl. | PINSAB | P. sabiniana is found from in the foothills of the Cascades and Sierras and coast ranges of California south into lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Gray pine | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 45 days.Germination occurs at 25D/19N C alternating temperature cycle. In another study, seeds germinate at 22 to 26 C and germination was greater in lightthan dark. | Johnston, G. R. and Clare, R. S. (1931). Hastening the germination of western pine seeds. J. For. 29, 895-906.<br>Table 10.38. Krugman and Jenkinson,1974. Table 10.1 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus sabiniana</i> Dougl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2059 | Pinus (strobiformis) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | strobiformis | Engelm. | PIST | Southwestern white pine grows in south central Arizona and New Mexico southward along the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico in the states of Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon and along the Sierra Madra Occidental in the states of Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Durango. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height: 15 to 25 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Southwestern white pine, border white pine, border limber pine, Mexican white pine | Entire cones are harvested by hand from trees. Cones are harvested in mid- to late September from natural stands. Because of the relatively large seed, ripe cones can also be found in squirrel caches. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. The moistened seed is then placed into self-sealing, polyethylene baggies and stratified for 45 days. Stratification temperatures range from 2 to 4oC | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early April and seedlings are moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between 15 and 25 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house irrigation is provided via sub-irrigation beds. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation an overhead sprinkler system using standard fixed area turf sprinklers. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of perlite is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 5 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 16 to 20 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of Fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 3- 4 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov Perry, J.P. Steele, R. 1990. The Pines of Mexico and Central America. Timber Press 231 pp. | Harrington, John T. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus strobiformis</i> Engelm. plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2060 | Pinus (strobus) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | strobus | L. | PINSTR | P. strobus is found throughout northeastern North America; from Minnesota to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastern white pine | Seeds are cold stratified for 60 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1930). Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17, 88-115.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus strobus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2061 | Pinus (strobus) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | strobus | L. | PINSTR | Shenandoah National Park | <i>P. strobus</i> is found from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky and Iowa. It grows in fertile, well-drained, sandy soil. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2+1 Gallon containers | 3 Years | Years | Stock Type: 2+1 seedlings in 1-gallon containers.<br> Height: 12" for 2+1 plants in gallon pots.<br> Time to grow: 2 years from seed in outdoor nursery beds; container plants were grown to 1 gallon size an additional year in the container nursery. <br><br> Root System: Container plants have full root systems that fill the pots. The insides of containers are treated with a copper hydroxide product to encourage development of a fibrous root system and prevent root girdling in the pot.<br><br> | eastern white pine | Fallen cones were collected on 9/12/96 in Shenandoah National Park.<br> | <i>P. strobus</i> needs 60 days cold stratification (USDA, 1974). Seeds are hand-sown in the fall in outdoor nursery beds to allow natural stratification to occur.<br><br> | Propagation environment: Bareroot seedlings are grown to 2+0 in outdoor woody nursery beds. Selected 2 year old seedlings are transplanted to 1-gallon containers and grown an additional year in the container nursery as specimens.<br> Sowing date: seed was sown in outdoor nursery beds in early November.<br> Sowing/planting technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown closely together into rows. Rows are 5 to 6 inches apart.Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 0.75" of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which isscraped back in the spring before seedling emergence.<br><br> | Seedlings emerge in the spring following a fall sowing. Emergence was not tracked, however of the 1,121 seeds sown, 110 seedlings were harvested. <br> New seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs and are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August.<br> | Container nursery: Selected bareroot seedlings were potted after harvest in one gallon containers that had been treated with copper hydroxide to prevent root girdling. Plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. ecto-mycorrhizae). Media is replenished yearly through bumpups or repotting. Container plants have been difficult to maintain in the container nursery under overhead irrigation. <br><br> | During mid- to late summer, fertilization in the nursery beds is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. In the container nursery, irrigation is gradually reduced as weather cools. <br> | Container seedlings have been overwintered under microfoam and in a cooler. Mildew and desiccation have been a problem. | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden. USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus strobus</i> L. plants 2+1 Gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2062 | Pinus (strobus) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | strobus | L. | PINSTR | Shenandoah National Park | <i>P. strobus</i> is found from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky and Iowa. It grows in fertile, well-drained, sandy soil. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 bareroot seedlings | 2 Years | Years | Height: 4-8" for 2+0 seedlings<br> Bareroot seedlings should have well-developed root systems. Long roots are pruned as needed at harvest.<br> | eastern white pine | Fallen cones were collected on 9/12/96 in Shenandoah National Park.<br> | <i>P. strobus</i> needs 60 days cold stratification (USDA, 1974). Seeds are hand-sown in the fall in outdoor nursery beds to allow natural stratification to occur.<br><br> | Propagation environment: Bareroot seedlings are grown to 2+0 in outdoor woody nursery beds. Selected 2 year old seedlings are transplanted to 1-gallon containers and grown an additional year in the container nursery as specimens.<br> Sowing date: seed was sown in outdoor nursery beds in early November.<br> Sowing/planting technique: seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown closely together into rows. Rows are 5-6 inches apart. Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 0.75" of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence.<br><br> | Seedlings emerge in the spring following a fall sowing. Emergence was not tracked, however of the 1,121 seeds sown, 110 seedlings were harvested. <br> New seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs and are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August.<br> | Nursery beds: The NPMC soil is a nutrient-poor sandy loam, which is amended with organic matter, such as composted leaves and manure. Seedlings in the nursery beds are fertilized every other week from early May through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilizer application. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br> | During mid- to late summer, fertilization in the nursery beds is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September,irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. In the container nursery, irrigation is gradually reduced as weather cools. <br> | Conifers have not tolerated storage over winter in our cooler, and have experienced desiccation and mildew. Dormant bareroot plants are now harvested in late February prior to delivery to the park. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F for a less than a month. Just prior to shipping, the roots of bundled seedlings are dipped in a mycorrhizal slurry and wrapped while moist in air-tight plastic. This method has reduced root drying during shipping and outplanting.<br> | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist.1991.Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden. USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus strobus</i> L. plants 2+0 bareroot seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2063 | Pinus (strobus) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | strobus | L. | PINSTR | Eastern white pine occurs from Newfoundland west to extreme southeastern Manitoba and south to the Great Lake States, along the Atlantic coastal states to New Jersey, and in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. It also occurs in Iowa, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, and Delaware. Disjunct populations occur in southern Mexico and Guatemala. It inhabits a variety of sites along the full moisture gradient from wet bogs and moist stream bottoms to xeric sand plains and rocky ridges; from sea level to 1,500 m (4,921 ft). In Missouri, we use this species for shelterbelt plantings. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 3+0 | 3 Years | Years | Height: 9 to 12 in<br> Caliper:0.11 to 0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Eastern white pine | We purchase our seeds commercially or we purchase them from local people who collected from established stands near the nursery.Ovulate cones mature in two years, and are yellowish-green to light brown, pendant, elliptical-cylindric, 8 to 20 cm (3.1 to 7.8 in) long and are borne in groups. Each cone contains several, red-brown mottled with black, winged seeds. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours and then placed into a cold, moist stratification for 98 days at 36 to 38 F.<br> Before planting seeds are dried and treated with Thiram fungicide.We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 7 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Wesow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> Year 2 and 3: 3+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second and third year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Year 2 and 3: All the same cultural practices are applied as in year 2; including root pruning during the month of June. | 4-5 months year 1, 2, 3 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Krugman SL, Jenkinson JL. 2004. The genus Pinus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Pinus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus strobus</i> L. plants 3+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2064 | Pinus (taeda) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pinus | taeda | L. | PINTAE | P. taeda is found throughout the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Loblolly pine | Seeds are cold stratified for 60 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1930). Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17, 88-115.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus taeda</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2065 | Pinus (virginiana) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | virginiana | P. Mill. | PINVIR | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park | <i>P. virginiana</i> is found from southern New York to southern Indiana,south to Georgia and Alabama. It is found in dry or sterile soil, especially in abandoned fields. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0, 2+0 and 3+0 bareroot seedlings | 0 | Time to Grow: 1 to 3 years,depending on stock type.<br> Root System: Bareroot plants should have well-developed root systems. Long roots are pruned if needed at harvest.<br>Height: Between 2" and 24" for bareroot seedlings, depending on age. | Virginia pine | Cones were collected from mid-September to late-October in GRSM; late September to late November in CUGA and early November in Shenandoah.<br><br> | Extent of dormancy varies with Pinus species (USDA, 1974). Seeds have been soaked in water for 1 week prior to planting or placed under mist for 1 week. Seeds are then sown in the fall in outdoor nursery beds to allow natural stratification to occur. | Growing Area Preparation / Annual Practices for Perennial Crops: Propagation environment: bareroot seedlings are grown to harvest size in outdoor woody nursery beds. Selected 2 year old seedlings are transplanted to 1-gallon containers and grown an additional year in the container nursery as specimens.<br> Sowing Date: Seeds have been sown in mid-December and the first two weeks in January.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown intorows. Rows are 5 to 6 inches apart and seeds are sown side by side, touching. Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back prior to seedling emergence in the spring.<br><br> | Establishment Phase: Seedlings emerge the spring following fall sowing. Emergence was not tracked. New seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs and are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August.<br><br> | Nursery beds: The NPMC soil is a nutrient-poor sandy loam, which is amended with organic matter, such as composted leaves and manure. Seedlings in the nursery beds are fertilized every other week from early May through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilizer application. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br> | Outdoor nursery: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | Conifers have not tolerated over-winter storage in the NPMC cooler, and have deteriorated or died from desiccation or mildew. Dormant bareroot plants are now harvested in late February prior to delivery to the park. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F for a less than a month. Just prior to shipping, the roots of bundled seedlings are dipped in a mycorrhizal slurry and wrapped while moist in air-tight plastic. This method has reduced root drying during shipping and outplanting.<br> | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist.1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450 Dirr, M. and C. Heuser, Jr.1987. Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Varsity Press,Inc. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records.Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pinus virginiana</i> P. Mill. plants 1+0, 2+0 and 3+0 bareroot seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2066 | Pinus (virginiana) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pinus | virginiana | P. Mill. | PINVIR | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park | <i>P. rigida</i> is found from southern New York to southern Indiana,south to Georgia and Alabama. It is found in dry or sterile soil, especially in abandoned fields. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Stock Type:2+1 half-gallon container plants; 2+2 gallon container plants<br> Height: Between 2" and 24" for bareroot seedlings, depending on age; Some smaller seedlings have been potted up and sent to the park as 12-24" plants in 0.5- and 1-gallon containers.<br> Time to grow: 1 to 3 years from seed in outdoor nursery beds. An additional 1 to 2 years as half-gallon or 1-gallon container plants.<br> Root System: Bareroot plants should have well-developed root systems. Long roots are pruned if needed at harvest. <br>Container plants have full root systems that fill the pots. The insides of containers are treated with a copper hydroxide product to encourage development of a fibrous root system.<br><br> | Virginia pine | Cones were collected from mid-September to late-October in GRSM; late September to late November in CUGA and early November in Shenandoah.<br><br> | Pre-Planting Propagule Treatments: Extent of dormancy varies with Pinus species(USDA, 1974. Seeds have been soaked in water for 1 week prior to planting or placed under mist for 1 week. Seeds are then sown in the fall in outdoor nursery beds to allow natural stratification to occur.<br><br> | Propagation environment: Bareroot seedlings are grown to harvest size in outdoor woody nursery beds. Selected 2 year old seedlings are transplanted to 1-gallon containers and grown an additional year in the container nursery as specimens.<br> Sowing Date: Seeds have been sown in mid-December and the first two weeks in January.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows. Rows are 5 to 6 inches apart and seeds are sown side by side, touching. Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back prior to seedling emergence in the spring.<br><br> | Seedlings emerge the spring following fall sowing. Emergence was not tracked. New seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs and are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August.<br><br> | Container nursery: selected bareroot seedlings were potted after harvest in one gallon containers that had been treated with copper hydroxide to prevent root girdling. Plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. ecto-mycorrhizae). Media is replenished yearly through bumpups or repotting. Container plants have been difficult to maintain in the container nursery under overhead irrigation and have experienced die back or chlorosis. <br><br> | Container nursery: Irrigation is reduced in the fall as plants go dormant. | Container seedlings have been overwintered under microfoam and in a cooler. Mildew and desiccation have been a problem in the cooler.<br> | Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden. USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. Dirr, M. and C. Heuser, Jr. 1987. Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Varsity Press, Inc. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pinus virginiana</i> P. Mill. plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2067 | Piptochaetium (fimbriatum) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Piptochaetium | fimbriatum | (Kunth) Hitchc. | Madrean Archipelago | Found in shaded areas in oak and piñon woodlands from the southwestern US into Mexico, 4000-7000ft (Reeves 2008). It is a cool-season grass and may be a late successional species (Reeves 2008). It is important forage for deer and cattle, and Montezuma Quail often use it as nest material (Reeves 2008).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Pinyon Ricegrass | Collect when seeds are brown beneath the bracts. To collect, run fingers firmly along panicle from bottom to top. Entire panicles can also be collected.
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+.
Reeves, Sonja L. “Piptochaetium fimbriatum.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 2008. Web. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/pipfim/all.html [2017, January 16]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Piptochaetium fimbriatum</i> (Kunth) Hitchc. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2068 | Pityopsis (graminifolia) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Pityopsis | graminifolia | PITGRA | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> 6"-8".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug easily pulled. | Grass-leaved goldaster | Collected at Great Smoky Mountains National Park by M. Kertis and D. Graveline on 9/28/94; Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by RR/AR on 10/15/90; National Plant Materials Center by D. Dusty on 10/30/96, <br> 10/22-11/5/97, 11/9-27/98, 11/22/99 and 11-12/00. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seed may be stratified for a week or less. This seed will begin to emerge in the cooler with germination uniform and complete shortly after it is returned to the bench. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures varied from 70-85§F during the winter months depending on natural solar; night temperatures averaged around 65-68§F. Extended daylength 14 to 16 hours with high pressure sodium lighting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown into plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is sown into 392 plug trays and seedlings transplanted to 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germination mix is used for starts in 392's. For transplanting to 72 plug trays and multipot containers: Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> January; however, in 1997, seed was sown in September for a March delivery.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b>Immediately in stratified seeds directly out of the cooler. Starting at 7-10 days for unstratified seed. In spite of reasonable germination tests, greenhouse emergence has been only around 3%.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is hand-sown and lightly covered with germination mix. Trays are heavily seeded (up to 6 grams of seed per 392) to compensate for low plug production per gram of seed. Trays may be given a Triathlon fungicidal drench, covered in clear plastic and placed in a seed cooler for a week's stratification period or may go directly to the bench.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination occurs rapidly in stratified seed. Substrate is kept evenly moist when seed trays are returned to the greenhouse bench. Seedlings are transplanted between 4 and 6 weeks after germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> The plant has tough, hairy, leaves that are somewhat difficult to cut cleanly unless with the sharpest shears; luckily it may need only one cutback during production. This may become necessary if plant leaves begin to look ragged or off-color. New strap-like leaves emerge from the plant crown. Fertilized lightly approximately bi-weekly or as needed with soluble fertilizer at approximately 75-100 ppm N. Surprisingly pest free, care free plant. During production in the greenhouse from early January - late March, 2001, it has only been fertiltized 2-3 times and has not required any pesticide treatment or cutbacks. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Two weeksprior to outplanting, the greenhouse is cooled down or plugs are moved outdoors, depending on weather, and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 13 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> plugs are not overwintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed is stored in seed bags in the National Plant Materials Center seed storage cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None indicated, however uniformity and time of seedling emergence may be improved with a few days of cool, moist stratification at 40§F. | Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2069 | Pityopsis (graminifolia) | Asteraceae | Aster | Pityopsis | graminifolia | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Narrowleaf silkgrass | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2070 | Planchonella (grayana) | Sapotaceae | Sapondilla family | Planchonella | grayana | St. John | PLAGRA | American Samoa | Large tree uncommon to locally common in littoral to ridge forest, reported from near sea level to 185 m elevation. Indigenous to American Samoa; ranging from Fiji to the Tuamotus (Makatea). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ala'a | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds are sometimes soaked in water before planting to hasten germination and overcome dormancy. Water is absorbed by dry seeds and the moisture content increases rapidly at first, then it levels off. The seed swells and the seed coat may break open. Hot or cold water can be used. Hand-hot water (120-135 degrees F) is recommended for harder seed coats. At the same time, non-viable seeds can be discarded after soaking 12 hours or so. They tend to float while the, viable seed sink. Soaking time can vary from a couple of minutes to 72 hours or more, depending on the seed coat. Use about twice as much water as seeds.The thicker the coat, the longer the soaking time. Change water daily. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<br> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Planchonella grayana</i> St. John plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2071 | Planchonella (samoensis) | Sapotaceae | Planchonella | samoensis | H. J. Lam ex Christoph. | PLASAM | American Samoa | Large tree common in lowland to montane forest, reported from 20 to 900 m elevation. Indigenous to American Samoa; also found in Niue. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mamalava | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds are sometimes soaked in water before planting to hasten germination and overcome dormancy. Water is absorbed by dry seeds and the moisture content increases rapidly at first, then it levels off. The seed swells and the seed coat may break open. Hot or cold water can be used. Hand-hot water (120-135 degrees F) is recommended for harder seed coats. At the same time, non-viable seeds can be discarded after soaking 12 hours or so. They tend to float while the, viable seed sink. Soaking time can vary from a couple of minutes to 72 hours or more, depending on the seed coat. Use about twice as much water as seeds. The thicker the coat, the longer the soaking time. Change water daily. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughlyafter transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<br> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia.Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Planchonella samoensis</i> H. J. Lam ex Christoph. plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2072 | Plantago (maritima) | Plantaginaceae | Plantain Family | Plantago | maritima | L. | PLAMAR | Marin County, California | <i>P. maritima</i> is found in saline places and salt marshes; from coastal Alaska south to Santa Barbara County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coastal plantain | Seeds are collected between July 3rd and November 10th.<br> Mature capsules are brown.<br> Seed is elliptic, brownish-red and 2 mm long at maturity. | Seeds are soaked in fresh water for 24 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (Peat moss, Perlite, Major and Minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on July 15th.<br> % Germination:N/A | Seeds germinate 7 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 7 days after germination to individual containers Deepot 40 (2" x10"tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | 14 days | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Plantago maritima</i> L. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2073 | Plantago (patagonica) | Plantaginaceae | Plantago | patagonica | PLPA | wild collected from Emery County, Utah | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from Emery County, Utah germinated to high levels in all six treatments. The highest and most consistent germination was found in treatment 1 (early-spring conditions), while the lowest and least consistent germination was found in treatment 2 (winter followed by early-spring conditions: only 60% germination on average). This indicates that seeds are not dormant and may benefit from an early-spring sowing. Sowing in the fall may induce dormancy in some seeds. Additional research is needed to identify whether these results are representative of the entire species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationPLPA shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Plantago patagonica</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2074 | Platanus (occidentalis) | Platanaceae | Sycamore family | Platanus | occidentalis | L. | PLAOCC | P. occidentalis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American sycamore | Seeds germinate at 30/20 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | McDermott, R. E. (1953). Light as a factor in the germination of some bottomland hardwood seeds. J. For. 51, 203-204.<br> Bonner, F. T. (1974b). Platanus L. Sycamore. Pp. 641-644. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2075 | Platanus (occidentalis) | Platanaceae | Sycamore Family | Platanus | occidentalis | L. | PLAOCC | South Central Missouri | Sycamore is found from Maine to Iowa, south to central Texas and east to Florida. Populations also occur in northern Mexico. Elsewhere, it is widely planted as an ornamental. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 48 in<br> Caliper:0.05 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Sycamore | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. | We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear at 12 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 20004. The genus Platanus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Platanus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2076 | Platanus (occidentalis) | Platanaceae | Sycamore Family | Platanus | occidentalis | L. | PLCC | The Point, Guy Sandy Area and the Buckhorn Area | Maine to Iowa, south to central Texas and northwestern Florida. Also, in northeastern Mexico. Planted in South Dakota, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | American sycamore | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Rudy G. Esquivel in 11/1997. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> In the greenhouse and lath house for growing and hardening-off.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed in containers or flats.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallon.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring is the best time to sow seeds, but fall or late winter sowings are feasible.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The seeds may be broadcast or drilled in rows 6 to 8 inches apart. They should be covered with 1/4 inch of soil or mulch.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late fall or early winter.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> November.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Clean seeds stored in a temperature regulated seed room at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. Forstorage longer than 1 year, seeds should be dried to 10-15% moisture and stored in airtight containers at 20-38§ F. | NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580; Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, 641-644. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2077 | Plectritis (congesta) | VALERIANACEAE | Valerian family | Plectritis | congesta | (Lindley) A. DC. | PLCO4 | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | shortspur seablush | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 60% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Plectritis congesta</i> (Lindley) A. DC. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2078 | Pleiacanthus (spinosus) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Pleiacanthus | spinosus | (Nutt.) Rydb. | PLSP7 | BLM, Burns District, Hines, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thorn skeletonweed | Very small lot, 0.025 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pleiacanthus spinosus</i> (Nutt.) Rydb. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2079 | Pleuraphis (jamesii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Pleuraphis | jamesii | Torr. | Hilaria | jamesii | (Torr.) Benth. | PLEJAM | P. jamesii is found from Wyoming,Nevada, western Kansas and Colorado south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Galleta grass | Germination occurs at 29 C, 33D/24N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pleuraphis jamesii</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2080 | Pleuraphis (mutica) | Poaceae | Grass family | Pleuraphis | mutica | Buckl. | Hilaria | mutica | (Buckl.) Benth. | PLEMUT | P. mutica is found from western Texas and Oklahoma west across New Mexico and Arizona, and spouthern Colorado and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tobosa grass | Knipe and Herbel,1960.Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pleuraphis mutica</i> Buckl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2081 | Pleuraphis (rigida) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Pleuraphis | rigida | Thurb. | Hilaria | rigida | (Thurb.) Benth. ex Scribn. | PLERIG | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Pleuraphis rigida</i> is common in sandy places below 4,000 ft elevation in the Mojave and Colorado deserts from southern California to Utah and Arizona and Sonora, Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Galleta Grass | Seeds are hand collected in late spring when inflorescences have matured. check stan carefully for filled seeds and proper stage of maturity prior to collection. Fully developed seeds resemble rice. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. <br>Germination %:32% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts.<br> Seedlings are susceptible to aphids. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pleuraphis rigida</i> Thurb. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2082 | Pneumonanthe (parryi) | Gentianaceae | Pneumonanthe | parryi | PNPA | Colorado, Lake Irene (98-181s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Gentian | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from heads. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 8 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Uniform.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Lake Irene (98-181s) sowed 1/4/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pneumonanthe parryi</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2083 | Poa | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | POA | See | Bluegrass is distributed across North America and grows in a wide range of climactic and edaphic conditions. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 7 kg/ha (6 lbs/ac). | Bluegrass | Wildland collection occurs early to late August when caryopsis are medium brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 55 grams (2 oz) clean seed, with stand density the critical variable affecting collection rate. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrylr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to controlbroadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late June to early July, with a mean harvest date of June 30 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimuze seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5 to 7 years. | Manual of the grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Reinhart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Basking, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2084 | Poa (alpina) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | alpina | L. | POAALP | P. alpina is a circumboreal species found From Alaska to Newfoundland and south through the mountains of Montana,Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine bluegrass | Germination occurs at 22D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination is greater in dark than light. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Bock, J. H. (1976). The effects of increased snowpack on the phenology and seed germinability of selected alpine species. Pp. 265-280. In: H. W. Steinhoff and J. D. Ives (eds.). Ecological impacts of snowpack augmentation in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Final Report, San Juan Ecology Project. Colorado State University, Fort Collins.<br>Acharya, S. N. )1989). Germination response of two alpine grasses from the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 69, 1165-1177.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa alpina</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2085 | Poa (alpina) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | alpina | L. | POAALP | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>P. alpina</i> occurs in subalpine to alpine meadows, ridges and talus slopes; from Alaska to Quebec, south in the Cascades to just north of Mt. Rainier, WA., east to northeastern Oregon, Utah, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and northern Michigan. It is also found throughout Eurasia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Alpine bluegrass | Collect mature inflorescences in late August when florets turn tan. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Seeds are collected using scissors and are collected in paper bags. Seeds are spread on an open tarp in the drying shed prior to cleaning. | No stratification is required. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium. <br> Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. | 2 weeks | Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer until root tightness is obtained. | 5 weeks | Plants that are not outplanted the first year, will be given one final irrigation prior to overwintering. | 5 months | Total Time to Harvest: 6 to 8 weeks<br> Harvest Date: July to August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa alpina</i> L. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2086 | Poa (ampla) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | ampla | POAM | See | Meadows and moist open ground or dry or rocky slopes; North Dakota to Yukon Territory, south to Nebraska, New Mexico. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 184 kg/ha (164 lbs/ac). | Big bluegrass | Wildland collection occurs late August to early September when caryopsis are medium brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the contracted panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 266 grams (12.3 oz) clean seed (ranges 27 to 514 grams, with stand density the critical variable affecting collection rate). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§ (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moistrue to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct Seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctryl&$174; or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late June to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 1 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows fordirect combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa ampla</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2087 | Poa (arctica) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | arctica | R.Br. | POAART | P. arctica is a circumpolar species found from Alaska and Yukon to Ellesmere island and east to Newfoundland. It ranges south at high elevations to California, Utah, and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic Bluegrass | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Bock, J. H. (1976). The effects of increased snowpack on the phenology and seed germinability of selected alpine species. Pp. 265-280. In: H. W. Steinhoff and J. D. Ives (eds.). Ecological impacts of snowpack augmentation in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Final Report, San Juan Ecology Project. Colorado State University, Fort Collins.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa arctica</i> R.Br. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2088 | Poa (canbyi) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | canbyi | (Scribn.) Piper | POACAN | P. canbyi is found from Quebec to Yukon and south tho Nebraska, Colorado and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canby's bluegrass | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 20D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. | Young,1981.Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa canbyi</i> (Scribn.) Piper plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2089 | Poa (cusickii) | Poaceae | Poa | cusickii | Colorado, Lake Irene (98-158s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Skyline bluegrass | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Strip seeds from stalk. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 3 inch pots. Lightly covered.<p> Lake Irene (98-158s) sowed 12/17/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa cusickii</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2090 | Poa (douglasii) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Poa | douglasii | Nees. | POADOU | Fort Funston, California | <i>P. douglasii</i> is found in coastal sanddunes, from 5 to 50 feet elevation; from Humboldt County to Monterery County and Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Stubby | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Douglas's Bluegrass | Seeds are collected between May 1st and Auguat 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is beige at maturity. | Hand scarify by rubbing seeds on coarse sand paper for 5 minutes to loosen seeds from florets.<br> Seeds are placed into cold stratification in the refrigerator for 1 month. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (Peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in by hand.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seeds germinate slowly.<br> Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 1.5" x 5" (stubbys) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, sand.<br> | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa douglasii</i> Nees. plants Stubby; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2091 | Poa (fendleriana) | Gramineae | Poa | fendleriana | (Steud.) Vasey | POFE | Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mutton grass | Collected in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado by Park Service employees in 1990. | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding - 2 years for stand establishment. | <B>Sowing Date:</B> Fall. | 2 years. | N/A. | N/A. | <B>Harvest Date:</B> Late May - early June.<br> <B>Storage Conditions:</B> Cool and dry. | At least 3 years. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa fendleriana</i> (Steud.) Vasey plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2092 | Poa (fendleriana) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | fendleriana | (Steud.) Vasey | POFE | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Big Flat collection site, Beaver County, Utah: 10,105 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Muttongrass | Small lot, 1.01 pounds, hand collected into woven plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa fendleriana</i> (Steud.) Vasey seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2093 | Poa (gracillima) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | gracillima | POGR | See | Plants mostly subalpine or alpine on cliffs and rocky soils; British Columbia to Alberta, south to California, east to Montana, northwest Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 11 kg/ha (10 lbs/ac). | Slender bluegrass | Wildland collection occurs mid July to mid September when caryopsis are medium brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the open panicle; easily hand-harvested. | <b>Seed Treatment</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§:C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to controlbroadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Pahse:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup--no irrigation is applied during flowering pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs mid to late June, with a mean harvest date of June 21 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"--a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper--is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa gracillima</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2094 | Poa (gracillima) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | gracillima | POGR | See | Plants mostly subalpine or alpine on cliffs and rocky soils; British Columbia to Alberta, south to California, east to Montana, northwest Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 92 kg/ha (82 lbs/ac). | Slender bluegrass | Wildland collection occurs late August when caryopsis are medium brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the open panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 261 grams (9.2 oz) clean seed, with stand density the critical variable affection collection rate. | <b>Seed Treatment</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizerapplication is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs June to early July, with a mean harvest date of June 30 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana Stete University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa gracillima</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2095 | Poa (incurva) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | incurva | Scribn.&Will. | POAINC | P. incurva is found from British Columbia to California and east to Alberta south to Wyoming and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Curly bluegrass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 6 days. Germination occurs at 20 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa incurva</i> Scribn.&Will. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2096 | Poa (macrantha) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | macrantha | POMA26 | Central Oregon Coast | coastal sand dunes from Northern California to Southeast Alaska | none | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | small plug (2.5 in3, 2.75 in. deep) | 12 weeks | well-rooted plug, not root-bound | seashore bluegrass | Mature inflorescences were collected from wild populations on the Central Oregon Coast from late July to early September | Germination requirements were evaluated in germination boxes by looking at two seed forms (naked caryopsis or caryposis enclosed in palea and lemma) and different periods of cold-moist stratification (0 weeks, 2 weeks, 4 weeks). All naked caryopsis treatments germinated at 96-98% regardless of stratification treatment. Treatments with the caryposis enclosed in the palea and lemma germinated at 68-90%, with the highest germination treatment being without any stratification. Differences in germination between seed form treatments may be explained by an actual lack of a mature caryposis in the enclosed caryopsis treatment, as it was more difficult to verify the presence of a viable caryposis in this treatment. Regardless of seed form, germination was not improved by any period of cold-moist stratification. Most germination was rapid and even, occurring within one week. For container production and direct seeding on restoration sites, the author recommends sowing both naked caryopses and those still enclosed in lemma and palea, as both treatments resulted in satisfactory germination. | Half of the containers were filled with ProMix-HP+, a high porosity peat and perlite-based medium. The remaining half of containers were filled with a mix of 1 part washed river sand to 2 parts ProMix-HP+. | Plugs were well-rooted and ready for transplant 12 weeks from the sowing date. No differences in performance between planting media were noted. | Silvernail, Ian. 2022. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa macrantha</i> Plants small plug (2.5 in3, 2.75 in. deep); USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2097 | Poa (nervosa) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | nervosa | Mountains, open forest in rich soil; 4,000-12,000 feet. | seeds | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | Wheeler Bluegrass | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None required. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Was planted in field, one year, for seed; data is poor. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Poa nervosa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2098 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Poa | secunda | secunda | POSE | SI from Lincoln, WA | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 2) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) 3) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) 5) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) 6) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this Source Identified seed collection from Lincoln County, Washington germinated to high levels (75% or more) in all six treatments. Similar results were found for a collection from the Uncompahgre Partnership (also source identified, from Colorado), but additional research is needed to identify whether these results are representative of the entire species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationPOSE shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa secunda</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2099 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | secunda | Presl. | Poa | gracillima | Vasey | POASEC | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>P. secunda</i> is mostly found in montane grassland to the subalpine to alpine zone, but is found down to near sea level in the Columbia River Gorge and on the Pacific coast. It ranges from B.C. to Alberta, south to California, east to Montana, northwest Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 12 to 14 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Slender bluegrass | Collect mature inflorescences in late August when florets turn tan. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Inflorescences are collected using scissors and are collected in paper bags. Seeds are spread over an opened tarp in the drying shed to facilitate drying prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor stratification. Germination rate is reported to be higher in the light vs. dark. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown or lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Germination is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks.ÿ | 2 weeks | Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer until root tightness is obtained. Plants are usually outplanted the first year. | 6 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 5 months | Total Time to Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: July to August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Glacier National Park propagation records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa secunda</i> Presl. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2100 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | secunda | Presl. | POASEC | P. secunda is found from the Yukon south to California and east to Colorado and Nebraska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sandberg's bluegrass | Germination occurs at 20D/5N C, 20/15 C, and 20/10 C alternatingtemperature cycles.<br>Dry storage of spring germinating seeds resulted in 95% germination. | Romo, J. T., Grilz, P. L., Bubar, C. J. and Young, J. A. (1991). Influences of temperature and water stress on germination of plains rough fescue. J. Range Manage. 44, 75-81.<br>Evans, R. A., Young, J. A. and Roundy, B. A. (1977). Seedbed requirements for germination of Sandberg bluegrass. Agron. J. 69, 817-820.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa secunda</i> Presl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2101 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | secunda | J. Presl. | Poa | sandbergii | Vasey | POSE | Palouse | Arid and semi-arid parts of the western US and Canada where mean annual precipitation ranges from 6-16 inches. In eastern Washington it is found in dry areas. It is a common and important native grass in sagebrush ecosystems. On lithosolic sites in the Palouse it is often the dominant native grass. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Sandberg bluegrass | Seed ripens in early June in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<br> 1,046,960 seeds/lb. (USDA, NRCS. 2004)<br> 866-925,000 seeds/lb (Hassell. 1996). | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of 1/4 to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock and Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. 1973. <p> Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa secunda</i> J. Presl. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2102 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | secunda | J. Presl. | Poa | ampla | Merr | POSE (POAM) | Palouse | Arid and semi-arid parts of the western US and Canada where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-22 inches. In eastern Washington it is found in open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Big bluegrass | Seed ripens in late June or early July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<br> 1,046,960 seeds/lb. (USDA, NRCS. 2004)<br> 865-917,000 seeds/lb (Hassell. 1996). | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of 1/4 to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3-4 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock and Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. 1973. <p> Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa secunda</i> J. Presl. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2103 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | secunda | J. Presl. | Poa | canbyi | (Scrib.) T.J. Howell | POSE (POCA12) | Blue Mountains | Arid and semi-arid parts of the western US and Canada where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-22 inches. In eastern Washington it is found in open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tight root plug in container. | Canby bluegrass | Seed ripens in late June or early July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<br> 1,046,960 seeds/lb. (USDA, NRCS. 2004)<br> 925-926,000 seeds/lb (Hassell. 1996). | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of 1/4 to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock and Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Poa secunda</i> J. Presl. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2104 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | secunda | J. Presl. | Cultivar | Sherman | Poa | ampla | Merr. | Cultivar | Sherman | POSE (POAM) | Arid and semi-arid parts of the western US and Canada where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-22 inches. In eastern Washington it is found in open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Big bluegrass | For dryland seedings which receive less than 16 inches mean annual precipitation, fall dormant seedings are preferred.<br>Dryland plantings made in areas receiving 18 or more inches of annual precipitation should be sown in the spring. <br>In areas receiving 16-18 inches of precipitation, either spring or fall seedings can be made.<br> Irrigated seedings may be made at any time. | In April or early May, seed is sown in 36 inch wide rows at a rate of 60-80 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. This can be accomplished by no-till seeding techniques or by conventional tillage followed by a roller or packer. <br>Seed is sown as early in the spring as possible. Early seedings are more likely to be affected by soil crusting, which will prevent emergence of the seedlings. Later seedlings are less likely to be affected by soil crusting, but are more prone to failure if the soil dries out before establishment. <br>Seed must be placed no more than ¬ inch deep in the soil. Native bluegrass seeds do not have enough endosperm reserves to emerge from depths greater than ¬ inch.<br> No fertilizer is applied during the establishment year. | If moisture is available in the seed zone, germination in the field will begin in 8-10 days and is usually complete in 14 days.<br>Bromoxynil may be used for broadleaf weed control while the grass is in the seedling stage. Phenoxy herbicides should not be applied until the seedlings have begun to tiller.<br> Cultivation should be used with caution on young seedlings. They are easily uprooted or covered with soil. | 1 growing season | Established seed increase plantings are cultivated and rogued to control weeds and off-type grasses. Phenoxy herbicides may be used before the plants reach the boot stage. <br>80 lbs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the fall. <br>Seed increase plantings will produce seed in the second season and continue to produce abundant seed for 4-5 more seasons | 4-5 seasons | Seed ripens in late June or early July in the Pullman area. When the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence, plants are cut with a swather and laid in windrows in the field. Windrows are allowed to dry in the field for 6-7 days, then threshed with a combine equipped with a grass pickup attachment on the header. Harvested seed is stored at ambient temperatures in boxes or woven bags until cleaned. | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Kelley, Clarence A. 1988. Basics of Establishing Grass Seedings for Conservation. In: 1988 Annual Tech. Report. USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa secunda</i> J. Presl. seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2105 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Grass | Poa | secunda | J. Presl. | Cultivar | Canbar | Poa | canbyi | (Scribn.) T.J. Howell | Cultivar | Canbar | POSE (POCA12) | Blue Mountains | Arid and semi-arid parts of the western US and Canada where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-22 inches. In eastern Washington it is found in open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 15 Months | Months | Canby bluegrass | For dryland seedings which receive less than 16 inches mean annual precipitation, fall dormant seedings are preferred. Dryland plantings made in areas receiving 18 or more inches of annual precipitation should be sown in the spring. In areas receiving 16-18 inches of precipitation, either spring or fall seedings can be made. Irrigated seedings may be made at any time. | In April or early May, seed is sown in 36 inch wide rows at a rate of 60-80 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. This can be accomplished by no-till seeding techniques or by conventional tillage followed by a roller or packer. <br>Seed is sown as early in the spring as possible. Early seedings are more likely to be affected by soil crusting, which will prevent emergence of the seedlings. Later seedlings are less likely to be affected by soil crusting, but are more prone to failure if the soil dries out before establishment. <br>Seed must be placed no more than ¬ inch deep in the soil. Native bluegrass seeds do not have enough endosperm reserves to emerge from depths greater than ¬ inch.<br> No fertilizer is applied during the establishment year. | If moisture is available in the seed zone, germination in the field will begin in 8-10 days and is usually complete in 14 days.<br>Bromoxynil may be used for broadleaf weed control while the grass is in the seedling stage. Phenoxy herbicides should not be applied until the seedlings have begun to tiller. Cultivation should be used with caution on young seedlings. They are easily uprooted or covered with soil. | 1 growing season | Established seed increase plantings are cultivated and rogued to control weeds and off-type grasses. Phenoxy herbicides may be used before the plants reach the boot stage. <br>80 lbs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the fall. <br>Seed increase plantings will produce seed in the second season and continue to produce abundant seed for 4-5 more seasons. | 4-5 growing seasons | Seed ripens in late June or early July in the Pullman area. When the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence, plants are cut with a swather and laid in windrows in the field. Windrows are allowed to dry in the field for 6-7 days, then threshed with a combine equipped with a grass pickup attachment on the header. Harvested seed is stored at ambient temperatures in boxes or woven bags until cleaned. | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Kelley, Clarence A. 1988. Basics of Establishing Grass Seedings for Conservation. In: 1988 Annual Tech. Report. USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa secunda</i> J. Presl. seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2106 | Poa (secunda) | Poaceae | Grass family | Poa | secunda | J. Presl | POSE | USFS, Wenatchee National Forest, Washington; 2100 to 2450 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sandberg bluegrass | Small lot, 1.4 pounds, hand collected into plastic bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Poa secunda</i> J. Presl seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2107 | Polemonium (carneum) | Polemoniaceae | phlox | Polemonium | carneum | POCA4 | Washington, Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | royal Jacob's-ladder | In our experiences germination in this plant was best facilitated by 80 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polemonium carneum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2108 | Polemonium (pulcherrimum) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Polemonium | pulcherrimum | Hook. | POLPUL | Fescue grassland, Rising Sun 1371m elevation. | <i>P. pulcherrinum</i> is a widespread cordilleran species; that occurs from moist to dry habitats; from Alaska south through B.C. to California, and through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Jacob's ladder | Seeds are collected in late June/early July when capsules turn brown and begin to dehisce. Seeds are black at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 60 day cold moist stratification in refrigerator at 3 C.<br>Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with media.<br>Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings emerge 8 days after sowing. Germination was uniform. | 4 weeks | Plants were root tight 12 weeks following germination. Plants did not produce flowers the first year. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 6 months<br> Harvest Date: June<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polemonium pulcherrimum</i> Hook. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2109 | Polemonium (pulcherrimum) | Polemoniaceae | Polemonium | Polemonium | pulcherrimum | Hook | Dry, gravelly areas in South-Central Alaska | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Root trainer, 10.5 cu.in./cell. Multiple leaves, firm root plug. | Dwarf Jacob's Ladder | Seeds collected by hand when grayish capsules start opening - approximately July/August. Seed is red brown/black when ripe. | None. | Soil mix: Upland, well drained. Plant 1 seed per cell. Initial propagation site in greenhouse. | Seeds germinate approximately 10 days after sowing. Plants moved to lathhouse to harden off after last frost. Fertilize minimally after true leaves appear. | Two months | Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press. 1008 pp. | Moore, Nancy J.; Hunt, Peggy. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polemonium pulcherrimum</i> Hook plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2110 | Polemonium (reptans) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Polemonium | reptans | L. | POLREP | P. reptans is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Creeping polemonium | Seeds are warm stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1992b). Germination ecophysiology of the mesic deciduous forest herb Polemonium reptans var. reptans (Polemoniaceae). Plant Species Biol. 7, 61-68.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polemonium reptans</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2111 | Polemonium (viscosum) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Polemonium | viscosum | Nutt. | POLVIS | Alpine fellfield, scree slope, Scenic Point, Two Medicine, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2200m elevation. | <i>P. viscosum</i> is an alpine species that occurs from southwest Alberta to northern New Mexico, the Wallowa mountains of northeast Oregon, Okanogan Co., Washington, and the mountains of central Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Sky pilot | Collect mature capsules in late August when they begin to split and turn tan in color. Seeds are black at maturity.<br> Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 1:1:1 mix of sand:gravel:promix with the addition of lime. Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Seeds germinated over a 3 week period during spring under fluctuating temperatures. True leaves appeared 2 weeks after germination. This species produces a long and extensive taproot shortly after germination. <br>After seedlings are established, it is important to allow them to dry down betweeen irrigations. | 4 weeks | Root development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings have 4 to 6 true leaves 6 weeks after germination.<br>Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13- NPK at 75 ppm fertilizer during the growing season. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polemonium viscosum</i> Nutt. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2112 | Polemonium (viscosum) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox family | Polemonium | viscosum | Nutt. | POLVIS | P. viscosum is found from British Columbia south to Montana at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sky pilot | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14.<br>Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br> Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polemonium viscosum</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2113 | Polygonatum (biflorum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Polygonatum | biflorum | (Walt.) Ell. | POLBIF | P. biflorum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | King Solomon's-seal | Seeds are cold-warm-cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. | Baskin and Baskin,1988,unpublished.In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polygonatum biflorum</i> (Walt.) Ell. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2114 | Polygonum (amphibium) | Polygonaceae | Knot weed Family | Polygonum | amphibium | L. | POLAMB | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Water knot weed | Seeds were cold stratified for 210 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. Germination was greater in light than in dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Justice 1944. Viability and dormancy in seeds of Polygonum amphibium, P. coccineum, and P. hydropiperoides. American Journal of Botany 31, 369-377. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polygonum amphibium</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2115 | Polygonum (amphibium) | Polygonaceae | Knot weed Family | Polygonum | amphibium | L. | Variety | var. emersum | Michx. | Polygonum | coccineum | Muhl. ex Willd. | POLAMB | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Water knot weed | Seeds were cold stratified for 147 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Justice 1944. Viability and dormancy in seeds of Polygonum amphibium, P. coccineum, and P. hydropiperoides. American Journal of Botany 31, 369-377. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polygonum amphibium</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2116 | Polygonum (douglasii) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Polygonum | douglasii | Greene | POLDOU | P. douglasii is found from British Columbia to Colorado. There are 7 recognized botanical varieties. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Douglas' knotweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 15D/5N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than on dark. | Reynolds, D. N. (1984). Alpine annual plants: Phenology, germination, photosynthesis, and growth of three Rocky Mountain species. Ecology 65, 759-766.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polygonum douglasii</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2117 | Polygonum (paronychia) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat Family | Polygonum | paronychia | Cham & Schlecht. | POLPAR | Presidio, California | <i>P. paronychia</i> is found in coastal strand communities; from Monterery County, California, to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Beach Knotweed | Seeds are collected between May 22nd and September 30th.<br> Seed is shiny black at maturity. | Seeds require scarification. Seeds can be placed in boiling water then cooled overnight. Seeds can also be scarified in a rock tumbler with sharp edge rocks.<br> After scarification, place seeds in fresh water for 24 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on April 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 85%. | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polygonum paronychia</i> Cham & Schlecht. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2118 | Polygonum (virginianum) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Polygonum | virginianum | L. | Tovara | virginiana | (L.) Raf. | POLVIR | P. virginianum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Virginia smartweed | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 30/15 C. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin and Baskin, 1988. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polygonum virginianum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2119 | Polystichum (munitum) | Dryopteridaceae | Wood Fern | Polystichum | munitum | (Kaulf.) | Polystichum munitum var. incisoserratum (D.C. Eaton) Underw. | C. Presl | POL MUN | North Cascades, Washington | Western Sword Fern occurs along the Pacific Coast from Southeastern Alaska south to Baja California with disjunct populations east to Central Montana. P. munitum is widespread in the understory of mesic coniferous and moist mixed-evergreen forest at low to middle elevations (sea level to 7200 feet ) along the northern Pacific Coast. (USDA, FEIS Database) | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 6" Pot | 24 Months | Plant approximately 5" tall with leathery leaves formed and firm plug in container | Sword Fern | Careful observation of phenology of the fern lifecyle is imperative to collecting viable spores. We monitor ferns for spore maturity starting in mid-June in western WA by periodically collecting a section of frond and viewing the sori under a dissecting microscope. When the spores are immature, the semi-transparent indusium will cover the entire sorus like a cap and will appear sealed around its edges. Conversely, at maturity the indusium has begun to shrivel and roll back to reveal the many small round sporangia that make up the sorus. The sporangia can be mistaken for spores, whereas in fact they contain the much smaller spores, and upon maturity they dehisce to distribute the spores in a sudden, flinging motion. We collect fronds with mature spores in mid June to early July prior to dehiscence and store them between a folded sheet of paper so that the spores can be captured. | NA | Sterilize growing media, spray bottles, flats and flat covering in a 10% bleach solution for 10 minutes, then rinse, prior to sowing spores.
Fill 1” deep flats with sterilized media (3:1:1 soil, perlite and coconut coir), pre-moistened with distilled water. Use a fine sieve to top sow spores by lightly sprinkling as evenly as possible across the entire surface of the media Evenly distributed spores will result in well-spaced sporophytes which will be easier to transplant and aid in fertilization. Water thoroughly with a high output spray bottle of distilled water. Place the sown flats inside an upside-down clear plastic bin with locking lid (28qt., 23” L x 16 1/4” W x 6” H) . Place flats onto lid and use the body of the bin as a lid. Water periodically with distilled water – do not use tap water, and do not let flats dry completely. | Spores generally started to germinate in 30-60 days after sowing. A ‘slime – like’ green coating on media will be visible after germination followed by the development of the heart-shaped prothallus of the gametophyte generation. Once prothalli have grown enough to be easily identifiable they are mature enough to produce sperm and egg cells which will give rise to the sporophyte generation. At this stage, be sure to mist frequently enough to provide a film of moisture on the prothallus and the medium to allow sperm to travel to neighboring prothalli to complete fertilization.
After fertilization occurs sporophytes will develop, emerging as a single stalked leaves from the axis of the prothallus. | 30-180 days | Germination and development of gametophyte generation occurs after 30-60 days
Fertilization and development of sporophyte generation occurs between 120-180 days after development of the prothallus of the gametophyte generation. Developing sporophytes can be transplanted when the they have one or two true leaves. Transplant sporophytes into 4” pots in clumps of 3 to 5 sporophytes per pot in 3:1:1 media mix (soil: perlite: coconut coir). | 16-20 Weeks | Young sporophytes are sensitive to desiccation, direct sunlight, and frost, and must be protected from environmental extremes. We maintain recently transplanted sporophytes in the greenhouse, on a shaded bench for at least 2 weeks after transplanting. After development of 3-5 fronds, sporophytes can be moved to a shaded area of the nursery.
| 4-6 weeks | Ferns are ready for outplanting after 2 seasons in the nursery - approximately 2 years after spores are sown and 1 year after initial transplanting. | McDonough, Stacy J; Rising, Rebecca J. 2021. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polystichum munitum</i> (Kaulf.) Plants 6" Pot; North Cascades National Park Native Plant Nursery Marblemount , Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2120 | Polystichum (munitum) | Dryopteridaceae | Wood Fern Family | Polystichum | munitum | (Kaulfuss) K. Presl | Polystichum | munitum | (Kaulfuss) K. Presl | Variety | incisoserratum | (D.C. Eat.) Underwood | POLMIN | Muir Woods, California | <i>P. munitum</i> is found in moist forests, mostly below 2500 feet elevation; from Monterery County north to Alaska and east to western Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch pots | 2 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Western Swordfern | Spores are collected between June 1st and August 30th.<br> Mature spores are brown and are collected when the indusium folds back.<br> | Carefully sterilize growing media, flats and flat coverings before sowing spores. | Greenhouse.<br> Spores are sown on petri plates with ditilled water and sealed in a sterile ziplock bag. | After spores germinate, the prothalli are placed on sterile 3:1 Peat/Perlite mix in rectangular flats. Flats are covered with glass to seal in moisture. Water only with distilled water.<br> | Once fertilization occurs and the developing sporophytes at least 1 true leaf, they are potted into individual containers (2 or 4 inch) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Plants should be grown in shade. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polystichum munitum</i> (Kaulfuss) K. Presl plants 4 inch pots; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2121 | Populus (angustifolia) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | angustifolia | James | POPANG | P. angustifolia is foundalong streams and rivers, in sandy to gravelly soils from 5,000 to 8,000 ft elevation. It ranges from Montana south to Arizona, New Mexico, Arizona and western Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14" | 1 Years | Years | Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during out-planting. | Narrow Leaf Cottonwood | The most critical factor in the collection of viable Populus seed is frequent observation of catkin development. For this reason, establishment of stock plants in the nursery provides significant advantages over wild-land collections. Catkin harvest is typically planned to coincide with the appearance of cotton emerging from partially opened capsules (Schreiner 1974). We have harvested high percentages of viable seed if we are able to harvest at this point in capsule opening. It might be preferable to wait until the capsule are almost fully open, but spring winds can disperse the seed very quickly once the capsules reach this stage and much seed can be lost instantly. The female catkins are placed in paper sacks to capture seed as the capsules open during drying. Seed dispersal usually only takes a few days in a room with dry air and normal working temperatures. If the number of catkins collected forms a layer one or two catkins thick in the sack, the seed will disperse easily without much oversight. If a thick layer of catkins is placed in the sack, frequent turning and mixing of the sack will be required to facilitate uniform drying and seed release. Collection in plastic bags may be acceptable for very brief periods, but the catkins need to be transferred to paper sacks or drying racks as soon as possible to prevent moisture buildup and subsequent decomposition. For Populus seed, the opening capsules are placed in porous woven bags to allow some air drying before cleaning. Depending on the moisture level of the capsules and cotton, it may be necessary to spread the seed to dry in racks allowing some air movement. If not covered, care must be taken to prevent air gusts from dispersing the cottony seed. | Stratification: None<br> Surface sow seeds immediately after cleaning. | Greenhouse 70 o F (21 o C) day, 55 o F (13 o C) night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85 o F (29 o C) with evaporative pad cooling. Mini-plug Irrigation A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Tex-Rr Forestry fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt soil separator fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement. The strategy of willow seed propagation typically employed at the New Mexico Plant Materials Center involves germination in "mini-plug " trays containing 512 cells each 14 mm x 14 mm x 29 mm. We rely on mini-plugs because of space restrictions on our automated watering bench, which precludes large-scale germination in larger containers such as Ray Leach Super Cells. In the case of species with poor germination percentages, the use of mini-plugs can save considerable space my minimizing the area consumed by empty cells. However, the extra transplanting step definitely increases labor and material costs. In the case of willow seed, which generally has high germination percentages, the space saving advantage is minimal. The germination medium we use is a standard sphagnum peat moss and perlite mix of fairly coarse texture (Sunshine #1) (we do not use so-called plug mixes). The coarse texture allows the small Salix seed to infiltrate between the particles of peat moss, allowing optimum aeration, moisture, and light.The plug medium surface must be kept continuously moist; germination of willow seed is often apparent after one or two days as noted by the swelling and separation of the cotyledons. Thinning of seedlings will be required and is usually performed at the time of mini-plug transplanting or after transplanting into the next container size (e.g. Super Cells) when the seedlings are of sufficient size to make clipping feasible. Populus seed is of adequate size to better singularize in mini-plug cells. If mini-plug germination is employed, a light covering of soil-less mix or grit is advised. Because of its larger seed size, it may be more efficient to direct sow in seedling containers such as Super Cells. However, frequent watering will be required until the seedlings have extended hypocotyls to depths of 2 to 4 cm. The standard production protocol can be followed after the seedlings have reached this stage. | Intermediate Container Type and Volume: Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 in.3 (164 ml) volume, 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) diameter, and 8.25 in. (21 cm) depth. Growing Media: Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 6 lb (2.7 kg) of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (3-4 month release) incorporated per cubic yard (0.765 m3) of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during spring, 5-6 month release CRF is used, but for summer grown material 3-4 month release CRF is incorporated. Planting Technique from Mini-plugs into Intermediate Container The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the mini-plug seedling. The mini-plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole and the media is pressed around the root ball with fingers. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings can be cut off during the plug transplanting process or later after the seedlings are well rooted. Establishment Phase: The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. Rapid Growth Phase: Fertigation continues as described above. Hardening Phase: The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month delivery CRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. | Planting Technique from Mini-plugs into Intermediate Container The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the mini-plug seedling. The mini-plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole and the media is pressed around the root ball with fingers. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings can be cut off during the plug transplanting process or later after the seedlings are well rooted. Establishment Phase: The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. Rapid Growth Phase: Fertigation continues as described above. Hardening Phase: The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month delivery CRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. Rapid Growth Phase: Watering frequency can be as oftenas every day for very large riparian plants with substantial leaf areas. | Hardening Phase: The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus angustifolia</i> James plants One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14"; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2122 | Populus (balsamifera) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | balsamifera | Variety | trichocarpa | Populus | trichocarpa | Mostly along streams or moist ground. Alaska to S. California and est to W. Montana, Idaho and W. Wyoming/Utah | seeds | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 7 Months | Months | 24-36" | Black Cottonwood | Hand collection or use of pole pruner to near to fully open capsules. Also collecting fluff from parking lots works well. | Hand sow sand and seed mixture. Seeds should be sown within one week of collection. | They need ample water and clean ground. | They will germinate within 2 days | Query, Toby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Populus balsamifera</i> seeds 1-0; City Of Portland Portland, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2123 | Populus (balsamifera) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | balsamifera | L. | Sub-species | (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw | POPBAL | Northern Idaho | Black cottonwood is found from southern Alaska and the Yukon Territories south to southern California and northern Baja California, and east to southwestern Alberta, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. It is found in riparian habitats, along lakeshores and moist forests in the mountains, and occasionally up to treeline in the northern Rocky Mountains in better drained soils, at elevations from sea level to 2,194 m (0 to 7,200 ft). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 336 ml (20.5 cu. in) containers | 0 | Height = 41 cm<br>
Firm root plug | Black cottonwood | We took 150 one-year old rooted cuttings and established a stooling bed at the University of Idaho nursery. After 1 growing season, the bed yielded 4500 microcuttings that rooted at a 99%+ rate. | Generally, we strike cuttings in late May to early June. About 3 d before starting, we begin soaking the cuttings in a running tapwater bath, keeping them in the shade.
An acceptable cutting must have a healthy-looking bud within the top 2.5 cm (1 in) of the cutting and a second bud somewhere on the cutting. Our experience is that any lower buds generally abort or begin growing and rot away without consequence. | Cuttings are struck into 336 ml [20.5 cu. in) containers filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium .<p> Once struck, the medium is saturated and allowed to drain to field capacity. Containers are placed inside an open-sided, polycarbonate-roofed growing structure. We use traveling boom irrigation. | As soon as leaves begin appearing, we begin fertilizing using Peters Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 42 ppm N, and add 1.5 ppm B (Solubor) and 24 ppm MgSO4. Cuttings are fertilized twice per week. | 2 weeks | After 2 wk, we apply Peters Excel Cal-Mag (15N:5P2O5:15K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 114 ppm N twice each week.<p> During the growing season, cuttings are pruned 3 or 4 times, depending on growth and available workers to do the pruning. As soon as shoots reach 20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 in) in height, we prune them back to 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in). We let them grow another 15 cm (6 in) or so, and then remove half of the new growth achieved since the last pruning, repeating this process as needed. In early September, cuttings are pruned the last time to about 41 cm (16 in). | 4 weeks | Every other week the cuttings receive 1 dose of Peters Professional Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 24 ppm N. This rotation continues until mid August. Then we alternate Finisher with CAN-17 (liquid calcium ammonium nitrate [17N]) at 77 ppm N for the twice per week fertilization.<p> Because the cuttings are grown in an opensided structure, they receive mostly ambient temperatures-leaves begin turning color and dropping in mid to late October and at that point we stop fertilization. | 12 weeks | In late November after the leaves have dropped, crews extract the rooted cuttings by hand and place 5 inside a 1.8 L, 30 x 60 cm (12 x 24 in) plastic bag. A narrow, self-locking plastic tag printed with species common name is used to seal the bag. Acceptable plants have a firm root system, shoot diameter above the original cutting > 6 mm, and a healthy-looking stem. Because the cuttings have been top-pruned, height is not a factor. Often, cutting shoots extend above the sealed bag. We place 25 bags of seedlings (125 total) inside a stack-and-nest tote box (76 cm long x 51 cm deep x 38 cm wide [30 x 20 x 15 in]). Totes are stacked inside the cooler (1øC [34øF]). | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, Wenny DL, Morrison SJ. 2003. Propagation protocol for container willows and poplars using mini-cuttings. Native Plants Journal 4: 137-139. | Morrison, Susan J.; Wenny, Dave L.; Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus balsamifera</i> L. plants 336 ml (20.5 cu. in) containers; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2124 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | deltoides | Bartr. ex Marsh. | POPDEL | P. deltoides is found from the Great Plains to the east coast of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Plains cottonwood | Seeds germinate at 32 C. | Farmer, R. E., Jr. and Bonner, F. T. (1967). Germination and initial growth of eastern cottonwood as influenced by moisture stress, temperature, and storage. Bot. Gaz. 128, 211-215.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus deltoides</i> Bartr. ex Marsh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2125 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | deltoides | (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder | Sub-species | wislizeni | Populus | deltoides | (S. Wats.) Dorn | Variety | wislizeni | POPDEL | New Mexico | plants | seed | Container (plug) | One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14" | 1 Years | Years | Target Root System: Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during out-planting. | Rio Grande Cottonwood | The most critical factor in the collection of viable Populus seed is frequent observation of catkin development. For this reason, establishment of stock plants in the nursery provides significant advantages over wild-land collections. Catkin harvest is typically planned to coincide with the appearance of cotton emerging from partially opened capsules (Schreiner 1974). We have harvested high percentages of viable seed if we are able to harvest at this point in capsule opening. It might be preferable to wait until the capsule are almost fully open, but spring winds can disperse the seed very quickly once the capsules reach this stage and much seed can be lost instantly. The female catkins are placed in paper sacks to capture seed as the capsules open during drying. Seed dispersal usually only takes a few days in a room with dry air and normal working temperatures. If the number of catkins collected forms a layer one or two catkins thick in the sack, the seed will disperse easily without much oversight. If a thick layer of catkins is placed in the sack, frequent turning and mixingof the sack will be required to facilitate uniform drying and seed release. Collection in plastic bags may be acceptable for very brief periods, but the catkins need to be transferred to paper sacks or drying racks as soon as possible to prevent moisture buildup and subsequent decomposition. For Populus seed, the opening capsules are placed in porous woven bags to allow some air drying before cleaning. Depending on the moisture level of the capsules and cotton, it may be necessary to spread the seed to dry in racks allowing some air movement. If not covered, care must be taken to prevent air gusts from dispersing the cottony seed. | Stratification: None.<br> Sow cleaned seeds immediately. Surface sow seeds. | Greenhouse 70 o F (21 o C) day, 55 o F (13 o C) night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85 o F (29 o C) with evaporative pad cooling. Mini-plug Irrigation A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Tex-Rr Forestry fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt soil separator fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement. | The strategy of willow seedpropagation typically employed at the New Mexico Plant Materials Center involves germination in "mini-plug " trays containing 512 cells each 14 mm x 14 mm x 29 mm. We rely on mini-plugs because of space restrictions on our automated watering bench, which precludes large-scale germination in larger containers such as Ray Leach Super Cells. In the case of species with poor germination percentages, the use of mini-plugs can save considerable space my minimizing the area consumed by empty cells. However, the extra transplanting step definitely increases labor and material costs. In the case of willow seed, which generally has high germination percentages, the space saving advantage is minimal. The germination medium we use is a standard sphagnum peat moss and perlite mix of fairly coarse texture (Sunshine #1) (we do not use so-called plug mixes). The coarse texture allows the small Salix seed to infiltrate between the particles of peat moss, allowing optimum aeration, moisture, and light. One of the more difficult tasks is the seeding of the cells by hand. The very small size of Salix seed (about 1 mm in length and 0.3 to 0.5 mm in width) makes precise seed dispersal difficult. The addition of diluent (e.g. grit, perlite) of similar size might be of some benefit in achieving more precise sowing by hand. The seed is usually sufficiently clean that an automated seeder typically used for bedding plant seed of similar shape and size would probably be effective if very-large scale seeding was envisioned. The plug medium surface must be kept continuously moist; germination of willow seed is often apparent after one or two days as noted by the swelling and separation of the cotyledons. Thinning of seedlings will be required and is usually performed at the time of mini-plug transplanting or after transplanting into the next container size (e.g. Super Cells) when the seedlings are of sufficient size to make clipping feasible. Populus seed is of adequate size to better singularize in mini-plug cells. If mini-plug germination is employed, a light covering of soil-less mix or grit is advised. Because of its larger seed size, it may be more efficient to direct sow in seedling containers such as Super Cells. However, frequent watering will be required until the seedlings have extended hypocotyls to depths of 2 to 4 cm. The standard production protocol can be followed after the seedlings have reached this stage. Intermediate Container Type and Volume: Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 in.3 (164 ml) volume, 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) diameter, and 8.25 in. (21 cm) depth. Growing Media: Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 6 lb (2.7 kg) of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (3-4 month release) incorporated per cubic yard (0.765 m3) of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during spring, 5-6 month release CRF is used, but for summer grown material 3-4 month release CRF is incorporated. Planting Technique from Mini-plugs into Intermediate Container The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the mini-plug seedling. The mini-plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole and the media is pressed around the root ball with fingers. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings can be cut off during the plug transplanting process or later after the seedlings are well rooted. Establishment Phase: The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. Rapid Growth Phase: Fertigation continues as described above. Hardening Phase: The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. | Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month delivery CRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. Rapid Growth Phase: Watering frequency can be as often as every day for very large riparian plants with substantial leaf areas. | Hardening Phase: The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus deltoides</i> (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder plants One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14"; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2126 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | deltoides | Bartr. | PODE3 | Travertine District Area | Native to well-drained soil along creek banks, rivers, and arroyos in the Rio Grande Plains, southwest to Uvalde County, Texas, also east to Florida, north to Oklahoma, and the Plains States. Although cottonwood is tolerant of dry soil, it is rarely found on arid upland slopes or rocky soil. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Eastern cottonwood | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Rudy G. Esquivel on 11/18/1999. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Catkins do not need any stratification. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse and lath house for planting and growing.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallons.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 453-456; How to Grow Native Plants of the Texas and the Southwest, 284-285; Seedsof Woody Plants in the United States, 645-655; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus deltoides</i> Bartr. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2127 | Populus (fremontii) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | fremontii | Wats. | POPFRE | P. fremontii is found from from western Texas east to Nevada and California and south to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fremont's cottonwood | Germination occurs at 20 C. | Shafroth, P. B., Friedman, J. M. and Ischinger, L. S. (1995). Effects of salinity on establishment of Populus fremontii (cottonwood) and Tamarix ramoissima (saltcedar) in southwestern United States. Great Basin Nat. 55, 56-65.<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus fremontii</i> Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2128 | Populus (grandidentata) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | grandidentata | Michx. | POPGRA | P. grandidentata is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bigtooth aspen | Seeds germinate at 29 to 32 C. | Faust, M. E. (1936). Germination of Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides, with particular reference to oxygen consumption. Bot. Gaz. 97, 808-821.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus grandidentata</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2129 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | tremuloides | Michx. | POPTRE | P. tremuloides is found from Alaska to Labrador,south through the United States to Virginia and Nebraska, and south throughout the western states to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Aspen | Zasada, J. C. and Viereck, L. A. (1975). The effect of temperature and stratification on germination in selected members of the Salicaceae in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 5, 333-337.<br>Fechner, G. H., Burr, K. E. and Myers, J. F. (1981). Effects of storage, temperature, and moisture stress on seed germination and early seedling development of trembling aspen. Can. J. For. Res. 11, 718-722.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology , Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2130 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Populus | tremuloides | POR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | .5 and 1 gallon | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | quaking aspen | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller). | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation waterto not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallong containers and ¬ cup for 8-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | One month | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two yearswill often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> plants .5 and 1 gallon; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2131 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Populus | tremuloides | POR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0.5 and 1 gallon | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | quaking aspen | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller). | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in Octoberof 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallong containers and ¬ cup for 8-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | One month | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Summer 02 and Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> plants 0.5 and 1 gallon; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2132 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | tremuloides | (Michx.) | POPTRE | Larimer county, CO 7500-8000' elevation. | <i>P. tremuloides</i> is found from Alaska to Labrador,south to California, northern Mexico, Tennessee and New Jersery. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 5 Months | Months | Height: 12 in. Caliper: 4 mm. Root System: Firm plug. | Quaking aspen | Source of Seeds: Self-collected.<br> Collection Date: Start looking in mid to late May, but check frequently because seeds develop and blow away within a few weeks. | None, usually collected in spring of year one, seed is sown spring of year two. | Propagation Environment: Shadehouse. Container Type and Volume: Colorado Styroblock - 492 cm3 (30 in3). Growing Media: Scotts Forestry Mix. | Sowing Date: Late May. <br>% Emergence and Date: Germination within 24 hours, cotyledons within 48 rs.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Manual sowing with salt shaker.<br> Establishment Phase: Light misting twice a day until germination. Germination to two true leaf stage takes two weeks and seedlings are thinned to one per container at that time. Regular deep watering twice a week with complete fertigation solution based on 100 ppm nitrogen. | 3 weeks | Late June to mid-August. Continue twice a week fertigation. Apply VA mycorrhizae beginning of phase. We use a product called BuRize from Buckman Laboratories. | 6 weeks | In mid-August cease fertilizing, flush with clear water, reduce waterings until leaf drop in early October. | 6 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: Seedlings can be grown to specifications in five months, stored overwinter in the shadehouse, and ready to ship the following spring<br> Harvest Date: Seedlings can be graded after leaf drop in early October or prior to shipping the following spring. Storage Conditions: Outdoor shadehouse. | 5 months | Seed collection guide available at:http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/CSFS/Aspenseed.pdf | Moench, Randy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> (Michx.) plants 1+0 container; Colorado State Forest Service Nursery Fort Collins, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2133 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | tremuloides | (Michx.) | POTR | P. tremuloides (Michx.) has the broadest range of any North American tree. P. tremuloides (Michx.) occurs in Alaska and throughout Canada from the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast. In the United States the species occurs throughout the Western United States, primarily in montane areas from Washington eastward through Montana and southward to California eastward to the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. The species also spans portions of the Great Plains eastward to West Virginia, western Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Quaking aspen is also found in the mountains of Mexico, as far south as Guanajuato. The species occurs throughout the mountainous regions of New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height 30 to 40 cm; firm root plug. | Quaking aspen, trembling aspen | Seeds were purchased from a commercial supplier. Both fresh, currant year, collections and seed stored for 2 years under refrigerated conditions (2 - 40C) have been successful. | None. Seeds are sown dry using a moistened needle or are placed in water and a syringe is used to allocate droplets of water containing the seed. Both methods have proven effective. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). After 6 to 8 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 35 cm in height, the plants are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed, which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat moss: perlite: vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at a rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. The irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system; generally every 4-5 days. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media using the methods described above. A 2-5 mm layer of perlite is placed of the media/seed. The containers are misted 3-5 minutes 3-5 times a day to keep the surface of the media moist, and maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Note, regardless of the technique employed to sow the seed, multiple seed are sown in each container and thinning of germinates is required. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night temperatures range from 12 to 21oC and day temperatures range from 15 to 26oC. No supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. Seed lots we have used have highly variable germination rates so the establishment phase can be protracted. | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 8 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26oC and during the night 18 to 22oC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 4 to 6 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 14 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J. L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Mimbres Publishing 464 pp. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov Perala, D.A. 2004. Quaking Aspen. In (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Hardwoods. | Harrington, John T. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> (Michx.) plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2134 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | tremuloides | Michx. | POPTRE | Many Glacier, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>P. tremuloide</i> is found from Alaska to Labrador, south to California, New Mexico, Tennessee, and New Jersey. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 L Containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 45 cm<br> Caliper: N/A Root System: Firm plug in 3L container. | Aspen | Seeds are collected during the first week of June at 1585 meters elevation. Catkin bearing branches are cut from female trees just before the capsules split open. Capsule color should be yellow at time of collection. Catkins are removed from branches and kept in a drying shed for 1 week until capsules open. Seeds are pulled from catkins and sown immediately. Mature seed color is tan. | None. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Surface sow seed; needs light for germination. Sow several seeds per container to obtain 100% fill rate.<br> Container Type and Volume: 172 ml conetainers.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu,12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Seedlings are hand watered an remain in greenhouse until mid July. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. | Germination begins 24 to 48 hours after sowing. Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. True leaves appear 2 weeks after germination.<br> Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 3 weeks | Seedlings grow at a rapid rate after establishment. Plants are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season.<br>Plants average 15 cm in height and 5 mm caliper in 4 months.<br> The following spring, plants are uppotted into 3L ( 1 gallon) containers and are root tight at the end of the second growing season. | 16 weeks 1st year, 20 weeks 2nd year | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in the fall, pots are leached with clear water, one final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years for 3L containers.<br> Harvest Date: September<br>Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p>Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p>Glacier ParkNative Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> Michx. plants 3 L Containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2135 | Potamogeton (confervoides) | Potamogetonaceae | Pond Weed Family | Potamogeton | confervoides | Reichenb. | POTCON | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tuckerman's pondweed | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 days. Seeds were germinated at room temperatures. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br> Muenscher 1936. The germination of seeds of Potamogeton. Ann. Botany 50, 805-821. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potamogeton confervoides</i> Reichenb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2136 | Potamogeton (diversifolius) | Potamogetonaceae | Pond Weed Family | Potamogeton | diversifolius | Raf. | Potamogeton | capillaceus | Poir. | POTDIV | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Diverse leaf pond weed | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 days. Seeds were germinated at room temperatures. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936. The germination of seeds of Potamogeton. Ann. Botany 50, 805-821. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potamogeton diversifolius</i> Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2137 | Potamogeton (epihydrus) | Potamogetonaceae | Pond Weed Family | Potamogeton | epihydrus | Raf. | POTEPI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ribbon leaf pond weed | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 days. Seeds were germinated at room temperatures. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936. The germination of seeds of Potamogeton. Ann. Botany 50, 805-821. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potamogeton epihydrus</i> Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2138 | Potamogeton (foliosus) | Potamogetonaceae | Pond Weed Family | Potamogeton | foliosus | Raf. | POTFOL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Leafy pondweed | Seeds were cold stratified for 210 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 19/15 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936. The germination of seeds of Potamogeton. Ann. Botany 50, 805-821. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potamogeton foliosus</i> Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2139 | Potamogeton (illinoensis) | Potamogetonaceae | Pond Weed Family | Potamogeton | illinoensis | Morong. | Potamogeton | angustifolius | Bercht. & K. Presl. | POTILL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Illinois pondweed | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 days. Seeds were germinated at room temperatures. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936. The germination of seeds of Potamogeton. Ann. Botany 50, 805-821. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potamogeton illinoensis</i> Morong. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2140 | Potamogeton (nodosus) | Potamogetonaceae | Pond Weed Family | Potamogeton | nodosus | Poir. | Potamogeton | americanus | Cham & Schlecht. | POTNOD | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American pondweed | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 days. Seeds were germinated at room temperatures. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936. The germination of seeds of Potamogeton. Ann. Botany 50, 805-821. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potamogeton nodosus</i> Poir. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2141 | Potamogeton (obtusifolius) | Potamogetonaceae | Pond Weed Family | Potamogeton | obtusifolius | Mert. & Koch. | POTOBT | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blunt leaf pond weed | Seeds were cold stratified for 90 days. Seeds were germinated at room temperatures. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Muenscher 1936. The germination of seeds of Potamogeton. Ann. Botany 50, 805-821. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potamogeton obtusifolius</i> Mert. & Koch. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2142 | Potentilla | Rosaceae | Potentilla | Colorado, Twin Sisters (98-077s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Potentilla | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed heads by crushing seeds head or using tweezers. Use of screens helpful for separating seed from miscellaneous plant material.<p> Twin Sisters (98-077s) collected on 9/21/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heat pad (set to 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 36 pk, 3-5 seeds/slot.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uniform and rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Twin Sisters (98-077s) sowed 11/12/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Potentilla</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2143 | Potentilla (arguta) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Potentilla | arguta | Pursh | POTARG | P. arguta is found from eastern Quebec to Alaska south to Indiana, Missouri and New Mexico. It is common on prairies, open woods and roadsides. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tall cinquefoil | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla arguta</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2144 | Potentilla (arguta) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Potentilla | arguta | Pursh | POTARG | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>P. arguta</i> is found from eastern Quebec to Alaska and south to Indiana, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and Oregon. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 12 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Tall Prairie Cinquefoil | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 19 to July 25. Seed is harvested in August. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefor is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 0.3 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br>Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Potentilla arguta</i> Pursh plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2145 | Potentilla (arguta) | Rosaceae | Rose | Potentilla | arguta | Pursh | Potentilla | convallaria | Rydb. | POAR7 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA | Native to prairies and open forest of much of North America except the southeastern US. <i>P. arguta</i> ssp. <i>convallaria</i> is the common subspecies on the Palouse, while ssp. <i>arguta</i> has a more easterly distribution.<br> Mean annual precipitation range for the species is from 10-50 inches (USDA NRCS 2008).<br> Wetland indicator status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Tall, Valley or Glandular cinquefoil | Fruit is an achene. Seed is collected in August when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are brown in color. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. Seed from wild plants can be collected by shaking into an envelope. Plants in seed increase plantings can be cut and dried under cover on tarps or in bags. Wild plants should never be collected whole. <p> We determined 4,403,883 seeds/lb for this ecotype (USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center 2005). | One germination study of a seed source from South Dakota found no germination for untreated seed. Seed given 30 and 60 days cold moist stratification germinated at 58 and 49% respectively (Sorenson & Holden 1974). Using seed from a Wisconsin source, Greene and Curtis (1950) achieved 6% germination without pretreatment and 21% germination after 2 months of cold moist stratification. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center comparing untreated seed with seed treated by cold moist stratification for 30 days resulted in no germination for untreated seed while stratified seed germinated at 78%. | In late November or early December seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel or #2 hen grit is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 30 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in early January. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 14 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Greene, H.C. and J.T. Curtis. 1950. Germination Studies of Wisconsin Prairie Plants. American Midland Naturalist 43:186-194.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Mohlenbrock, Robert H. Undated. Western Wetland Flora: A Field Office Guide to Wetland Species. USDA, NRCS Western Region. Sacramento, CA.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> Sorensen, J.T. and D.J. Holden. 1974. Germination of Native Prairie Forb Seeds. Journal of Range Management 27:123-126.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (8 February 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 7 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf Accessed 2/8/08.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish& Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla arguta</i> Pursh plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2146 | Potentilla (diversifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Potentilla | diversifolia | Lehm. | POTDIV | P. diversifolia is found from Alaska to Newfoundland south to California, New Mexico, Indiana and New Hampshire. It is found in subalpine and alpine zones. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Diverse leaf cinquefoil | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 18D/4N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Chambers, J. C., MacMahon, J. A. and Brown, R. W. (1987). Germination characteristics of alpine grasses and forbs: A comparison of early and late seral dominants with reclamation potential. Reclam. Reveg. Res. 6, 235-249.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458 | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla diversifolia</i> Lehm. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2147 | Potentilla (diversifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Potentilla | diversifolia | Lehm. | Variety | diversifolia | Lehm. | Potentilla | glaucophylla | Lehm. | POTDIV | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev., Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>P. diversifolia</i> occurs in subalpine and alpine meadows from the Yukon to New Mexico, and in the Pacific Northwest south to Utah and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Diverse-leafed cinquefoil | Seeds are hand collected in mid to late August when achenes are turn brown.<br> Seeds are collected in paper baggs and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification, surface sown.<br>Germination occurs in early spring under fluctuating temperatures. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown; needs light for germination.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seeds are sown at the rate of 2 per cell. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings appear to germinate very uniformly. Widely fluctuating temperatures during germination of this high elevation species may account for the higher fill rate of outdoor sown seed vs. no germination on greenhouse grown material.<br>Seedlings are thinned at the true leaf stage. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants quickly fill conetainers and are root-tight in 4 to 8 weeks following germination. Plants are ready for outplanting by late summer. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 7.5 months<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. ÿ | Evans, Jeff. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla diversifolia</i> Lehm. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2148 | Potentilla (effusa) | Rosaceae | Potentilla | effusa | Colorado, Twin Sisters (98-070s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Woolly Pontentilla | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed heads by crushing seeds head or using tweezers. Use of screens helpful for separating seed from miscellaneous plant material.<p> Twin Sisters (98-070s) collected on 8/27/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heat pad (set to 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 36 pk, 3-5 seeds/slot.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uniform and rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Twin Sisters (98-070s) sowed on 11/12/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Potentilla effusa</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2149 | Potentilla (fruticosa) | Rosaceae | Potentilla | fruticosa | auct. non L. | POFR4 | Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Shrubby cinquefoil | Collected in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagations Environment:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Hand harvested.<br> <b>Storage conditions:</b> Cool and dry. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Potentilla fruticosa</i> auct. non L. plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2150 | Potentilla (glandulosa) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Potentilla | glandulosa | Lindl. | Variety | glandulosa | Lindl. | Drymocallis | glandulosa | Lindl. | POTGLA | Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta | <i>P. glandulosa</i> occurs from southern B.C. to northern Baja California, east to southwest Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Sticky cinquefoil | Seeds are hand collected in late August when the achenes turn tan and are easily removed from the receptacle.<br>Seeds are collected inpaper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 60 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are imbibed in water and placed into moist paper towels that are inserted into an opened plastic bag. Seeds are stratified at 1 to 3 C in the refrigerator. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18 C at night.<br>Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Seeds germinate 7 days after sowing. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings have 4 to 6 true leaves 4 weeks after germination. Seedlings were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Seedlings were fully root tight in 5 weeks. | 5 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK liquid fertilizer at 100 ppm during the early fall. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 6.5 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed; A State of the Art, Vol. 3: Forbs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Technical Report, 1982. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla glandulosa</i> Lindl. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2151 | Potentilla (glandulosa) | Rosaceae | Rose | Potentilla | glandulosa | POGL9 | See | British Columbia to Baja California, east to Rocky Mountain States; rocky places in the mountains and prairies. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 49 kg/ha (44 lb/ac). | Sticky cinquefoil | Wildland collection occurred late August when the creamy white to yellow-colored flower had turned brown and the achene was reddish-brown and hard; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 40 grams (1.4 oz) clean seed and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting).<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> soil moisture is critical during budding stage, after anthesis, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actural P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late June to late July, with a mean harvest date of July 12 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> Hand-harvesting is required because the seedheads are low to the ground.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic ziplock bags (seed is so small it may sneak out of paper containers), repeatedly punctured to prevent moisture buildup, placed in cloth or plastic seed sacks, and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Potentilla glandulosa</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2152 | Potentilla (glandulosa) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Potentilla | glandulosa | Lindl. | POGL9 | Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Blue Creek Bay, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sticky cinquefoil | Very small lot, 0.10 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Potentilla glandulosa</i> Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2153 | Potentilla (glandulosa) | Rosaceae | rose | Potentilla | glandulosa | POGL9 | This species of plant calls the western half of the US (reaching at it's farthest eastern point to South Dakota) and Canada its home. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | sticky cinquefoil | We have found it to be beneficial to break dormancy by 90 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla glandulosa</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2154 | Potentilla (gracilis) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Potentilla | gracilis | Dougl.ex Hook. | POTGRA | Idaho fescue grassland, Big Prairie, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.,1100m elevation. | <i>P. gracilis</i> occurs from grasslands to moist areas in deserts to subalpine meadows; Alaska to Baja California, east and south to the Dakotas, Nebraska and New Mexico.ÿ | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Prairie cinquefoil | Seeds are collected when the achenes turn tan and are easily removed from the receptacle in mid to late August.<br> Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 60 to 120 day cold, moist stratification.<br> | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S ,0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate 7 to 10 days after sowing. Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Seedlings develop 4 to 6 true leaves 4 weeks after germination. Seedlings were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm fertilizer during the growing season. Seedlings were fully root tight in 12 weeks and were ready for fall outplanting. | 12 weeks | Seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during the early fall. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10.5 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed; A State of the Art, Vol. 3: Forbs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Technical Report, 1982.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Lapp, Joyce; Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla gracilis</i> Dougl.ex Hook. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2155 | Potentilla (gracilis) | Rosaceae | Rose | Potentilla | gracilis | Dougl. ex Hook | POGR9 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA | Native to mesic grasslands, meadows, and open forests of western North America from Alaska south to California and east to New Mexico and Saskatchewan.<br> In eastern Washington it is usually found in mesic grassland sites and into forested areas.<br> Mean annual precipitation ranges from 20-80 inches (USDA, NRCS 2008).<br> Wetland indicator status is FAC (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Slender cinquefoil | Fruit is an achene. Seed is collected in August when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are brown in color. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. Seed from wild plants can be collected by shaking into an envelope. Plants in seed increase plantings can be cut and dried under cover on tarps or in bags. Wild plants should never be collected whole. | A western Washington ecotype germinated at 20.7% after 6 weeks cold moist stratification followed by warm germination temperatures (Drake & Ewing undated).<br> Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center comparing untreated seed with seed treated by cold moist stratification for 30 days resulted in no germination for untreated seed while stratified seed germinated at 81%. | In late November or early December seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 30 days before sowing in the greenhouse | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in late January. Germination usually begins in 6 days and is complete in 15 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Drake, Deanne, and Kern Ewing. undated. Germination Requirements of 32 Native Washington Prairie Species. Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Available online at http://www.southsoundprairies.org/documents/completedgerminationdoc.pdf Accessed 2/8/08.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 332pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Link, Ellen (ed.). 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan. 240 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Mohlenbrock, Robert H. Undated. Western Wetland Flora: A Field Office Guide to Wetland Species. USDA, NRCS Western Region. Sacramento, CA.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Patterson, Patricia A, Kenneth E. Neiman, and Jonalea R. Tonn. 1985. Field Guide to Forest Plants of Northern Idaho. General Technical Report INT-180. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, Utah. 246 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (8 February 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf Accessed 2/8/08.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla gracilis</i> Dougl. ex Hook plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2156 | Potentilla (gracilis) | Rosaceae | rose | Potentilla | gracilis | POGR9 | This plant can be found in most of the Northern and Western portions of the United States as well as the majority of Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | slender cinquefoil | On our farm we have found that 90 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification best serves breaking dormancy that might inhibit germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla gracilis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2157 | Potentilla (hippiana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Potentilla | hippiana | Lehm. | Variety | POHI6 | Mine impacted (acidic and heavy metal contaminated) bluebuch/rough fescue range type | P. hippiana occurs from the Rocky Mountains of Alberta to New Mexico and Arizona, east to Saskatchewan, the Dakotas, and Nebraska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 7 cubic inch Cone-tainer | 0 | Fully rooted containers for field transplanting. | woolly cinquefoil | Seed wild collected in August by cutting flower heads off with a sickle. | Seeds planted 0.25 inch deep in 7 cubic inch Cone-tainers containing Sunshine Mix #1 soil media, watered-in, and placed in walk-in cooler maintained at 36F (2C) for 30 days. | Following cold stratification, Cone-tainer trays are moved to a greenhouse maintained at 75 day/65 nite (24 d/18 n. Upon germination, seedlings are hand-watered approx. every other day. | Germination occurs within 10 days and is fairly uniform. First true leaves appear ~2 weeks after germination. Shoot and root development is slow. Prefers moderately dry soil conditions. Seedling are fertilized once a week with 9-45-15 liquid NPK. | Plants are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK. | Time to transplant: 16 weeks | After 12 weeks of growth the seedlings are transferred in the spring to an unheated hoophouse. In late-May plugs are transplanted into the field and irrigated frequently throughout the first growing season. | 45 days | Plant produce seed in their second growing season. Seed is harvested in mid-August in southcentral Montana at 3200 ft. | 6- year-old seed at least 50% viable | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 11th printing, 1998. | Marty, Leslie Jean. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla hippiana</i> Lehm. plants 7 cubic inch Cone-tainer; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2158 | Potentilla (nivea) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Potentilla | nivea | L. | PONIV | Scree slopes, Scenic Point, 2292m elevation. | <i>P. nivea</i> is a circumpolar arctic-alpine species that occurs from Alaska to Quebec, south in Rocky Mountains to Colorado and eastern Utah and Nevada; also in Eurasia.ÿ | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm, 10 to 15 true leaves in tight cushion.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Snow cinquefoil | Seeds are collected when achenes are turn brown in late August. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 6 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings germinate non-uniformly. Widely fluctuating temperatures during germination are needed for this high elevation species. True leaves appear 2 to 3 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants are cushion-forming and quickly fill conetainers. Plants can be produced in 16 weeks following germination. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are flushed with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla nivea</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2159 | Potentilla (pensylvanica) | Rosaceae | Potentilla | pensylvanica | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-006s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Prairie Potentilla | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed heads by crushing seeds head or using tweezers. Use of sieves helpful for separating seed from miscellaneous plant material.<p> Sprague Lake (98-006s) collected on 9/16/98. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 36 pk, 3-5 seeds/slot.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 6 days. <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination rapid and even.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 to 1-1/2 months.<p> Sprague Lake (98-006s) sowed on 10/27/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Potentilla pensylvanica</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2160 | Potentilla (tridentata) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Potentilla | tridentata | Aiton | POTR7 | Of open peaty to sandy ground, dry upland and rocky sites. Full to partial sunlight. Small plant of 3"-6" in height. Flowers white. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Three-toothed cinquefoil | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers June through July. Seed is harvested from August to October. Seeds held in a calyx on stalks a few inches above the leaves. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with 1-3 months of moist cold stratification in a cool dry place. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: ScottsRedi-earth Plug and Seeling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill tray cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Do not cover these seeds with soil as they will need light to germinate. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passes leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Potentilla tridentata</i> Aiton plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2161 | Prenanthes (racemosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Prenanthes | racemosa | Michx. | PRERAC | P. racemosa is found from Quebec and new Jersey west to Alberta and Colorado. It occupies damp prairies,meadows,and streambanks. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rattlesnake -root | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prenanthes racemosa</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2162 | Prenanthes (sagittata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Prenanthes | sagittata | (Gray) Nels. | PRESAG | Open slopes, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>P. sagitatta</i> occurs in moist, often shaded locations, from Alaska and Alberta to western Montana and northern Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 8 true leaves, 7 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 172 ml conetainer with well developed taproot. | Arrow-leaf rattlesnake-root | Seeds are hand collected in early October when achenes turn grey and are easily removed from the disc. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. A minimum of 150 day cold, moist stratification is recommended for other species in this genus. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Germination was higher when seeds were surface sown vs. seeds that were covered with medium or grit.<br> Growing medium used is 70% milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% washed sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th.<br>Initial germination appeared uniform.<br>Seedlings were thinned at the true leaf stage. After seedlings are well established, they must dry down slightly between irrigations. | 6 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination.<br> Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season.<br> Plants were fully root tight 7 weeks after germination. Plants were 3 to 4 cm in height with 6 to 8 true leaves. This is a taprooted species; the root increased to 1 cm in diameter by late September.<br>Some individuals were flowering 4 months after germination. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9.5 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice,Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prenanthes sagittata</i> (Gray) Nels. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2163 | Primula (parryi) | Primulaceae | Primrose family | Primula | parryi | Gray | PRPA | Wind Rivers, WY | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Parry's Primrose | Seeds were hand collected August 13, 2002. | 2 replicates of 10 seeds each recieved a cold and moist treatment of 2-4 Celsius for 0, 2, and 4 weeks. The petri dishes were checked for germination for a period of 3 weeks following there treatments. The results were that O weeks produced 25% germination, 2 weeks produced 95%, and 4 weeks produced 70% germination. A short cold and moist period of 2-4 weeks at 2-4 Celsius enhanced germination of this species. | Seeds were moved to 20D/10N following pretreatment. Seeds were held with 12 hrs light durring all stages of germ trial. | Seeds were transplanted off blotter paper and into soilless media if they were found to have germinated. Young germlings were moved to Rootrainers containing soil less medium following germination. germlings remained on mist table with bottom heat for Approximately 2 weeks before moving into greenhouse at 25D/10N C. | Utley, Matthew C.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Primula parryi</i> Gray plants Red Butte Garden Salt Lake City, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2164 | Pritchardia (affinis) | Arecaceae | Palm | Pritchardia | affinis | Becc. | leeward coastal and inland gulches, 0 - 600 m | Endemic to South Kona, Hawaii | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height 30 cm; Stem diameter: 3 cm | Hawaiian fan palm, loulu | Loulu flowers and fruits year-round. However, rats and other pests eat the mature seeds. Cross pollination with other primarily exotic Pritchardia species is common, so hand pollination is required to obtain true seed. After hand pollination, bagging the flower stalk in tough screen followed by a paper bag helps to deter predators and reduces the chance of cross pollination with other species of Pritchardia. Seeds are mature when they turn from green to brown. | After collecting mature seeds, remove the outer husk. Soaking the seeds in water for 24 hours softens the outer seed coat, allowing it to be rubbed off by hand. | Seedlings can be grown in a covered or uncovered growing area, although moderate shade during germination and early growth is necessary. One gallon root-training containers are used such as Roottrainers (Whitcomb). A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. | Fresh and healthy cleaned seeds may be sown directly in containers. Seeds may also be sown in seed beds half-buried, and transplanted into containers as they sprout (at or before the two or four leaf stage). Ensure that the medium is kept moist. Germination takes 2 months or longer. | 3 months | Seedlings should be grown in light shade. Keep seedlings well spaced apart to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. Scale insects or mealy bugs sometimes appear, and should be treated with insecticidal soap. | 10 months | During the final two months, sun exposure should gradually be increased, while watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 2 months | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned for cleaning and reuse after the planting is complete. | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1989. Plant of the Month: Loulu, Pritchardis affinis. Hawaii Plant Conservation Center, NTBG, Lawai, HI <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/pri-spp.htm <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pritchardia affinis</i> Becc. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2165 | Prockia (crucis) | Flacourtiaceae | Flacourtia family | Prockia | crucis | P. Br. ex L. | PROCRU | St. Croix | P. crucis is found in Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and throught the Lesser Antilles to Tobago. It is also widespread from southern Mexico to Honduras and Guatemala, and to Brazil and Argentina.<br>In St. Croix this species is found primarily in the north west of part of the island on hills and in ravines.It is, perhaps, a riparian species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon | 18 Months | Months | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root Plug: Firm Root pLug in 1 gallon container.<br> | guasimilla | Collect entire fruits from the tree when they mature. | Fruits are crumbled over germination trays filled with a commercial potting soil. | Seeds germinate in flats in a bout 10 days. The cotyledons are very small, 1 mm long. | Growth of seedlings is very slow. | Seedlings are hardened for three months prior to out-planting. | 3 months | Little, E.L., Woodbury, R.O. and Wadsworth, F.H. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Vol II. Agricultural Handbook No. 449. USDA Forest Service. Washington D.C. 1024 pp. | O'Reilly, Rudy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prockia crucis</i> P. Br. ex L. plants 1 gallon; USDA NRCS Virgin Islands Field Office Gallows Bay, Christiansted, St. Croix, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2166 | Propsopis (pubescens) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Propsopis | pubescens | Benth. | PROPUB | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Propsopis pubescens</i> is found in washes and canyons below 2,500 ft elevation; from southern California to Texas south to Lower California and Chihuahua, Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Screwbean | Seeds are hand collected when pods have matured. Inspect seeds for larval damage during collection and cleaning. | Seeds are carefully scarified by clipping. Be cautious not to clip too much and on the flat side of the seed.<br>Seeds are placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily.<br>Germination %:100% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Propsopis pubescens</i> Benth. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2167 | Prosopis (glandulosa) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Prosopis | glandulosa | Torr. | PROGLA | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Prosopis glandulosa</i> is common in washes below 5,000 ft elevation from northwestern Mexico to California east to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Honey Mesquite | Seeds are hand collected in December when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are hand scarified by clipping. Seeds are directly sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %:100% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in)in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prosopis glandulosa</i> Torr. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2168 | Prosopis (velutina) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Prosopis | velutina | Wooton | Madrean Archipelago | Grows below 1700m (5600ft) in desert plains and washes across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico (Anderson and Roberts). It is the dominant tree species along washes and provides important food and shelter for a variety of animals (Uchytil 1990). | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Velvet Mesquite | Collect the entire pods. They should be a beige color (not green) and snap easily off the tree. Unlike other members of the Fabaceae, P. velutina pods will not pop open when they are ripe. | Scarification is needed for P. velutina to achieve acceptable germination rates. In the wild this is accomplished when the pods are consumed by animals and the seeds pass through the digestive tract (Uchytil, 1990). Over time, weathering may also break the seed coat enough for germination to occur (Uchytil, 1990). In testing scarification methods for P. farcta, Majd et al. found that cutting the seed coat with a scalpel produced the highest germination rates (68-89%) while immersing the seeds in boiling water for five minutes produced decent but lower germination rates (28-54%) and was significantly less time-intensive for large amounts of seed. Although their studies involved a different species of mesquite, scarification methods seem to be consistent across the genus, and use of scalding water to break the dormancy period has been recommended for P. velutina (Anderson and Roberts).
| Anderson, M. Kat and Warren Roberts. “Plant Guide for Prosopis velutina Woot.” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-National Resources Conservation Service, National Plant Data Center, University of California, Davis, California. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_prve.pdf [2017, January 9].
Majd, Roghayeh, et al. "Evaluating of Some Treatments on Breaking seed Dormancy in Mesquite." International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 4.7 (2013): 1433-1439. Uchytil, Ronald J. “Prosopis velutina.” Fire Effects Information System. USDA - United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 1990. Web. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/provel/all.html [2017, January 10]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prosopis velutina</i> Wooton Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2169 | Prunella (vulgaris) | Lamiaceae | mint | Prunella | vulgaris | PRVU | This plant can be found in almost all of North America | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | common selfheal | In our experience there is no treatment needed prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse for germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunella vulgaris</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2170 | Prunus (americana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | americana | Marsh. | PRUAME | P. americana is found throughout North america. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American plum | Seeds are cold stratified for 150 days and germinate at 21 C. | Giersbach, J. and Crocker, W. (1932). Germination and storage of wild plum seeds. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 4, 39-51.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus americana</i> Marsh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2171 | Prunus (americana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | americana | Marsh. | PRUAME | South Central Missouri | American plum is found from Massachusetts west to Manitoba and western Montana, and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona, and eastward to northwestern Florida. It is found on moist to dry sites ranging from the plains to lower elevations in the mountains. It is common in riparian areas, open woods, pastures, prairie ravines and coulee bottoms. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 to 30 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Wild Plum | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.The fleshy fruits are yellow to red drupes, at least 20 cm (0.8 in) in diameter, with yellow flesh and a compressed pit. Pits are light brown are maturity. Fruits ripen in September. | We never sow fresh seeds and only sow seeds that have been in freezer storage for 1 year. We obtain high rates of germination from one year old seeds. It is possible that at least our seed sources have an after-ripening period or break deep dormancy when when stored at freezing temperatures for a period of time.<br> Seeds are sown in late October by hand into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least 2 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Grisez TJ, Barbour JR, Karrfalt RP. 2004. The genus Prunus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Prunus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Prunus americana</i> Marsh. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2172 | Prunus (americana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | americana | Marsh. | PRUAME | Native in the midwest and eastern U.S. | Occurs from Massachusetts to Montana, and as far south as New Mexico, central Texas, and northwest Florida | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 20 cubic inch root plug | 5 Months | Months | Height: 10-12 inches Caliper: 0.25 inch Root System: a firm plug | American plum | Seed is purchased from a seed company. | Soak seed in running water bath for 48 hours to imbibe. "Floaters", or empty seeds are discarded. Cold stratify in media (50%/50% peat/vermiculite) for 160 days at 33-40 degrees F. | Nursery grit is applied as a top-covering after seeds are sown in 45/340 Styroblock containers (Beaver Plastics). We grow seedlings in an open-sided greenhouse, equipped with a traveling boom irrigation system. Germination temperatures range diurnally from 60-80 degrees F. | Sow in mid May. Germination occurs 7-10 days after sowing. Water daily until seeds are germinated. Begin fertilizing with Scott's Plant Starter 8-45-14, at 42 ppm N during the third week after sowing. | 5 weeks | At 5 weeks after sowing, switch to a growing regime of Scotts Plant Grower 20-7-19 at 100 ppm N alternating with Solution Grade Calcium Nitrate 15.5% at 100 ppm N. Fertilize about twice a week. Top prune the growing seedlings 2-3 times during the summer to end up with a height of 10-12 inches. | 8 weeks | When days become shorter and nights cooler in mid-August, switch to Scotts Plant Finisher 4-25-35 at 24 ppm N. Fertilize every 3-7 days depending on the weather. Generally apply less water and fertilizer as it gets colder and wetter in the fall. | 3 months | By November, root plugs should be firm and leaves fallen off. We pull and pack seedlings into plastic bags, and store inside plastic totes in a cooler at 28-32 degrees F. SHIPPING: Each client can choose their spring ship date, generally between February and May. We ship by UPS and only on Mondays and Tuesdays each week so that plants arrive at their destination before the weekend. | 3-6 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974. | Morrison, Susan J.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus americana</i> Marsh. plants 20 cubic inch root plug; University of Idaho Pitkin Forest Nursery Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2173 | Prunus (angustifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | angustifolia | Marsh. | PRUANG | South Central Missouri | Chickasaw plum is found from southern Nebraska to Texas and east to Florida and north to the Midwestern states and New Jersey. It inhabits sand dunes, prairie ravines, stream valleys, pastures, old fields and roadsides. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> RootSystem: Root system must balance top growth. | Chickasaw plum | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.The fleshy fruits are drupes that are red to yellow in color and 10 to 20 mm (0.39 to 0.78 in) in diameter. | We fall sow 1 year old seeds held in freezer storage in late October using a Love seeder. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least 2 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Grisez TJ, Barbour JR, Karrfalt RP. 2004. The genus Prunus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Prunus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Prunus angustifolia</i> Marsh. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2174 | Prunus (angustifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | angustifolia | Marshall. | PRAN3 | Buckhorn Area | Sandy savannah range site-tall and mid-grass community-87% grasses, 3% forbs, 10% woody species; and Eroded Prairie range site-mid/tall-grass community-96% grasses, 3% forbs, 1% woody species. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 10 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> 2 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Sucker roots forming several thickets. | Chickasaw plum | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Morris Houck and Tom Taylor in 8/91. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Stratification in wet sand or sphagnum peat moss for 60 days in a refrigerator at 36 to 48 degrees Fahrenheit. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation and cultivation.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1 gallon container.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Field nursery with firm beds---sow seeds in spring with 1/2 - 3/4 inch of topsoil.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil is irrigated during the summer months before and after germination to ease growth. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Roots occur rapidly following germination. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Irrigation is gradually reduced, after growth is 3 ft. tall. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late spring - early summer. <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> May-July.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> 33-54§ Fahrenheit and low humidity seed room and seeds are in a closed container to maintain moisture. | How to Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest, 290-292; U.S. Department of Agriculture 1974, 658-673; Vines 1960, 397-398; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Prunus angustifolia</i> Marshall. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2175 | Prunus (emarginata) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | emarginata | (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. | PREM | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Mud Lake, Oregon; 5000 ft. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bitter cherry | Small lot, 24.5 pounds, hand collected into plastic bucket. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Prunus emarginata</i> (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2176 | Prunus (ilicifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | ilicifolia | (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. | PRUILI | Marin County, California | <i>P. ilicifolia</i> is found on dry slopes and fans, mostly below 5,000 feet elevation; from the Coast ranges and Napa County south to Lower California and Santa Catalina and San Clemente islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Hollyleaf Cherry | Seeds are collected between January 6th and January 10th.<br> Mature fruitsred to blue-black.<br> Seed is tan and hard at maturity. | Soak seeds overnight in fresh water. Rinse in 5% bleach solution for 1 minute and rinse thoroughly in water. Place seeds in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of perlite. Place in stratification at 40 F in a refrigerator for 1 to 3 months or until seeds begin to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 1 seed is sown per 2" x 10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand<br> Seeds are planted 1 times the seed diameter to depth.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on March 1st.<br> % Germination: 25% | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus ilicifolia</i> (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2177 | Prunus (pensylvanica) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | pensylvanica | L. f. | PRUPEN | P. pensylvanica is found within temperate deciduous forests of North | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pin cherry | Seeds are cold stratified for 120 days and germinate at 20 C. In another study, seeds are cold stratified for 60 to 90 days and germinate at 30/5 C. | Hilton, R. J., Jaswal, A. S., Teskey, B. J. E. and Barabas, B. (1965). Rest period studies on seeds of Amelanchier, Prunus, and Sorbus. Can. J. Plant Sci. 45, 79-85.<br>Laidlaw, T. F. (1987). Drastic temperature fluctuation - the key to efficient germination of pin cherry. Tree Plant. Notes 38(3), 30-32.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus pensylvanica</i> L. f. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2178 | Prunus (serotina) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | serotina | PRUSER | National Capital Parks-East | Nova Scotia west to North Dakota and south to Florida, Arizona, and Guatemala. Found along road and forest edges and in thickets. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1-1/2 to 2 gallon container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> 36-48 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, fibrous rootball inside container. | Black cherry | Collected at National Capital Parks-east, Oxon Run Parkway by J. Kujawski on 8/26/97. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> We sowed seed outdoors in the fall to take advantage of natural stratification. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sowing seed in rows.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Plants harvested bareroot were transplanted into 1 gallon containers and later 2 gallon containers for Parks.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Container materials were planted into woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endomycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> October.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seedlings emerged in the spring following fall sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds were hand sown into rows (rows were 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds were spaced 1/4 to 1/2 inch apart in rows). Endomycorrhizae were sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 1/4 to 1/2 inch of soil. The beds were then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Sawdust mulch was scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings were monitored closely for irrigation needs. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, almost all seedlings in our woody plant nursery beds are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization in the woody plant beds is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Bareroot seedlings were harvested after 1 year in the field; container plants were ready after 1 additional growing season.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Black cherry seedlings were harvested bareroot in December, after 1 growing season.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants were bundled into groups and long roots were trimmed. Bundles were placed into plastic bins and roots were covered with sawdust. Bins were placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size and larger container plants were stored outside under 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket was secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed was only stored for a few months after it was cleaned, in a paper envelope at 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> Black cherry has embryo dormancy (USDA, 1974) that can be overcome by stratification. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> Kujawski, J. 1997, 1998 Annual Report to the National Park Service for Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Prunus serotina</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2179 | Prunus (serotina) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | serotina | Ehrh. | PRUSER | P. serotina is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black cherry | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 to 60 days and germinate at21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1928). Hastening the germination of southern pine seeds. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. Prof. Paper 1(9), 58-69.<br>Barton, L. V. (1939). Experiments at Boyce Thompson Institute on germination and dormancy of seeds. Sci. Hort. 7, 186-193.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus serotina</i> Ehrh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2180 | Prunus (serotina) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | serotina | Ehrh. | PRSE2 | Moist to somewhat dry sites. Full sun to partial shade. A tree up to 60' in height. Small white flowers. Usually had a strip of rust colored pubescence along the mid rib on the underside of the leaves. Has aromatic bark. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black cherry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May-July. Seed is harvested from July to October. | Four months of moist cold stratification is required. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least four months. Cold store until planted (up to 3yrs). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of standard U.V. 3HL 6mil (J.R. Johnsons Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"X8.5"X4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press seeds into the dirt. Sow black cherry seeds at all times of the year due to their slow growth rate and variable germination. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. to the end of Dec., the greenhouse thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When the danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greehouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus serotina</i> Ehrh. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2181 | Prunus (serotina) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | serotina | Ehrh. | PRUSER | South Central Missouri | Blackcherry is found throughout eastern North America from western Minnesota south to eastern Texas, and eastward to the Atlantic coast from central Florida to Nova Scotia. It is also found further west in the mountains of western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, and south to Mexico and Guatemala. It is common in mesic open woods, deciduous forests, an along fences rows. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Black cherry | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mileradius of the nursery.The fleshy fruits are shiny, black drupes that are and 7 to 10 mm (0.27 to 0.39in) in diameter. Fruits mature from late August to September. | We sow only one year old seeds that have been held in freezer storage.<br> We sow seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear @ 9 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least 2 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulchafter sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Grisez TJ, Barbour JR, Karrfalt RP. 2004. The genus Prunus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Prunus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Prunus serotina</i> Ehrh. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2182 | Prunus (serotina) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | serotina | PRSE2 | Monongahela National Forest | Widely distributed throughout the eastern 1/2 of the US. | Not known to be invasive in the US. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 2 Years | Years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting by hand with at least 12" top growth and a healthy root system. | Black cherry | Mature fruit are harvested from existing healthy stands of black cherry within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest. | Seeds are direct sown in the fall to allow for natural cold stratification. | Area for planting of the seeds is roto-tilled to a depth of 4 - 6 inches in long strips. | Seeds are hand sewn directly onto the tilled soil surface with an approximate rate of 30 seeds per square foot. Seeds are pressed into the soil by walking on them to ensure good seed to soil contact. They are then covered with a 1/2 - 1 inch layer of soil. A layer of clean straw is placed on top of the soil surface to reduce heaving in the winter. Screens are placed over the beds to prevent predation by rodents. | 8 months | Germination begins in the spring after the cold stratification period. A radicle is produced first and then the shoot emerges. | 6 - 9 months | No hardening phase is required because the seedlings are being produce in a natural setting and are still dormant when lifted. | N/A | Seedlings are lifted in early spring prior to breaking dormancy. The tap roots are often very long and the seedlings may be difficult to remove from the soil. Seedlings are placed in barrels with the roots covered with moist sawdust. Seedling are stored in a cooler at 34 degrees Fahrenheit until ready to be shipped in early spring. Seedlings are bundled together for shipment with moist sphagnum placed around the root systems to prevent drying out. | 1 - 4 weeks | Bonner, F.T. & R.P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody Plants Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727.
<br><br> USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Prunus serotina</i> plants 1+0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2183 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRUVIR | Open forested slopes, Saint Mary, 1371m elev. | <i>P. virginiana</i> occurs from B.C. to Newfoundland, south to California east throughout the Western States to New Mexico, also the Dakotas, Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and North Carolina.<br>Chokecherry is common in lower-elevation coniferous forests. It also occurs in montane chaparral, mountain shrub communities, and the upper limits of treeline in the mountains. In Great Plains grasslands, it mostly occurs in wooded draws, grassland-woodland interfaces, and riparian zones. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainers. | Common chokecherry | Fruits are collected in September when flesh color is deep red to black.<br>Seeds are tan at maturity.<br>Fruits are collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed in 3:1 (v:v) water:3%hydrogen peroxide soak for 10 minutes, followed by a 48 hour running water rinse. Seeds are placed into a 90 day cold, moist stratification.<br> Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags after pretreatment and buried in moist peat moss in a ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3C.<br>Seeds often begin to crack or germinate at 3ø C during cold, moist stratification after 90 days, and are planted as germinants. Do not sow seed lot until there is visible cracking in at least 50% of stratified seeds. Some seed sources may require a longer stratification period (up to 150 days). | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Planting Germinants. Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Cotyledon to true leaf stage is 2 weeks. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and increase in height to 17 centimeters in 8 weeks. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Pots are flushed with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 7 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. One final irrigation is applied prior to overwintering. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press,7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p>Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished.<p> 1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2184 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRUVIR | P. virginiana is found throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Chokecherry | Seeds are cold stratified for 120 to 160 days and germinate at 25/10 C.<br> In another study, seeds are stratified for 112 to 168 days and germinate at 27/21 C.<br> Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 to 160 days. | Grisez, T. J. (1974). Prunus L. Cherry, peach, and plum. Pp. 658-673. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Lockley, G. C. (1980). Germination of chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 8, 237-244.<br>Shaw, N. (1984). Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. Pp. 6-15. In: P. M. Murphy (compiler). The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area. Proceedings Intermountain Nurseryman's Association 1983 Conference, 8-11 August 1983, Las Vegas, Nevada. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2185 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRVI | Almost everywhere except wet ground. Species of fencerows, roadsides, dry open rocky and sandy ground, shores and openings as well as dune thickets, jack pine plains, river banks, and borders of woods and in thin woods. A shrub or small tree. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Chokecherry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from April to July. Seed is harvested from August to September. Berry-like pommes. Fruit is deep red-purple when ripe. Extremely astringent, mouth puckering! | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for three to six months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil withwater, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes on the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow chokecherry seeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2186 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRUVIR | Utah | <i>P. virginiana</i>is found throughout North America. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height:10 in<br> Caliper:3/16 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Chokecherry | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Mature fruit is a red to black cherry containing one seed. | N/A | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.50 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 20 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid-November of the second year wjen seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is heeled into a field bed of course sandy loam.<br>They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2187 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRUVIR | Glacier National Park ecotypes 9075856 (Bowman Lake Road), 9058336 (St. Mary Campground), 9054553 (Lake McDonald), and 9057895 (Big Creek Campground). | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 bareroot | 2 Years | Years | Common chokecherry | Rototill the seedbed to break up clods and level the site. Soil moisture needs to be such that rototilling leaves behind a fine, fluffy seedbed. Lightly firm the seedbed with a roller or packer prior to sowing if the soil surface is too soft. Sow 25 to 50 seeds per linear foot to a depth of 0.25 to 0.5 inches. We maintain a 4-ft wide bed (5-ft between beds), and plant 3 to 4 rows of seeds per bed depending on production interval. We cover our seeds with excelsior mat to maintain soil moisture and minimize animal predation. We fall sow fresh chokecherry in October or November. Germination usually occurs the following spring, but additional germination may occur the second spring after sowing. | We harvest 2-0 or 3-0 bareroot plants as soon as the ground thaws in early spring. A "U" blade mounted to a 3-point system on the back of a tractor is used. Beds are undercut in two directions (lengthwise) prior to using the blade to lift the plants. Bundles of 10 to 25 plants are tied together, the roots trimmed to a uniform length then packed in moist sphagnum or peat moss wrapped in plastic. The plants are stored in a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity until needed and then shipped in heavy wax coated boxes as priority ground mail early in the week. | Fully dormant bareroot plants store well for several weeks at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. plants 2+0 bareroot; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2188 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRUVIR | Glacier National Park ecotypes | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 40-cubic-inch or larger pots | 0 | Common chokecherry | Sow fresh seed in 10- to 40-cubic-inch containers for 1-y stock, 40-cubic inch or large for 2-y or older. Sow seeds in a sterile well-drained peat-lite mix to a depth of 0.25 to 0.50 inches. Moisten the seeds and media and leave overnight in a warm location to imbibe water. Move the containers to a 34 to 37øF cooler for a4- to 5-month cold moist chilling. Cold moist stratification of the seed in a sand:peat mix in a ventilated ziplock bag for 4 to 5 months and then sowing works equally well. | Move containerized seedlings or rooted cuttings started (or held) in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in an outdoor hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plantmaterial that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. plants 40-cubic-inch or larger pots; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2189 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRUVIR | South Central Missouri | Chokecherry is found from Alaska south and east across all the Canadian provinces to Ontario and southwestern Quebec. In the United States, it ranges south into all states except Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. The botanical varieties var. melanocarpa and var. demissa are primarily found in western North America, while var. virginiana is mostly Midwestern to eastern in distribution. Chokecherry is common in lower-elevation coniferous forests. It also occurs in montane chaparral, mountain shrub communities, and the upper limits of treeline in the mountains. Oue seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Chokecherry | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.The fleshy fruits are red, reddish-purple, or black drupes and are 6 to 12 mm (0.23 to 0.47 on) in diameter. | We fall sow seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear at 7.5 setting. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Grisez TJ, Barbour JR, Karrfalt RP. 2004. The genus Prunus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Prunus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2190 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRVI | Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Fernan Lake, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2140 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Chokecherry | Very small lot, 0.86 pounds, hand collected into ziplock bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2191 | Pseudognaphalium (californicum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Pseudognaphalium | californicum | (DC.) A. Anderb. | Gnaphalium | californicum | DC. | PSECAL | P. californicum is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Ladies tobbacco | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 33% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudognaphalium californicum</i> (DC.) A. Anderb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2192 | Pseudognaphalium (sandwicensium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Pseudognaphalium | sandwicensium | Variety | sandwicensium | (Gaud.) A. Anderb | Gnaphalim | sandwicensium | Gaud. | PSESAN | Midway Atoll | Endemic to Hawai'i. In Hawai'i, found on all the main islands except Kaho'olawe and also on Midway and Kure Atolls. It grows in dry places such as coastal sand dunes near sea level, and also inland on cinder or lava at up to 3000 m elevation. On Midway, 'ena ena can be found along the coast and occasionally inland often in dry consolidated sand. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 inch containerized seedling | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Ena 'ena | Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked overnight in water.<br> Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 1 to 2 months | 3 to 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium</i> plants 3.5 inch containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2193 | Pseudoroegeneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass | Pseudoroegeneria | spicata | PSSPS | Piceance Basin Colorado | Rio Blanco County Road 20 located in the Piceance Basin in Colorado. Ecological zones include big sagebrush, greasewood, Sandberg's bluegrass, Utah sweetvetch, western wheatgrass, pinyon, Utah juniper and rabbitbrush. Elevation 6200 to 6800 feet. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | bluebunch wheatgrass | Seed was collected in mid June to late July from the Piceance Basin area. It was collected when the inflorescence was dry and the seed was in the hard dough stage. Inflorescence was clipped from the plant and was stored in paper bags at room temperature until seed was cleaned in the winter. | No treatment is necessary for this species. Prior to planting, a germination test was performed on the bluebunch, it had a 96 percent germination. | Propagation Environment: Seed beds were firm and weed free. In August, the seed was directly seeded into the ground and germinated by October of that year. Plants then went dormant for the winter and re-emerged in the spring of the following year. | Sowing date: August Sowing/Planting Technique: 30-33 pure live seeds/ft. Seeded with a belt seeder at 0.25 inches depth. | Two growing seasons to achieve seed heads. | Rapid growth occurred in the warmer summer months. | Three months | Seed was harvested by hand with clippers and placed in paper bags. Bags were stored at room temperature. | USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 29 December 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Blanke, Terri; Woodruff, Heather. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pseudoroegeneria spicata</i> plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2194 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | PSSPS | See | Plains, dry slopes, canyons and dry open woods, middle elevations in the mountains; northern Michigan to Alaska, south to western South Dakota, New Mexico, and California. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 130 kg/ha (116 lbs/ac). | Bluebunch wheatgrass | Wildland collection occurs late July to late August when caryopsis are tan-brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the open panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person yielded 177 grams (6.2 oz) clean seed (varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with two-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Spring to fall; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup--no irrigation is applied during flowering pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs mid to late July, with a mean harvest date of July 19 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"--a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper--is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2195 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | (Pursh) Gould | Sub-species | spicata | (Pursh ) A. L”ve | Agropyron | spicatum | (Pursh) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. | PSESPI | <i>Festuca idahoensis</i> grassland, Rising Sun, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>P. spicata</i> ssp. <i>spicata</i> is widespread east of the Cascades, Alaska to California, east to Alberta, the Dakotas, south throughout the western states to New Mexico. It grows from the plains to middle elevations in the mountains. It is the climax vegetation of many areas in the Pacific Northwest and Intermountain States, forming up to 60% over the grassland cover in many areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container seedlings<br> Height: 10 to 20 true leaves, 25 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Bluebunch wheatgrass | Seeds are collected when florets turn papery and tan. Seeds areis easily stripped out of floret in mid to late August. | None. Germination occurs at 21C. Germination is reported to be higher in the presence of light. 2 year old seed was used. Fresh seed should be stratified or dry stored for 6 months prior to sowing. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with media.<br> Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred at 21C. | 3 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. Some individuals flowered and set seed 3 months after germination. | 9 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water once before winterization. | 2 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 12 weeks to root tightness<br>Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed, A State of the Art. Vol. 2: Grasses, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Technical Report, 1982.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Lapp, Joyce; Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (Pursh) Gould plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2196 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | (Pursh) A Love | Sub-species | spicata | Agropyron | spicatum | Pursh | PSESPI | P. spicata ssp. spicata is found throughout western North America; From British Columbia and Alberta south to Texas and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bluebunch wheatgrass | Germination occurs at 25D/5N C alternating temperature cycle. | Young, J. A., Eckert, R. E., Jr. and Evans, R. A. (1981). Temperature profiles for germination of blue-bunch and beardless wheatgrasses. J. Range Manage. 34, 84-89.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (Pursh) A Love plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2197 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | PSSPS | See | Plains, dry slopes, canyons and dry open woods, middle elevations in the mountains; northern Michigan to Alaska, south to western South Dakota, New Mexico, and California. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 104 kg/ha (93 lbs/ac). | Bluebunch wheatgrass | Wildland collection occurs late July to late August when caryopsis are tan-brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the open panicle; easily hand-harvested.<p> One collection hour/person yielded 85 grams (3 oz) clean seed (varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Spring to fall; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup--no irrigation is applied during flowering pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to late July, with a mean harvest date of July 17 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"--a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper--is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials andbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2198 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | (Pursh) A. Love | Sub-species | inermis | (Scribn & J.G. Sm.) A. Love | Agropyron | spicatum | (Pursh) Scrib. & J.G. Sm. | Sub-species | inerme | (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Heller | PSSPI | Palouse | Arid and semi-arid portions of the western US and Canada east to Montana and south to Texas, except California and Arizona, where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-35 inches. In eastern Washington it is one of the dominant native grasses from sagebrush to Ponderosa pine ecosystems. It, along with Idaho fescue, <i>Festuca idahoensis</i>, constitute the major portion ofthe grass species of the Palouse Prairie. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Beardless bluebunch wheatgrass | Seed ripens in mid to late July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence by hand or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<p>145,000 seeds/lb. (USDA, NRCS. 2004).<br>95-150,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell, et al. 1996). | Seed germinates well without pretreatment.<br> Bluebunch wheatgrass will germinate under a wide variety of soil temperatures (Young, Eckert & Evans. 1981). | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of 1/4 to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, J.A., R.E. Eckert, Jr., and R.A. Evans. 1981. Temperature profiles for Germination of Bluebunch and Beardless Wheatgrasses. Journal of Range Management, 34:84-89. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (Pursh) A. Love plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2199 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | (Pursh) A. Love | Sub-species | spicata | Agropyron | spicatum | (Pursh) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. | Variety | spicatum | PSSPS | Arid and semi-arid portions of the western US and Canada east to Montana and south to Texas, except California and Arizona, where mean annual precipitation ranges from 10-35 inches. In eastern Washington it is one of the dominant native grasses from sagebrush to Ponderosa pine ecosystems. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Years | Years | Tight root plug in container. | Bluebunch wheatgrass | Seed ripens in mid to late July in the Pullman area. It is collected when the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<p>126,000 seeds/lb. (USDA, NRCS. 2004).<br>95-150,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell, et al. 1996). | Seed germinates well without pretreatment. <br>Bluebunch wheatgrass will germinate under a wide variety of soil temperatures (Young, Eckert & Evans. 1981). | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of 1/4 to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 5 days and is complete in 10 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, J.A., R.E. Eckert, Jr., and R.A. Evans 1981. Temperature profiles for Germination of Bluebunch and Beardless Wheatgrasses. Journal of Range Management, 34:84-89. | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (Pursh) A. Love plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2200 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | (Pursh) A. Love | Sub-species | inerme (Whitmar) | (Scribn & J.G. Sm.) A. Love | Agropyron | spicatum | (Pursh) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. | Sub-species | inermis (Whitmar) | (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Heller | PSSPI | Arid and semi-arid portions of the western US and Canada east to Montana and south to Texas, except California and Arizona, where mean annual precipitation ranges from 15-35 inches. In eastern Washington it is one of the dominant native grasses in meadow-steppe and Ponderosa pine ecosystems. It, along with Idaho fescue, <i>Festuca idahoensis</i>, constitute the major portion of the grass species of the Palouse Prairie.<br>"Whitmar" was originally collected near Colton, WA and released in 1946. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Beardless bluebunch wheatgrass | For dryland seedings which receive less than 16 inches mean annual precipitation, fall dormant seedings are preferred. Dryland plantings made in areas receiving 18 or more inches of annual precipitation should be sown in the spring. In areas receiving 16-18 inches of precipitation, either spring or fall seedings can be made. Irrigated seedings may be made at any time. <br>Beardless bluebunch wheatgrass will germinate under a wide variety of soil temperatures (Young, Eckert & Evans. 1981). | In April or early May, seed is sown in 36 inch wide rows at a rate of 30-40 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. This can be accomplished by no-till seeding techniques or by conventional tillage followed by a roller or packer. <br>Seed is sown as early in the spring as possible. Early seedings are more likely to be affected by soil crusting, which will prevent emergence of the seedlings. Later seedlings are less likely to be affected by soil crusting, but are more prone to failure if the soil dries out before establishment. <br>Seed must be placed no more than « inch deep in the soil. Native grass seeds do not have enough endosperm reserves to emerge from depths greater than « inch.<br> No fertilizer is applied during the establishment year.<p>145,000 seeds/lb. (USDA, NRCS. 2004).<br>95-150,000 seeds/lb. (Hassell, et al. 1996). | If moisture is available in the seed zone, germination in the field will begin in 8-10 days and is usually complete in 14 days.<br>Bromoxynil may be used for broadleaf weed control while the grass is in the seedling stage. Phenoxy herbicides should not be applied until the seedlings have begun to tiller. Cultivation should be used with caution on young seedlings. They are easily uprooted or covered with soil. | 1 growing season | Established seed increase plantings are cultivated and rogued to control weeds and off-type grasses. Phenoxy herbicides may be used before the plants reach the boot stage. <br>80 lbs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the fall. <br>Seed increase plantings will produce seed in the second season and continue to produce abundant seed for 4-5 more seasons. | Seed ripens in mid to late July in the Pullman area. When the inflorescence begins to dry and the seed is in the soft to hard dough stage but before it shatters from the inflorescence, plants are cut with a swather and laid in windrows in the field. Windrows areallowed to dry in the field for 6-7 days, then threshed with a combine equipped with a grass pickup attachment on the header. Harvested seed is stored at ambient temperatures in boxes or woven bags until cleaned. | Hassell, et al. 1996. Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species. USDI National Park Service and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Kelley, Clarence A. 1988. Basics of Establishing Grass Seedings for Conservation. In: 1988 Annual Tech. Report. USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. Pullman, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (Pursh) A. Love seeds USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2201 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Grass family | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | (Pursh) A. L”ve | Cultivar | PSSP6 | Wenatchee National Forest, Leavenworth Ranger District, Washington; 2700 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bluebunch Wheatgrass | Small lot, .375 pounds, hand collected into plastic bags. | Storage: Freezer Storage | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> (Pursh) A. L”ve seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2202 | Pseudoroegneria (spicata) | Poaceae | Pseudoroegneria | spicata | Colorado, Alluvial Fan (98-157s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Broad-glumed Wheatgrass | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed may not need cleaning. Tried to removed seeds, but there were very few viable seeds, so this may be unecessary for germination.<p> Alluvial Fan (98-157s) collected on 8/29/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> None. Not successful.<p> Alluvial Fan (98-157s) sowed 12/17/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pseudoroegneria spicata</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2203 | Pseudotsuga (menziesii) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pseudotsuga | menziesii | (Mirabl.) Franco | PSEMEN | P. menziesii is found from Britiah Columbia and Alberta south to Mexico and along the Pacific coast to central California in the coast and Sierran ranges. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Douglas-fir | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 120 days, 28 days. Germination occurs at 20 C and 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Allen, G. S. (1958). Factors affecting the viability and germination behavior of coniferous seed. II. Cone and seed maturity, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. For. Chron. 34, 275-282.<br>Richardson, S. D. (1959). Germination of Douglas-fir seed as affected by light, temperature, and gibberellic acid. For. Sci. 5, 174-181.<br>Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (Mirabl.) Franco plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2204 | Pseudotsuga (menziesii) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pseudotsuga | menziesii | Variety | menziesii | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1,2,3,4,and 8 Gallon Container | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | Douglas-fir | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller) or bareroot beds (1-0 and 2-0). | Seedlings are extracted from small containers or lifted from bareroot beds in winter and held in freezer storage until transplanting the following spring. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallong containers and ¬ cup for 8-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | 1 month | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David E. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> plants 1,2,3,4,and 8 Gallon Container; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2205 | Pseudotsuga (menziesii) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pseudotsuga | menziesii | (Beissn.) Franco | Variety | glauca | PSEMEN | Spruce/ Fir forest, West Glacier, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.,1100m elevation. | <i>P. menziesii</i> var. <i>glauca</i> occurs primarily in the Rocky Mountains from southeastern B.C. and Alberta south to northern and central Mexico, but also in eastern Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona.<br> | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Douglas-fir | Cones are collected in September when cones turn tan and scales begin to reflex in early fall. Mature seeds are firm and brown in color. Cones from younger trees are reported to produce larger cones with greater seed viability than trees over 100 to 200 years in age. Cones are collected using pruning poles to cut branches from trees. Cones are collected in burlap sacks and spread on a canvas tarp in a well vetiliated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Prechilling the seeds and pre soaking increases germination energy. Seeds are placed into a 1:3 (v:v) 3%hydrogen peroxide/ water soak for 10 minutes. Seeds are then placed into a 48 hour running water rinse, followed by a 30 to 45 day cold, moist stratification at 3C.<br> Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and buried in milled moist sphagnum peat moss in a well ventilated container. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>After moving them to the outdoor nursery, seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Medium is kept evenly moist (but not saturated)during germination. Germination continues for 21 days after sowing. Seedlings are thinned at the birdcage stage. Seedlings shed the seedcoats 7 to 10 days after emergence.<br> After seedlings are well established, they must dry down slightly between irrigations. This practice prevents the incidence of post-emergence damping-off disease and other root diseases. | 3 weeks | Seedlings were fertilized with 25-10-10 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during the growing season. Seedlings should be inoculated with mycorrhizae (<i>Rhizopogon vinicolor</i>) at the accelerated growth stage, which is usually reached by week 8.<br>Plants were fully root tight 25 weeks after germination and averaged 10 cm in height. | 22 weeks | Seedlings are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once before winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: October<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. ÿ | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (Beissn.) Franco plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2206 | Pseudotsuga (menziesii) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Pseudotsuga | menziesii | Variety | menziesii | Psemen | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 22 Months | Months | Height: 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 inches). <br> Caliper: >4mm <br> Root system must balance top growth. No mechanical damage on the main stem. Cranberry girdler damage acceptable if less than 0.6 cm (1/4 in). | Douglas-fir | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall and is sent to Bend Pine Extractory for cleaning. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hours. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 60-80 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | Nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series-Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. The addition of sawdust, weed free fields and early sow of seed keeps the incidence of disease and weeds to minimum and this is the reason we will not be fumigating our fields this year. We wil however, be using a pre-emergence herbicide. Soils are formed into 1.2m (4ft.) wide raised beds separated by a 0.6m (2ft) tractor path. There are six beds between irrigation pipelines. | The seed is sown in late March to early April. The seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial density of 244 to 277 seedlings/m2 (22 to 25 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha(360 lb/ac) of ammonium phospate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of 10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (11/4in) side by 1cm(3/8in) deep and 15cm (6in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, the seed is covered with 1cm to 1.3cm(3/8 to 1/2in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds. Seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | First growing season.<p> Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigated to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.5 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a 1/4 inch of soil) are 33C (91F)in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F)in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August.<p> Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56kg/ha (50lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 134 kg/ha (120 lbs/ac) ammoniumsulfate and 12 weeks after emergence - 112 ka/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate.<p> IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary.<p> Second growing season:<p> Irrigation: Starting last week in March, irrigate soil profile when soil tension is -0.3 bars. Irrigate to cool seedlings when foliar temperatures reach 32C (90F) from April to mid June, 35C 95F from mid June throught July, 38C (100F) early August and 40C (104F) from late August on.<p> Fertilizer: The first application of ammonium nitrate at 168 kg/ha (150 lbs/ac) is applied two weeks before bud break (end of March). Two weeks later 225 kg/ha (200 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate is applied and followed two weeks later with 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM:Hand weeding. If <i>Crysoteuchia topiaria</i> (cranberry girdler) exceeds threshold (which does not happen every year) then the bug vacuum is used to reduce the moth population. If the populations are still high, then pydin at 5.3oz/ac is used to control the moths. If high levels of seedling damage is detected in the summer months, then an application of Dursban wil be considered. Prunes and wrenches: Vertically pruned in the spring to 15cm (6in) and immediately wrenched at 30cm (12cm). 4 to 6 wrenches during the growing season. Top prune seedlings at 30cm (12in) when 15 percent of the seedlings are at or above 30cm (12in). Top prune a second time at 43cm (17in) when 10 percent of the seedlings are at or above 43cmm (17in). | First growing season:<p> By the third week in August or when the seedlings have reached 9cm (3.5in) high, induce dormancy.<br> Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation.<br> Fertilizer: No fertilizations<br> IPM: Handweed beds if needed.<br> Prunes and wrenches: Seedlings are horizontally pruned at 15cm (6in) in September and immdiately wrenched at 30cm (12in).<p> Second growing season: <p> When 80 percent of the seedlings reach 25cm (10in), dormancy is induced.<br> Irrigation: Starting in June irrigate soil profile when pre-dawn PMS is 12 bars. In mid September, the soil profile is irrigated. From that point forward, the profile is irrigated when tensiometers read -0.3 to -0.5 bars.<br> Fertilizer: No fertilzations<br> IPM: Handweed beds if needed.<br> Prunes and wrenches: Wrenched at 30cm (12in) in mid September for root growth. | Lifting window is January through early February. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut using a Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperature above -3C 27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12in) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At client request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. the bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants I the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service. <p> Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> plants 2+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2207 | Pseudotsuga (menziesii) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pseudotsuga | menziesii | Franco | PSEMEN | Idaho | Douglas-fir occurs from southern British Columbia to central Mexico and from the Dakotas to the west coast from sea level to 3,050 m (10,000 ft). Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (var. <i>glauca</i>) is generally distributed from interior British Columbia and Alberta east to the Dakotas and south to eastern Nevada, western Texas, and Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers" | 8 Months | Months | Height = 18 cm<br>
Root-collar diameter = 2.5 to 2.8 mm<br> Firm root plug<br> | Douglas-fir | Ovulate cones are pendant, brown, with three-pronged bracts. Each cone contains numerous, light brown to variegated, dark-brown, winged seeds. Minimum seed bearing age for Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir is 20 years. Good seed crops occur every 7 to 10 years.<p>Cones ripen in August at low elevations and as late as October at high elevations. Cones are usually ripe for collection 2 to 3 weeks before they begin to open. In general, seeds are dispersed in early September to October. Cones can be collected using ladders, hydraulic lifts, or by climbing trees, usually just before cones open. | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in running tap water for 48 hours to ensure imbibition.<p> Mesh bags are placed into plastic bags and seeds are stratified (cold, moist) for 28 days at 1 to 2øC (34 to 36øF). After stratification, seeds are soaked 24 hours in running tap water. <p> Based on cumulative germination in a germination test, the total amount of seeds needed for the crop is determined to ensure 90% to 95% of the cells have at least one seedling. | Seedlings are grown in 2 fully-controlled greenhouses. Photoperiod is extended by 300 watt incandescent lamps (15 min on/off cycles) at an intensity of 500 lux. Irrigation is applied by an overhead traveling boom system, with nozzles spaced every 40 cm. Fertilizers are injected into irrigation water with a 1:100 injector.<p> Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium having a pH of 4.2.<p> Seeds are sown in late March and are immediately covered with a shallow layer of white grit or Forestry sand (6 mm deep) and immediately irrigated (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until the medium is saturated. Using a medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating reduces damping-off disease. Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF), and night-time temperatures are maintained at 18øC (65øF). | Once seedcoats begin to fall off germinating seedlings (2 weeks after sowing), seedlings are thinned to 1 seedling per container. <p> Photoperiod lights remain activated. Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. During the establishment phase, seedlings are fertilized with Peters Professional Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) at 42 ppm N, along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4). Phosphoric acid is used to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Seedlings are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. At the end of week 6, medium is leached with irrigation water to remove salt build-up. <p> Day greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to 80øF) and night temperatures around 18øC (65øF). | 6 weeks | During the active growth phase, photoperiod control is continued. <p> Nutrients are supplied about twice a week using Peters Professional Conifer Grower (20N:7P2O5:19K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 120 ppm N, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4). Containers are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight, but this is slowly decreased so that by the time growers wish to initiate buds, containers are irrigated at about 70% saturated weight. When seedlings reach desired heights, medium is leached with copious amounts of irrigation water. Medium is then allowed to dry down until it is just barely moist. | 5 weeks | When irrigation is necessary, micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) are supplied every other irrigation. Nitrogen is only supplied every other irrigation using calcium ammonium nitrate at a rate of 81 ppm. Photoperiod lighting is discontinued. <p> Once buds are present (3 to 4 weeks after initiation), Peters Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) is supplied at the rate of 24 ppm N, and is alternated with CAN-17 at 161 ppm N. Micronutrients are supplied only with Conifer Finisher applications. Phosphoric acid is used to keep irrigation water pH around 6.0. Also, after terminal budset, Peters Foliar Fertilizer (27N:15P2O5:12K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) is applied at 648 ppm N (3 passes with a traveling boom irrigation system; just enough application to wet entire crown). Foliar fertilizer is applied every 2 weeks during hardening. Temperatures are allowed to go to ambient, but preferably under 27øC (80øF) during the day. However, minimum greenhouse temperature allowed is -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are ready to be packed in January. From mid-September until pack-out, day temperatures are kept cool as possible and we prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are hardened for 18 to 22 weeks. | 18 weeks | Seedlings are extracted for storage in late October through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but foliage should be dry before packing. <p>
Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at 0.5øC (33 to 34øF). Seedlings are monitored for storage mold problems. Storage molds can be reduced by packing disease-free stock, storing them for theshortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing. | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth.<p> Dumroese RK, Wenny DL. 1997. Fertilizer regimes for container-grown conifers of the Intermountain West. In: Haase DL, Rose R, coordinators and editors. Symposium proceedings, forest seedling nutrition from the nursery to the field; 1997 Oct 28-29; Corvallis, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery Technology Cooperative. p 17-26.<p>Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1992. A growing regime for containerized Douglas-fir seedlings. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. Bulletin 49. 8 p. | Wenny, David L; Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> Franco plants 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers"; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2208 | Pseudotsuga (menziesii) | Pinaceae | Pine Family | Pseudotsuga | menziesii | Variety | glauca | (Beissn.) Franco | PSME | This variety of Douglas-fir is found throughout the Rocky Mountains. In New Mexico, Douglas-fir is found from the foothills, at elevations of 6,500 feet (1980 m) to nearly tree line (Carter 1997). It may be found associated with <i>P. ponderosa</i> in dry mixed-conifer forests, and with <i>P. engelmannii</i> and <i>A. lasiocarpa</i> in cooler, more mesic mixed-conifer forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Douglas-fir; Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir; red fir | Entire cones are harvested by hand from trees. Cones are harvested when they begin to turn brown, prior to scale opening. In New Mexico this is typically September through early October. | Seeds are removed from storage and placed in water at room temperature for 12 - 18 hours. The moistened seed is then placed into self-sealing, polyethylene baggies and stratified for 21 - 28 days. Stratification temperatures range from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shade house) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period, seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period, seedlings are kept in the shade house. Seed is sown in early April and seedlingsare moved into the shade house throughout August when seedlings are between 15 and 20 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house irrigation is provided via standard fixed-area turf irrigation nozzles, spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated (misted) 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system used allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period, typically by week 18. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen, seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. Once in the shade house, seedlings are fertilized with 150 ppm N every third irrigation until the end of August. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 14 to 18 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 9 to 12 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Irrigation in the cold frame is done using sub-irrigation beds. Irrigation intervals are typically every 4 to 5 days while in the cold frame. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 3 - 4 months | Carter, J.L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO. 534 pp. <br><br> Hermann RK and Lavender DP. 2004. Douglas-Fir. In: (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_1/silvics_vol1.pdf (accessed 17 December 2008). <br><br>[ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 17 December 2008). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2209 | Pseudotsuga (menziesii) | Pinaceae | Pseudotsuga | menziesii | Variety | menziesii | Psemen | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 10 Months | Months | Minimum height is 4 inches and minimum caliper is 3mm. Target height is 7 inches. | Douglas-fir | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The climate of the Rogue Valley is dry, warm and sunny from late spring to early fall. High temperatures in the summer months average slightly below 32C (90F), with extremes occasionally over 40C (105F). Winters are cool and moist. January is the coldest month with an average daily temperature of 4C (39F). Valley fog is prevalent from mid November through late February, making condition for lifting seedlings very favorable. Annual precipitation is 45cm (18in), with over 80 percent of this falling as rain between October and April. | Seeds are the first to be sown at the nursery (mid-March). Seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial seedling density of 215 seedlings/m2 (20 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold itin place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | 4 weeks | Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.2 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 181 kg/ha (162 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate, 12 weeks after emergence - 140 kg/ha (125 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate and 14 weeks after emergence - 168 kg/ha(150 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary. If lygus insect found to damage buds, utilize mechanical insect control (Bug suck vacuum) and isecticide (Pydrin) at 10 day intervals until damage from insect no longer observed. | 4 months | By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced.Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through theearly portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications applied two weeks apart of112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate. This is applied in mid-fall after bud set.IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: Wrench at 12 inches in late August to enhance fall root activity. Vertical prune in October. | 2 months | By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced. Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications applied two weeks apart of112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate. This is applied in mid-fall after bud set. IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: No prunes or wrenches. | up to 3 months | Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants I the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service.<p>Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p. | Steinfeld, David E. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> plants 1+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2210 | Psoralea (physodes) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Psoralea | physodes | Dougl. ex Hook. | PSPH | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Copeland Creek, Oregon; 2800 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Forest scurfpea | Small lot, 7.4 pounds, hand collected into a large paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Psoralea physodes</i> Dougl. ex Hook. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2211 | Psoralidium (lanceolatum) | Fabaceae | Legume Family | Psoralidium | lanceolatum | (Pursh) Rydb. | PSLA3 | BLM, Seeds of Success: rabbitbrush, basin or Wyoming big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, needle and thread community in Park County Wyoming. 9 inch precip area at 5,000 ft elev. Gravelly sandy loam. | Western North America from the Plains States to California in sandy locations. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Weeks | Weeks | Dune scurfpea | Small lot, hand collected. Ripe seed collected from July 25 to August 8. | Tilley, Derek. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Psoralidium lanceolatum</i> (Pursh) Rydb. seeds USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2212 | Psorothamnus (spinosus) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Psorothamnus | spinosus | (Gray) Barneby | Dalea | spinosa | Gray | PSOSPI | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Psorothamnus spinosus</i> is found in Lower California to Sonora Mexico north to Arizona and southern California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Smoketree | Seeds are hand collected in August and September when pods have matured and begin to split open. Do not collect seeds from the ground as they are often infested with insects. | Seeds are soaked in a 1:1 (v:v) bleach:water solution for 30 to 50 mintues. seeds are leached in water for 3 to 4 hours to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br> Seeds are placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation.Seeds should not be overwatered. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily.<br>Germination %: 40% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite.<br> Seedlings are susceptible to damping- off disease at 4 to 6 weeks | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Psorothamnus spinosus</i> (Gray) Barneby plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2213 | Psychotria (insularum) | Rubiaceae | Coffee Family | Psychotria | insularum | A. Gray | PSYINS | American Samoa | Matalafi is a small tree common in coastal to montane forest, reported from near sea level to 1400 m elevation in Samoa. Indigenous in American Samoa; also found in Tonga, Futuna, `Uvea, Rotuma, and Niue. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Matalafi | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds from wet habitats generally do not require any pre-treatment. They need to have the pulp completely removed from the seeds or they will succumb to fungi and molds, and many rot. Pre-treating seeds with fungicides can help prevent seed and seedling diseases. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<br> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Psychotria insularum</i> A. Gray plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2214 | Psydrax (odorata) | Rubiaceae | Coffee | Psydrax | odorata | (G. Forst.) A. C. Sm. & S. P. Darwin | Canthium | odoratum | (G. Forster) Seem. | dry shrubland, and dry to moist forest, 10 - 860 m elevation | Indigenous to all main Hawaiian islands except Ni'ihau and Kaho'olawe, and to Micronesia and the South Pacific from the New Hebrides and Noumea east to the Tuamotus. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 20 cm, Stem diameter: 8 mm | alahe'e, 'ohe'e, walahe'e | Alahe'e produces a large amount of seeds on an annual basis. The ripe fruits are about 10 mm in diameter, black and juicy when ripe. Fruit ripens generally in the late fall and winter. Inside each fruit there are usually two hard seeds. A boring insect damages most of the fruit; the damaged seeds are usually not viable, and therefore should be discarded (bore holes are evident on damaged seeds). Often up to 90%of the fruit is damaged. | Alahe'e seeds require no pretreatment to germinate. Before sowing, soak the seeds in room temperature water for 24 hours. Germination may be increased for certain seedlots by first soaking the seeds in a 1 part bleach to 9 parts water solution for 2-3 minutes, then rinsing well. | Germinate the seeds in trays filled with 1 part peat to 1 part perlite. Transplant very carefully to individual containers at the 4 leaf stage. A rain-protected but sunlit area is necessary for germination in trays (such as a cold-frame with clear film roof). After the germination and early establishment phase, light shade to full sun is used for growing out the individual seedlings in containers. <p> A growth medium of 2 parts peat, 1 part black cinder, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and micronutrients and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or other root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) work well. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. Once the seedlings reach 15-20 cm, they can be moved up to larger root training containers, or outplanted. | Sprinkle the seeds over a mix consisting of 1 part peat and 1 part perlite. Cover with the same mix to a depth of about 10 mm. Keep moist with a fine spray head. Some light (partial shade) is recommended. Germination generally takes 30 days or longer for certain seedlots. Relatively low germination is common, 5 - 50%. | 6 - 8 weeks | Alahe'e is slow to start. Seedlings should be grown in light shade or full sun. Keep seedlings well spaced apart to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. Over-fertilization with nitrogen can lead to aphid and scale infestations (as with alahe'e's relative, coffee), which should be treated with insecticidal soap and a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer. | 7 months | Space seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. If fertilization is necessary during the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be minimized or eliminated, with emphasis on P, K, and micronutrients. | 1 month | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Keeping them in their containers help protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1990. Plant of the Month: Alahe'e. Hawaii Plant Conservation Center, NTBG, Lawai, HI <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1996. Ten native Hawaiian trees for urban landscapes. Lawai, Hawaii. <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/psy-odor.htm<p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Psydrax odorata</i> (G. Forst.) A. C. Sm. & S. P. Darwin plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2215 | Ptelea (trifoliata) | Ptelea trifoliata | Wafer Ash/Common Hoptree/Stinking Ash | Ptelea | trifoliata | Ptelea | trifoliata | PTTR | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 5" plug | 9 months | Root System: Firm root plug in container to develop into larger stock. | Wafer Ash/Common Hoptree/Stinking Ash | Seeds collected in November when seeds were a mix of green/brown | Seed was placed in ziplock bags with damp coarsely torn sphagnum moss and placed in 40C cooler for 5 months.
After 5 months (or when radicles visibly emerge from seed), remove seeds from bag and sow in bottom of either a perforated 1020 flat tray or a 13x17x3 nursery flat, cover moss-seed mixture with damp seed germination mix and leave in greenhouse with temps between 50-70F till emergence of cotyledon. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alternatively seed can be sown right away after drying in a flat (1020 type or a 13x17x3 nursery flat) with a damp seed germination mix and be left outdoors in a sheltered area such as an unheated high tunnel or cold frame. Seed flat must be kept sheltered from rodents as they will disturb and eat seeds. Seedlings will emerge within 5-6 months. | Container for stratification and germination used 1020 flats, 13x17x3 HC Companies nursery flat with Lambert LM-1 seed germination mix used. Sphagnum moss used was Mosser Lee long fiber sphagnum moss, torn coarsely (finer milled sphagnum may work better for separating roots from media without root damage during transplanting).
Containers for transplanting germinated seed are 38 cell 5" seedling trays with Promix BK25 soil mix. Greenhouse is a heated and ventilated glass greenhouse, with shade applied to glass exterior in March to avoid spikes in temperature (temp is held 50 at night and 70 during day). Exterior of greenhouse/nursery area are propagation tables and weed barrier cloth setups with overhead irrigation. Hoophouse/hightunnel used for outdoor stratification is a poly-film high tunnel with forced air vents that open at temps above 50F during late fall to early spring months to avoid spikes in heat during sunny days. Irrigation is done with dramm misting wands while in greenhouse while outdoors irrigation is rainfall and netafim overhead sprinklers for supplemental irrigation. | For either stratification method used, seedlings can be transplanted to plug trays once seedlings are sturdy enough to be manipulated (usually ). Please note that seedling roots may become entangled in sphagnum moss fibers (if fibers aren't milled small enough) and roots of seedlings may perforate wings of adjacent seeds if seeds are stuck together when initially sown in the trays. | 3-5 weeks | Transplanted seedling are placed outside on benches under 40% shadecloth and irrigated. Plants get 20-20-20 liquid fertilizer solution once ever 1.5 months. Weeding is done periodically if weeds become an issue. | 2-3 months | Plants are maintained under shadecloth with irrigation as needed into September/October, most seedlign will be 4-6" tall at this point. Plants are placed in high tunnel with plastic film and thermostat controlled vents that activate at above 50F for the winter in December. | 2-3 months | Barreca, Charles T. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ptelea trifoliata</i> Plants 5" plug; Duke Farms Foundation Hillsborough, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2216 | Pteridium (aquilinum) | Dennstaedtiaceae | Bracken fern family | Pteridium | aquilinum | (Linnaeus) Kuhn in Decken | PTEAQU | Lake McDonald, Glacier National Park | Bracken fern, interpreted in the broad sense, is the most widely distributed plant species in the world; occurring on every continent except Antarctica. It inhabits open and closed forest, abandoned pastures, riparian and upland habitats; often forming thick extensive colonies. It currently has 2 recognized subspecies and 12 botanical varieties. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 5 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container sporophyte Height: 15 cm, 5 to 7 mature fronds Caliper: n/a Root System: Fully developed root mass in container. | Bracken fern | A unique characteristic of bracken fern is that the sterile (non-spore bearing frond) frond margins are covered by inrolled "false" indusium that contains no spores. On fertile fronds, spores are borne beneath the outer margins of leaflets and are covered with an indusium on one side and spores are protected by the inrolled pinnule margins on the other side.<br> Collectors must be able to distinguish between fertile spore bearing fronds and non-fertile fronds. Immature spores appear as whitish to green. Mature sporangia are light tan turning to medium brown at maturity. Sporangia appear as dull brown and frayed when spores have already been shed. Collect spores just as theindusium begins to lift and spores become visible underneath. Cut fronds and place in paper envelopes during collection and transport. Use paper envelopes with folded edges. | Collect spores from the surface of paper and surface sow in sterilized flats filled with sterile, finely milled peat moss that has been moistened with distilled water. Water spores with distilled water and seal flats with clear plastic wrap to seal in moisture and prevent fungal contamination. Place sealed flats in greenhouse set at 75/55 16/8 day/night temperature cycle. Germination of spores will occur after 7 days. The thread like germ filaments can be seen with the aid of a microscope and will appear as a fine green threads on the surface of the medium. | Spore germination and growth under greenhouse conditions for 2 to 3 months, followed by growth in the outdoor shadehouse for 6 months. | Spore germination of the spores occurs 7 days after sowing. The heart shaped prothalli continue to grow for 4 weeks. Examination of the prothalli under a microscope will reveal the presence of the reproductive structures; the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), located along the margins and notch of the prothalli. At this stage, it is critical to maintain a thin film of water over the surface of the prothalli for fertilization to occur. It is critical to maintain sterile conditions during germination and establishment. Trays must be inspected for fungal contamination on a regular basis. If fungal contamination occurs, remove infected portions of the medium and treat trays with a highly diluted (1/4 recommended rate)fungicide drench. Treat with dilute fungicide only if prothalli are well developed. Reseal flats immediately and water only with distilled water. Once sporophytes appear, clear plastic is removed from the trays and asceptic conditions are no longer necessary. | 1 month | Sporophytes with true leaves appeared 2 months after spore germination. Individual plants are transplanted from flats to pots when they are 4 cm tall. After establishment in the greenhouse, they are moved to the outdoor shadehouse in late spring. Plants are fertilized with controlled release Osmocote 13-13-13 NPK and Micromax micronutients mixed into medium. | 3 months | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 NPK liquid fertlizer in September and October. Plants are watered before winterization. | 1 month | Total Time To Harvest: 5 months Harvest Date: September Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of North America, Volume 2 Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, FNA Editorial Committee, Oxford University Press, 1993. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> (Linnaeus) Kuhn in Decken plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2217 | Pterogonum (alatum) | Polygonaceae | Pterogonum | alatum | PTAL3 | Colorado, McGraw Ranch (98-189s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Winged Buckwheat | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from "papery" covering.<p> McGraw Ranch (98-189s) collected on 9/3/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed seed flat, 2-3 seeds per slot. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 2 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Uniform and rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> McGraw Ranch (98-189s) sowed 1/4/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pterogonum alatum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2218 | Pteryxia (terebinthina) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Pteryxia | terebinthina | (Hook.) J.M. Coult. & Rose | Variety | terebinthina | PTTET | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM and Washington Department of Natural Resources land, river side of road, North of Wanapum Dam, Grant County, Washington: 811 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Turpentine wavewing | Very small lot, 0.83 pounds, hand collected into cloth bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pteryxia terebinthina</i> (Hook.) J.M. Coult. & Rose seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2219 | Ptilagrostis (kingii) | Poaceae | Grass | Ptilagrostis | kingii | Subalpine, alpine streambanks and meadows; 8,500-11,000 feet. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | King's Ricegrass | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None required. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for seed germination could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ptilagrostis kingii</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2220 | Pulsatilla (occidentalis) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Pulsatilla | occidentalis | (S. Wats.) Freyn | Anemone | occidentalis | Wats. | ANEOCC | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. | <i>P. occidentalis</i> occurs in mid montane to alpine meadows; from B.C. to California, east to Alberta, Montana, Idaho and northeastern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml containers | 10 Months | Months | Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Western pasqueflower | Seeds are collected in mid to late August. Plumose achenes are easily stripped from receptacles. Seeds are tan at maturity. | 5 month outdoor stratification. 2 year old seed is used as this genus has a rudimentary embryo at the time of seed dispersal; an after-ripening period is needed for adequate germination. Fresh seed should be dry stored for 6 months prior to stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, %Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings germinate over one month under fluctuating temperatures during the early spring after snowmelt. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are root tight in containers with only 4 leaves at week 5. Plants are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants can be produced in 9 weeks following germination. | 5 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassel, Wendel, April 1986.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pulsatilla occidentalis</i> (S. Wats.) Freyn plants 160 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2221 | Pulsatilla (patens) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Pulsatilla | patens | (L.) Miller | Anemone | patens | L. | PULPAS | P. Patens is found in prairies from Alaska to Wisconsin, south to Illinois, Missouri, New Mexico,and Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Prairie pasque flower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pulsatilla patens</i> (L.) Miller plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2222 | Purshia (glandulosa) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Purshia | glandulosa | Corran | PURGLA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Desert bitterbrush | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 15 C. | Young, J. A. and Evans, R. A. (1981). Germination of seeds of antelope bitterbrush, desert bitterbrush, and cliff rose. Agric. Res. Results, Western Series. No. 17.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Purshia glandulosa</i> Corran plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2223 | Purshia (mexicana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Purshia | mexicana | (D. Don) Henrickson | Cowania | mexicana | D. Don | PURMEX | Utah | <i>Purshia mexicana</i> is found in the desert and pinyon juniper woodlands of Arizona and southern Utah. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 6 in.<br> Caliper: 5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Mexican cliffrose | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 40 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March)when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 6 ro 8 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Purshia mexicana</i> (D. Don) Henrickson plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2224 | Purshia (mexicana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Purshia | mexicana | Cowania | mexicana | PURTRI | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 1 to 2 months.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Wet tumbling seems benefical.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Purshia mexicana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2225 | Purshia (stansburiana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Purshia | stansburiana | (Torr.) Henrickson | PUST | BLM, Seeds of Success, Coconino County, Elden Spring, Mount Elden, Pipeline Trail, Arizona; 7054 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Stansbury cliffrose | Very small lot, 0.33 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Purshia stansburiana</i> (Torr.) Henrickson seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2226 | Purshia (tridentata) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Purshia | tridentata | (Pursh) DC | PURTRI | P. tridentata si found from British Columbia to California and west from Montana to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Antelope bitterbrush | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 80 to 90 days. Germination occurs at30D/10N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> In another study, seeds placed in cold stratification germinate at 20/15 alternating temperature cycle. | Peterson, R. A. (1953). Comparative effect of seed treatments upon seedling emergence in seven browse species. Ecology 34, 778-785.<br> McHenry, W. B. and Jensen, L. A. (1967). Response of bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) seed to certain germination methods. Proc. Assoc. Offic. Seed Anal. 57, 89-95.<br>Shaw, N. (1984). Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. Pp. 6-15. In: P. M. Murphy (compiler). The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area. Proceedings Intermountain Nurseryman's Association 1983 Conference, 8-11 August 1983, Las Vegas, Nevada. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168.<br>Shaw, N. (1984). Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. Pp. 6-15. In: P. M. Murphy (compiler). The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area. Proceedings Intermountain Nurseryman's Association 1983 Conference, 8-11 August 1983, Las Vegas, Nevada. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. <br>Shaw, N. (1984). Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. Pp. 6-15. In: P. M. Murphy (compiler). The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area. Proceedings Intermountain Nurseryman's Association 1983 Conference, 8-11 August 1983, Las Vegas, Nevada. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. <br>Young, J. A. and Evans, R. A. (1976). Stratification of bitterbrush seeds. J. Range Manage. 29, 421-425.<br>Evans, R. A. and Young, J. A. (1977). Bitterbrush germination with constant and alternating temperatures. J. Range Manage. 30, 30-32.<br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Purshia tridentata</i> (Pursh) DC plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2227 | Purshia (tridentata) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Purshia | tridentata | (Pursh) DC. | PURTRI | Utah | <i>P. tridentata</i> is found in sagebrush deserts and open dry forests from British Columbia to California east to the Rocky Mountain states. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 6 in.<br> Caliper:5/32 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Antelope bitterbrush | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are imbibed in water for 2 days. We artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator for 30 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur isapplied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 23 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 3 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early(early February to mid March) spring when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 8 to 10 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Purshia tridentata</i> (Pursh) DC. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2228 | Purshia (tridentata) | Rosaceae | Purshia | tridentata | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 0 | Minimum height of 4 inches and caliper of 3mm. | Bitterbrush | Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall. | Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water. | The nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series - Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) inch of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During the summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. Soils are formed into 1.2m (4ft) wide raised beds separated by a 0.6m (2ft) tractor path. There are six beds between irrigation pipelines. | Seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial seedling density of 215 seedlings/m2 (20 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period. | 4 weeks | Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at-0.2 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 181 kg/ha (162 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate, 12 weeks after emergence - 120 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate and 14 weeks after emergence - 120 kg/ha(100 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate.IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary. If lygus insect found to damage buds, utilize mechanical insect control (Bug suck vacuum) and isecticide (Pydrin) at 10 day intervals until damage from insect no longer observed. | 4 months | By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced.Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS) exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications of 112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) applied in mid-fall after bud set 2 weeks apart.IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: No prunes or wrenches. | 1 month | Usually all bitterbrush is lifted between December and early February. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months. | up to 5 months | Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Purshia tridentata</i> plants 1+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2229 | Pycnanthemum (muticum) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Pycnanthemum | muticum | (Michx) Pers. | PYCMUT | Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Moist woods and meadows. Massachusetts and Vermont to Michigan and Missouri, South to Florida and Louisiana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 13 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container plug.<br> Height: 4-5" after cut backs.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Full, firm plug. | Mountain mint | Collected in Cades Cove, Old Field by NPS staff on 11/4/99. | Seed Treatments: Seed trays were given a 3 week cool, moist stratification period in the NPMC cooler (@ 40§F, 35% relative humidity) as a precaution. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Hand sown in 406 cell germination trays.<br> Container Type and Volume: Seedlings were started in 406 germination plug trays and transplanted to Ropak multipots (67 cell).<br> Growing Media: Germination mix; Sunshine #1 plus Nutricote 180 day. | Sowing Date: Seeds were sown in mid-December, and stratified for 3 weeks.<br> % Emergence and Date: First emergence occurred 3 days after moving seed trays from cooler to bench.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: 0.6 gram of seed and 6.0 grams of talc were mixed and sprinkled over the surface of germination media; drenched lightly with Triathlon fungicide at recommended rates. Trays were covered with clear plastic to seal in moisture and moved to cooler.<br> Establishment Phase: Seed trays were kept covered with plastic on greenhouse bench until germination occurred. Plugs were transplanted to multipots 4 weeks after the seed trays were moved to the greenhouse. Germination media was kept evenly moist while germinating. | Rapid Growth Phase: Seedlings produced rampant, succulent growth requiring frequent cutbacks to keep plugs sturdy and open to air. Some die back and rot occurred in the center of several multipot plug trays and on lower foliage that stayed too moist or was not exposed to air. | Hardening Phase: Greenhouse temperatures were reduced and fertilizer stopped two weeks prior to outplanting. Plugs can also be moved outdoors to harden off in a sheltered location if frosts are not expected. | Harvest Date: Plugs were outplanted by hand-dibbling in May.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 13 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> Seed storage: Seed was sown immediately after collection and cleaning; remaining seed was stored in cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> Storage Conditions: Not over wintered. | N/A. | Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. p. 442 | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pycnanthemum muticum</i> (Michx) Pers. plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2230 | Pyrrocoma (liatriformis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Pyrrocoma | liatriformis | Greene | Haplopappus | liatriformis | (Greene) St. John | PYLI | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Restricted to grasslands of the Palouse Prairie of southeastern Washington and adjacent northern Idaho. Ranked G2 globally and S2 in both Washington and Idaho and considered a "species of concern" under the Endangered Species Act. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Palouse goldenweed | Fruit is an achene. It ripens in September. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is tan to grey in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed maturity is indeterminant. Seed can be collected using a vacuum. This removes only mature seed, leaving immature seed to ripen, and reduces the amount of trash which subsequently must be cleaned from the seed. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned.<p>We determined 357 seeds/gram or 161,740 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Seed germinates readily without pretreatment. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center comparing untreated seed with seed treated by cold moist stratification for periods of 30, 45, or 90 days showed no increase in total emergence following stratification, although stratified seed may emerge 1-2 days sooner. The slight delay with untreated seed is probably due to the time required for the seeds to imbibe water and initiate the germination process. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 6 days and is complete in 18-20 days. | 3 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 February 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pyrrocoma liatriformis</i> Greene plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2231 | Pyrrocoma (racemosa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Pyrrocoma | racemosa | Torrey & A. Gray | PYRA | seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | containerized plants to be used from small-scale seed increase. | Clustered goldenweed | Pappas and seeds are collected when it "puffs" out. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (MIcromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in cooler for 120 days cold-moist stratification. Some seeds germinated whlie in the cooler, however, most of the germination occured after the seeds were moved to a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70degree days and 50 degree nights). | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Pyrrocoma racemosa</i> Torrey & A. Gray seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2232 | Quercus (agrifolia) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | agrifolia | Nee | QUEAGR | Q. agrifolia is found from lower California to central California in the coast range below 1000 meters elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coast live oak | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Olson, D. F., Jr. (1974b). Quercus L. Oak. Pp. 692-703. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Matsuda, K. and McBride, J. R. (1989). Germination characteristics of selected California oak species. Amer. Midl. Nat. 122, 66-76.<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus agrifolia</i> Nee plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2233 | Quercus (agrifolia) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | agrifolia | Nee | QUEAGR | Marin County, California | <i>Q. agrifolia</i> is commonly found in valleys and slopes below 3,000 feet elevation; from coast ranges from Sonoma County to San Diego County to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Live oak | Acorns are collected between September 1st and December 15th.<br> Mature acorns are brown.<br>Collect acorns as soon as base of acorn around the cup turns brown. | Soak clean acorns overnight in fresh water. Drain and rinse in a 5% bleach solution for 1 minute. Rinse. Place seeds in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of dry perlite. Keep in refrigerator at 15C. Check for germination after 1 month. Sow germinants with 1/4 inch or longer radicles. Check weekly until all have sprouted. | Shadehouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Sowing Germinants.<br>Plant acorns 0.5 times the diameter of seed to depth and are laid on media sideways. Do not cover with media.<br> Germinating acorns are sown in 2"x10" containers (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Keep media around acorns evenly moist. Do not let media dry out.<br> Containers are watered with an automatic irrigation system.<br>Place containers in protective cages to protect from birds and rodents.<br> % Germination: 90% | The plumule and leaves do not emerge for 1 to 2 months.<br> | 2 months | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after sowing.<br> If additional fertilization is needed, use a liquid fertilizer (Plantex NPK) 1:100 ratio through Dosmatic injector for 1 month or more. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus agrifolia</i> Nee plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2234 | Quercus (alba) | Fagaceae | Beech Family | Quercus | alba | QUEALB | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Maine to Michigan and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Found in many habitats, upland woods, as well as moist soils. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bareroot and container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> Bareroot material up to 12 inches, gallon size container plants 12+ inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> In containers, full root ball. | White oak | Collected in Cumberland GapNational Historical Park by J. Englert on 9/92, by J. Copeland on 9/93, 10/1/96, 9/28/99, 10/1&4/99 and 10/25/99; Shenandoah National Park by J. Kujawski on 9/12/96; George Washington Memorial Parkway by J. Kujawski on 10/9/96 and 11/5/96, by M. Kangas on 10/3/97, 10/20/98 and 9/21/00. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Acorns are sown in the fall immediately after processing. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sowing seed in rows.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Some bareroot materials are harvested and containerized in 1 gallon pots and larger.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Container material is grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. ecto-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> October.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Radicles emerge from acorns in the fall soon after sowing, but seedlings do appear above the soil surface until spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are sown about 1/2 inch apart in each row). Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust. Screening against rodents may be necessary.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Bareroot plants are harvested 1 to 2 years after seeds are sown. Container plants take 1 to 2 seasons beyond bareroot, depending on size of plants needed.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> White oak acorns do not store. In fact, many acorns we have collected off the ground have already started to germinate.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Woody Plants of Maryland, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Quercus alba</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2235 | Quercus (alba) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | alba | L. | FAGALB | F. alba is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | White oak | Seeds are stratified and germinate at 18/10 C. | Korstian, C. F. (1927). Factors controlling germination and early survival in oaks. Yale Univ. Sch. For. Bull. No. 19.<br>Farmer, R. E., Jr. (1977). Epicotyl dormancy in white and chestnut oaks. For. Sci. 23, 329-332.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus alba</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2236 | Quercus (alba) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | alba | L. | QUEALB | South Central Missouri | White oak is found throughout eastern North America from southern Quebec and Ontario south to Texas east to Florida. It inhabits moist to fairly dry deciduous forests, usually on deeper well drained loams, but can also be found on thinner soils on upland sites. It is found at elevations from sea level to 1,600 m (0 to 5,249 ft). Our seed sources are from southcentral Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to .50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | White oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Acorns are fall sown with a mechanical seeder. Recommendations for desired field density range from 81 to 97 acorns/ m2 (7.5 to 9 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft). | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 to 2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. White oak is fertilized up to 8 times during the growing season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus alba</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2237 | Quercus (arizonica) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | arizonica | H.&A. | QUEARI | Q. arizona is found from western Texas east to Arizona and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arizona oak | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Nyandiga, C. O. and McPherson, G. R. (1992). Germination of two warm-temperate oaks, Quercus emoryi and Quercus arizonica. Can. J. For. Sci. 22, 1395-1401.<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus arizonica</i> H.&A. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2238 | Quercus (arkansana) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | arkansana | Sarg. | QUEARK | Q. arkansana is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arkansas oak | Seeds are cold stratified for 120 days and germinate under greenhouse temperatures. | Wirges, G. and Yeiser, J. (1984). Stratification and germination of Arkansas oak acorns. Tree Plant. Notes 35(2), 36-38.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus arkansana</i> Sarg. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2239 | Quercus (bicolor) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | bicolor | Willd. | QUEBIC | South Central Missouri | Swamp white oak is found throughout eastern North America from southern Quebec and Ontario south to Missouri, Alabama, Tennessee and Virginia west to southern Minnesota. It inhabits low swamp forests, moist slopes and poorly drained uplands at elevations from sea level to 1,000 m (0 to 3,280 ft). Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Swamp White Oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are sown in late November with a mechanical seeder. Recommendations for desired field density range from 81 to 97 acorns/ m2 (7.5 to 9 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft) ( | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved fromfield to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 to 2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4 to 5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped.The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus bicolor</i> Willd. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2240 | Quercus (bicolor) | Fagaceae | Beech Family | Quercus | bicolor | Willd. | QUBI | Travertine Island Area | Bottomlands, stream-margins and swamps, south Maine and south Que. to south Minnesota, and Nebraska, south to south New England, Long Island, New York; Deleware, Maryland, north West Virginia, upland to Georgia, and Kentucky, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b>N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Swamp-White oak | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Rudy G. Esquivel in 11/1999. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Acorns can be planted immediately after collection, since acorns of the white group have little or no dormancy, and will germinate almost immediately after falling. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse and lath house for planting and growing.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed acorns in pots deep enough to accommodate taproot or in flats to start off several seedlings, before transplanting into individual pots. Do not let acorns dry.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallons.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Acorns in potting soil or in the field must be kept moist before and during germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Root development occurs rapidly following germination. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Potted plants from the greenhouse are moved to the lath house for several weeks, before transplanting in spring or fall. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Low seed storage potential. | Manual of Botany, 544; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus bicolor</i> Willd. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2241 | Quercus (chrysolepis) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | chrysolepis | Lieb. | QUECHR | Q. chrysolepis is found from Oregon and California south to lower California and east to Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canyon oak | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 17 to 46 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Olson, D. F., Jr. (1974b). Quercus L. Oak. Pp. 692-703. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450<br>Matsuda, K. and McBride, J. R. (1989). Germination characteristics of selected California oak species. Amer. Midl. Nat. 122, 66-76.<br>.Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus chrysolepis</i> Lieb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2242 | Quercus (chrysolepis) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | chrysolepis | Liebm. | QUECHR | Marin County, California | <i>Q. chrysolepis</i> is found in canyons and on moist slopes, below 6,500 feet elevation; from Oregon south to Lower California and east to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Canyon Live oak | Seeds are collected between September 1st and December 15th.<br> Mature acorns are brown.<br>Collect when acorn base turns browns and is easily removed from the cup. | Soak clean acorns overnight in fresh water. Remove any floaters. Drain and rinse in a 5% bleach solution for 1 minute. Rinse. Place acorns in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of dry perlite. Keep in refrigerator at 15C. Check for germination after 1 month. Remove and sow acorns with 1/4 inch or longer radicles. Check weekly until all acorns germinate. | Shadehouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Sowing Germinants.<br>1 acorn is sown sideways and pressed into media 0.5 times the diameter of seed to depth.<br> Containers used are 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark,perlite, and sand.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system. Keep media surface evenly moist. Do not let dry out.<br> Place cages around containers to protect acorns from birds and rodents.<br>% Germination: 90% | The plumule and leaves do not emerge for 1 to 2 months. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus chrysolepis</i> Liebm. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2243 | Quercus (douglasii) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | douglasii | H&A | QUEDOU | Q. douglasii is found on dry rocky slopes from Los Angeles county north to the Sacramento valley, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California blue oak | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Olson, D. F., Jr. (1974b). Quercus L. Oak. Pp. 692-703. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus douglasii</i> H&A plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2244 | Quercus (dumosa) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | dumosa | Nutt. | QUEDUM | Q. dumosa is found below 1500 meters elevation; from lower California to central California in the coast range and valleys. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Scrub oak | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Olson, D. F., Jr. (1974b). Quercus L. Oak. Pp. 692-703. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus dumosa</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2245 | Quercus (emoryi) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | emoryi | Torr. | QUEEMO | Q. emoryi is found in moist canyons and dry foothills; from western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Emory oak | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Nyandiga, C. O. and McPherson, G. R. (1992). Germination of two warm-temperate oaks, Quercus emoryi and Quercus arizonica. Can. J. For. Sci. 22, 1395-1401.<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus emoryi</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2246 | Quercus (falcata) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | falcata | Michx. | QUEFAL | Q. falcata is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Southern red oak | Seeds are cold stratified for 32,60 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Jones, L. and Brown, C. L. (1966). Cause of slow germination in cherrybark and northern red oak. Proc. Assoc. Offic. Seed Anal. 56, 83-88.<br>Bonner, F. T. (1984). Testing for seed quality in southern oaks. South. For. Exp. Sta. Res. Note SO-306.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus falcata</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2247 | Quercus (falcata) | Fagaceae | Beech Family | Quercus | falcata | Michx. | QUFA | Travertine Nature Center | Coastal New Jersey, south to Florida, west to eastern Texas, northward in Mississippi Valley to southern Indiana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Southern red oak | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Morris Houck on 11/20/1990. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Acorns to be stratified in damp sphagnum peat moss for three or four months in 36-40§ Fahrenheit refrigerator. Acorns planted into individual pots deep enough to accommodate taproots or in flats to start off several seedlings, before transplanting them into individual pots. Do not let acorns dry. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Refrigerator, greenhouse and lath house for stratifying, planting and growing.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed in containers or flats, after stratification process.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallons.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed acorns in late fall with listed beds to irrigate and cultivate or in early spring after acorns have been stratified.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Acorns in potting soil or in the field must be kept moist before and during germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Root development occurs rapidly following germination. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Potted plants from greenhouse are moved to the lath house for several weeks, before transplanting in spring or fall. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> Fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Low seed storage potential. | Low seed storage potential. | NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580; Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, 692-703. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus falcata</i> Michx. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2248 | Quercus (gambelii) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | gambelii | Nutt. | QUEGAM | Utah | <i>Q. gambelii</i> is found from Wyoming and South Dakota through the Great Basin states; south to Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Gambel oak | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September by hand in field rows at a depth of 1.0 inch. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall in the fall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened andapplied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus gambelii</i> Nutt. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2249 | Quercus (gambelii) | Fagaceae | Quercus | gambelii | Nutt. | QUGA | Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Gambel oak | Collected in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado by Noller in August 1991 and 1992 | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:/b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding soon after collections. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Very soon after harvest.<br> <b>Sowing/Plant Technique:</b> Plant about 1" deep. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Hand harvest in August. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> Soon after harvest. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Quercus gambelii</i> Nutt. plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2250 | Quercus (gambelii) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | gambelii | QUEGAM | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Gambel Oak | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> Some acorns behave as if cold is required to overcome epicotyl dormancy.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Cold moist storage immediately after collection, radicle will emerge in cold.<br> | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twicea day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along theside of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus gambelii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2251 | Quercus (gambelli) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | gambelli | Nutt. | QUEGAM | Q. gambelii is found from Colorado and Nevada south to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Gambel's oak | Germination occurs under greenhouse temperatures. | Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus gambelli</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2252 | Quercus (garryana) | Fagaceae | Beech | Quercus | garryana | QUGA4 | Rogue River-Siskiyou and Willamette National Forests, Oregon | This species is known from California, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 656 ml (40 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Oregon white oak | Nuts are considered ripe when they separate freely from the acorn cap and fall from the tree. Care should be taken to collect local fruits, because they may be adapted to local environmental conditions. Viable nuts may be green to brown, and have unblemished walls. Nuts with discoloration or sticky exudates, and small holes caused by insect larvae, should be discarded | Seeds are placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in aerated water for an additional 48 hours. The seeds are then placed on mesh-bottom trays, sealed in plastic bags, and placed in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. Germination may begin to occur during the stratification period. If radicles have started to emerge, the germinated seeds should be sown immediately. | Seeds are directly sown into containers from stratification trays. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 3 g Apex per 656 ml container. | Germination and emergence can be extremely slow, somewhat uneven, and may take up to 4 to 5 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, cells are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 5 to 6 weeks | Quercus garryana is very slow growing, and will take up to 2 years to fill a container. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 3 gram Apex per 565 ml container. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September of the second growing season. | 3 to 4 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Wilkin D, Burgher J. 2009. Plant guide: Oregon oak Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Santa Barbara (CA): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Data Center and Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_quga4.pdf (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus garryana</i> Plants 656 ml (40 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2253 | Quercus (griffithii) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | griffithii | Wangenh. | QUEGRI | Q. griffithii is found in temperate deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bear oak | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification to break epicotyl dormancy. | Allen, R. and Farmer, R. E., Jr. (1977). Germination characteristics of bear oak. Southern J. Appl. For. 1, 19-20.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus griffithii</i> Wangenh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2254 | Quercus (incana) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | incana | Bartr. | Q. incana is found in temperate deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bluejack oak | Germination occurs at room temperature. | Beniwal, B. S. and Singh, N. B. (1989). Observations on flowering, fruiting and germination behaviours of some useful plants of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian For. 115, 216-227.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus incana</i> Bartr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2255 | Quercus (kelloggii) | Fagaceae | Oaks | Quercus | kelloggii | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | California black oak | Seedlings are started from fresh seed collected in the fall. The seed is brought to the nursery in plastic bags to avoid having the seed dry out. It is put in cold storage conditions until stratification. | Seed is placed in open trays and stored in stratification rooms for 2 to 3 months prior to the anticipated sowing date. The rooms are set at 33oF and equipped with foggers to maintain a very high humidity (surface moisture can be seen on the seed coat). If the seed is dry it is placed into cold running water for 48 hours prior to stratification, otherwise seed is not soaked. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). Containers are filled with media prior to planting and lightly tamped to reduce large pores spaces, then filled to 1" below the top of the container. The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seed trays in the stratification rooms are regularly monitored for germination. When seeds begin to show a radical, they are removed from stratification and planted into large containers. One seed is planted in each container by placing the seed into the media and the directing the wing vertical position. This operation occurs from late winter through mid spring. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | 2 months | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off usinga chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus kelloggii</i> plants USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2256 | Quercus (kelloggii) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | kelloggii | Newberry | Quercus | californica | (Torr.) Cooper | QUEKEL | Marin County, California | <i>Q. kelloggii</i> is commonly found in hills and mountains, mostly 1,000 to 8,000 feet elevation; from San Diego north through the Sierra Nevada and coast ranges to Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Black Oak | Seeds are collected between Septemebr 1st and December 15th.<br> Mature acorns are brown.<br>Collect when base of acorn turns brown and is easily pulled from the cup. | Soak clean seeds overnight in fresh water. Remove any floaters. Drain and rinse in a 5% bleach solution for 1 minute. Rinse. Place acorns in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of perlite. Keep in refrigerator at 15C. Check after 1 month for germination. Remove and sow acorns with radicles 1/4 inch long. Check weekly until all acorns germinate. | Shadehouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding Germinants.<br>Acorns are sown sideways and are planted 0.5 times the diameter to depth.<br> Containers 2"x5" tubes (Deepot 40) used are filled with standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Containers are watered with an automatic irrgation system. Keep media evenly moist. Do not allow to dry out.<br>Place containers in cages to protect acorns from birds and rodents.<br> Germination: 90% | The plumule and leaves do not emerge for 1 to 2 months after sowing. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus kelloggii</i> Newberry plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2257 | Quercus (lyrata) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | lyrata | Walt. | QUELYR | Q. lyrata is found in temperate deciduous forests of the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Overcup oak | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification to break epicotyl dormancy. | Bonner, F. T. and Vozzo, J. A. (1987). Seed biology and technology of Quercus. South. For. Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-66.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus lyrata</i> Walt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2258 | Quercus (lyrata) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | lyrata | Walt. | QUELYR | South Central Missouri | Overcup oak occurs on the Coastal Plain from southern Virginia south to Georgia and northwestern Florida; west to eastern Texas; north in the Mississippi Valley to extreme southeastern Oklahoma, southern Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky. Disjunct populations occur in Delaware, Maryland, central Tennessee, and northern Alabama. It often co-dominates with hickory. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Overcup oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and arekept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are soaked in clean water for 24 hours. Next, seeds are placed into damp peat moss and placed into cold, moist stratification for 150 to 170 days in the coolor at 36 F. Seeds are periodically checked during stratification to ensure that seeds and stratification medium are evenly moist and to check for radicle emergence.<br> Seeds are sown in late April into prepared field beds using a spreader or by hand. Recommendations for desired field density range from 54 to 65 acorns/ m2 (5 to 6 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft) | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 3 months | Hardening beginsduring August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus lyrata</i> Walt. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2259 | Quercus (macrocarpa) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | macrocarpa | Michx. | QUEMAC | Q. macrocarpa is found in temperate deciduous forests of the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bur oak | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs under greenhouse temperatures. | Aikman, J. M. (1934). The effect of low temperature on the germination and survival of native oaks. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 41, 89-93.<br> Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2260 | Quercus (macrocarpa) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | macrocarpa | Michx. | QUEMAC | Numerous northern Plains seeds sources from Montana, Nebraska, and South Dakota. | Broadly distributed across northern and central US and parts of southern Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2+0 40 cubic inch container | 2 Years | Years | Bur oak | Collect acorns in the late summer or early fall as soon as they mature. Acorns fall to the ground quickly after ripening and are favored by several animals necessitating frequent inspection to prevent loss. Curculio species losses are high in Great Plains sources so it is often necessary to over-collect to meet target production. Curculio damaged and poorly filled seed can be removed by flotation in water. | A 60-day cold, moist chilling appears optimum for most seed sources, although some lots germinate with little or no chilling. Imbibed acorns may be chilled in ziplock bags and then sowed or, sowed into media and then cold, moist chilled. We allow acorns to uptake water for 24 hours prior to chilling at 34 to 37øF. | For container production, sow 1 to 2 acorns in 40-cubic-inch containers into a well-drained commercial peat-lite mixwith baseline nutrition. Use tall narrow containers to allow adequate room for root development. Sow acorns so that they are barely covered with media. | Varies by growing season conditions and, possibly, seed source. Active growth can be maintained with long photoperiods under greenhouse conditions and multiple flushes of growth are possible. Some outplanted trees are capable of a second flush of growth in mid- to late summer but there is no evidence that these trees remain active longer. We have observed that outplanted bur oak tends to break bud late relative to other deciduous species used in the Bridger, Montana area, although fall dormancy/senescence seems comparable with other species. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i> Michx. plants 2+0 40 cubic inch container; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2261 | Quercus (macrocarpa) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | macrocarpa | Michx. | QUEMAC | Numerous northern Plains seeds sources from Montana, Nebraska, and South Dakota. | Broadly distributed across northern and central US and parts of southern Canada. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Usually 2+0 bareroot stock for windbreaks and shelterbelts | 2 Years | Years | Bur oak | Collect acorns in the late summer or early fall as soon as they mature. Acorns fall to the ground quickly after ripening and are favored by several animals necessitating frequent inspection to prevent loss. Curculio species losses are high in Great Plains sources so it is often necessary to over-collect to meet target production. Curculio damaged and poorly filled seed can be removed by flotation in water. | A 60-day cold, moist chilling appears optimum for most seed sources, although some lots germinate with little or no chilling. Imbibed acorns may be chilled in ziplock bags and then sowed or, sowed into media and then cold, moist chilled. We allow acorns to uptake water for 24 hours prior to chilling at 34 to 37øF. | Follow standard seedbed preparation guidelines (rototilling, light firming, etc.). We normally sow 10 to 15 seeds per linear foot, somewhat less if the viability of the lot is high. For container production, sow 1 to 2 acorns in 40-cubic-inch containers into a well-drained commercial peat-lite mix with baseline nutrition. | Varies by growing season conditions and, possibly, seed source. Some outplanted trees are capable of a second flush of growth in mid- to late summer but there is no evidence that these trees remain active longer. We have observed that outplanted bur oak tends to break bud late relative to other deciduous species used in the Bridger, Montana area, although fall dormancy/senescence seems comparable with other species. | Lifting of bareroot plants occurs in the spring as soon as the ground thaws. The plants are lifted with a "U" blade mounted to a 3-point system on the back of a tractor is used. Beds are undercut in two directions (lengthwise) prior to using the blade to lift the plants. Bareroot plants are bundled in lots of 10 to 25 trees, their roots covered with moistened sphagnum or peat moss (treated with wetting agent) and wrapped in plastic. As a rule of thumb, proper packing material moisture is when one drop of water can be squeezed from a handful of media. The plants are stored in a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity until needed and then shipped in heavy wax coated boxes as priority ground mail early in the week. Containerized bur oak overwinters well in 40-cubic-inch or larger pots in a hoopframe that is ventilated above 35øF and heated with a portable propane burner to maintain a minimum temperature of 5 to 10øF. Use mouse traps or bait to prevent rodent damage during overwintering. | We store fully dormant bareroot plants for several weeks in a cooler at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i> Michx. plants Usually 2+0 bareroot stock for windbreaks and shelterbelts; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2262 | Quercus (macrocarpa) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | macrocarpa | Michx. | QUEMAC | South Central Missouri | Bur oak is found from southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan west to extreme southeastern Montana and south to Texas. In the east, it occurs throughout the Midwestern and eastern states from New Brunswick to Louisiana, West Virginia and Tennessee. It is found in bottomlands, riparian slopes, poorly drained areas, and prairies; usually on limestone or calcareous clays, at elevations from sea level to 1,000 m (0 to 3,280 ft). Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Bur oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | After processing and cleaning, seeds are soaked in clean water for 24 hours.Next, seeds are cold, moist stratified for 150 to 170 days in damp peat moss in plastic bags in the cooler at 36 F. Seeds are checked periodically to make sure the stratification medium and seeds are evenly moist and to check for radicle emergence.<br> Following stratification, seeds are sown in prepared field beds during late April using a spreader or by hand.Recommendations for desired field density range from 54 to 65 acorns/ m2 (5 to 6 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft). | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 3 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i> Michx. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2263 | Quercus (macrocarpa) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | macrocarpa | (Michx.) | QUEMAC | North Dakota , Northern Great Plains | <i>Q. macrocarpa</i> grows from New Brunswick west to Manitoba, south to eastern Texas, northeast to Tennessee, West Virginia, and New York. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container seedling | 12 Months | Months | Height: 20 to 27 cm<br> Caliper: 4 to 6 mm <br> Root System: Firm root plug | Bur oak | Collected by hand from Turtle Mountains, ND. | Float test acorns in water and use only sinkers. Place wet acorns in a plastic bag in a refrigerator for 135 days of cold, moist stratification at 0 to 2 øC (32 to 36 øF). Move to greenhouse and spread out acorns on a wire mesh tray and cover with wet burlap and keep moist until germination is completed. | Propagation Environment: Fully-controlled greenhouse.<br> Propagation Method: Seeds. Sowing germinants. <br> Container Type and Volume: Bur oak requires a large container to accommodate the large acorn and that is also widely spaced to permit good caliper development. The Spencer- Lemaire Tinus Rootrainerr has a top opening of 3.8 x 5.1 cm and is 18.5 cm deep (1.5 x 2 x 7.2 in.). The cavities are 350 cm3 (21.5 in3) in volume with a cell density of 516 cells/m2(48/ft2).<br> Growing Media: 50% Sphagnum peat moss and 50% #2 grade vermiculite. Fill cavities and tamp lightly to remove air pockets. Use a large pointed dibble board to make room for the germinating seeds. Sowing/Planting Technique: Remove germinating acorns and place one germinant in eachcontainer. Be sure to orient the radicle downwards to prevent abnormal stem crooking. Cover germinants with a shallow layer of perlite. | Keep the greenhouse warm and humid both day and night. Frequent misting is all that is needed to keep the media moist, but no wet until the primary leaves have developed. Fertigate with a low nitrogen (100 ppm) but well-balanced fertilizer solution twice per week. Keep leaves dry to avoid fungal pathogens. Bur oak seedlings can tolerate full sunlight so shading is not necessary. Photoperiodic lighting is required to keep the seedlings actively growing. Turn on the carbon dioxide generators as soon as the primary leaves develop and set it to come on about 4 hours before sunrise. | 2 months | After the seedlings are well established in the container, the day temperature range can be increased to 24 øC (75 øF) to 32 øC (90 øF) to promote multiple flushing. Bur oak grows in a series of up to 4 flushes of about the same amount. The relative humidity should also be kept high to minimize moisture stress. As the leaves increase in size, irrigation will become more difficult because a high percentage of the applied water is intercepted and never makes it into the growing medium. Therefore, the duration of each irrigation and the number of irrigations per week must be increased accordingly. Although it is simplest to wait to irrigate until the foliage begins to wilt, monitoring the weight of the containers is the easiest way to keep the growing medium in the ideal moisture range. Fertigate with a high nitrogen (150 ppm) but well-balanced fertilizer solution twice per week to keep all essential mineral nutrients at optimum levels. | 4 months | Seedlings that have reached 80% of target height are moved to the shadehouse in mid-August for hardening under ambient conditions. The seedlings should be placed on raised benches to continue encouraging airpruning of the roots. The change to lower humidity and natural photoperiod will help trigger the hardening process but you should switch to a hardening fertilizer formula with a reduced nitrogen level of around 50 ppm. This should be applied as long as day temperatures are above freezing and the root plugs remain unfrozen. | 8 weeks | Total time to Harvest: 12 months<br> Harvest Date: April 1 or as weather on outplanting site allows.<br> Storage Conditions: Move container onto the ground and pack tightly with a perimeter covering of sawdust to protect the roots from repeated freezing and rethawing. Protect from rodent and animal predation by using bait stations and keeping the shadehouse completely enclosed. | : The oak seedlings will remain dormant as long as | Seeds of Woody Plants of the United States, USFS, USDA, Agriculture Handbook #450, 1974. | Laframboise, Roy; Wahl, Rodney. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus macrocarpa</i> (Michx.) plants 1+0 container seedling; Towner State Nursery Towner, North Dakota. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2264 | Quercus (marilandica) | Fagaceae | Beech Family | Quercus | marilandica | Muenchh. | QUMA3 | Buckhorn Area and Guy Sandy Area. | Eroded Prairie range site-mid/tall-grass community-96% grasses, 3% forbs, 1% woody species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Blackjack oak | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Morris Houck and Tom Taylor on 11/20/90. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds (acorns) to be stratified in damp sphagnum peat moss for three or four months in 36 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit refrigerator. Acorns planted into individual pots deep enough to accommodate taproot or in flats to start off several seedlings, before transplanting them into individual pots. Do not let acorns dry. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Refrigerator, greenhouse and lath house for stratifying, planting and growing.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed acorns in pots or flats, after stratification process.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallons.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed acorns in late fall with listed beds to irrigate and cultivate or in early spring after acorns have been stratified with moist sphagnum peat moss.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> By hand sowing.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seeds (acorns) in potting soil or in the field and must be kept moist before and during germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Root development occurs rapidly following germination. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Potted plants from the greenhouse are moved to the lath house for several weeks, before transplanting in spring or fall. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Low seed storage potential. | None. | Dirr and Heuser, Jr. 1987, 185; Nokes 1986, 297-302; U. S. Department of Agriculture 1974, 692-703; Vines 1960, 182-83; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus marilandica</i> Muenchh. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2265 | Quercus (michauxii) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | michauxii | Nutt. | Quercus | prinus | L. | QUEMIC | Q. michauxii is found in temperate deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Swamp chestnut oak | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification to break epicotyl dormancy. Germination occurs at 18D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. | Korstian, C. F. (1927). Factors controlling germination and early survival in oaks. Yale Univ. Sch. For. Bull. No. 19.<br>Farmer, R. E., Jr. (1977). Epicotyl dormancy in white and chestnut oaks. For. Sci. 23, 329-332.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus michauxii</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2266 | Quercus (michauxii) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | michauxii | Nutt. | QUEMIC | South Central Missouri | Swamp chestnut oak is found throughout eastern North America from New Jersey to northern Florida and east to southeastern Texas. It inhabits swamps, bottomlands and rich sandy woodlands from sea level to 600 m (0 to 1,968 ft). Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 to 30 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Swamp chestnut oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are sown as soon as they are cleaned into prepared field beds using a mechanical seeder.Recommendations for desired field density range from 54 to 65 acorns/ m2 (5 to 6 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft) . | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several timesduring the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after ermegence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus michauxii</i> Nutt. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2267 | Quercus (muehlenbergii) | Fagaceae | Beech | Quercus | muehlenbergii | Engelm. | QUMU | Stones River source | Chinquapin oak is common throughout the eastern two-thirds of the continental United States with the exception of the New England states of New Hampshire,and Maine and the North Central states of North Dakota and South Dakota. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 2 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 8" to 16" with a 1/16" to 3/16" caliper stem and a compact, well developed tap root system. | chinkapin oak | Seeds are collected from established natural stands within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield in the fall immediately after the acorns have matured and begun to fall from the tree. | Seed may be floated in water to help determine viability. Seed that floats is normally poorly filled and has low or no viability. Floaters are discarded, while the seed that sinks is retained for planting. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Seed are placed into 3/4" to 1" deep furrows scribed into the tilled soil. Furrows are spaced 2" apart and seed are placed 1" apart within furrows to optimize seedling development. Seed are covered with soil to a depth equal to 1and 1/2 times the average diameter of the seed; usually 3/4" to 1" of soil. Beds should then be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thick layer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | A radicle is produced in the fall soon after planting. Top growth is initiated the following spring. | 4-6months which includes the overwintering period. | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the chinquapin oak seedlings. | 6-8 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | None | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | Bonner, F.T. and R. P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody Plants Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727.<p> Dirr, Michael A.,1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th ed. Stipes Publishing, LLC. Champaign, IL.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 August 2013). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA | Vandevender, John. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> Engelm. plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2268 | Quercus (muehlenbergii) | Fagaceae | Beech Family | Quercus | muehlenbergii | Engelm. | QUMU | Travertine Nature Center and Rock Creek Campground. | Vermont and New York, south in mountains and hills to northwestern Florida, west to central Texas, north to eastern Nebraska and Minnesota. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Chinkapin oak | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Rudy G. Esquivel in 11/1999. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Acorns can be planted immediately after collection, since acorns of the white group have little or no dormancy, and will germinate almost immediately after falling. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse and lath house for planting and growing.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed acorns in pots deep enough to accommodate taproot or in flats to start off several seedlings, before transplanting them into individual pots. Do not let acorns dry.<br> <b>ContainerType and Volume:</b> 3 gallons.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Acorns in potting soil or in the field must be kept moist before and during germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Root development occurs rapidly following germination. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Potted plants from the greenhouse are moved to the lath house for several weeks, before transplanting in spring or fall. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Low seed storage potential. | None. | NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580; Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, 692-703; How To Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest, 297-302. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> Engelm. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2269 | Quercus (muhlenbergii) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | muhlenbergii | Engelmann | QUEMUH | South Central Missouri | Chinkapin oak is found from southern Ontario south and west to Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico, northern Mexico and east to Florida and throughout the eastern and Midwestern United States. It inhabits mixed deciduous forests, scrublands, woodlands and thickets and is sometimes restricted to northern and riparian habitats on the western edge of its range. It is frequent on limestone and calcareous soils at elevations from sea level to 2,300 m (0 to 7,545 ft). Our seed sources are found south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 to 32 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | chinkapin oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Acorns are sown during late November with a mechanical seeder. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing.Recommendations for desired field density range from 81 to 97 acorns/ m2 (7.5 to 9 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft). | 1 to 2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4 to 5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | : Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. Oaks retain leaves during winter months. we try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped from the seedlings. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2 to 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus muhlenbergii</i> Engelmann plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2270 | Quercus (nigra) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | nigra | L. | QUENIG | Q nigra is found in temperate deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Water oak | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 28 to 49 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Peterson, J. K. (1983). Mechanisms involved in delayed germination of Quercus nigra L. seeds. Ann. Bot. 52, 81-92.<br>Bonner, F. T. (1984). Testing for seed quality in southern oaks. South. For. Exp. Sta. Res. Note SO-306.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus nigra</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2271 | Quercus (nigra) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | nigra | L. | QUENIG | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Water oak | Seeds were cold stratified for 28 to 49 days. Seeds germinated at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Peterson, J. K. (1983). Mechanisms involved in delayed germination of Quercus nigra L. seeds. Ann. Bot. 52, 81-92.<br>Bonner, F. T. (1984). Testing for seed quality in southern oaks. South. For. Exp. Sta. Res. Note SO-306.<br> Bonner, F. T. (1996). Responses to drying of recalcitrant seeds of Quercus nigra L. Ann. Bot. 78, 181-187. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus nigra</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2272 | Quercus (nutallii) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | nutallii | Palmer | Quercus | texana | Buckl. | QUENUT | South Central Missouri | Nuttall oak is found from the Gulf coastal plains from Alabama to southeast Texas and north in the Mississippi valley to southern Missouri. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height:30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Nuttall oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. | Seeds are fall sown with a mechanical seeder.Recommendations for desired field density range from 54 to 65 acorns/ m2 (5 to 6 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft). | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus nutallii</i> Palmer plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2273 | Quercus (pacifica) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | pacifica | Nixon & C.H. Muller | QUEPAC | Catalina Island, California | Channel Island scrub oak is endemic to the Channel islands. It inhabits chaparral and oak woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Treepot | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Channel Island Scrub Oak | Acorns are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected acorns from late May to June. August and September are optimum for collection. Mature acorns are tannish-brown and easily separate from the caps. | We place moist sinkers in ziplock bags and moist medium into cold, moist stratification at 40 F for 60 to 90 days.<br> We hydrate acorns in water for 48 hours just prior to sowing. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during late January in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into #1 Treepots (173 cubic inches) filled with 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded containers are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. | 1 to 2 months | Following establishment, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> | 8 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus pacifica</i> Nixon & C.H. Muller plants #1 Treepot; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2274 | Quercus (pacifica) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | pacifica | Nixon & C.H. Muller | QUEPAC | Catalina Island, California | Channel Island scrub oak is endemic to the Channel islands. It inhabits chaparral and oak woodlands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Treepot | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Channel Island Scrub Oak | Acorns are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected acorns from late August to November. August and September are optimum for collection. Mature acorns are tannish-brown and easily separate from the caps. | We place moist sinkers in ziplock bags and moist medium. These are placed into cold, moist stratification at 40 F for 60 to 90 days.<br> We hydrate acorns in water for 48 hours just prior to sowing. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during late January in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into #1 Treepots (173 cubic inches) filled with 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded containers are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. | 1 to 2 months | Following establishment, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> | 8 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus pacifica</i> Nixon & C.H. Muller plants #1 Treepot; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2275 | Quercus (pagoda) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | pagoda | Raf. | Quercus | falcata | Variety | pagodaefolia | Ell. | QUEPAG | South Central Missouri | Cherrybark oak occurs on the coastal plains from southeastern Virginia to northwestern Florida and west to the 45 inch (114 cm) rainfall line in east Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Cherrybark oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are sown in late January with a mechanical seeder.Recommendations for desired field density range from 54 to 65 acorns/ m2 (5 to 6 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft). | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds areprepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus pagoda</i> Raf. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
2276 | Quercus (palustris) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | palustris | Munch | QUEPAL | South Central Missouri | Pin oak is found southern Ontario south and west to Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma and Kansas and south to Virginia and Tennessee. It inhabits bottomlands and poorly drained upland clay soils at elevations from sea level to 350 m (0 to 1,148 ft). Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height:30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Pin oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are sown in mid November with a mechanical seeder. Recommendations for desired field density range from 81 to 97 acorns/ m2 (7.5 to 9 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft). | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus palustris</i> Munch plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2277 | Quercus (parvula) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | parvula | (C.H. Muller) Nixon | Variety | shrevei | Quercus | shrevei | C.H. Muller | QUEPAR | Marin County, California | <i>Q. parvula</i> var. <i>shreve</i>i is found from the mountains of southern California north to Lake and Shasta counties; uncommon in the Sierra Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Shreve Oak | Seeds are collected between Oct ober 1st and December 1st.<br> Mature acorns are brown.<br>Collect when the base of the acorn is brown and is easily pulled from the cup. | Soak clean acorns overnight in fresh water. Place acorns in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of dry perlite. Keep in refrigerator at40F for 2 months. Check weekly for mold. Sow germinants with a radicle 1/2 to 1 inch long. | Shadehouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown sideways and are planted 0.5 times the diameter to depth. 2"x10" tube (Deepot 40)containers are filled with standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system. Keep media evenly moist. Do not let it dry out.<br> Seeds are sown on November 15th.<br> % Germination: 70% | Cotyledons do not emerge for 1 to 2 months after sowing. | 2 months | Keep developing seedlings in protective cages until they have several leaves. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus parvula</i> (C.H. Muller) Nixon plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2278 | Quercus (phellos) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | phellos | L. | QUEPHE | South Central Missouri | Willow oak is found New York south and west to eastern Oklahoma and south from Florida to Texas. It inhabits bottomlands, streambanks, dunes and terraces and occasionally on poorly drained upland soils at elevations from sea level to 400 m (0 to 1,312 ft). Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 24 in tall<br> 0.25 in caliper<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Willow oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> | Seeds are fall sown with a mechanical seeder or by hand into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September. We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months in spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4 to 5 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. Oaks retian thier leaves during the winter months. We lift seedlings when the majority of leaves have dropped. We try to obtain as large of a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus phellos</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2279 | Quercus (prinus) | Fagaceae | Beech Family | Quercus | prinus | QUEPRI | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Appalachian region, Maine to Georgia, Virginia and Indiana. Found in rocky soil, mountainous regions. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Bareroot and container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> Bareroot material up to 30 inches after 2 years, gallon size container plants 12+ inches.<br> <b>RootSystem:</b> In containers, full root ball. | Chestnut oak | Collected at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, VA, TN, KY, by J. Englert on 9/19/95, by J. Copeland on 9/20/93, 10/10/93, 10/30/96, 10/3/97 and 9/20-27/99; George Washington Memorial Parkway, VA, by J. Kujawski on 10/9/96, by M. Kangas on 10/3/97, 10/20/98 and 9/21/00. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Acorns are sown in the fall immediately after processing. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor nursery beds.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sowing seed in rows.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Some bareroot materials are harvested and containerized in 1 gallon pots and larger.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Container material is grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. ecto-mycorrhizae). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> October.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Radicles emerge from acorns in the fall soon after sowing, but seedlings do appear above the soil surface until spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to6 inches apart, seeds are sown about 1/2 inch apart in each row). Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust. Screening against rodents may be necessary.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Because National Plant Materials Center soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Bareroot plants are harvested 1 to 2 years after seeds are sown. Container plants take 1 to 2 seasons beyond bareroot, depending on size of plants needed.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Chestnut oak acorns do not store. In fact, many acorns we have collected off the ground have already started to germinate.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to March. | Woody Plants of Maryland, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Quercus prinus</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2280 | Quercus (rubra) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | rubra | Variety | ambigua | (Gray) Fern. | Quercus | borealis | Michx. f. | QUERUB | Q. rubra var. ambigua is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Northern red oak | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 days and germinate at 34 C. | Aikman, J. M. (1934). The effect of low temperature on the germination and survival of native oaks. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 41, 89-93.<br>Godman, R. M. and Mattson, G. A. (1980). Low temperatures optimum for field germination of northern red oak. Tree Plant. Notes 31(2), 32-34.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.13 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus rubra</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2281 | Quercus (rubra) | Fagaceae | beech family | Quercus | rubra | L. | QUERUB | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | northern red oak | 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus rubra</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2282 | Quercus (rubra) | Fagaceae | beech family | Quercus | rubra | L. | QUERUB | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | General Distribution: Nova Scotia, west to southern Ontario, south to eastern Oklahoma, east to the Carolinas. (Olson, 1974) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 1, 2 or 3-gallon container depending on Park needs. | 0 | Time to Grow: Bareroot seedlings are harvested after one year in outdoor nursery beds. Most go out to the park in early spring following harvest. Containerized seedlings may take an additional 2-4 years to reach size specified by the Park.<br><br> Root systems: Bareroot seedlings should have well-developed root systems. Long (tap) roots are pruned as needed at harvest.<br>Container plants should have firm root balls that fill the pot. The insides of containers are treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that encourages development of a fibrous root system.<br> Height: 2-0 bareroot seedlings are 6-18 inches. 2-1 are 18-36", 2-2 plants in 3-gallon containers are up to 72". | northern red oak | Ripe acorns were collected from the Parks in September and October. Collection should be soon after acorns fall to prevent loss to insects, wildlife and fungus. (Olson, 1974) | Acorns in the black oak group exhibit embryo dormancy and germinate the following spring after fall sowing (Olson, 1974). Acorns are sown outdoors in NPMC woody nursery beds in fall, soon after collection and cleaning to allow natural stratification to occur. | Propagation environment: bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds; container specimens are grown to finished size in a container nursery.<br> Sowing date: October or November as soon as possible after acorn collection.<br> Sowing/planting technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. (Rows are 5-6 inches apart; seeds are sown about «" apart within each row). Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed and the row is covered with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. Screening against rodents may be necessary. | Seedlings emerge during the following spring after fall sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | Outdoor woody beds: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor, sandy loam, seedlings in the outdoor nursery beds are fertilized once weekly from mid-April through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br><br> Container nursery: Plants are either bumped up to the next container size in spring, or if not ready, are top-dressed with 180-day slow release Nutricote after soil in the bottom of the container is replenished with fresh mix. NPMC uses a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch and 4 cups 180 day controlled release Nutricote 18-6-8 with micros.) A packet of ectomycorrhizae is put in each pot. Plant roots usually need a season or more after each bump-up for roots to fill the containers. <br>Daily overhead irrigation is adjusted depending on natural precipitation and pot size. 2 and 3-gallon containers are moved to drip irrigation in full sun. Plants may be pruned to shape early in the season. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. <br>Container nursery: frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, depending on natural rainfall. | Bareroot: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed.<br><br> Containers: dormant containerized stock is overwintered outdoors under a microfoam-insulating blanket. After leaves have fallen, the clean, well-watered containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with microfoam. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then secured. | Olson, David F. 1974. <i>Quercus rubra</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 692-703.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus rubra</i> L. plants bareroot seedlings and specimen plants in 1, 2 or 3-gallon container depending on Park needs.; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2283 | Quercus (rubra) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | rubra | L. | Quercus | borealis | Michx. | QUERUB | South Central Missouri | Northern red oak is found Nova Scotia south to Ontario and throughout the eastern and central United States to Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Minnesota south to Nebraska and Oklahoma. It inhabits mesic soils and well drained upland sites, and occasionally on dry slopes or poorly drained upland sites at elevations from sea level to 1,800 m (0 to 5,905 ft). Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 to 30 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Northern red oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Acorns are sown in January with a mechanical seeder. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Red oak is fertilized 3 or 4 times during the growing season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June.Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. Oak reatins leaves into the winter months. We lift when the majority of leaves have drop from the seedlings. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus rubra</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2284 | Quercus (shumardii) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | shumardii | Buckl. | QUESHU | South Central Missouri | Shumard oak is found from the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina south to northern Florida; west to central Texas; north to central Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, western and southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It occurs locally north to southern Michigan, and southern Pennsylvania. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 30 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Shumard oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are mid November with a mechanical seeder.Recommendations for desired field density range from 81 to 97 acorns/ m2 (7.5 to 9 acorns/ ft2) to 100 to 160 seedlings/sq m (15 to 16/ sq ft). | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus shumardii</i> Buckl. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2285 | Quercus (shumardii) | Fagaceae | Beech | Quercus | shumardii | Buckley | QUSH | Stones River source | Shumard"s oak is found throughout the eastern two-thirds of the continental United States with the exception of the New England states, Delaware, New Jersey and the North Central states of North Dakota,South Dakota, Minnesota, Wiscinsin, and Nebraska. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 2 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 8" to 16" with a 1/16" to 3/16" caliper stem and a compact, well developed tap root system. | Shumard's oak | Seeds are collected from established natural stands within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield in the fall immediately after the acorns have matured and begun to fall from the tree. | Seed may be floated in water to help determine viability. Seed that floats is normally poorly filled and has low or no viability. Floaters are discarded, while the seed that sinks is retained for planting. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Seed are placed into 3/4" to 1" deep furrows scribed into the tilled soil. Furrows are spaced 2" apart and seed are placed 1" apart within furrows to optimize seedling development. Seed are covered with soil to a depth equal to 1and 1/2 times the average diameter of the seed; usually 3/4" to 1" of soil. Beds should then be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thick layer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | A radicle is produced in the fall soon after planting. Top growth is initiated the following spring. | 6-8 months | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the Shumard's oak seedlings. | 6-8 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | None | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | Bonner, F.T. and R. P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody Plants Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service.Agriculture Handbook 727.<p> Dirr, Michael A.,1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th ed. Stipes Publishing, LLC. Champaign, IL.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 August 2013). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA | Vandevender, John. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus shumardii</i> Buckley plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2286 | Quercus (stellata) | Fagaceae | Beech | Quercus | stellata | Wangenh. | QUST | Stones river source | Post oak is found throughout the eastern two-thirds of the continental United States with the exception of the New England states of Vermont, New Hampshire,and Maine and the North Central states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. | None | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 2 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 8" to 16" with a 1/16" to 3/16" caliper stem and a compact, well developed tap root system. | post oak | Seeds are collected from established natural stands within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield in the fall immediately after the acorns have matured and begun to fall from the tree. | Seed may be floated in water to help determine viability. Seed that floats is normally poorly filled and has low or no viability. Floaters are discarded, while the seed that sinks is retained for planting. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. Seed are placed into 3/4" to 1" deep furrows scribed into the tilled soil. Furrows are spaced 2" apart and seed are placed 1" apart within furrows to optimize seedling development. Seed are covered with soil to a depth equal to 1and 1/2 times the average diameter of the seed; usually 3/4" to 1" of soil. Beds should then be covered with a 2 - 3 inch thick layer of straw to insulate against frost heaving. When seedlings begin to emerge, one-half of the straw should be removed. | A radicle is produced in the fall soon after planting. Top growth is initiated the following spring. | 4-6months which includes the overwintering period. | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drouth conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the chinquapin oak seedlings. | 6-8 months | Since the plants are grown outside, no additional hardening is required. | None | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand. Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | Bonner, F.T. and R. P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody Plants Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727.<p> Dirr, Michael A.,1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th ed. Stipes Publishing, LLC. Champaign, IL.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 August 2013). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA | Vandevender, John. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus stellata</i> Wangenh. plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2287 | Quercus (stellata) | Fagaceae | Beech Family | Quercus | stellata | Wangenh. | QUST | Guy Sandy, Buckhorn Area and The Point. | Sandy savannah range site-mid/tall-grass community-87% grasses, 3% forbs, 10% woody species; and Eroded Prairie range site-mid/tall-grass community-96% grasses, 3% forbs, and 1% woody species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Post oak | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Morris Houck on 11/20/1990. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Acorns can be planted immediately after collection, since acorns of the white group have little or no dormancy, and will germinate almost immediately after falling. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse and lath house for planting and growing.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed acorns in pots deep enough to accommodate taproot or in flats to start off several seedlings, before transplanting them into individual pots. Do not let acorns dry.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallons.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b>Sunshine Mix #1 or # 3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Acorns in potting soil or in the field must be kept moist before and during germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Root development occurs rapidly following germination. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Potted plants from the greenhouse are moved to the lath house for several weeks, before transplanting in spring or fall. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Low seed storage potential. | None. | Nokes 1986, 297-302; U. S. Department of Agriculture 1974, 692-703; Vines 1960, 182-183; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus stellata</i> Wangenh. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2288 | Quercus (texana) | Fagaceae | Beech | Quercus | texana | Widely distributed on the flood plain of the Red and Mississippi rivers, occasionally on the Prairie Terrace (Brown 1965). | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nuttall Oak | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Black oak groups exhibit embryo dormancy, and stratification is recommended before spring sowing. Stratification should be in moist, well-drained sand, sand and peat, or like material for 30 to 90 days at 32-41§F (ibid.). | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seeding and transplanted to containers. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> <u>Fruits:</u> August-December.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Only short storage (6 months) is recommended, or from the time of seed fall to sowin~ time in the spring. For longer periods, dry storage in sealed containers at 32-36§F has been used, but only with great loss of viability (ibid.).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Poor. | Brown, C.A., 1965. Louisiana Trees and Shrubs. Louisiana Forestry commission Bulletin No. 1. Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publications.<p> U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974. | Fine, Gary. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus texana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2289 | Quercus (tomentella) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | tomentella | Engelm. | QUETOM | Catalina Island, California | Island oak is endemic to the Channel islands off the coast of California. It is infrequent on Catalina Island. It inhabits deep, moisy canyons on the southeastern portion of the island. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Treepot (173 cubic inches) | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Island oak | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected seeds from early September to late October. Mature acorns are tannish-brown and easily separate from caps. | We place moist acorns in ziplock bags into the refrigerator at 40 F for a 90 day cold, moist stratification.<br> With past collections, we have obtained a 44% average germination rate. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum andminimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during January in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Flats are filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 4 to 8 weeks after sowing. | 2 months | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into #1 treepot (173 cubic inhes)containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. | 9 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus tomentella</i> Engelm. plants #1 Treepot (173 cubic inches); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2290 | Quercus (velutina) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | velutina | Lam. | Quercus | velutina | Variety | missouriensis | QUEVEL | Q. velutina is found in temperate deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black oak | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs under greenhouse temperatures. | Aikman, J. M. (1934). The effect of low temperature on the germination and survival of native oaks. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 41, 89-93.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus velutina</i> Lam. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2291 | Quercus (velutina) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | velutina | Lam. | Variety | Quercus | velutina | Variety | missouriensis | Sarg. | QUEVEL | South Central Missouri | Black oak is widely distributed throughout the eastern and central United States and extreme southwestern Ontario, Canada. In the United States, black oak occurs from southwestern Maine west to southern Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota; south through Iowa to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia.Black oak is a common component of many eastern and central upland deciduous forests. Black oak also occurs in savannas in the transition zone between the eastern deciduous forests and the western prairies. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Black oak | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Acorns are sown within a day or two after processing. Fall sown acorns in field beds will need to be protected from birds and rodents. Acorns that are fall sown germinate and produce a radicle, but shoots do not appear until the following spring. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid to late November using a mechanical seeder. We sow acorns at least 3 to 4 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 to 2 months after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during the month of June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Oaks retain leaves into the winter months. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 2-3 months | Bonner FT. 2004. The genus Quercus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Quercus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Quercus velutina</i> Lam. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2292 | Quercus (virginiana) | Fagaceae | Beech | Quercus | virginiana | Inhabiting a wide variety of sites having relatively heavy and fertile, well-drained to seasonally wet soils; scattered in mixed woodlands, flatwoods, borders of salt marshes, roadsides, and city lots; commonly scattered in pastures. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Live Oak | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seeding and transplanted to containers. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seeding and transplanted to containers.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Only short storage (6 months) is recommended, or from the time of seed fall to sowing time in the spring. For longer periods, dry storage in sealed containers at 32-36§F has been used, but only with great loss of viability (ibid.).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Poor. | U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974. | Fine, Gary. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus virginiana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2293 | Quercus (wislizeni) | Fagaceae | Oak family | Quercus | wislizeni | A. DC. | QUEWIS | Q. wislizenii is found in the Sierran foothills, valleys and coast ranges of California; from Ventura to Shasta and Siskiyou counties. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Interior live oak | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 17 to 28 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Olson, D. F., Jr. (1974b). Quercus L. Oak. Pp. 692-703. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Matsuda, K. and McBride, J. R. (1989). Germination characteristics of selected California oak species. Amer. Midl. Nat. 122, 66-76.<br>Table 10.38 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus wislizeni</i> A. DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2294 | Quercus (wislizeni) | Fagaceae | Oak Family | Quercus | wislizeni | A. De Candolle | QUEWIS | Marin County, California | <i>Q. wislizenii</i> is found in valleys and slopes below 5,000 feet elevation; mostly foothill woodlands, lower slopes of the Sierras, and the inner coast range; from Ventura to Shasta and Siskiyou counties. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Interior Live Oak | Seeds are collected between September 1st and December 15th.<br> Mature acorns are brown.<br>Collect when the base of the acorn turns brown and is easily pulled from the cup. | Soak clean acorns overnight in fresh water.Remove floaters. Drain and rinse in a 5% bleach solution for 1 minute. Rinse. Place acorns in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of dry perlite. Keep in refrigerator at 15C for 1 month. Sow germinants with radicles 1/4 inch long. Check weekly until all acorns begin to germinate. | Shadehouse<br> Sowing Method: Direct Sowing Germinants.<br> Acorns are planted sideways and are sown 0.5 times the diameter to depth. Containers are 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Containers are watered with an automatic irrigation system. Keep media evenly moist. Do not let media dry out.<br> Place containers in protective cages to avoid predation by rodents and birds.<br> % Germination: 90% | Plumule and leaves do not emerge for1 to 2 months after sowing.<br> | 2 months | Keep developing seedlings in cages until they have several true leaves.<br>Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Quercus wislizeni</i> A. De Candolle plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2295 | Rafinesquia (californica) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Rafinesquia | californica | Nutt. | RAFCAL | R. californica is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California chicory | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 51% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rafinesquia californica</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2296 | Randia (carolinensis) | Rubiaceae | Coffee Family | Randia | carolinensis | Valeton | RANCAR | Chuuk state | <i>Randia carolinensis<i> is a small endemic tree found in the Caroline islands. Pohnpei and Kosrae have the only remaining patches of montane cloud forest in Micronesia. These forests are also unusual because they are among the lower elevation cloud forests in the world, starting bit higher than 450 meters (Raynor 1993). Endemism is high, in part because the islands are relatively close to the floristically rich regions of Southeast Asia and in part because of their isolation and great age. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 390 to 550 ml(4 to 5 in. )container | 4 Months | Months | Height: 15 cm<br> Firm root plug | Randia | Seeds are hand collected when fruits have matured and begin to drop from trees. Fruits are usually available all year. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into flats covered with composted leaf mold.<br>We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Chuuk State nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall (up to 6400 mm annually).<br> The facility is comprised of a greenhouse, shade structures, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand.<br> We only use organic fertilizers and pest control products and pratices at our nursery. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1(v:v:v) sand and compost. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 4 weeks. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a shadecloth during the summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 2 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned as needed. | 1-2 months | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Sared, Sleeper. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Randia carolinensis</i> Valeton plants 390 to 550 ml(4 to 5 in. )container; Chuuk State Nursery Weno, Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2297 | Randia (carolinensis) | Rubiaceae | Coffee Family | Randia | carolinensis | Valeton | RANCAR | Chuuk state | <i>Randia carolinensis<i>is a small endemic tree found in the Caroline islands. Pohnpei and Kosrae have the only remaining patches of montane cloud forest in Micronesia. These forests are also unusual because they are among the lower elevation cloud forests in the world, starting bit higher than 450 meters (Raynor 1993). Endemism is high, in part because the islands are relatively close to the floristically rich regions of Southeast Asia and in part because of their isolation and great age. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 390 to 550 ml(4 to 5 in. )container | 4 Months | Months | Height: 15 cm<br> Firm root plug | Randia | Seeds are hand collected when fruits have matured and begin to drop from trees. Fruits are usually available all year. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into flats covered with composted leaf mold.<br>We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Chuuk State nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall (up to 6400 mm annually).<br> The facility is comprised of a greenhouse, shade structures, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand.<br> We only use organic fertilizers and pest control products and pratices at our nursery. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1(v:v) sand and compost. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 4 weeks. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a shadecloth during the summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 2 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned as needed. | 1-2 months | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Sared, Sleeper. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Randia carolinensis</i> Valeton plants 390 to 550 ml(4 to 5 in. )container; Chuuk State Nursery Weno, Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2298 | Ranunculus (alismifolius) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Ranunculus | alismifolius | Geyer ex Benth | RAAL | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into simulated ponds for seed increase. | Plantainleaf buttercup | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in a heated greenhouse for 2 months, and then a cooler for 2 weeks, then back to into a heated greenhouse. | Seedlings germinate after a 2 month warm stratification followed by a cool period. Seeds germinate best in cool temps (50-60 degrees), but will tolerate temps reaching into the 70's. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ranunculus alismifolius</i> Geyer ex Benth seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2299 | Ranunculus (alismifolius) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Ranunculus | alismifolius | Geyer ex Benth | RAAL | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | Plantainleaf buttercup | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in a heated greenhouse for 2 months, and then a cooler for 2 weeks. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ranunculus alismifolius</i> Geyer ex Benth seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2300 | Ranunculus (californicus) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Ranunculus | californicus | Benth. | Ranunculus | rugulosus | Greene | RANCAL | Fort Funston, California | <i>R. californicus</i> is found in vernally moist slopes and meadows below 3,000 feet elevation; from southern Oregon to Lower California throughout the coastal ranges and the Sierra foothills. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Buttercup | N/A | Cold stratify seeds for 6 weeks in a refrigerator or sow outdoors in November or December. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in by hand.<br> Seeds are sown on November 15th.<br> % Germination: 70% | Seeds germinate 35 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 35 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | 2 months | Transplanted seedlings are moved to the shadehouse after establishment. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ranunculus californicus</i> Benth. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2301 | Ranunculus (eschscholtzii) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Ranunculus | eschscholtzii | Schlecht. | RANESC | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev.ÿ | <i>R. eschscholtzii</i> occurs in mountain meadows and talus slopes; from Alaska to California, east to Alberta, Rocky Mountain States, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Subalpine buttercup | Seeds are hand collected when achenes are turn tan during the month of August. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold moist stratification. Germination occurs in early spring after snow melt under fluctuating temperatures. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings are kept moist during germination. Seedlings emerge in early spring after snowmelt during cool spring temperatures. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Seedlings have 4 to 6 true leaves 3 weeks after germination. Seedlings are fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. Seedlings quickly fill conetainers and are root-tight in 10 weeks. Some individuals were flowering 8 weeks after germination. | 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ranunculus eschscholtzii</i> Schlecht. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2302 | Ranunculus (lapponicus) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Ranunculus | lapponicus | L. | RANLAP | R. lapponicus is a circumpolar species found south in North America to Minnesota, Michigan and Maine. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lapland buttercup | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ranunculus lapponicus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2303 | Ranunculus (nivalis) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Ranunculus | nivalis | L. | RANNIV | R. nivalis is a circumpolar species found from Alaska to Greenland to Eurasia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic buttercup | Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ranunculus nivalis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2304 | Ranunculus (occidentalis) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Ranunculus | occidentalis | Nutt. | RAOC | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | western buttercup | No pretreatment needed | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ranunculus occidentalis</i> Nutt. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2305 | Ranunculus (pygmaeus) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Ranunculus | pygmaeus | Wahlenb. | RANPYG | R. pygmaeus is is a circumpolar species found south in North America to Montana, Wyoming and Colorado at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pygmy buttercup | Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ranunculus pygmaeus</i> Wahlenb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2306 | Ranunculus (testiculatus) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Ranunculus | testiculatus | Crantz | RANTES | R. testiculayus is found through the western portion of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Burr buttercup | Germination occurs at 5 C. | Young, J. A., Martens, E. and West, N. E. (1992). Germination of bur buttercup seeds. J. Range Manage. 45, 358-362.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ranunculus testiculatus</i> Crantz plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2307 | Ratibida (columnifera) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Ratibida | columnifera | (Nutt.) Woot.&Standl. | RATCOL | R. columnifera is found from Michigan to Alberta and south to Texas and Arizona. It inhabits dry open ground,and disturbed sites. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mexican hats | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 21 C. | Tolstead, W. L. (1941). Germination habits of certain sand-hill plants in Nebraska. Ecology 22, 393-397.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ratibida columnifera</i> (Nutt.) Woot.&Standl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2308 | Ratibida (columnifera) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Ratibida | columnifera | (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. | RACO3 | BLM, Seeds of Success, off Mary Road, between Lower Lake Mary andMormon Lake, Coconino County, Arizona; 7152 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Upright prairie coneflower | Very small lot, 0.125 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ratibida columnifera</i> (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2309 | Ratibida (pinnata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Ratibida | pinnata | (Vent.) Barnh. | RATPIN | R. pinnata is found from southern Ontario south to Georgia and west to the Great Plains. It occupies calcareous soils in distrubed prairies and open woods. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Grayhead prairie coneflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ratibida pinnata</i> (Vent.) Barnh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2310 | Ratibida (pinnata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Ratibida | pinnata | (Vent.) Barnh. | Rudbeckia | pinnata | Vent. | RATPIN | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>R. pinnata</i> is found from southern Ontario to Georgia and west to South Dakota and south to Oklahoma. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 10 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Gray Headed Coneflower | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 19 to August 7. Seed is harvested August 25. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br>Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/ root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one week.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morningby soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ratibida pinnata</i> (Vent.) Barnh. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2311 | Reynoldsia (sandwicensis) | Araliaceae | Ginseng | Reynoldsia | sandwicensis | A. Gray | dry to mesic forest, 30 - 800 m | Endemic to all main Hawaiian islands except Kauai and Kaho'olawae | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 20 cm; Stem diameter: 10 mm | `Ohe, `ohe kukuluae'o, `ohe makai, `ohe'ohe (Ni'ihau), `oheokai | Ripe fruits are dark purple and have juicy flesh. A pole pruner is useful in collecting the seeds directly from the tree when ripe. Collect from trees close to the area where the nursery stock will be outplanted. | None used. | A rain- and wind-protected but sunlit area (such as a cold-frame with clear film roof) is recommended for germination in trays. Germinate the seeds in trays filled with 1 part peat to 3 parts perlite or vermiculite only. Warm, moist and light conditions are beneficial for optimum germination. After the germination and early establishment phase, moderate shade (20 -30%) is used for growing out the individual seedlings in containers. | Soak the seeds in water for a few hours, and remove the floaters. Sprinkle the seeds evenly over a mix consisting of 3 parts perlite to 1 part peat. Cover lightly with 5-10 mm of mix. Keep moist with a fine sprayer so as not to disturb the seeds or the medium. Partial shade of 20 - 30% is necessary for germination. Germination takes 1 - 6 months. | 2 months | When the seedlings reach the 4-leaf stage, carefully transplant to individual containers for the growth phase. Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or other root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) work well. One gallon root-training containers can also be used.A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Seedlings should be grown in light shade and moved after 1 -2 months into full sun. Keep seedlings well spaced apart to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. | 8 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 2 months | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Keeping them in their containers help protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/rey-sand.htm <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Reynoldsia sandwicensis</i> A. Gray plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2312 | Rhamnus (alnifolia) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Rhamnus | alnifolia | L'Her | RHAALN | R. alnifolia is found from British columbia east to Quebec and Maine and south to California, Idaho, Montna, and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alder buckthorn | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. | Hubbard, R. L. (1974b). Rhamnus L. Buckthorn. Pp. 704-708. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus alnifolia</i> L'Her plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2313 | Rhamnus (alnifolia) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Rhamnus | alnifolia | L'Her | RHAALN | Gravel bar of stream; adjacent to Pine/ Fir forest, Many Glacier, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 1585m elevation. | <i>R. alnifolia</i> occurs east of the Cascades, from B.C. to California, east to Quebec and Maine, and to Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 5 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainers. | Alder buckthorn | Collect mature fruits when they turn black in September. Seeds are brown at maturity. Fruit is collected in plasticbags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Germination began in early June and was very uniform. True leaves were evident 2 weeks after germination and were thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Shoot and root growth occurred rapidly after thinning. Plants were fertilized with 13-13-13 liquid NPK fertilizer during the growing season. 50% of seedlings were root tight 7 weeks after germination. | 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus alnifolia</i> L'Her plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2314 | Rhamnus (caroliniana) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Rhamnus | caroliniana | Walt | RHCA2 | Travertine Area, Nature Center and Bromide Hill. | Carolina buckthorn grows in bottomlands in east and southeast Texas, near streams and canyons in central and south-central Texas, also east to Florida and north to Virginia. Will grow in either acid or alkaline soil in full or partial sun. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A/<br> <b>Root System:</b> Taproot. | Carolina buckthorn | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Oklahoma by Rudy G. Esquivel. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Fresh seeds require no pretreatment in order to germinate promptly. Stored seeds should be stratified for 30 days at 41§ F. Germination of fresh or pretreated seeds will occur within five weeks. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse and lath house for planting and growing.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seedlings are rapid growing and transplant easily from flats to one-gallon containers.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 3 gallon.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #3. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 1011-1012; How to Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest, 303-304; Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, 704-708; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus caroliniana</i> Walt plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2315 | Rhamnus (crocea) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Rhamnus | crocea | Nutt. | RHACRO | R. crocea is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hollyleaf buckthorn | Seeds germinate at 23 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus crocea</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2316 | Rhamnus (crocea) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Rhamnus | crocea | Nutt. | RHACRO | Marin County, California | <i>R. crocea</i> is found in dry washes and canyons, below 3,000 feet elevation; from Lake County to Lower California in the Coast range. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Redberry Buckthorn | Seeds are collected between June 1st and October 1st.<br> Mature fruits are red.Each berry contains 2 seeds.<br> | Soak seeds overnight in cool water. Place seeds in a plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of barely moistened perlite. Cold stratify in refrigerator for 60 to 75 days.<br> Seeds can also be fall sown and stratified outdoors in November. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Sowing Germinants.<br>Seeds are sown 2 times the diameter to depth. One seed is sown per container (2"x10" tube) Deepot 40. Containers are filled with standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Germination %: 75% | Extra seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus crocea</i> Nutt. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2317 | Rhamnus (pirifolia) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Rhamnus | pirifolia | Greene | Rhamnus | crocea | Nutt. | Sub-species | RHAPIR | Catalina Island, California | Island Red Berry is endemic to the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits chaparral,woodlands, and rocky slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Treepot (173 cubic inches) | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Island Red Berry | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. August and September are optimum for collection. Fruits are bright red with brown seeds at maturity. | We have used a 5 to 10 minute Physan disinfectant soak or a 3 to 5 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.We place seeds into cold, moist stratifiation for 1 to 2 months at 40 F or we sow containers in late October to allow seeds to undergo natural stratification during fall and winter months.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 21 to 78%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during late January in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into #1 Treepots (173 cubic inches) or Deepots filled with 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. | 1 to 2 months | Following establishment, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks. Seedlings are watered as needed.<br> | 9 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus pirifolia</i> Greene plants #1 Treepot (173 cubic inches); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2318 | Rhamnus (purshiana) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Rhamnus | purshiana | DC | RHAPUR | R. purshiana is found from British Columbia to California and east into Idaho and western Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cascara buckthorn | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 140 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Radwan,1976.Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2319 | Rhamnus (sorediatus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Rhamnus | sorediatus | Hook. & Arn. | CEASOR | C. sorediatus is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Jimbrush | Seeds germinate under greenhouse temperatures. | Quick, C. R. (1935). Notes on the germination of Ceanothus seeds. Madrono 3, 135-140.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus sorediatus</i> Hook. & Arn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2320 | Rhexia (virginica) | Melastomataceae | Melastome | Rhexia | virginica | L. | RHVI | Wet sands, ditches, gravelly shores, savannas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | handsome harry | In a greenhouse (65F night, 75F day temperature) seeds can be sown in late winter into seed pans. Do not cover the small seeds. It's important to keep the medium evenly moist during the germination period. Seeds germinate in 2-3 weeks. After germination repot into 2 inch containers. Keep medium always moist. | 8-10 weeks | Repot into quarter gallon container and keep the medium evenly moist. Growing medium composition is 1 part sand to 4 parts of potting mix containing 40-50% of composted pine bark. | 12-14 weeks | Posluszny U, Sharp MJ, Keddy PA. 1984. Vegetative propagation in <i>Rhexia virginica</i> (Melastomataceae): some morphological and ecological considerations. Can J Bot v. 62 (10): 2118-2121. <p> Larson BMH, Barrett SCH. 1999. The ecology of pollen limitation in buzz-pollinated Rhexia virginica (Melastomataceae). Journal of ecology 87 (3): 371-381. <p> Wurdack JJ, Kral R. 1982. The genera of Melastomataceae in the southeastern United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 63: 429-439 | Chiari, Alessandro. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhexia virginica</i> L. plants Cougar Springs Ranch Brooklyn, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2321 | Rhinanthus (minor ssp. minor) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Rhinanthus | minor ssp. minor | L. | RHICRI | R. cristi-galli is found in grasslands in throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Penny rattle | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 15 C. | Vallance, K. B. (1952). The germination of the seeds of Rhinanthus crista-galli. Ann. Bot. 16, 409-420.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.19 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhinanthus minor ssp. minor</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2322 | Rhizophora (mangle) | Rhizophoraceae | Mangrove | Rhizophora | mangle | L. | Variety | samoensis | Hochr. | Rhizophora | samoensis | (Hochr.) Salvoza | Intertidal zones and muddy seashores. Coastal only. | Believed native to Pacific Islands from New Caledonia to American Samoa, including Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and the Gilbert Islands in Micronesia. There is debate whether the Pacific Island species is distinct from populations native to both coasts of the Americas from central Florida through the West Indies and from Mexico to northern Peru, and also the coast of West Africa. Within its native range, it is a key species for coastal ecosystems. | Introduced in Hawaii, French Polynesia, and elsewhere outside it's native range, it is a highly problematic invasive. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 30-60 cm in height. | mangrove, red mangrove; red mangrove; togo (Samoa; Tuvalu); tongo; tongolei (Tonga); te tongo (Kiribati) | Propagules may be collected any time of year. The propagule of the mangrove is not a seed, but a viviparous seedling. The seeds germinate on the parent plant, and are typically dropped 8-12 months after fertilization. The propagules are rod-shaped, 8-35 cm long. Larger propagules are thought to grow better. They can be collected from the ground or water surfaces around the trees. Desirable qualities are green (not brown) color on top, lower portion brown, free from roots, damage, insect infestations (usually of borers) or discoloration. | No pretreatment is necessary, although soaking propagules for 2 weeks until rood buds develop is a practice for some nurseries. | Seedlings can be grown in an uncovered growing area. They prefer sunlight and do not grow well in deep shade. Plastic tubes or pots are partially filled with non-saline river sand or with potting media, and submerged half-way or less in plastic-lined pond beds irrigated with brackish or saline water (0.4% salts or less). Fresh water may also be used, although in such cases an occasional dose of saline water will help seedlings acclimate to outplanting conditions and is also thought to reduce disease problems. | When seedlings have reached target size of 30-60 cm in height, they may be delivered to the planting site. Seedlings that were not propagated in brackish water are best planted at the onset of rainy periods, which can reduce the shock of saline conditions and improve the seedling's rate of survival. | Allen, J.A. 2002. Rhizophora mangle. In: Vozzo, J.A., ed. 2002. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. <p> Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> Jimenez, J.A. 1999. Rhizophora mangle. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR. <p> Kaly, U.L. and G.P. Jones. 2003. Mangrove restoration: a potential tool for ecosystem management of coastal fisheries. Department of Marine Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhizophora mangle</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2323 | Rhododendron (calendulaceum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Rhododendron | calendulaceum | RHOCAL | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Pennsylvania south to Ohio, Georgia and Alabama. Found in woodlands, old fields or pastures. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Deciduous container shrub.<br> <b>Height:</b> Probably will be around 18" at outplanting.<br> <b>Root System:</b> May not entirely fill larger pots. Healthy, defined root ball. | Flame azalea | Collected at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Foothills Parkway, Wears Valley by National Park Service staff on 11/7/95. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Because of small size, 0.1 - 0.2 gram of seed is mixed with between 4 and 8 grams of talc and sifted over the surface of moist media. Sand was tried but didn't mix as well as talc. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> (Also see <i>Kalmia latifolia</i>) Production of <i>Rhododendron calendulaceum</i> in the greenhouse has been somewhat problematic in the past for several reasons. The seedlings are tiny and slow growing. Low winter light (in spite of extended day lighting) may slow growth from January - mid March. The peat-based media can become over saturated or too acidic causing ammonia toxicity, nutrient deficiencies, fungus gnat infestations and buildup of algae, moss, liverwort and fungus. Growing seedlings through the two-leaf stage has been difficult, even with bottom heat, careful watering, andhigh intensity lighting. We have had about a 40% survival rate with this species past the 2-leaf stage. However, flame azalea is still easier to propagate than <i>Kalmia</i> and the evergreen rhododendrons. We are now (March, 2001) attempting to grow small-seeded ericaceous plants (flame azalea included) in a propagation room rather than in the greenhouse, under fluorescent lighting, with hand-misting, periodic bottom watering and regulated day/night temperatures to avoid the climate extremes of the greenhouse. A huge number of seedlings can be germinated in a very small space with less inputs and better controls this way. To date, seedlings are growing fairly rapidly and have doubled in size in two weeks.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sown over media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is sown into 4x4 trays which are placed in solid bottom 10 x 20 tray (to allow bottom watering.) Two-leaf seedlings are pricked off and spaced in new 4 x 4 trays with new media. When large enough (in approximately 4-5 months given good conditions) the tiny seedlings are transplanted to 2" pots. In subsequent years they are bumped up to quarts, 1/2 gallons and 1 gallon. The 1998 crop is presently in 1 gallon containers. Some of these may go up to 1.5 or two-gallon pots in spring 2001.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> <u>Germinating mix:</u> 4:2:1 mix of screened horticultural peat, sand and perlite. (Too much perlite will float to surface and may obscure the germinating seedlings.) Recommended pH of media is around 5.0. We have added dolomitic lime at about 40 grams per cubic foot mix to prevent excessive drops in pH. We have not added slow release fertilizer or micronutrients because of problems with toxicity should pH drop excessivelyBecause media deteriorates over time, we have found that periodic careful transplanting of tiny seedling clumps to new media appears to rejuvenate the seedlings. <u>Transplant mix for seedlings:</u> We currently use a transplant mix for seedlings going into 2" pots of 1:1 Sunshine #1 to peat. <u>Transplant mix for quarts and up:</u> 1:1:1 mix of Sunshine #1:peat:pinebark with supplemental soluble fertilizer for acid-loving plants. | <b>Sowing Date:</b>Best results for first season establishment and growth were obtained by sowing seed in November and nursing the seedlings through the slow-growth phase which occurred from germination until March (about 3-1/2 months).<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:<br> Seeds sown from November - January germinated well in about 2- 3 weeks.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> A fraction of a gram of seed is thoroughly mixed with 4 to 8 grams of talc and sprinkled over the surface of finely screened horticultural peat:sand:perlite mix in trays which have been bottom watered and sprayed with a fungicide. Seeds will remain on the surface of the media if it is very lightly compressed prior to sowing.<p> Trays are set in solid-bottomed carrying trays (to allow bottom watering), on heating pads to keep media at about 72§F, and given continuous (24 hour) fluorescent lighting (4-8" above trays) during germination and early seedling growth.<p> Surface of media should not dry out, crust over or become too hot or too cold during the germination period. Plastic covers on trays will help keep humidity high but shading from direct sunlight is necessary to prevent media from drying out or reaching excessive temperatures.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Established seedlings were placed under high intensity lights set to give 14-16 hour days. Seedlings sown in January finally reached the 2-4 leaf stage and were transplanted in early April to 2" pots. Most mortality occurs during this slow-growth, 2-leaf period when seedlings can becomenecrotic and die. By mid March with longer day lengths, seedlings start to grow. Most were potted to quarts in September, 1998, to 1/2 gallons in 1999 and gallons in 2000.<br> During July, 1998, some plants in the greenhouse were exposed to excessive temperatures which destroyed the growing terminals and caused witches broom effect. By September they had grown out of it and produced new terminals. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Flame azalea is not as slow growing as <i>Kalmia</i> or evergreen rhododendrons. Seedlings that spent the summer outdoors in a shaded location grew the best. Problems occur if plants stay in one batch of peat-enriched media too long. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Rhododendron appears to need a period of winter chilling to sustain new spring growth. Plants overwintered in the greenhouse did not flush in spring like plants over-wintered in a cooler. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The average for National Plant Materials Center -propagated flame azaleas seems to be 3 years to well-established gallon size.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Smaller containers are overwintered in cold storage at 40§F. During winter, 2001, 1/2 gallon and gallon sized plants were overwintered under microfoam outdoors.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Stored in plastic containers or paper collection bags in the National Plants Materials Center cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None known. | <b>Storage Duration: </b> November to late March. | Woody Plants of Maryland, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963.<p> Richard A. Jaynes. Kalmia, Mountain Laurel and Related Species. Timber Press, 1997. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhododendron calendulaceum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2324 | Rhododendron (lapponicum) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Rhododendron | lapponicum | (L.) Wahl. | RHOLAP | R. lapponicum is a circumpolar species found growing in dry fell fields and alpine slopes: from Alaska, Yukon and Northwest Territories east to Newfoundland and south to extreme northern British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lapland rosebay | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 71 to 112 days. Germination occurs under greenhouse temperatures. | Nichols, G. E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various native American plants. Ecology 15, 364-373.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhododendron lapponicum</i> (L.) Wahl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2325 | Rhododendron (macrophyllum) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Rhododendron | macrophyllum | RHMA3 | Forest margin and understory, 1200 m, Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Rhododendron macrophyllum occurs on the Pacific coast from British Coumbia to central California, and is widely distributed in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in fairly dry, open forests and forest edges. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Height: 26 cm Caliper: 10 mm Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific rhododendron | Seeds are hand collected in late summer to early fall when capsules turn from green to brown and prior to capsule opening. Capsules are collected in paper bags and air-dried to allow for opening. | Seeds are placed into a 1% hydrogen peroxide soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Seeds are placed into a 30-day cold, moist stratification (at 1 to 3 °C). Seeds can either be placed in fine mesh bags in a covered container (for Direct sowing method) or sown into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs) and sealed in plastic bags (for Transplant method). Containers or trays are then placed in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C. It is very important to rinse stratified seeds in mesh bags or moisten plugs weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Direct Sowing: Seeds are directly sown into containers from mesh bags. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Transplant Method: Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers when primary leaves have formed (approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification). Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. Seedlings remain in the greenhouse for 18 months, and are then moved to an outdoor growing area to induce dormancy. Average growing season of nursery is from mid-March until early October. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 3-4 weeks. True leaves appear 3-4 weeks after germination. | 3 to 4 weeks | Seedlings are very slow growing in the first year, but fairly rapid growth occurs during the second growing season. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 3 weeks. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the first growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml conetainer. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 to 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 19 months
Harvest Date: Late October Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall to early winter. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Hitchock CL, Cronquist A. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. 730 p.
Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p. Young JA, Young CG. 1992. Seeds of woody plants in North America. Portland (OR): Dioscorides Press. 407 p. Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhododendron macrophyllum</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2326 | Rhododendron (maximum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Rhododendron | maximum | RHOMAX | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Nova Scotia south to Ontario and Ohio, south to Georgia and Alabama. Found in mountain zones, moist or wet woods, often along creeks or in ravines. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container shrub.<br> <b>Height:</b> Projected approximately 18-24". <b>Root System:</b> May not entirely fill larger pots. Healthy, defined root ball. | Rosebay rhododendron | Collected at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Tri-State Trail, near top of Chadwell Gap Trail by J. Englert on 10/94 and 10/96. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Because of small size, .1-.2 gram of seed is mixed with between 4 and 8 grams of talc and sifted over the surface of moist media. Sand was tried but didn't mix as well as talc. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> (Also see <i>Kalmia latifolia</i>) Production of <i>Rhododendron maximum</i> in the greenhouse has been problematic in the past for several reasons. The seedlings are extremely tiny and slow growing. Low winter light (in spite of extended day lighting) will stop the growth of many ericaceous seedlings from January-mid March. Lower temperatures, and over-saturation can result in deterioration of the peat-based media causing ammonia toxicity, algae, moss, liverwort and fungal growth, fungus gnat infestations, excessive drops in pH and subsequent nutrient deficiencies or toxicity. Growing seedlings through the two-leaf stage has been difficult, even with bottom heat and watering, and high intensity lighting. We have had about a 20%-30% survival rate. Luckily, a tremendous number of seeds germinated. We are now (March, 2001) attempting to grow small-seeded ericaceous plants in a propagation room rather than in the greenhouse, under fluorescent lighting, with hand-misting, periodic bottom watering and regulated day/night temperatures to avoid the climate extremes of the greenhouse. A huge number of seedlings can be germinated in a very small space with less inputs and better controls this way.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is sown into 4x4 trays which are placed in solid bottom 10 x 20 tray (to allow bottom watering.) Two-leaf seedlings are pricked off and spaced in 4 x 4 trays again, then, when of sufficient size, transplanted to 2" pots, quarts, 1/2 gallons and 1 gallon. The 1998 crop is presently in 1 gallon containers. Some of these will go up to 1.5 or two-gallon pots in spring 2001.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> <u>Germinating mix:</u> 4:2:1 mix of screened horticultural peat, sand and perlite. (Too much perlite will float to surface and obscure the tiny germinating seedlings.) Recommended pH of media is around 5.0. We have added dolomitic lime at about 40 grams per cubic foot mix to prevent excessive drops in pH. We have not added slow release fertilizer or micronutrients because of problems with toxicity should pH drop excessively. Seedlings grow slowly and may remain in the same media for months. Because media deteriorates over time, we have found that periodic careful transplanting of tiny seedling clumps to new media appears to rejuvenate the seedlings. <u>Transplant mix for seedlings:</u> We currently use a transplant mix for seedlings going into 2" pots of 1:1 Sunshine #1 to peat. <u>Transplant mix for quarts and up</u>: 1:1:1 mix of Sunshine #1:peat:pinebark with supplemental soluble fertilizer for acid-loving plants. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Best results for first season establishment and growth were obtained by sowing seed in November and nursing the seedlings through the slow-growth phase which occurred from germination until March (about 3-1/2 months).<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Seeds sown from November-January germinated well in about 3 weeks.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 0.1 to 0.2 gram of seed is thoroughly mixed with 4 to 8 grams of talc and sprinkled over the surface of finely screened horticultural peat:sand:perlite mix in trays which have been bottom watered and sprayed with a fungicide. Seeds will remain on the surface of the media if it is very lightly compressed prior to sowing.<p> Trays are set in solid-bottomed carrying trays (to allow bottom watering), on heating pads to keep media at about 72§F, and given continuous (24 hour) fluorescent lighting (8-12" above trays) until germination has occurred in about 3 weeks.<p> Surface of media must not dry out, crust over or become too hot or too cold during the germination period. Plastic covers on trays will help keep humidity high but shading from direct sunlight is necessary to prevent media from drying out or reaching excessive temperatures.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Placed under high intensity lights from 4:30-10:30 p.m. and bottom watered when possible. Seedlings sown in January had finally reached the 2-4 leaf stage and were transplanted in early April to 2" pots. Most mortality occurs during this slow-growth, 2-leaf period when seedlings can become necrotic and die. By mid March with longer daylengths, seedlings start to grow. Most were potted to quarts during the summer, 1998 and were overwintered in the greenhouse. They were potted to 1/2 gallons in 1999 and gallons in 2000. Leaves of plants at all sizes frequently are discolored or have necrotic edges. This is probably cultural, as samples sent to a pathologist did not reveal disease. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Rosebay rhododendron does not appear to have a rapid growth phase. Seedlings that spent the summer outdoors in a shaded location grew the best. Problems occur if plants stay in one batch of peat-enriched media too long. During summer, 2000, gallon-sized containers were held in our shade house with overhead irrigation. They flushed beautifully in the spring but by late summer, leaf edges on many plants were necrotic and leaves were off-color. Suspect problems with the overhead irrigation and media deterioration. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Rhododendron appears to need a period of winter chilling to sustain new spring growth. Plants overwintered in the greenhouse did not flush in spring like plants over-wintered in a cooler. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Average for National Plant Materials Center propagated rosebay magnolia seems to be 3 years to well-established gallon size. Many of those started in 1998 and in gallons now will be bumped up to larger pot sizes this spring.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Smaller containers are overwintered in cold storage at 40186;F. During winter, 2001, 1/2 gallon and gallon sized plants were overwintered under microfoam outdoors.<br> <b>Seed storage: Stored in plastic containers or paper collection bags in the National Plant Materials Center cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None known. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> November - late March. | Woody Plants of Maryland, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963.<p> Richard A. Jaynes. Kalmia, Mountain Laurel and Related Species. Timber Press, 1997. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhododendron maximum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2327 | Rhododendron (maximum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Rhododendron | maximum | L. | RHOMAX | R. maximum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rosebay rhododendron | Seeds germinate at 26/21 C in light. | Olson, D. F., Jr. (1974a). Rhododendron L. Rhododendron. Pp. 709-712. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhododendron maximum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2328 | Rhus (aromatica) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew family | Rhus | aromatica | Ait. | RHUARO | R. aromatica is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fragrant sumac | Seeds are scarified and cold stratified and germinate at 30 C. | Heit, C. E. (1969b). Propagation from seed. Part 7: Germinating six hardseeded groups. Amer. Nurseryman 125(12), 10-12, 37-41, 44-45.<br>Li, unpublished.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus aromatica</i> Ait. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2329 | Rhus (aromatica) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac Family | Rhus | aromatica | Ait. | RHUARO | South Central Missouri | Aromatic sumac is a widespread species, which ranges in North America from New England and Upper Midewestern States south throughout the southern and central United States. It occupies a wide range of habitats; typically those with gravelly or fast draining soils, in grasslands, prairies, mixed coniferous and deciduous forests, and open slopes. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height:30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.37 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Aromatic sumac | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.The fruit is a deep red drupe containing a single seed. Mature seeds are hard, dark grey, oval, and 2.5 mm (0.09 in) long. | We scarify seeds using concentrated sulfuric acid bath 1:1 (v:v) seeds to acid for 30 minutes. After treatment seeds are washed thoroughly with water to remove any residual acid.<br>We sow treated seeds in late October with a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 9.5 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings areroot pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Rowe DB, FA Blazich. 2004. The genus Rhus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Rhus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rhus aromatica</i> Ait. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2330 | Rhus (aromatica) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac family | Rhus | aromatica | Aiton | RHAR4 | Stones River | Common throughout the eastern two-thirds of the United States with the exception of Maine, Rhode Island, Delaware and North Dakota. It is found at various locations throughout the Stones River National Battlefield along with other sumac. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 1 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 18" and having a compact, well developed root system. | fragrant sumac | Mature fruit was hand harvested from populations of Rhus aromatica growing within the confines of Stones River National Battlefield. | Mechanical scarification for 15 seconds using a Forsberg seed scarifier. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The seed was then artificially cold stratified at 35-38 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 days. Upon completion of cold stratification, seed was moved to the greenhouse to stimulate germination. | 1 month | Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with Metro-mix 510 growing medium. Transplants were maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit in the greenhouse under automatic watering and natural lighting. | 6 - 9 months | Plants were moved into a shadehouse which provided a minimum of 50 percent shade to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth were loaded on trailers and shipped back to the Stones River National Battlefield. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent wind burn. | 2 days | Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of container Rhus aromatica Ait. plants; University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 11 March 2014). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.<p>Taylor, Jane E. 2004. Rhus aromatica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis [].<p>USDA, NRCS. 2014. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 11 March 2014). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus aromatica</i> Aiton plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2331 | Rhus (copallinum) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac | Rhus | copallinum | Dry woods and clearings. Found from New York, south to Florida, west to Texas, north to Kansas and Wisconsin. It is found at various locations throughout the Great Smoky Mountains National Park along with other sumac. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Winged Sumac | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Mechanical scarification for 15 seconds using a Forsberg seed scarifier, hot-water soak prior to greenhouse planting. | <b>PROPAGATION METHOD:</b> 1) Direct seeding to raised bed; 2) greenhouse seedlings transplanted to raised bed. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seed was scarified and planted to a 1:1:1 peat, perlite, vermiculite potting mix in the greenhouse in January 1992 and planted to 4 inches apart in raised woody bed on May 14, 1992. Attempts to plant seed directly to a raised bed on April 4-23, 1992 were unsuccessful. No seed treatment was made on this seed prior to planting; weeds also severe in the bed. Seed was planted to a raised fumigated (methyl bromide) bed November 11-19, 1992; no seed treatment made on this seed. As seed undergoes cold stratification and seedcoat breakdown in the soil during the winter months, we anticipate greater success in this seeding. Seed sown in the spring would probably be more successful if mechanically scarified prior to planting. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> September - October (Young & Young 1992, 299).<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Unknown. Seed was stored in cold storage (relative humidity less than 50%, temperature less than 50§F).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Young, James A., and Cheryl G. Young. 1992. Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rhus copallinum</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2332 | Rhus (copallinum) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac | Rhus | copallinum | Deciduous dioecious shrub of the eastern U.S. tolerates dry, sandy, and acidic conditions but thrives on moist sites. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Flameleaf Sumac | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> October thru December.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> <i>Rhus</i> sp. seed has good storage potential if humidity is kept low and temperatures are between 32-41§F.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Currently there is little information as to <i>R. copaiinum</i> storage expectancy. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rhus copallinum</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2333 | Rhus (copallinum) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac family | Rhus | copallinum | L. | RHCO | National Park Service source | Distributed throughout all Eastern and Central states with the exception of Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 1 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 18" and having a compact, well developed root system. | winged sumac | Mature fruit was hand harvested from populations of Rhus copallinum growing within the confines of USDI-NPS controlled properties. | Mechanical scarification for 15 seconds using a Forsberg seed scarifier. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The seed was then artificially cold stratified at 35-38 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 days. Upon completion of cold stratification, seed was moved to the greenhouse to stimulate germination. | 1 month | Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with Metro-mix 510 growing medium. Transplants were maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit in the greenhouse under automatic watering and natural lighting. | 6 - 9 months | Plants were moved into a shadehouse which provided a minimum of 50 percent shade to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth were loaded on trailers and shipped back to the USDI-NPS controlled properties. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent wind burn. | 2-7 days | USDA, NRCS. 2015. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 23 June 2015). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus copallinum</i> L. plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2334 | Rhus (glabra) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew family | Rhus | glabra | L. | Rhus | borealis | Greene | RHUGLA | R. glabra is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Smooth sumac | Seeds germinate at 20 C. | Heit, C. E. (1969b). Propagation from seed. Part 7: Germinating six hardseeded groups. Amer. Nurseryman 125(12), 10-12, 37-41, 44-45.<br> Farmer, R. E., Jr., Lockley, G. C. and Cunningham, M. (1982). Germination patterns of the sumacs, Rhus glabra and Rhus coppalina: Effects of scarification time, temperature and genotype. Seed Sci. Technol. 10, 223-231.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus glabra</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2335 | Rhus (glabra) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac Family | Rhus | glabra | L. | RHUGLA | Utah | <i>R. glabra</i> is a widely distributed species found in all lower 48 states and across Canada. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Smooth sumac | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are scarified using 10% H2SO4 bath for 2 hours. Seeds are immediately imbibed in water for 3 days. After pretreatment, we naturally stratify seeds by fall sowing. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loamwith Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 in. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 20 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior topruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid-November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rhus glabra</i> L. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2336 | Rhus (glabra) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac Family | Rhus | glabra | L. | RHUGLA | Utah | <i>R. glabra</i> is a widely distributed species found in all lower 48 states and across Canada. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Smooth sumac | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are scarified using 10% H2SO4 bath for 2 hours. Seeds are immediately imbibed in water for 3 days. After pretreatment, we naturally strtatify seeds by fall sowing. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 3/8 inch. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 20 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 8 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rhus glabra</i> L. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2337 | Rhus (glabra) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac Family | Rhus | glabra | L. | Rhus | borealis | Greene | RHUGLA | South Central Missouri | Smooth sumac is a widespread species, which ranges in North America from central British Columbia east to Lake Huron, and south throughout the United States and into northern Mexico. It occupies a wide range of habitats; typically those with gravelly or fast draining soils, in grasslands, prairies, mixed coniferous and deciduous forests, and open slopes. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 30 to 36 in<br> Caliper:0.37 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Smooth Sumac | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.The fruit is a deep red drupe containing a single seed. Mature seeds are hard, dark grey, oval, and 2.5 mm (0.09 in) long. | We scarify seeds using concentrated sulfuric acid bath 1:1 (v:v) seeds to acid for 30 minutes. Afer treatment seeds are washed thorughly with water to remove any residual acid. We sow treated seeds in late October with a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 9.5 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Rowe DB, FA Blazich. 2004. The genus Rhus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Rhus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rhus glabra</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2338 | Rhus (glabra) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew Family | Rhus | glabra | RHGL | R. glabra is found in the moist rich soils of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, Colorado, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana; eastward to Florida, northward to Quebec, and westward to British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Within New Mexico the species occurs between 4,000 to 6,000 ft throughout the state. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height 15 to 25 cm; firm root plug. | Smooth sumac | Seeds were obtained from a commercial seed supplier. | Seeds are scarified by boiling the seed for 1 minute after which the seeds are rinsed in cool water then placed in a self sealing plastic bag and placed in cold stratification (2 to 40C) for 60 days. Seeds should be monitored during stratification for germination and sown once germination has begun. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). After 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 30 cm in height, the plants are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed, which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat moss: perlite: vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at aerate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. The irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system; generally every 4-5 days. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2-5 mm layer of perlite is placed over the media/seed. The containers are misted 3-5 minutes 3-5 times a day to keep the surface of the media moist, and maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night temperatures range from 12 to 21oC and day temperatures range from 15 to 26oC. No supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26oC and during the night 18 to 22oC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout thewinter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J. L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Mimbres Publishing 464 pp. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest, sixth edition. Texas: University of Texas Press, Austin 635 pp. | Harrington, John T; Atencio, Lena E.. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus glabra</i> plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2339 | Rhus (glabra) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac family | Rhus | glabra | L. | RHGL | National Park Service source | Distributed throughout all the 48 continental states and 7 Canadian provinces. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 1 Years | Years | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 18" and having a compact, well developed root system. | smooth sumac | Mature fruit was hand harvested from populations of Rhus glabra growing within the confines of USDI-NPS controlled properties. | Mechanical scarification for 15 seconds using a Forsberg seed scarifier. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The seed was then artificially cold stratified at 35-38 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 days. Upon completion of cold stratification, seed was moved to the greenhouse to stimulate germination. | 1 month | Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with Metro-mix 510 growing medium. Transplants were maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit in the greenhouse under automatic watering and natural lighting. | 6 - 9 months | Plants were moved into a shadehouse which provided a minimum of 50 percent shade to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth were loaded on trailers and shipped back to the USDI-NPS controlled properties. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent wind burn. | 2-7 days | Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of container Rhus glabra . plants; University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 22 June 2015). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.<p>USDA, NRCS. 2015. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 22 June 2015). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus glabra</i> L. plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2340 | Rhus (glabra) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew Family | Rhus | glabra | L. | RHGL | Guy Sandy Area | Eroded Prairie range site-mid/tall-grass community-96% grasses, 5% forbs, and 3% woody species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 2 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Taproot. | Smooth sumac | Collected in Chickasaw National Recreation Area by Morris Houck in 10/1990. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Clean seed can be stored at 32-41§ Fahrenheit in sealed containers for 2-1/2 years. Seed stored at room temperature 10 years in a glass jar still showed 63% germination after acid treatment. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Refrigerator, greenhouse and lath house to stratify, plant and grow.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1 gallon.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> By hand sowing seeds.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seeds in flats must be kept semi-moist before and during germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Over watering may cause overgrown, growthy plants with large roots and tops which may become planting problems. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Potted plants from greenhouse are moved to the lath house for several weeks, before transplanting in the spring or fall. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Clean seeds with moist soil media stored in a refrigerator, after seed is pretreated with acid and washed off. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> At least two years. | Dirr and Heuser, Jr. 1987, 190; Nokes 1986, 307-310; U. S. Department of Agriculture 1974, 715-719; Vines 1960, 635-636; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus glabra</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2341 | Rhus (glabra) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew Family | Rhus | glabra | RHUGLA | Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Quebec to British Columbia and New England states, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Found in dry or moist soils in open areas, roadsides and margins of woods. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 1+0 bareroot; Plug+1 transplants | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Bareroot and container plants.<br> Height: About 12 inches.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Container plants have firm rootball. | Smooth sumac | Collected in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia by J. Englert in 9/93; George Washington Memorial Parkway, Virginia by J. Englert on 11/3/95. | Seed Treatments: Seeds are soaked in concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 30 minutes; then they are rinsed thoroughly under fresh water. Seeds are sown outdoors in the fall.<br> Seed dormancy: Seed germination is inhibited by the extremely hard seedcoat. | Propagation Environment: Outdoor nursery beds.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Pre-treated seeds hand-sown in rows.<br> Container Type and Volume: Bareroot plants may be transplanted into quart to gallon size containers, depending on planting needs.<br> Growing Media: In containers, plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | Sowing Date: October-November for field sowing.<br> % Emergence and Date: Seedlings emerge the following spring after fall sowing.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are sown approximately 1/4 inch apart). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 3/4 inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> Establishment Phase: Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | Rapid Growth Phase: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | Hardening Phase: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | Harvest Date: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Generally, bareroot plants are harvested 1 year after sowing. Container plants, depending on size, will require 1 to 2 additional seasons before they are field-ready.<br> Storage Conditions: Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Root trimmings are saved for vegetative propagation use. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants.<br> Seed storage: Seeds are stored dry in cloth bags or paper envelopes in seed cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity. | Storage Duration: 3 months. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Englert, J. 1993 Annual Report to the National Park Service for Shenandoah National Park. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> White, J. 1995 Annual Report to the National Park Service for George Washington Memorial Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Katjy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Rhus glabra</i> plants 1+0 bareroot; Plug+1 transplants; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2342 | Rhus (integrifolia) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac family | Rhus | integrifolia | (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Brewer & S. Wats. | RHUINT | R. integrifolia is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lemonade sumac | Seeds germinate at room temperature. | Young, D. A. (1972). The reproductive biology of Rhus integrifolia and Rhus ovata (Anacardiaceae). Evolution 26, 406-414.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus integrifolia</i> (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Brewer & S. Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2343 | Rhus (ovata) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac family | Rhus | ovata | S. Wats. | RHUOVA | R. ovata is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sugar sumac | Seeds germinate under greenhouse temperatures. | Stone, E. C. and Juhren, G. (1951). The effect of fire on the germination of the seed of Rhus ovata Wats. Amer. J. Bot. 38, 368-372.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus ovata</i> S. Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2344 | Rhus (trilobata) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac family | Rhus | trilobata | Nutt. | Madrean Archipelago | Broadly distributed throughout the western North America, from 1,000-3000m. Found in dry rocky sites on slopes, canyons, open prairies, and roadsides. Intolerant of high water tables and flooding (Nesom n.d.). Common in early successional communities and recently burned areas, but is a climax species in shrubland/grassland communities (Elmore and Janish 1976). The berries, bark, twigs, and foliage all offer forage for various wildlife species (Elmore and Janish 1976)
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Skunkbush Sumac | Collect berries from individuals when berry color is a deep red to brown. Leave bag open to increase air circulation after collection to avoid excess moisture and molding. Let berries dry out on racks for a week or so before attempting cleaning. If not dry enough to remove skin easily, leave them on rack, otherwise proceed.
| Pretreatment methods vary widely in the literature, but most sources agree that in greenhouse settings, skunkbush requires scarification followed by stratification to germinate. (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008, Anderson 2004). Studies report successful scarification using concentrated sulfuric acid for 1.5-2 hours, although information on specific acid concentration is not provided (Bonner and Karrfalt 2008, Heit 1970). Following stratification should take place in 3-5°C for one month or slightly longer for maximum germination rates (Heit 1970). Using this method, germination rates may be as high as 93% for viable treated seed compared with 5% for untreated seed (Heit 1970).
Information on other methods of scarification is lacking. Currently, BR staff are conducting germination tests for this species involving a combination of stratification and scarification methods. Updates will follow. | Anderson, Michelle D. “Rhus trilobata.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 2004. Web. www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhutri/all.html [2017, January 26].
Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. Bonner, Franklin T. and Robert P. Karrfalt, eds.The woody plant seed manual, USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 727. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2008. Elmore, Francis H., and Jeanne R. Janish. Shrubs and Trees of the Southwest Uplands. Tucson, AZ: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, 1976. Print. Heit, C. E. "Germinative characteristics and optimum testing methods for twelve western shrub species." Proceedings of the Association of Official Seed Analysts. The Association of Official Seed Analysts, 1970. Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Nesom, Guy. "Plant Guide for Rhus Trilobata Nutt." USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-National Resources Conservation Service. BONAP, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_rhtr.pdf [2017, January 17]. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus trilobata</i> Nutt. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2345 | Rhus (trilobata) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew family | Rhus | trilobata | Nutt. | RHUTRI | R. trilobata is found throughout the western United States and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Skunkbush sumac | Seeds are scarified and cold stratified for 40 days and germinate in spring.<br> Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 27% increase in germination as compared to control.<br>Seeds germinate at 23 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. In another study,seeds are treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes for increased germination. | Heit, C. E. (1969b). Propagation from seed. Part 7: Germinating six hardseeded groups. Amer. Nurseryman 125(12), 10-12, 37-41, 44-45.<br> Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16,10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus trilobata</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2346 | Rhus (trilobata) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac Family | Rhus | trilobata | Nutt. | RHUTRI | Utah | <i>R. trilobata</i> is found throughout the western United States east to the Great Plains states and Arkansas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in<br> Caliper:3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Skunkbush sumac | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are scarified using 10% H2SO4 bath for 1 hour. Seeds are immediately imbibed in water for 2 days. After pretreatment, we artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator 60 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired seedling density is 18 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rhus trilobata</i> Nutt. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2347 | Rhus (trilobata) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac Family | Rhus | trilobata | Nutt. | RHUTRI | Utah | <i>R. trilobata</i> is found throughout the western United States east to the Great Plains states and Arkansas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Skunkbush sumac | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are scarified using 10% H2SO4 bath for 1 hour. Seeds are immediately imbibed in water for 2 days. After pretreatment, we artificially stratify seeds in a refrigerator 60 days. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late spring using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br> Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rhus trilobata</i> Nutt. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2348 | Rhus (trilobata) | Anacardiaceae | Sumac family | Rhus | trilobata | Nutt. | RHTR | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS, Prescott National Forest, Forest Service Road 372, 3.9 miles from junction with State Route 169, Yavapai County, Arizona: 5322 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Skunkbush sumac | Small lot, 4.1 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rhus trilobata</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2349 | Rhus (trilobata) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew Family | Rhus | trilobata | Nutt. | RHTR | R. trilobata is found throughout the continental western United States, in all states west of the Mississippi river except Minnesota, Missouri and Louisiana. The species also naturally occurs in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. R. trilobata grows in prairies to shrublands and oak woodlands at elevations of about 1000-3000 meters and in a variety of sites including dry rocky slopes, streamsides, seasonal drainages, and canyon bottoms, sand dunes and sandhills, pastures, roadsides, and waste places -- in sun or partial shade and over a wide range of soils from nearly bare rock to sand and heavy clay. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164ml conetainers | Weeks | Weeks | Height 15 to 25 cm; firm root plug. | Skunkbush, skunkbush sumac | Seeds were obtained from a commercial seed supplier. | Seeds are scarified by soaking in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 60 minutes after which the seeds are rinsed and imbibed in running water for 24 hours. Seed are the placed in a self sealing plastic bags and placed in cold stratification (2 to 40C) for 60 days. Seeds should be monitored during stratification for germination and sown once germination has begun. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). After 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 30 cm in height, the plants are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed, which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat moss: perlite: vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3-4 month is incorporated into the media at aerate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse irrigation is provided via mini-sprinklers. The irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system; generally every 4-5 days. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Seed is placed on top of the media. A 2-5 mm layer of perlite is placed of the media/seed. The containers are misted 3-5 minutes 3-5 times a day to keep the surface of the media moist, and maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night temperatures range from 12 to 21oC and day temperatures range from 15 to 26oC. No supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K). Fertilization rates applied progressively increase throughout the active growth phase. Applications rate begins at 25 ppm N for the first 2 weeks and progressively increases by 25 ppm every two weeks. By week thirteen seedlings begin receiving 175 ppm N and this rate is held until the seedlings are moved to the shade house. During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26oC and during the night 18 to 22oC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 60 min light interruptions at the mid point of the dark cycle (10 - 14 hrs) from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches and from 1,000 watt high pressure sodium vapor lights suspended 3.5 meters above the crop. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4oC day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J. L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Mimbres Publishing 464 pp. [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. (On-line database). http://www.itis.gov Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest, sixth edition. Texas: University of Texas Press, Austin 635 pp. | Harrington, John T; Atencio, Lena E.. 2010. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus trilobata</i> Nutt. plants 164ml conetainers; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2350 | Rhus (typhina) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew Family | Rhus | typhina | L. | RHTY | Woody shrub up to 2-3 meters. Forms large colonies, uniform colonies from root suckers. Fields, clearings, roadsides, hillsides, rocky openings and ledges, thickets, borders of woods and in thin woods. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Staghorn Sumac | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May to July. Fruits red fuzzy inflorescence in a cluster at tips of stems. Seed is harvested in late summer to fall. | Scarification: boil enough water to cover the seeds. Pour boiling water onto the seeds and cool for one day. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place bag/container in a refrigerator or cold garage(33-42 degrees F) for 3-5 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When the danger of frost has passes leave the plants directly outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhus typhina</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2351 | Rhynchospora (capitellata) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Rhynchospora | capitellata | (Michx.) Vahl | RHCA12 | Bogs, sandy shores, wet pine barrens | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | brownish beaksedge | Seeds need 4 months of cold, moist stratification | In early spring sow the stratified seeds in a greenhouse with 65F night and 75F day temperature. Seeds germinate in 3 weeks. Repot seedlings 2 inch containers. Growing mix is 1 part sand 4 parts of a commercial potting mix containing 40-50% of composted pine bark. Keep the medium always moist. | Repot into a quarter gallon container filled with the same growing medium and move outside under 40% shade cover. Keep the medium always moist. Shade will not harm the plant and will help to maintain an adequate moisture level in the potting mix. Plants will flower in their first year of growth. | Crow GE and Hellquist CB Fassett NC. 2000. Aquatic and wetland plants of northeastern North America Volume Two. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press 400 p. | Chiari, Alessandro. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhynchospora capitellata</i> (Michx.) Vahl plants Cougar Springs Ranch Brooklyn, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2352 | Ribes (aureum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant family | Ribes | aureum | Pursh | RIBAUR | R. aureum is found from British Columbia to California east to Saskatchewan and South Dakota and through the Rocky mountains to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | golden currant | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. | Shaw, N. (1984). Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. Pp. 6-15. In: P. M. Murphy (compiler). The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area. Proceedings Intermountain Nurseryman's Association 1983 Conference, 8-11 August 1983, Las Vegas, Nevada. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. <br>Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes aureum</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2353 | Ribes (aureum) | Grossulariaceae | Gooseberry Family | Ribes | aureum | Pursh | RIBAUR | Utah | <i>R. aureum</i>is found in streambanks and washes in grassland and sagebrush deserts to ponderosa pine forests from eastern Washington to California east to Saskatchewan and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountain States to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Golden currant | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.12 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 30 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 month | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March) when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 8 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Ribes aureum</i> Pursh plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2354 | Ribes (cereum) | Grossulariaceae | Gooseberry Family | Ribes | cereum | Dougl. | RICE | Wax occurs on dry slopes, ridges, and plains at elevations of 1,220 to 3,960 m from Montana west to British Columbia south to California and east to New Mexico (Vines 1960, Marshall and Winkler 1995). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper:2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Wax currant | Red berries containing numerous seeds ripen from July to August (Marshall and Winkler 1995). Berries should be collected as soon as possible after ripening to limit losses to birds. | Embryo dormancy is the primary dormancy mechanism in wax currant and is overcome by stratification (Rosner et al. 2003). Seed coat dormancy affects fewer seeds within each lot, but germination can be further improved, if seed coat dormancy is overcome by treatment with 3% hydrogen peroxide (Rosner et al. 2003). Seeds are soaked 4 hours in 3% hydrogen peroxide and then stratified for 120 days at 3 to 5 C. Hydrogen peroxide treatments involve submersing seeds in a sufficient volume of hydrogen peroxide to completely cover the seeds and stirring vigorously for at least 30 seconds at the start of treatment. Following treatment, the seeds are rinsed under running tap water for several minutes and then soaked briefly in several changes of fresh water. Seeds are then soaked overnight (8-12 hours) in water and stratified naked (without media) at 3 to 5 C within self-sealing plastic bags left slightly open to allow air movement. Seeds are rinsed every month or so during stratification to reduce microbial contamination. Germination occurs during the 4-month stratification period, especially in the later stages of the treatment. After 60 days of stratification, seeds are checked every other week, and germinants are removed and transplanted. Removing germinants frequently helps to reduce fungal build up in the seed lot during the remainder of stratification, and increases the survival odds for those seeds germinating during stratification. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early May and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 4 to 5) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 12 to 15 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. | 5 months | [IT IS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed 11 November 2002. Marshall, K.and G. Winkler. 1995. Ribes cereum. In: Fischer WC, compiler. The Fire Effects Information System (Online Data base). Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Science Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis.html. Accessed 11/19/02. Rosner, L.S., Harrington, J.T., Dreesen, D.R. and L. Murray. 2003. Hydrogen peroxide seed scarification of New Mexico collections of Ribes cereum. Seed Science and Technology (In Press). Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 1104 pp. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes cereum</i> Dougl. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2355 | Ribes (cereum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant and Gooseberry | Ribes | cereum | Dougl. | RICE | Crater Lake National Park; on open ridges and slopes with rabbitbrush, manzanita; dry meadows at 5,500 to 6,000 feet elev. | Western and central continental US. Common on East slopes of Cascade Mountains in Oregon | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-gallon containers | 2 Years | Years | multiple-stemmed, branched tops, well-developed root system filling container. | wax currant; squaw currant | red-ripe fruit collected in August; hand picked into plastic bags and kept in cooler for transport. | Fresh seed germinated after 12 weeks cold / moist stratification; in our collections older, stored seed germinated much better after 25 weeks cold / moist stratification. Seedlings sown directly into standard "1040" flats in peat / perlite / Fisons Sunshine #3 fine starter potting mix, watered-in and placed inside polyethylene bags in walk-in cooler at 34 to 38 F for strat. | Seedlings started on greenhouse bench when stratification was complete, transplanted into 3.5" square pots filled with Fisons Sunshine #1 soil-less potting mix with about 10% extra perlite. Monitored new growth for aphids; treated with Safers' insecticidal soap when necessary. | Kept in poly greenhouse until mid to late May; then moved outdoors to shadehouse for summer. Plants also did well in full sun but pots should be kept shaded to keep roots cool. Many were ready for repotting into 1-gallon cans in June of 1st year. 1-gallon cans held in shadehouse, on raised open benches to allow for air-pruning of roots and good drainage. | 6 to 10 weeks in greenhouse | After potting up, plants were fertilized at 2 to 3 week intervals with Peters 9-45-15 starter fertilizer at half strength for the first two fertilizations; then with Peters' Triple 20 at 2 week intervals until July. Plants maintained with drip irrigation system which helped to keep foliar diseases down. New growth headed back in early June if needed to control top growth and encourage branching. | May to July | Plants flushed with water in July to reduce excess salt build-up in pots; fertilization ceased and watering intervals lengthened in August to encourage vegetative maturity. Shade cloth removed in September to allow full sun acclimation. | August - September | Plants held over winter in unheated poly greenhouse; repotted and shoot / root pruned if necessary following spring. Transported in August via refrigerated van to Crater Lake to a holding facility near park headquarters for a few weeks acclimation prior to outplanting in September around refurbished lodge. | Seeds - length of storage not known but older lots did require longer stratification to break dormancy. | Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Kruckeberg, Aurthur R. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Guide. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.<p> Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa. <p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing, and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes cereum</i> Dougl. plants 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2356 | Ribes (cereum) | Grossulariaceae | Gooseberry Family | Ribes | cereum | Dougl. | RIBCER | <i>R. cereum</i> is found from British Columbia south throughout the western United States to California east to new Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 8 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Wax currant | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12". Field Bed Preparation: Wemark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season. Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.12 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 30 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil. ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil. Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head. | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring(early February to mid March) when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 8 inches using a lifter. They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Ribes cereum</i> Dougl. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2357 | Ribes (cereum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant family | Ribes | cereum | Douglas | RICE | USFS land, Deschutes National Forest, Sisters Ranger District, Eyerly Fire area, Sisters, Oregon: 4500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Wax currant | Small lot, 3.6 pounds, hand collected into plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ribes cereum</i> Douglas seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2358 | Ribes (cereum) | Grossulariaceae | Ribes | cereum | RIBCER | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Wax Currant | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 2 to 3 months.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Wet tumbling seems benefical.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wettumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§ F day, 55§ F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§ F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes cereum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2359 | Ribes (erythrocarpum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant and Gooseberry | Ribes | erythrocarpum | Coville & Leib. | RIER | Crater Lake National Park - in understory of firs and white-bark pine; around caldera rim at Sun Notch, and Vidae Falls, 6,500 ft. | In Southern Oregon; Douglas, Klamath and Jackson Counties; localized species of Cascade Mountains in Southern Oregon | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon containers | 2 Years | Years | well-branched shoots with mature wood | Crater Lake currant | Red-ripe berries collected in August and kept in plastic bags in cooler for transport. Further increase made by taking softwood cuttings off of established seedlings at greenhouse in Corvallis (semi-hardwood cuttings collected from native stands in August did not root well) See comments, below. | Seeds cold-moist stratified for 12 to 16 weeks; seed sown into standard "1040" flats, watered in and placed in polyethylene bags in walk-in cooler at 34 to 38 F. Germination spotty but established seedlings survived well. | Established seedlings transplanted into 1-gallon pots with a rich, organic compost-based potting mix with added peat and perlite. Held in poly greenhouse until mid may to establish; then moved outdoors to shadehouse (47% shadecloth) and held on raised benches, with drip irrigation, to allow for root pruning and good drainage. Established plants fertilized every 2 weeks with half-strength Peters' Triple 20 in May and June. | quick-growing from seed; 2 to 3 fertilizations at 2-week intervals with Peters' 9-45-15 starter fertilizer. | 2 months | Plants developed quickly from seed; canes long enough by mid-summer to be pruned back to encourage branching; these prunings were successfully used as softwood cuttings under mist for further increase. | May to July | Fertilizer ceased in July and watering intervals gradually lengthened; Shadecloth removed at end of August for full sun acclimation. | August - September | Established plants held over winter outdoors in Corvallis in lathhouse. Plants were shipped via refrigerated van in August to ah holding facility at park for outplanting in September. First year survival in outplanting was very good. | Not known; but older seed lots did require longer seed stratification. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa. <p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing, and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1992 Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes erythrocarpum</i> Coville & Leib. plants 1 gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2360 | Ribes (hudsonianum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant family | Ribes | hudsonianum | Richards | RIBHUD | R. hudsonianum is found from Alsaka east to Ontario and south to northern California, Montana, Minnesota and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hudsonbay currant | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 to 120 days. | Pfister, R. D. (1974). Ribes L. Currant, gooseberry. Pp. 720-727. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes hudsonianum</i> Richards plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2361 | Ribes (lacustre) | Grossulariaceae | Currant family | Ribes | lacustre | (Pers.) Poir | RIBLAC | R. lacustre is found from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south to California, Colorado, the Dakotas, Michigan and Pennsylvania. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Swamp gooseberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 120 to 200 days. | Pfister, R. D. (1974). Ribes L. Currant, gooseberry. Pp. 720-727. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes lacustre</i> (Pers.) Poir plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2362 | Ribes (lacustre) | Grossulariaceae | Gooseberry family | Ribes | lacustre | (Pers.) Poir. | RIBLAC | Subalpine Forest, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. | <i>R. lacustre</i> occurs from Alaska to California,east across Canada to Newfoundland, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, the Dakotas, and south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 10 cm<br> Caliper: 9 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml container. | Black Gooseberry | Seeds are collected when fruit turns black in late August. Seeds are tan at maturity. Fruit is collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds were fall sown in containers to undergo a 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 0.75 gram of Micromax per 800 ml container. Containers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughlyleached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate evenly over a 2 week period. Initial growth of the seedlings is rapid. Seedlings are thinned at 2 to 4 true leaf stage. | 4 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment, and are regularly fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants are root tight in conetainers in 1 month. Plants are potted into 800 ml pots. Seedlings reach root-tightness in 3 months. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes lacustre</i> (Pers.) Poir. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2363 | Ribes (menziesii) | Grossulariaceae | Currant Family | Ribes | menziesii | Pursh | RIBMEN | Muir Woods, California | <i>R. menziesii</i> is found in canyons and flats, below 1,000 feet elevation; from southern Oregon to San Luis Obispo County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Canyon Gooseberry | Seeds are collected between July 24th and August 24th.<br> Mature fruits are 1 cm. in diameter.<br> | Seeds are cold stratified for 90 days. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 60% | Seeds germinate 60 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 60 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes menziesii</i> Pursh plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2364 | Ribes (montigenum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant | Ribes | montigenum | Many subalpine, alpine habitats; 7,000-5,000 feet. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sierra Gooseberry | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> <u>Cuttings</u>: dipped into a Hormex and Captan (fungicide) solution of #3 and #16. <u>Seed</u>: 7 to 10 months stratification at 32§F. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special storage requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Can be placed in cold storage for short periods of time. | Dyer, Dave. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes montigenum</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2365 | Ribes (montigenum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant family | Ribes | montigenum | McC. | RIBMON | R. monigerum is found from British Columbia to California and east throughout the western states to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain prickly gooseberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 200 to 300 days. Germination occurs under greenhouse temperatures. | Pfister,1974.Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes montigenum</i> McC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2366 | Ribes (sanguineum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant Family | Ribes | sanguineum | Pursh | Variety | RIBCUR | Presidio, California | <i>R. sanguineum</i> is found in moist shaded places from 2,000 to 6,000 feet elevation; from British Columbia to Santa Barbara County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Redflower Currant | Seeds are collected between June 29th and September 9th.<br> Mature fruits are blue-black, 4 to 8 mm in diameter and are covered with glandular hairs.<br> | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 65% | Seeds germinate 12 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 12 days after germination to individual containers 4 inch square pots containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 24 days | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse.<br> Prune back and keep seedlings well spaced to prevent leaf rust. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes sanguineum</i> Pursh plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2367 | Ribes (viscosissimum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant | Ribes | viscosissimum | Sagebrush, forest; 4,000-10,000 feet. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sticky Currant | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Cuttings were dipped into a Hormex and Captan (fungicide) solution of #3 and #16. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Can be placed in cold storage for a short period of time. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes viscosissimum</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2368 | Ribes (viscosissimum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant family | Ribes | viscosissimum | Pursh | RIVI3 | USFS, Willamette National Forest, Lower Salmon Creek, Oregon; 4500 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sticky currant | Small lot, 11.6 pounds, hand collected into plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Ribes viscosissimum</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2369 | Robinia (neomexicana) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Robinia | neomexicana | Gray | ROBNEO | R. neomexicana is found from southern Colorado to southern Nevada,western Texas, New Mexico,Arizona and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | New Mexico locust | Germination occurs at 36/16C alternating temperature cycle. | Cox, R. A. and Klett, J. E. (1984). Seed germination requirements of native Colorado plants for use in the landscape. The Plant Propag. 30(2), 6-10.<br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Robinia neomexicana</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2370 | Robinia (neomexicana) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Robinia | neomexicana | ROBNEO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-GallonTree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | New Mexico Locust | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> None required.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Scarification using dry tumbling with grit and pea gravel for 5 to 7 days.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Robinia neomexicana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2371 | Robinia (pseudoacacia) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Robinia | pseudoacacia | L. | ROBPSE | R. pseudoacacia is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black locust | Seeds germinate under greenhouse temperatures and at 20 C. | Roberts, D. R. and Carpenter, S. B. (1983). The influence of seed scarification and site preparation on establishment of black locust on surface-mined sites. Tree Plant. Notes 34(3), 28-30.<br>Sadhu, R. N and Kaul, V. (1989). Seed-coat dormancy in Robinia pseudo-acacia. Indian For. 115, 483-487.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2372 | Robinia (pseudoacacia) | Fabaceae | Bean Family | Robinia | pseudoacacia | L. | ROBPSE | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park | <i>R. pseudoacacia</i> is native from Pennsylvania and south Indiana to Oklahoma, south to Georgia and Alabama.Escaped from cultivation north to Nova Scotia and Quebec. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991). Note: Black locust is on the native species list for the above national Parks. NRCS recognizes that it can be weedy outside its native range. Please consult the NRCS PLANTS database for more information. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Seedling | 1 Years | Years | Root systems: Bareroot seedlings should have well-developed root systems. Long roots are pruned as needed at harvest.<br> Height: 1+0 bareroot seedlings vary from 8-48 inches. | black locust | Seed was collected from the Parks in September and October after it had ripened but before the legumes had split. | Black locust seeds have an impermeable seedcoat (Olson, 1974). Prior to planting, seeds were run through a Fosburg scarifier to scratch the seedcoat and then were inoculated with rhizobia specified for Robinia. | Propagation environment: Bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds.<br> Sowing date: Seeds has been sown in outdoor nursery beds in November, December, January, and April with no appreciable difference in production. Sowing/planting technique:<br>Woody nursery: Pre-scarified and inoculated seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. Rows are 5-6 inches apart and seeds are sown about 1" apart within each row. Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about _" of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence.<br> | Seedlings emerge during the spring following fall sowing, or shortly after spring sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Seedlings are not shaded. | Outdoor woody beds: The NPMC soil is a nutrient-poor sandy loam which is amended with organic matter, such as composted leaves and manure. Seedlings in the nursery beds are fertilized every other week from early May through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilizer application. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed. Prior to shipment, roots of the bundles are dipped in a mycorrhizal slurry and sealed in air-tight plastic. This has prevented desiccation of roots in transport and outplanting. | 4 months | References: Olson, David F. 1974. <i>Robinia</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 728-731.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown.1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991.<i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. plants Seedling; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2373 | Robinia (pseudoacacia) | Fabaceae | Bean Family | Robinia | pseudoacacia | L. | ROBPSE | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park. | <i>R. pseudoacacia</i> is native from Pennsylvania and south Indiana to Oklahoma, south to Georgia and Alabama. Escaped form cultivation north to Nova Scotia and Quebec (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991). Note: Black locust is on the native species list for the above national Parks. NRCS recognizes that it can be weedy outside its native range. Please consult the NRCS PLANTS database for more information. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Seedling | 2 Years | Years | Half-gallon greenhouse-grown container plants.<br> Container plants should have firm root balls that fill the pot. The insides of containers are treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that encourages development of a fibrous root system.<br> Height: Half-gallon container seedlings vary from 24 to 60".<br><br> | black locust | Seeds were collected from the Parks in September and October after it had ripened but before the legumes had split. | Black locust seeds have an impermeable seedcoat (Olson, 1974). Prior to planting, seeds were run through a Fosburg scarifier to scratch the seedcoat and then were inoculated with rhizobia specified for Robinia. | Seed was sown in the greenhouse in spring.<br> Container plants: Pre-scarified, inoculated seeds are sown in trays in germination mix. They are transplanted to quarts in a mix of Sunshine #1 and slow release 18-6-8 Nutricote. (3.8 cu ft mix, 4 cups Nutricote). Seedlings are bumped up to « gallon containers with a woody mix: (3.8 cu. ft. media, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 4 cups Nutricote, about 4 cups endomycorrhizae and rhizobia at recommended rates. | Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Seedlings are not shaded. | Greenhouse seedlings in half-gallon pots are transferred to an outdoor shade house for the growing season. Daily overhead irrigation is adjusted depending on natural precipitation and pot size. Plants may need to be staked. Plants may be top-dressed with slow release fertilizer. | Frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, depending on natural rainfall. | Smaller pots may be over-wintered in a cooler and watered needed. Dormant « gallon stock is over-wintered outdoors under a microfoam-insulating blanket. After leaves have fallen, the clean, well-watered containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with microfoam. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then anchored with rope and rebar. | 3 to 5 months | Olson, David F. 1974. <i>Robinia</i> In: <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. 728-731.<br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. plants Seedling; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2374 | Robinia (pseudoacacia) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Robinia | pseudoacacia | L. | ROBPSE | South Central Missouri | Black locust is found throughout the United States; being absent only in Arizona. It inhabits a variety of mixed forests and riparian areas. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 8 Months | Months | Height: 30 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Black locust | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.The dry fruit is a hairy pod about 7.6 cm long (3.0 in) long containing several seeds. Seeds are dark brown and kidney shaped | We scarify seeds with concentrated sulfuric acid 1:1 (v:v) acid to seeds for 45 minutes. After acid treatment, seeds are thoroughly rinsed in water to remove residual acid.<br> We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 12 setting in prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizeris applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Olson DF Jr., Karrafalt RP. 2004. The genus Robinia. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Robinia.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2375 | Romanzoffia (californica) | Hydrophyllaceae | water leaf | Romanzoffia | californica | Romanzoffia | suksdorfii | ROCA6 | Oregon and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | California mistmaiden | Our tests show this plant germinates best when placed in room temperature. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Romanzoffia californica</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2376 | Romneya (coulteri) | Papaveraceae | Poopy family | Romneya | coulteri | Harvey | ROMCOU | R. coulteri is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coulter's Matilija poppy | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 40% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Romneya coulteri</i> Harvey plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2377 | Romneya (trichocalyx) | Papaveraceae | Poppy family | Romneya | trichocalyx | Eastw. | Romneya | coulteri | Variety | trichocalyx | (Eastw.) Jepson | ROMTRI | R. trichocalyx is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bristly Matilija poppy | Seeds germinate at 23 C.<br>Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 24% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Romneya trichocalyx</i> Eastw. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2378 | Rorippa (curvisiliqua) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Rorippa | curvisiliqua | Hook | ROCU | seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | curvepod yellowcress | Seeds were planted into cone-tainers using Sunshine#1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (MicroMax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks with no treatment. 80% germination occurred. | 1 month | Plants were transplanted into 3'X4' tubs filled with 6" of Sunshine#1 media. The plants were placed 4" apart and watered daily. | 2-3 months | Entire plants were cut off when pods turned light brown. They were placed on a tarp in a greenhouse to dry. | Bartow, Amy L. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rorippa curvisiliqua</i> Hook seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2379 | Rosa (acicularis) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rosa | acicularis | Lindl. | ROSACI | R. acicularis is found in boreal coniferous forests south to Idaho, Montana through the Rocky mountains to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Prickly rose | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 25C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1977). Germination requirements of Alaskan Rosa acicularis. Can. Field-Nat. 91, 58-62.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa acicularis</i> Lindl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2380 | Rosa (blanda) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rosa | blanda | Aiton | ROBL | Dunes, sandy bluffs, and shores; jack pine woodland, river banks, and borders of woods and thickets; rocky openings and outcrops; fields and fencerows. Shrub with internodal prickles and smooth lateral shoots. Flowers large and scented. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Meadow rose | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May to June. Seed is harvested in October. Rose-hip (fleshy) with seeds | Scarification: Boil enough water to cover the seeds. Pour the boiling water onto the the seeds and let sit for 24 hours. Requires one month of warm moist stratification followed by 4 months of cold moist stratification. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container.) Place in a room temperature setting for at least 1 month followed by a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least 4 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24-cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill the cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of of soil or gently press seeds into the dirt. Sowing Date: Sow Meadow Rose seeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa blanda</i> Aiton plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2381 | Rosa (californica) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rosa | californica | Cham. & Schlecht. | Rosa | aldersonii | Greene | ROSCAL | Marin County, California | <i>R. californica</i> is found in moist places, often near streams; from southern Oregon to Lower California; below 6,000 feet elevation; in the Sierras and coastal ranges. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Wild Rose | Seeds are collected between July 1st and September 1st.<br> Mature fruits are bright red.<br> Seed is hard and dry. | Soak clean seeds overnight in fresh water. Stratify in refrigerator at 40F for 3 months. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on April 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 1 month | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back to 4 nodes when shoot height exceeds container height. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa californica</i> Cham. & Schlecht. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2382 | Rosa (carolina) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rosa | carolina | L. | ROSCAR | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>R. carolina</i> is found in the eastern half of the United States west to Minnesota and south to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a.<br> Caliper: n/a.<br> Root System: firm root plug | Carolina Rose | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. May 15 to June 10. Seed is harvested June 22. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7 - 11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70- 0 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two weeks.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperaturemay be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive.<br>When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa carolina</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2383 | Rosa (gymnocarpa) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rosa | gymnocarpa | ROGY | Malheur, Mt Hood, Willamette National Forests, Oregon | Rosa gymnocarpa is found in southern British Columbia, on both sides of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon, in the Sierra Nevada of California, in northern and central Idaho, and in western Montana. The genus is divided into two varieties: var. gymnocarpa, which grows throughout all of the species’ range, and var. serpentina, which grows only in California and Oregon. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Dwarf rose | Bright red when it is matures in August to September. The fruit contains several seeds that are angled achenes | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Seeds are layered in peat in a sealed container and placed into cold stratification (1 to 3 °C) for 90 to 100 days. It is very important to check seeds in warm strat and peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform, and is usually complete in 3 weeks. During that time, plants may be lightly fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm. | 16 weeks | Once established, plants are fairly fast-growing. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. Rosa spp. plants are susceptible to powdery mildew, so irrigation should be closely monitored during the season. Plants may need to be spaced apart in racks to allow for good air circulation. | 16 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Pavek PL, Skinner D. 2013. Plant guide: Baldhip rose Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Pullman (WA): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_rogy.pdf (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2384 | Rosa (gymnocarpa) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rosa | gymnocarpa | Nutt. | ROSGYM | Muir Woods, California | <i>R. gymnocarpa</i> is found from British Columbia and Montana to Monterery and Fresno counties, California; in shaded woods, mostly below 6,000 feet elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Dwarf Wild Rose | Seeds are collected July 1st.<br> Mature fruits are red.<br> Seed is tan and hard at maturity. | Stratify seeds for 90 days in the refrigerator. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> % Germination: 70% | Seeds germinate 112 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 112 days after germination to individual containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | 4 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa gymnocarpa</i> Nutt. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2385 | Rosa (nutkana) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rosa | nutkana | RONU | East Sand Island, Columbia River, Oregon | Rosa nutkana grows in the western US, from the Rocky Mountain states to the Pacific Coast, and in British Columbia and Alaska | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Nootka rose | Seed is obtained by collecting rose hips after they turn a bright red color | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Seeds are layered in peat in a sealed container and placed into cold stratification (1 to 3 °C) for 100 to 110 days. It is very important to check seeds in warm strat and peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform, and is usually complete in 3 weeks. During that time, plants may be lightly fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm. | 4 weeks | Once established, plants are fairly fast-growing. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. Rosa spp. plants are susceptible to powdery mildew, so irrigation should be closely monitored during the season. Plants may need to be spaced apart in racks to allow for good air circulation. | 16 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Pavek PL, Skinner D. 2013. Plant guide: Nootka rose Rosa nutkana C. Presl. Pullman (WA): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_ronu.pdf (accessed 11 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rosa nutkana C. Presl Nootka rose. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RONU (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa nutkana</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2386 | Rosa (nutkana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rosa | nutkana | C. Presl | RONU | Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Fernan Lake, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2140 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Nootka rose | Small lot, 1.9 pounds, hand collected into ziplock bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rosa nutkana</i> C. Presl seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2387 | Rosa (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rosa | virginiana | Deciduous brushy shrub with straight or curved infrastipular spines, found east of the Mississippi River. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Virginia Rose | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Stratification for a minimum of 30 days at 40§F has performed well. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> October thru November. At maturity the green hip turns red.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Low humidity at 34-38§F.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> 2 to 4 years. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rosa virginiana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2388 | Rosa (woodsii) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rosa | woodsii | Lindl. | Madrean Archipelago | Wood’s rose is distributed across Western North America from Ontario to Northern Mexico in a range of habitats. Flowers May-Aug. It often grows in disturbed areas and has moderate tolerance to shade (Hauser 2006). Above-ground growth often regenerates from shallow root crown after mild-moderate fire (Nesom n.d.).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Woods’ Rose | Berry-like fruits commonly known as rose hips are red at maturity (Kearney and Peebles 1960). Seeds are collected by snapping the ripe hips off of the stems. Gloves and thick pants are recommended when collecting to protect from prickles. Also, take precaution to prevent mold in field transport of fruits.
| Since Rosa woodsii seeds are primarily dispersed by birds and mammals, stratification and/or scarification is recommended (Hauser 2006). Warm/cold stratification is recommended with 60 days at 20°C followed by 90 days at 3°C. In lab settings, this results in 45-49% germination (Hauser 2006). Cold, dry stratification may also work, with one study claiming 70% germination after 30-365 day stratification in 0-10°C temperatures (Hauser 2006). The Borderlands Restoration Nursery has no experience to date germinating this species.
| Barner, Jim. “Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) Rosa woodsii Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon.” Native Plant Network. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. 2008. Web. http://NativePlantNetwork.org [2017, January 3].
Hauser, A. Scott. “Rosa woodsii.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 2006. Web. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/roswoo/all.html [2017, January 3]. Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Luna, Tara, Jeff Evans, Dale Wick and Joy Hosokawa. “Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Rosa woodsii Lindl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana.” Native Plant Network. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources, 2008. Web. http://NativePlantNetwork.org [2017, January 3]. Nesom, G. “Plant Guide for Rosa woodsii Lindl.” USDA-NRSC Plant Guide.BONAP, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. n.d. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_rowo.pdf [2017, January 3]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca ; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa woodsii</i> Lindl. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2389 | Rosa (woodsii) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rosa | woodsii | Lindl. | ROSWOO | Open forested slopes, Two Medicine, 1585m elev., | <i>R. woodsii</i> ranges from B.C. east through the Cascades and Rocky Mountains, south to California and Texas and east to Missouri and Wisconsin, New Jersery and Pennsylvania. It inhabits riparian and wetland edges, moist to dry meadows and open forests and open rocky slopes at low to montane elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainers. | Woods rose | Seeds are collected when hips turn red in September and October. Achenes are tan at maturity. Fruits are collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide soak for 10 minutes, followed by a 72 hour running water rinse. After seeds are imbibed, they are placed into a 50 to 60 day warm, moist stratification at 20 C followed by a 90 day cold, moist stratification at 1 to 3 C.<br>ÿ Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers. During warm stratification, the containers are kept at 20 C. Stratification medium is re-moistened as needed. During cold stratification containers are placed under refrigeration at 1 to 3 C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium and irrigated thoroughly.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination is usually complete in 15 days. Cotyledon to true leaf stage is 2 weeks. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and increase in height to 17 centimeters in 10 weeks. Root development is very rapid and conetainers are root tight in 16 weeks.<br> During active growth, seedlings can be top pruned with shears as needed. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Containers are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished.<p>1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa woodsii</i> Lindl. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2390 | Rosa (woodsii) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rosa | woodsii | ROWO | Deschutes and Willamette National Forests, Oregon; Boise National Forest, Idaho | Widely distributed over western North America, from
Ontario and Manitoba, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa, south to Texas and northern Mexico, west to California and Alaska through every other western state and province | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 20 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Woods' rose | Berry-like fruits commonly known as rose hips are red at maturity. Seeds are collected by snapping the ripe hips off of the stems. Gloves and thick pants are recommended when collecting to protect from prickles. Also, take precaution to prevent mold in field transport of fruits. | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours.
Seeds are layered in peat in a sealed container and placed into cold stratification (1 to 3 °C) for 100 to 110 days. It is very important to check seeds in warm strat and peat weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform, and is usually complete in 3 weeks. During that time, plants may be lightly fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm. | 4 weeks | Once established, plants are fairly fast-growing. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. Rosa spp. plants are susceptible to powdery mildew, so irrigation should be closely monitored during the season. Plants may need to be spaced apart in racks to allow for good air circulation. | 16 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Nesom G. 2000. Plant guide: Woods’ rose Rosa woodsii Lindl. Chapel Hill (NC): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and University of North Carolina, North Carolina Botanical Garden. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_rowo.pdf (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa woodsii</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2391 | Rosa (woodsii) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rosa | woodsii | Lindl. | ROSWOO | Utah | <i>R. woodsii</i>is found from eastern Washington to southern California and east to Wisconsin, Missouri and Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 10 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Woods rose | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Mature fruit is a orange to red hip containing several seeds. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in mid September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 45 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rosa woodsii</i> Lindl. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2392 | Rosa (woodsii) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rosa | woodsii | Lindl. | ROSWOO | Numerous Glacier National Park seed sources. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 and 3+0 bareroot | 2 Years | Years | Woods rose | . Mid-summer field planting substitutes for the warm moist stratification requirement for bareroot production. | Rototill the seedbed to break up clods and level the site. Soil moisture needs to be such that rototilling leaves behind a fine, fluffy seedbed. Lightly firm the seedbed with a roller or packer prior to sowing if the soil surface is too soft. Sow 25 to 50 seeds per linear foot to a depth of 0.25 to 0.5 inches. We maintain a 4-ft wide bed (5-ft between beds), and plant 3 to 4 rows of seeds per bed depending on production interval. We cover our seeds with excelsior mat to maintain soil moisture and minimize animal predation. We fall sow fresh Woods' rose in October or November. Germination may occur the following spring, but usually occurs the second spring after sowing. This response supports reports that a warm moist stratification of 45 to 90 days followed by a 4- to 5-month cold moist chilling is needed to break dormancy. Under intensive management, 1-0 stock is adequately sized for outplanting the next year, although we prefer to produce and use 2-0 stock. Bareroot Woods' rose grown as 3-0 is usually too large for efficient handling and planting. It may be possible to collect and clean Woods' rose in late summer, warm moist stratify in the greenhouse, and then fall sow to meet the cold chilling requirement. | Bareroot Woods' rose is harvested as soon as the ground thaws in early spring. A "U" blade mounted to a 3-point system on the back of a tractor is used. Beds are undercut in two directions (lengthwise) prior to using the blade to lift the plants. Bundles of 10 to 50 plants are tied together, trimmed to a uniform size, then the roots packed in moist sphagnum or peat moss wrapped in plastic. The plants are stored in a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity until needed and then shipped in heavy wax coated boxes as priority ground mail early in the week. Containerized stock is normally delivered directly to GNP, but shipping of fully dormant plants as described for bareroot material should prove equally successful. | Fully dormant bareroot plants store well for several weeks at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rosa woodsii</i> Lindl. plants 2+0 and 3+0 bareroot; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2393 | Rosa (woodsii) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rosa | woodsii | Lindl. | ROWO | BLM, Seeds of Success, Upper West Fork of Oak Creek,Coconino County, Arizona; 6562 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Woods' rose | Very small lot, 0.57 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rosa woodsii</i> Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2394 | Rosa (woodsii) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rosa | woodsii | Variety | ultramontana | Rosa | arizonica | ROSWOO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Wood's Rose | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 2 to 3 months.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Wet tumbling seems benefical.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed tobe washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa woodsii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2395 | Rubus | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | RUBSPP | South Central Missouri | We have 4 species of Blackberry native to Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 14 Months | Months | Height: 12 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Blackberry | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. | Blackberry seeds require a warm and cold stratification to overcome seed dormancy.<br>We sow fresh seeds in early July using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 8 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk thesoils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. Seeds germinate the following spring. | 1 year | Year 2: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 2+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months year 2 | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | We do not store blackberry stock; it is typically lifted and directly planted in the fall. | Hoss, Gregory. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rubus</i> plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2396 | Rubus (chamaemorus) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rubus | chamaemorus | L. | RUBCHA | R. chamaemorus is found in bogs and peaty soil from the lowlands to montane zones. It is a circumboreal species found in North America from Alaska south to British Columbia and east to Newfoundland and New York. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cloud berry | Taylor, K. (1971). Biological flora of the British Isles. Rubus chamaemorus L. J. Ecol. 59, 293-306.<br>Warr, H. J., Savory, D. R. and Bal, A. K. (1979). Germination studies of bakeapple (cloudberry) seeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59, 69-74.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus chamaemorus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2397 | Rubus (flagellaris) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rubus | flagellaris | Deciduous trailing shrub with sparse spines found south and east of Minnesota on dry soils. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Northern Dewberry | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> 90/90-day warm/cold stratification; with 20 to 60 mm. sulfuric acid treatment, germination improves. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> June thru July. Yellowish-white fruit turns black when ripe and mature.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Stem cuttings must be taken while parent plant is dormant.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Cold storage less than 41§F.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rubus flagellaris</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2398 | Rubus (idaeus) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rubus | idaeus | L. | RUBIDA | R. idaeus is found throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American red raspberry | Seeds are warm and cold stratified for 120 days and germinate at 30/20 C and 20 C. | Brinkman, K. A. (1974b). Rubus L. Blackberry, raspberry. Pp. 738-743. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br> Nesme, X. (1985). Respective effects of endocarp, testa and endosperm, and embryo on the germination of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 65, 125-130.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus idaeus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2399 | Rubus (idaeus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | idaeus | L. | RUBIDA | Forest Margin, Avalache creek, Glacier National Park, Flathead County, MT 1050 meters | <i>R. idaeus</i> is found in wet or dry woods to open and often rocky mountain slopes. It is found over much of temperate North America and Eurasia. It is found on disturbed sites ranging from valley bottoms, stream and riverbanks to forest clearings and subalpine slopes on rocky soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 1 cm with multiple leaves<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Wild Raspberry | Seeds are hand collected in August when fruit is bright red and easily removed from the receptacle. Seeds are tan at maturity.<br> Collection Locality: Avalanche, Glacier National Park,MT.<br> Seeds are collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds were placed into a 24 hour water soak prior to a 90 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags andburied in peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, vermiculite.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are hand sown at the rate of 2 seeds per cell and lightly covered with perlite and thoroughly watered.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day for 12 hours and 16 to 18C during the night. | Seeds failed to germinate under greenhouse conditions. Trays were placed in the outdoor nursery so they could be subjected to more widely fluctuating temperatures.<br> Seedlings emerged 2 weeks after moving to the outdoor nursery.<br> Germination is non-uniform and continues over a 4 week period. Seedlings are irrigated only when the medium is dry on the surface during this stage. | 8 weeks | Seedlings produce multiple leaves 8 weeks after germination. Seedlings are fertilized twice weekly with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during this stage. Plants are fully root tight 16 weeks after establishment. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 11 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press,7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998.<p> Aspects of the Seed Ecology of Woody Plants of the Alaskan Taiga and Tundra, Densmore, PhD. Thesis, Department of Botany, Duke University, 1979.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records,unpublished.<p>Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants, Rose, R., Chachulski, C., and Hasse, D., Oregon State University Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus idaeus</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2400 | Rubus (leucodermis) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rubus | leucodermis | RULE | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest | Western United States | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Whitebark raspberry | Collect the fruits when ripe (they are orange or red). Generally salmonberry fruits ripen from June through August, and can be collected by hand. Berries can be stored in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 120 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment, and will need to be pruned multiple times approximately 2 to 3 months following transplanting into the target container. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Rubus leucodermis Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray whitebark raspberry. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=RULE (accessed 11 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rubus leucodermis Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray whitebark raspberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RULE (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus leucodermis</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2401 | Rubus (parviflorus) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rubus | parviflorus | RUPA | Deschutes, Mt Hood, Rogue River-Siskiyou, Siuslaw, Umpqua, Willamette National Forests, Oregon | R. parviflorus is found in moist to dry, wooded to open areas from near sea level to the subalpine zone; from Alaska to southern California, and inland from the coast to the Great Lakes, and through the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to northern Mexico. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | thimbleberry | Seed is collected in late August when fruits are bright red and are easily pulled from hypanthium disk. Seeds are tan at maturity.
Berries can be stored in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 120 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment, and may need to be top-pruned 3 months following transplanting into the target container. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. thimbleberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUPA (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus parviflorus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2402 | Rubus (parviflorus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | parviflorus | Nutt. | RUPPAR | Multiple Glacier National Park ecotypes (seed sources) tested. Primary work with NRCS accession numbers 9078267 (Avalanche seed source) and 9078626 (Camas). Both sources from approximately 3,500 feet of elevation from the west side of Glacier National P | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch containers | 1 Years | Years | Thimbleberry | We sometimes coat seeds with ThiramT as a sowing pre-treatment, but have no information that this improves germination or subsequent survival. Because of consistently high germination success, we surface sow 2-3 seeds in each 10-cubic-inch container in a well-drained peat-lite mix, irrigate, and then cover the seed with a shallow layer of fine perlite or vermiculite. The seeds are left overnight in a warm environment to imbibe water. The next day, the containers are moved to a cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and high relative humidity for a 4- to 5-month cold, moist chilling. After chilling the containers are moved to a greenhouse. After 4 to 6 weeks, multiple germinates in a single container are thinned to one seedling, extra seedlings can be transplanted to empty containers with good success. | Bridger hardens-off RUPA in two manners with equal success. The two techniques are used for all containerized plant materials and reflect production scheduling rather than any species-specific need that we have identified. The first method involves moving containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer. The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. The second option is to move containers to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-offgradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter all material in an outdoor hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. Containers as small as 10-cubic-inch overwinter well this way. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Dormant containerized plants hold well in a cooler for several weeks. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus parviflorus</i> Nutt. plants 10 cubic inch containers; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2403 | Rubus (parviflorus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | parviflorus | Nutt. | RUBPAR | Saint Mary, Glacier National Park, Glacier County, MT 1575 meters | <i>R. parviflorus</i> is found in moist to dry, wooded to open areas from near sea level to the subalpine zone; from Alaska to southern California, and inland from the coast to the Great Lakes, and through the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 7 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper:4 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in container | Thimbleberry | Seed is collected in late August when fruits are bright red and are easily pulled from hypanthium disk. Seeds are tan at maturity. Fruits are collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. | Seeds are cleansed with 1:3 (v:v)water and 3%hydrogen peroxide rinse for 15 minutes. Seeds are placed into a 24 to 48 hour running water soak rinse to a 90 day cold, moist stratification.<br>Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and are buried in moistened peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery.<br> Seeding Method: Direct Seeding.Seeds are sown by hand and lightly covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat moss, perlite, vermiculite.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day for 12 hours and 15 to 18C at night for 12 hours. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Cotyledons emerged 5 days after sowing. True leaves appeared 10 days after sowing and seedlings were thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Growth is rapid following establishment. Seedlings produced 4 to 6 true leaves 5 weeks after sowing. Seedlings were fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Uniform irrigation can be difficult because of the large leaves of this species; containers must be frquently checked for moisture content. Seedlings were fully root tight in 160 ml conetainers 90 days after sowing. Plants were moved to the outdoor nursery and up-potted to 800 ml square containers containing Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P205:13K20; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21 C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 800 ml container. Plants were fully root tight in the 800 ml containers by the end of the growing season.<br> Outdoor temperatures in the nursery range from 18 to 25C during the day and 15C at night. | 20 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 7 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 20 weeks | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th Printing, 1981.<p> Seeds:Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination,Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants of North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, N.P.S and N.R.C.S.,1996.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus parviflorus</i> Nutt. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2404 | Rubus (parviflorus) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rubus | parviflorus | Nutt. | RUPA | USFS, Willamette National Forest, Fall Creek-Winberry Creek, Oregon; 4200 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thimbleberry | Small lot, 0.59 pounds, hand collected into plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rubus parviflorus</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2405 | Rubus (spectabilis) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rubus | spectabilis | RUSP | Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon; Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington | Salmonberry grows in moist places and wetlands, and is especially abundant along streamsides and riparian areas at elevations below 1400 m. It can form dense thickets or grow individually. The range is from Alaska south to northwestern California, from the coast to the Cascades. | Salmonberry shrubs may become invasive once they are established | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | salmonberry | Collect the fruits when ripe (they are orange or red). Generally salmonberry fruits ripen from June through August, and can be collected by hand. Berries can be stored in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 120 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment, and may need to be top-pruned or spaced apart in racks approximately 3 months following transplanting into the target container. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Stevens M, Darris D. 2000. Plant guide: Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis Pursh. Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_vame.pdf (accessed 10 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rubus spectabilis Pursh salmonberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUSP (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2406 | Rubus (spectabilis) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Rubus | spectabilis | Pursh | RUSP | USFS, Willamette National Forest, Fall Creek-Winberry Creek, Oregon; 4200 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Salmonberry | Small lot, 10.3 pounds, hand collected into plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> Pursh seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2407 | Rubus (ursinus) | Rosaceae | Rose | Rubus | ursinus | RUUR | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest | R. ursinus most commonly occurs below 900 m (3000 ft) elevation, with about 36 to 60 cm (14 to 24 in) of annual precipitation in canyons, disturbed sites, and fields; from Oregon to Lower California. R. ursinus is found in the Western United States including: Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, and Montana. The western part of Canada is also included in the distribution of R. ursinus. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | California blackberry | Collect the fruits when ripe. Generally fruits ripen from June through August, and can be collected by hand. Berries can be stored in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 120 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is fairly uniform and is usually complete in 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 to 3 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment, and will need to be pruned multiple times approximately 2 to 3 months following transplanting into the target container. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 15 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Bonner FT, Karrfalt RB, Nisley RG, editors. 2008. The woody plant seed manual. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727. 1223 p.
Calscape. nd. Pacific blackberry Rubus ursinus. California Native Plant Society. URL: http://calscape.org/Rubus-ursinus-(Pacific-Blackberry) (accessed 12 Oct 2018). Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. California blackberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUUR (accessed 12 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Boudreaux, Tanja. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus ursinus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2408 | Rubus (ursinus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | ursinus | Cham. & Schlecht. | RUBURS | Marin County, California | <i>R. ursinus</i> is found mostly below 3,000 feet elevation in canyons and waste places; from Oregon to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Blackberry | Seeds are collected between June 15th and August 15th.<br> Mature fruits are black.<br> Seed is tan at maturity. | Soak seeds overnight in fresh water. Stratify in peat moss in the refrigerator for 3 months. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 6 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" tubes (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 28 days | Keep seedlings in the greenhouse to prevent scab.<br> Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back to 3 nodes when shoot height exceeds container height. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus ursinus</i> Cham. & Schlecht. plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2409 | Rudbeckia (hirta) | Compositae | Aster Family | Rudbeckia | hirta | L. | RUHI2 | Full sun to very light shade. Savannas, barrens, openings, and meadows. Only poor soil needed but well drained rich soils produce lush plants. Showy, yellow petals with a dark glossy brown to black eye. Height 1'-3'. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black-eyed susan | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June-Sept. Seed is an achene and is harvested August-October. Cut seed heads and shake out additional seed. | None, although some books call for 2 months of moist cold stratification. Our seeds have always grown extremely successfully without any form of treatment. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in deep cell plug trays; 100 cell (1.5" diameter), 18"x12"x6.5" deep. Also grows well in 24 cell (2"diameter)14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and a variety of other flat sizes and shapes. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes on the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the cells plugs again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 5 seeds in each 1.5" cell and 7 seeds in each 2" cell. Cover the seed with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow seeds in Jan. and continue growing new crops of seeds, as needed, until July. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed, leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rudbeckia hirta</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2410 | Rudbeckia (hirta) | Asteraceae | Rudbeckia | hirta | L. | RUHI2 | <i>Rudbeckia hirta</i> has a fairly wide distribution from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Manitoba, Colorado and Texas and is commonly found throughout the state of Mississippi. This species prefers a well-drained soil. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blackeyed susan | Collected near mile marker 118 and 123 on the Natchez Trace Parkway by PMC personnel/July 1992. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. Seeds germinated in both light and darkness (Andersen, 1968). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seedlings can be grown in the greenhouse, however, this was not normal practice at the PMC. Small seedlings do not transplant well, so direct sowing in cell packs or possibly larger pots is recommended.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Normal greenhouse growing media can be used, however, the mix must be well drained. Seedlings are very susceptible to damping off or physical rot if overwatered (Phillips, 1985). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> August to October.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Seeds normally germinate in September or October (see Total Time To Harvest).<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Fields were either closely mowed or burned, disked and cultipacked prior to planting. Observations of seed germination in a burned field that was not disked prior to planting showed that germination was delayed compared to a field planted at the same time that was disked. Apparently the ash residue on the surface of the soil inhibited germination. Seeds did not germinate well in a fluf1~j, clean tilled field. Direct sowing was done with a no-till drill using the legume box. Rice hulls were tested for use as a filler; however, the rice hull mixture did not meter through the seed box openings. The meter openings on the box were set between 3 to 5 mm (1/8 and 3/16 inch). Seed was drilled 6 mm (1/4 inch) deep with the furrows left open. Two broadcast seeding methods were also used. Blackeyed susan seeds were mixed with sand as a filler and broadcast with a field fertilizer spreader. Subsequent plantings at the PMC were done using a smaller fertilizer spreader on an all-terrain vehicle and the sand filler was not required. Planting rates used in production fields were 3.35 to 4.48 kilograms PLS per hectare (3 to 4 pounds per acre).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seeds germinate in the fall and plants overwinter as a rosette. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plants begin growth in late February to March. Flowering shoots begin to rapidly elongate in April to May. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Mid-July.<br> <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> In ideal situations, seeds germinate in the fall and harvest will be approximately 11 months after planting. However, if for some reason seeds do not germinate until the following spring, the phenology of the plants will not be normal. The plants will flower later and will not produce a flush of flowers, so seed harvesting capabilities are limited. When this happens, seeds are left to mature on the plants and the field is mowed to improve stands. Seeds are then harvested in subsequent years.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.7 C (55 F).<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Seeds have no prolonged dormancy (Phillips, 1985).<br> <b>Storage Duration:</b> Seeds would be classified as having medium longevity (Hartmann and Kester, 1975). Seeds were stored for 3 to 5 years before planting on the Natchez Trace Parkway. | <b>Storage Duration: </b> 3-5 years. | Andersen, R. N. 1968. Germination and establishment of weeds for experimental purposes. Weed Science Society of America, W. F. Humphrey Press, Inc., Geneva, NY. 236 p.<p> Hartmann, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1975. Plant propagation principles and practices. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Engelwood Cliffs, NJ. 662 p.<p> Phillips, H.R. 1985. Growing and propagating wildflowers. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 330 p. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rudbeckia hirta</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2411 | Rudbeckia (hirta) | Asteraceae | Rudbeckia | hirta | RUHI2 | Colorado, McGraw Ranch | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Black-eyed Susan | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed heads. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§ F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Sown in 36 pk, 3-5 seeds/slot.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uniform and rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<br> McGraw Ranch sowed 11/18/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rudbeckia hirta</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2412 | Rudbeckia (laciniata) | Compositae | Aster Family | Rudbeckia | laciniata | L. | RULA3 | River banks and floodplains, thickets, low woods, swamps, including cedar, wet ditches in or by woods, marshy ground. 6-8 feet in height. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tall coneflower/Cutleaf coneflower | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from July through September. Seed is small, round, and black. Seed is harvested in Oct. thru Nov. | Requires stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of either perlite or vermiculite. Seal mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container place in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage) 1-3 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Does not do well in deep and narrow plug cells. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From September to the end of December the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rudbeckia laciniata</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2413 | Rudbeckia (occidentalis) | Asteraceae | Aster | Rudbeckia | occidentalis | RUOC2 | Umpqua National Forest, Oregon | Western United States | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 15 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | western coneflower | Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags into a 1% hydrogen peroxide (3:1 water/3% hydrogen peroxide) soak for 24 hours, rinsed, and placed in water for an additional 24 hours. The bags are placed in sealed containers in refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 90 days.
It is very important to check seeds weekly. If mold is evident, seeds should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Seeds are directly sown into containers. Seeds are lightly covered with nursery grit. Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Germination is somewhat uneven, and may take up to 3 weeks to be complete. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 ppm for 1 week. | 3 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly throughout the active growth phase. During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a rate of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 12 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early to mid September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt. western coneflower. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUOC2 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rudbeckia occidentalis</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2414 | Rudbeckia (occidentalis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Rudbeckia | occidentalis | Nutt. | RUDOCC | R. occidentalis is found in streambanks and woods from the Great Plains to east of the Cascade mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black head coneflower | Germination occurs at 30D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. | McDonough, W. T. (1969). Effective treatments for the induction of germination in mountain rangeland species. Northw. Sci. 43, 18-22.Florez, A. and McDonough, W. T. (1974). Seed germination, and growth and development of Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt. (western coneflower) on Aspen Ridge in Utah. Amer. Midl. Nat. 91, 160-169.<br>Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rudbeckia occidentalis</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2415 | Rudbeckia (triloba) | Asteraceae | Rudbeckia | triloba | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | browneyed susan | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rudbeckia triloba</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2416 | Rumex (aquaticus) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat Family | Rumex | aquaticus | (Greene) Dorn | Variety | fenestratus | Rumex | occidentalis | S. Wats. | RUMAQU | Presidio, California | <i>R. aquaticus</i> var. <i>fenestratus</i> is found in coastal often brackish marshes; from San Francisco Bay, California north to Alaska and east to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Western Dock | Seeds are collected between September 26th and September 29th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown; fruits are 3 sided achene enclosed by enlarged inner perianth segments.<br> Seed is brown at maturity. | Soak seeds in fresh water for 24 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination: 97% | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" tubes (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rumex aquaticus</i> (Greene) Dorn plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2417 | Rumex (salicifolius) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Rumex | salicifolius | Weinm. | RUMSAL | R. salicifolius is found throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Willow leaf dock | Germination occurs at 32D/22N C alternating temperature cycle. | McDonough, W. T. (1970). Germination of 21 species collected from high-elevation rangeland in Utah. Amer. Midl. Nat. 84, 551-554.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rumex salicifolius</i> Weinm. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2418 | Rumex (salicifolius) | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat Family | Rumex | salicifolius | Weinm. | RUMSAL | Presidio, California | <i>R. salicifolius</i> is found in moist places, up to 6500 feet elevation; from California to Alaska, south through the Rocky Mountain states to New Mexico, east across Canada to Quebec and New York. It is also found in Europe. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Willow Dock | Seeds are collected between July 19th and September 19th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 65% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rumex salicifolius</i> Weinm. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2419 | Rumex (sallcifolius var. mexicanus) | Polygonaceae | Rumex | sallcifolius var. mexicanus | Colorado, Lily Lake (98-209s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Willow Dock | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 1 month.<p> Lily Lake (98-209s) sowed 1/19/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rumex sallcifolius var. mexicanus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2420 | Rupertia (physodes) | Fabaceae | Pea | Rupertia | physodes | Psoralea | physodes | RUPH3 | California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Western Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | forest scurfpea | No treatment is needed prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rupertia physodes</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2421 | Sabal (minor) | Arecaceae | Palm | Sabal | minor | Widely distributed in Louisiana. Most abundant in southern Louisiana on alluvial soils and river flood plains. Occasion-ally in the sandy pine hills of eastern and northern Louisiana (Brown 1965). | seeds | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dwarf Palmetto | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Unknown for <i>S. minor</i>; tests on other species of <i>Sabal</i> have shown that no pretreatment to break dormancy was necessary. However, a 30-day stratification in moist sand at 38§F increases the speed of germination. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Container materials from seedlings obtained from both seed and vegetative materials. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> <u>Flowers:</u> May-July. <u>Fruits:</u> September-November.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Brown, C.A., 1965. Louisiana Trees and Shrubs. Louisiana Forestry commission Bulletin No. 1. Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publications.<p>
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974. | Fine, Gary. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sabal minor</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2422 | Saccharum (alopecuroiidum) | Poaceae | Grass | Saccharum | alopecuroiidum | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | seed cleaning techniques | 0 | silver plumgrass | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Saccharum alopecuroiidum</i> seeds seed cleaning techniques; USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2423 | Sagittaria (australis) | Alismataceae | Arrowhead Family | Sagittaria | australis | (J.G. Sm.) Small | SAGAUS | Mississippi | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 6 Months | Months | Height: n/a<br> Caliper: n/a <br> Root System: n/a <br> | longbeak arrowhead | I generally collect seeds when fully mature and before any significant shattering occurs generally during late August through early October. I manually shattering fruit clusters on the plants and collecting falling seeds in a container. | I have stored seeds in zip-lock-type plastic bags in moist medium at 5.5 C (42 F) or in cold water (5.5 C [42 F] changed monthly to reduce algal growth) for up to 6 months. The cold moist conditions serve as a stratification process. | I use a 3:1 (v:v) sphagnum peat moss:sand growing medium amended with commercially recommended quantities of pelletized slow-release fertilizer (for example, 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Osmocote 13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF] or 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Sierra 17N:6P2O5:12K2O; 3 to 4 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF]; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio), 4.7 to 5.9 kg/m3 (8 to 10 lb/yd3) dolomitic lime, 0.89 kg/m3 (1.5 lb/yd3) Micromax micronutrient fertilizer (The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and a wetting agent (I use 0.59 kg/m3 [1 lb/yd3] 2000 G AquaGro [Aquatrols, Cherry Hill, New Jersey], which is no longer marketed). I pasteurize the sand in an electric soil sterilizer for 30 min at 82 øC (180 øF) to reduce weed problems. | Plants germinate best on saturated medium (23% to 52% 10 to 11 wk after planting) after moist and water storage. <p> Continued seedling growth of <i>Sagittaria</i> species seems to be best on saturated medium indicating a preference for anoxic conditions.<p> I keep the medium saturated on a commercial ebb and flow greenhouse bench (Midwest Trading, Denmark) with water maintained 0.6 to 1.2 cm (0.25 to 0.5 in) deep. Greenhouse temperatures range from 13 to 38 øC (55 to 100 øF) during the germination period. | Observations on seed propagation of 5 Mississippi wetland species, Grabroski, J., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<p> USDA NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 29 Sep 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sagittaria australis</i> (J.G. Sm.) Small plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2424 | Sagittaria (lancifolia) | Alismataceae | Arrowhead Family | Sagittaria | lancifolia | L. | SAGLAN | Mississippi | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 6 Months | Months | Height: n/a <br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: n/a<br> | Bulltongue | I harvest bulltongue during late August through early October (when fully mature and before any significant shattering occurs) by manually shattering fruit clusters on the plants and collecting falling seeds in a container. | I use a 3:1 (v:v) sphagnum peat moss:sand growing medium amended with commercially recommended quantities of pelletized slow-release fertilizer (for example, 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Osmocote 13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF] or 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Sierra 17N:6P2O5:12K2O; 3 to 4 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF]; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio), 4.7 to 5.9 kg/m3 (8 to 10 lb/yd3) dolomitic lime, 0.89 kg/m3 (1.5 lb/yd3) Micromax micronutrient fertilizer (The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and a wetting agent (I use 0.59 kg/m3 [1 lb/yd3] 2000 G AquaGro [Aquatrols, Cherry Hill, New Jersey], which is no longer marketed). I pasteurize the sand in an electric soil sterilizer for 30 min at 82 øC (180 øF) to reduce weed problems. | Plants germinate best on saturated medium (28% to 53% 10 to 11 wk after planting) after moist and water storage, although I have observed good (49%) germination of bulltongue after 5 mo of dry storage. <p> I keep the medium saturated on a commercial ebb and flow greenhouse bench (Midwest Trading, Denmark) with water maintained 0.6 to 1.2 cm (0.25 to 0.5 in) deep. Greenhouse temperatures range from 13 to 38 øC (55 to 100 øF). | Continued seedling growth of <i>Sagittaria</i>species also seems to be best on saturated medium indicating a preference for anoxic conditions. | Observations on seed propagation of 5 Mississippi wetland species, Grabowski, J., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<p> USDA NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 29 Sep 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sagittaria lancifolia</i> L. plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2425 | Sagittaria (latifolia) | Alismataceae | Sagittaria | latifolia | Willd. | SAGLAT | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common arrowhead | Seeds were cold stratified for 150 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 21/16 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Delesalle and Blum, 1994. Variation and survival among families of Sagittaria latifolia in response to salinity and temperature. International Journal of Plant Science. 155, 187-195.<br>Leck and Simpson 1993. Seeds and seedlings of the Hamilton marshes, a Delaware river tidal freshwater wetland. Proc. Academ. National Science Philadelphia 144, 267-281. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sagittaria latifolia</i> Willd. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2426 | Sairocarpus (coulterianus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Sairocarpus | coulterianus | (Benth. ex A. DC.) D.A. Sutton | Antirrhinum | coulterianum | Benth. ex A. DC. | SAICOU | S. coulterianum is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coulter's snapdragon | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence ofcharred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 40% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sairocarpus coulterianus</i> (Benth. ex A. DC.) D.A. Sutton plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2427 | Salazaria (mexicana) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Salazaria | mexicana | Torr. | SALMEX | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Salazaria mexicana</i> is found in dry washes and canyons; from northern Mexico to southern California east to western Texas and north to southern Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 8 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Paperbag Bush | Seeds are hand collected in summer when capsules have matured and begin to split open.In past collections, many capsues contain unfilled seeds. | Seeds are soaked in water for 3 to 4 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. Seeds can also be directly sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %: 68% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts.<br> Seedlings should be monitored for aphids. | 5 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salazaria mexicana</i> Torr. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2428 | Salicornia (virginica) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose Foot Family | Salicornia | virginica | L. | Salicornia | europaea | L. | Variety | simplex | auct. non (Pursh) Fern. | SALVIR | Presidio, California | <i>S. virginica</i> is found in coastal salt marsh and alkaline flats; from Lower California to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach Tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Virginia Glasswort | Seeds are collected between October 23rd and November 17th.<br> Mature seeds are pinkish white, puberlent and 0.5 to 1 mm long. Collect seeds when the tips of field plants have turned purple.<br> | Place seeds in a 24 hour fresh water soak. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 5 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers 1.5"x8" tubes (Leach Tube) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 27 days | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salicornia virginica</i> L. plants Leach Tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2429 | Salix | Salicaceae | Willows | Salix | SALIX | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1,2,3 and 4 gallon containers | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | Willow | Seedlings are started from cuttings collected from either stooling beds or from the wild. Collections are made after leaves have fallen from the stems in late fall or early winter and before buds begin to swell in the spring. Only current years growth is collected from stems that have diameters between 3/8 and 5/8 inch diameters. Stems with healthy, intact vegetative buds are collected, while those with broken buds and obvious disease and insect damage are avoided. Cuttings/stems sections are sealed in plastic and stored at temperatures slightly below freezing (28 to 30 degress F). Care is taken to collect material from equal numbers of male and female parents representing as many individuals as possible or required in genetic standards. | Prior to sticking stems are cut into 4 to 6" long sections with at least 2 buds. The stem is cut so that a terminal bud is within 1/2 " from the top of the cutting. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). Containers are filled with media prior to sticking and lightly tamped to reduce large pores spaces, then filled to 1" below the top of the container. The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Cuttings are pushed into the media with only the terminal bud just above the media surface. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | 1 month | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours per irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix</i> plants 1,2,3 and 4 gallon containers; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2430 | Salix (alaxensis) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | alaxensis | (Anderss.) Coville | SALALA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Felt leaf willow | Seeds germinated at 5 to 25 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix alaxensis</i> (Anderss.) Coville plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2431 | Salix (amygdaloides) | Salicaceae | Willow or Poplar Family | Salix | amygdaloides | Anderss. | SAAM | Valencia County, New Mexico | Widespread throughout North America. In New Mexico, this species is found statewide within riparian areas. (Carter 1997). | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 30 to 45 cm Caliper: 3 to 5 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Peachleaf willow | Stem cuttings are taken from dormant plants growing in stooling blocks in March (or anytime January to early April) grown in the middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico. Cuttings are taken from the previous season's growth and are at least 18 cm in length. Cuttings are sealed in polybags to prevent desiccation, and brought to the nursery on ice in coolers. Cuttings are then placed in a walk-in cooler (2 - 4<sup>o</sup>C) for storage. Note: the earlier the cuttings are taken (late January through February) the longer the cuttings can be stored before bud burst occurs during storage. Once bud burst occurs, rooting success drops quickly. Once placed in a growing environment, these propagules grow to target height specifications quickly, so holding dormant cuttings as late as possible helps reduce the occurrence of "oversized" seedlings. | Cuttings are stuck to a depth of 10 cm. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 - 4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Cuttings are watered in and kept moist throughout the rooting period using an intermittent misting schedule. Mist is provided via an irrigation system using mini-sprinklers. Cuttings are rooted on standard greenhouse benches. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). Cuttings are stuck in early May and after 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 30 cm in height are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Intermittent mist is maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase occurs in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are performed early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the first two weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse, plants are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid-based, foliar feed fertilizer (27-15-12; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. During the remaining 8 weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized every other irrigation with a liquid-based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (~25 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks is performed in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J.L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO 534 pp.<br><br>[ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 3 December2008.). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> Anderss. cuttings 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2432 | Salix (arctica) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | arctica | Pall. | SALART | S. arctica is a circumpolar species found from Alaska south to Montana, Idaho, and Oregon and east to Newfoundland. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arctic willow | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 25C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix arctica</i> Pall. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2433 | Salix (arizonica) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | arizonica | SALARI | Arizona | S. arizona is a rare species found in scattered populations in Arizona, New Mexico and southern Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14" | 2 Years | Years | Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during out-planting. | Arizona Willow | Seed collection The identification of female plants as well as flower and seed capsule characteristics of female catkins are described in detail by Luna (2003). The most critical factor in the collection of viable Salix seed is frequent observation of catkin development. For this reason, establishment of stock plants in the nursery provides significant advantages over wild-land collections. Catkin harvest is typically planned to coincide with the appearance of cotton emerging from partially opened capsules (Schreiner 1974). We have harvested high percentages of viable seed if we are able to harvest at this point in capsule opening. It might be preferable to wait until the capsule are almost fully open, but spring winds can disperse the seed very quickly once the capsules reach this stage and much seed can be lost instantly. The female catkins are placed in paper sacks to capture seed as the capsules open during drying. Seed dispersal usually only takes a few days in a room with dry air and normal working temperatures. If the number of catkins collected forms a layer one or two catkins thick in the sack, the seed will disperse easily without much oversight. If a thick layer of catkins is placed in the sack, frequent turning and mixing of the sack will be required to facilitate uniform drying and seed release. Collection in plastic bags may be acceptable for very brief periods, but the catkins need to be transferred to paper sacks or drying racks as soon as possible to prevent moisture buildup and subsequent decomposition. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse 70 o F (21 o C) day, 55 o F (13 o C) night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85 o F (29 o C) with evaporative pad cooling. Mini-plug Irrigation A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Tex-Rr Forestry fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt soil separator fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement. The strategy of willow seed propagation typically employed at the New Mexico Plant Materials Center involves germination in "mini-plug " trays containing 512 cells each 14 mm x 14 mm x 29 mm. We rely on mini-plugs because of space restrictions on our automated watering bench, which precludes large-scale germination in larger containers such as Ray Leach Super Cells. In the case of species with poor germination percentages, the use of mini-plugs can save considerable space my minimizing the area consumed by empty cells. However, the extra transplanting step definitely increases labor and material costs. In the case of willow seed, which generally has high germination percentages, the space saving advantage is minimal. The germination medium we use is a standard sphagnum peat moss and perlite mix of fairly coarse texture (Sunshine #1) (we do not use so-called plug mixes). The coarse texture allows the small Salix seed to infiltrate between the particles of peat moss, allowing optimum aeration, moisture, and light. One of the more difficult tasks is the seeding of the cells by hand. The very small size of Salix seed (about 1 mm in length and 0.3 to 0.5 mm in width) makes precise seed dispersal difficult. The addition of diluent (e.g. grit, perlite) of similar size might be of some benefit in achieving more precise sowing by hand. The seed is usually sufficiently clean that an automated seeder typically used for bedding plant seed of similar shape and size would probably be effective if very-large scale seeding was envisioned. The plug medium surface must be kept continuously moist; germination of willow seed is often apparent after one or two days as noted by the swelling and separation of the cotyledons. Thinning of seedlings will be required and is usually performed at the time of mini-plug transplanting or after transplanting into the next container size (e.g. Super Cells) whenthe seedlings are of sufficient size to make clipping feasible. Populus seed is of adequate size to better singularize in mini-plug cells. If mini-plug germination is employed, a light covering of soil-less mix or grit is advised. Because of its larger seed size, it may be more efficient to direct sow in seedling containers such as Super Cells. However, frequent watering will be required until the seedlings have extended hypocotyls to depths of 2 to 4 cm. The standard production protocol can be followed after the seedlings have reached this stage. | Intermediate Container Type and Volume: Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 in.3 (164 ml) volume, 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) diameter, and 8.25 in. (21 cm) depth. Growing Media: Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 6 lb (2.7 kg) of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (3-4 month release) incorporated per cubic yard (0.765 m3) of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during spring, 5-6 month release CRF is used, but for summer grown material 3-4 month release CRF is incorporated. Planting Technique from Mini-plugs into Intermediate Container The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the mini-plug seedling. The mini-plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole and the media is pressed around the root ball with fingers. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings can be cut off during the plug transplanting process or later after the seedlings are well rooted. Establishment Phase: The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters PeatLite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | Dramatic differences in growth rates between individuals were noted eight weeks after mini-plug transplanting. Rapid Growth Phase: Fertigation continues as described above. Hardening Phase: The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month delivery CRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. Rapid Growth Phase: Watering frequency can be as often as every day for very large riparian plants with substantial leaf areas. | The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix arizonica</i> plants One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14"; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2434 | Salix (barrattiana) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | barrattiana | Hooker | SALBAR | S. barrattiana is found in moist to wet gravel bars, outwash fans and terraces, shrub fens and thickets in subalpine to alpine zones often on limestone; from Alaska, Yukon and Northwest Territories, south to British Columbia and Alberta. Peripheral populations are found in Glacier National Park, Montana and Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Barratt's willow | Germination occurs at 5 to 25 C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix barrattiana</i> Hooker plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2435 | Salix (bebbiana) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | bebbiana | Sarg. | SALBEB | S. bebbiana is found from from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south through the United States to Pennsylvania, Indiana, Iowa and through the western states to New Mexico, Arizona and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bebb's willow | Germination occurs at 5 to 25 C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix bebbiana</i> Sarg. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2436 | Salix (bebbiana) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | bebbiana | Sargent | SALBEB | Apache-Sitgraves National Forest, Arizona | S. bebbiana is found througout the northern states and across Canada, south in the western U.S. to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14" | 1 Years | Years | Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during out-planting. Height: 1.4 to 1.9 m<br> Caliper: 12 mm | Bebb's willow | Identification of female clones is needed for wildland collections.<br>The most critical factor in the collection of viable Salix seed is frequent observation of catkin development. For this reason, establishment of stock plants in the nursery provides significant advantages over wild-land collections. Catkin harvest is typically planned to coincide with the appearance of cotton emerging from partially opened capsules (Schreiner 1974). We have harvested high percentages of viable seed if we are able to harvest at this point in capsule opening. It might be preferable to wait until the capsule are almost fully open, but spring winds can disperse the seed very quickly once the capsules reach this stage and much seed can be lost instantly. The female catkins are placed in paper sacks to capture seed as the capsules open during drying. Seed dispersal usually only takes a few days in a room with dry air and normal working temperatures. If the number of catkins collected forms a layer one or two catkins thick in the sack, the seed will disperse easily without much oversight. If a thick layer of catkins is placed in the sack, frequent turning and mixing of the sack will be required to facilitate uniform drying and seed release. Collection in plastic bags may be acceptable for very brief periods, but the catkins need to be transferred to paper sacks or drying racks as soon as possible to prevent moisture buildup and subsequent decomposition. | Stratification: None.<br> Sow cleaned seeds as soon as possible after collection. | Greenhouse 70 o F (21 o C) day, 55 o F (13 o C) night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85 o F (29 o C) with evaporative pad cooling. Mini-plug Irrigation A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Tex-Rr Forestry fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt soil separator fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement. <br>The strategy of willow seed propagation typically employed at the New Mexico Plant Materials Center involves germination in "mini-plug " trays containing 512 cells each 14 mm x 14 mm x 29 mm. We rely on mini-plugs because of space restrictions on our automated watering bench, which precludes large-scale germination in larger containers such as Ray Leach Super Cells. In the case of species with poor germination percentages, the use of mini-plugs can save considerable space my minimizing the area consumed by empty cells. However, the extra transplanting step definitely increases labor and material costs. In the case of willow seed, which generally has high germination percentages, the space saving advantage is minimal. The germination medium we use is a standard sphagnum peat moss and perlite mix of fairly coarse texture (Sunshine #1) (we do not use so-called plug mixes). The coarse texture allows the small Salix seed to infiltrate between the particles of peat moss, allowing optimum aeration, moisture, and light. One of the more difficult tasks is the seeding of the cells by hand. The very small size of Salix seed (about 1 mm in length and 0.3 to 0.5 mm in width) makes precise seed dispersal difficult. The addition of diluent (e.g. grit, perlite) of similar size might be of some benefit in achieving more precise sowing by hand. The seed is usually sufficiently clean that an automated seeder typically used for bedding plant seed of similar shape and size would probably be effective if very-large scale seeding was envisioned. The plug medium surface must be kept continuously moist; germination of willow seed is often apparent after one or two days as noted by the swelling and separation of the cotyledons. Thinning of seedlings will be required and is usually performed at the time of mini-plug transplanting or after transplanting into the next container size (e.g. Super Cells) when the seedlings are of sufficient size to make clipping feasible.<br>The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. | The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall.Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 in.3 (164 ml) volume, 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) diameter, and 8.25 in. (21 cm) depth. Growing Media: Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 6 lb (2.7 kg) of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (3-4 month release) incorporated per cubic yard (0.765 m3) of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during spring, 5-6 month release CRF is used, but for summer grown material 3-4 month release CRF is incorporated. Planting Technique from Mini-plugs into Intermediate Container The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the mini-plug seedling. The mini-plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole and the media is pressed around the root ball with fingers. Top watering firms and fills any voids around theplug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings can be cut off during the plug transplanting process or later after the seedlings are well rooted. Establishment Phase: The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | Fertigation continues as described above. Hardening Phase: The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month delivery CRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. Rapid Growth Phase: Watering frequency can be as often as every day for very large riparian plants with substantial leaf areas. Hardening Phase: The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen.The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. | The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix bebbiana</i> Sargent plants One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14"; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2437 | Salix (brachycarpa) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | brachycarpa | Nutt. | SALBRA | S. brachycarpa is found from from the southern Yukon and Northwest Territories south to New Mexico and California and east to Newfoundland. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Short- fruited willow | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 25 C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix brachycarpa</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2438 | Salix (caroliniana) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | caroliniana | Michx. | Salix | amphibia | Small | SALCAR | S. caroliniana is found in coastal areas of the e astern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coastal plain willow | Seeds germinate in light. | Brinkman, K. A. (1974c). Salix L. Willow. Pp. 746-750. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix caroliniana</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2439 | Salix (exigua) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | exigua | Nutt. | Salix | interior | Rowlee | SALEXI | S. exigua is found from Alaska to New Brunswick south to California, Louisiana, and New Jersery. It is common along rivers and streams with finer sediment. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sandbar willow | Germination occurs at 22 C. | Brinkman, K. A. (1974c). Salix L. Willow. Pp. 746-750. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Table 10.36 In:Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix exigua</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2440 | Salix (exigua) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | exigua | Nutt. | SALEXI | S. exigua is a widespread species; found along streams and river corridors throughout the United States and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14" | 0 | Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during out-planting. | Coyote Willow | The most critical factor in the collection of viable Salix seed is frequent observation of catkin development. For this reason, establishment of stock plants in the nursery provides significant advantages over wild-land collections. Catkin harvest is typically planned to coincide with the appearance of cotton emerging from partially opened capsules (Schreiner 1974). We have harvested high percentages of viable seed if we are able to harvest at this point in capsule opening. It might be preferable to wait until the capsule are almost fully open, but spring winds can disperse the seed very quickly once the capsules reach this stage and much seed can be lost instantly. The female catkins are placed in paper sacks to capture seed as the capsules open during drying. Seed dispersal usually only takes a few days in a room with dry air and normal working temperatures. If the number of catkins collected forms a layer one or two catkins thick in the sack, the seed will disperse easily without much oversight. If a thick layer of catkins is placed in the sack, frequent turning and mixing of the sack will be required to facilitate uniform drying and seed release. Collection in plastic bags may be acceptable for very brief periods, but the catkins need to be transferred to paper sacks or drying racks as soon as possible to prevent moisture buildup and subsequent decomposition. | Stratification: None. Sow cleaned seeds immediately. Surface sow seeds; needs light for germination. | Greenhouse 70 o F (21 o C) day, 55 o F (13 o C) night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85 o F (29 o C) with evaporative pad cooling. Mini-plug Irrigation A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Tex-Rr Forestry fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt soil separator fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement. | The strategy of willow seed propagation typically employed at the New Mexico Plant Materials Center involves germination in "mini-plug " trays containing 512 cells each 14 mm x 14 mm x 29 mm. We rely on mini-plugs because of space restrictions on our automated watering bench, which precludes large-scale germination in larger containers such as Ray Leach Super Cells. In the case of species with poor germination percentages, the use of mini-plugs can save considerable space my minimizing the area consumed by empty cells. However, the extra transplanting step definitely increases labor and material costs. In the case of willow seed, which generally has high germination percentages, the space saving advantage is minimal. The germination medium we use is a standard sphagnum peat moss and perlite mix of fairly coarse texture (Sunshine #1) (we do not use so-called plug mixes). The coarse texture allows the small Salix seed to infiltrate between the particles of peat moss, allowing optimum aeration, moisture, and light. One of the more difficult tasks is the seeding of the cells by hand. The very small size of Salix seed (about 1 mm in length and 0.3 to 0.5 mm in width) makes precise seed dispersal difficult. The addition of diluent (e.g. grit, perlite) of similar size might be of some benefit in achieving more precise sowing by hand. The seed is usually sufficiently clean that an automated seeder typically used for bedding plant seed of similar shape and size would probably be effective if very-large scale seeding was envisioned. The plug medium surface must be kept continuously moist; germination of willow seed is often apparent after one or two days as noted by the swelling and separation of the cotyledons. Thinning of seedlings will be required and is usually performed at the time of mini-plug transplanting or after transplanting into the next container size (e.g. Super Cells) when the seedlings are of sufficient size to make clipping feasible. | Greenhouse 70 o F (21 o C) day, 55 o F (13 o C) night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85 o F (29 o C) with evaporative pad cooling. Mini-plug Irrigation A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Tex-Rr Forestry fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt soil separator fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement. Intermediate Container Type and Volume: Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 in.3 (164 ml) volume, 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) diameter, and 8.25 in. (21 cm) depth. Growing Media: Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 6 lb (2.7 kg) of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (3-4 month release) incorporated per cubic yard (0.765 m3) of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during spring, 5-6 month release CRF is used, but for summer grown material 3-4 month release CRF is incorporated. Planting Technique from Mini-plugs into Intermediate Container The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the mini-plug seedling. The mini-plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole and the media is pressed around the root ball with fingers. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings can be cut off during the plug transplanting process or later after the seedlings are well rooted. Establishment Phase: The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. Rapid Growth Phase: Fertigation continues as described above. Hardening Phase: The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month delivery CRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. Rapid Growth Phase: Watering frequency can be as often as every dayfor very large riparian plants with substantial leaf areas.<br>The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day.Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month delivery CRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. Rapid Growth Phase: Watering frequency can be as often as every day for very large riparian plants with substantial leaf areas. | Hardening Phase: The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. | The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix exigua</i> Nutt. plants One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14"; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2441 | Salix (glauca) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | glauca | L. | SALGLA | S. glauca is a circumboreal species found south from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to New Mexico in the Rocky mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Glaucous willow | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 25 C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix glauca</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2442 | Salix (gooddingii) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | gooddingii | Ball. | SALGOO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Goodding willow | Seeds germinated at 27 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Siegal and Brock. 1990. Germination requirements of key southwestern species. Desert Plants 10(1)3-8. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix gooddingii</i> Ball. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2443 | Salix (irrorata) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | irrorata | Andersson | SALIRR | Gila National Forest, New Mexico | S. irrorata is found from western Texas north to Colorado and west through New Mexico and Arizona.It is found along streams from 6,000 to 8,000 ft. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Seedling Stock Type: | 1 Years | Years | Target Root System: Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during out-planting.<br> Height: 2.1 to 3.2 m<br> Caliper: 11.5 to 17.3 mm | Bluestem Willow | The most critical factor in the collection of viable Salix seed is frequent observation of catkin development. For this reason, establishment of stock plants in the nursery provides significant advantages over wild-land collections. Catkin harvest is typically planned to coincide with the appearance of cotton emerging from partially opened capsules (Schreiner 1974). We have harvested high percentages of viable seed if we are able to harvest at this point in capsule opening. It might be preferable to wait until the capsule are almost fully open, but spring winds can disperse the seed very quickly once the capsules reach this stage and much seed can be lost instantly. The female catkins are placed in paper sacks to capture seed as the capsules open during drying. Seed dispersal usually only takes a few days in a room with dry air and normal working temperatures. If the number of catkins collected forms a layer one or two catkins thick in the sack, the seed will disperse easily without much oversight. If a thick layer of catkins is placed in the sack, frequent turning and mixing of the sack will be required to facilitate uniform drying and seed release. Collection in plastic bags may be acceptable for very brief periods, but the catkins need to be transferred to paper sacks or drying racks as soon as possible to prevent moisture buildup and subsequent decomposition. | Stratification: None. Sow cleaned seeds immediately. Surface sow seeds. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse 70 o F (21 o C) day, 55 o F (13 o C) night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85 o F (29 o C) with evaporative pad cooling. Mini-plug Irrigation A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Tex-Rr Forestry fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt soil separator fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement. The strategy of willow seed propagation typically employed at the New Mexico Plant Materials Center involves germination in "mini-plug " trays containing 512 cells each 14 mm x 14 mm x 29 mm. We rely on mini-plugs because of space restrictions on our automated watering bench, which precludes large-scale germination in larger containers such as Ray Leach Super Cells. In the case of species with poor germination percentages, the use of mini-plugs can save considerable space my minimizing the area consumed by empty cells. However, the extra transplanting step definitely increases labor and material costs. In the case of willow seed, which generally has high germination percentages, the space saving advantage is minimal. The germination medium we use is a standard sphagnum peat moss and perlite mix of fairly coarse texture (Sunshine #1) (we do not use so-called plug mixes). The coarse texture allows the small Salix seed to infiltrate between the particles of peat moss, allowing optimum aeration, moisture, and light. One of the more difficult tasks is the seeding of the cells by hand. The very small size of Salix seed (about 1 mm in length and 0.3 to 0.5 mm in width) makes precise seed dispersal difficult. The addition of diluent (e.g. grit, perlite) of similar size might be of some benefit in achieving more precise sowing by hand. The seed is usually sufficiently clean that an automated seeder typically used for bedding plant seed of similar shape and size would probably be effective if very-large scale seeding was envisioned. The plug medium surface must be kept continuously moist; germination of willow seed is often apparent after one or two days as noted by the swelling and separation of the cotyledons. Thinning of seedlings will be required and is usually performed at the time of mini-plug transplanting or after transplanting into the next container size (e.g. Super Cells) when the seedlings are of sufficient size to make clipping feasible. | Containerized Seedling Production: Intermediate Container Type and Volume: Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 in.3 (164 ml) volume, 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) diameter, and 8.25 in. (21 cm) depth. Growing Media: Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 6 lb (2.7 kg) of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (3-4 month release) incorporated per cubic yard (0.765 m3) of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during spring, 5-6 month release CRF is used, but for summer grown material 3-4 month release CRF is incorporated. Planting Technique from Mini-plugs into Intermediate Container The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the mini-plug seedling. The mini-plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole and the media is pressed around the root ball with fingers. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings can be cut off during the plug transplanting process or later after the seedlings are well rooted. Establishment Phase: The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | Rapid Growth Phase: Fertigation continues as described above. Hardening Phase: The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month deliveryCRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. Rapid Growth Phase: Watering frequency can be as often as every day for very large riparian plants with substantial leaf areas. | The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | Dreesen, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix irrorata</i> Andersson plants Seedling Stock Type:; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2444 | Salix (lanata) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | lanata | L. | SALLAN | S. lanata is a circumpolar species found in North America from Alaska to Newfoundland. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Northern willow | Germination occurred at 10 to 25C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix lanata</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2445 | Salix (lasiandra) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | lasiandra | Benth. | SALLAS | S. lasiandra is found from Alaska and Yukon south to California, New Mexico, and South Dakota. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Pacific willow | Germination occurs at 10 to 25C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix lasiandra</i> Benth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2446 | Salix (monticola) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | monticola | Bebb. ex Coult. | SALMON | S. monticola is found from Alaska to Labrador and Quebec. It is found in the United States in Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain willow | Germination occurred at 15 to 25C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix monticola</i> Bebb. ex Coult. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2447 | Salix (myrtillifolia) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | myrtillifolia | Anderss. | SALMYR | S. myrtillifolia is found in muskegs, fens, lake and river shores; from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to Wyoming and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blueberry willow | Germination occurs at 15 to 25C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix myrtillifolia</i> Anderss. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2448 | Salix (orestera) | Salicaceae | Willow | Salix | orestera | Subalpine and alpine meadows; 7,000-13,000 feet. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sierra Willow | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Hormone. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Seed: 4 to 6 weeks.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Can be stored for a short period of time. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix orestera</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2449 | Salix (ovalifolia) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | ovalifolia | Trautv. | SALOVA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Oval leaf willow | Seeds were cold stratified for 30 days. Seeds germinated at 25 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix ovalifolia</i> Trautv. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2450 | Salix (ovalifolia) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | ovalifolia | Trautv. | SALOVA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Oval leaf willow | Seeds were cold stratified for 30 days. Seeds germinated at 25 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix ovalifolia</i> Trautv. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2451 | Salix (planifolia) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | planifolia | Pursh | SALPLA | S. planifolia is found from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to New Hampshire, Maine, Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota and south through the western states to new Mexico, Arizona, and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tea leaf willow | Germination occurs at 5 to 25C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix planifolia</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2452 | Salix (polaris) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | polaris | Wahlenb. | SALPOL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Polar willow | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Junttila, O. (1976b). Seed germination and viability in five Salix species. Astarte 9, 19-24. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix polaris</i> Wahlenb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2453 | Salix (polaris) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | polaris | Wahlenb. | SALPOL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Polar willow | Seeds were cold stratified for 56 days. Seeds germinated at 21 to 33 C. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Junttila, O. (1976b). Seed germination and viability in five Salix species. Astarte 9, 19-24. | Baskin, Jerrry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix polaris</i> Wahlenb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2454 | Salix (reticulata) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | reticulata | L. | SALRET | S. reticulata is found in subalpine and alpine zones; from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to New Mexico, Utah and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Net-leaved willow | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 56 days. Germination occurs at 19 to 32C. | Junttila, O. (1976b). Seed germination and viability in five Salix species. Astarte 9, 19-24.<br>Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix reticulata</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2455 | Salix (rotundifolia) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | rotundifolia | Sub-species | dodgeana | Rydb. | SALROT | S. rotundifolia ssp. dodgeana is found in the alpine from Montna to Wyoming. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Roundleaf willow | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 30 days. Germination occurs at 25 C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix rotundifolia</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2456 | Salix (scouleriana) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | scouleriana | J. Barratt ex. Hook. | SALSCO | S. scouleriana is found from Alaska,Yukon and Northwest Territories south to South Dakota, New Mexico, Arizona and California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Scouler's willow | Germination occurs at 5 to 25C. | Densmore, R. and Zasada, J. C. (1983). Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: Ecological and evolutionary significance. Can. J. Bot. 61, 3207-3216.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix scouleriana</i> J. Barratt ex. Hook. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2457 | Salix (scouleriana) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | scouleriana | Barratt | SALSCO | Carson National Forest, New Mexico | S. scouleriana is found in upland forests throughout the western United States and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14" | 0 | Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during out-planting. | Scouler's willow | The most critical factor in the collection of viable Salix seed is frequent observation of catkin development. For this reason, establishment of stock plants in the nursery provides significant advantages over wild-land collections. Catkin harvest is typically planned to coincide with the appearance of cotton emerging from partially opened capsules (Schreiner 1974). We have harvested high percentages of viable seed if we are able to harvest at this point in capsule opening. It might be preferable to wait until the capsule are almost fully open, but spring winds can disperse the seed very quickly once the capsules reach this stage and much seed can be lost instantly. The female catkins are placed in paper sacks to capture seed as the capsules open during drying. Seed dispersal usually only takes a few days in a room with dry air and normal working temperatures. If the number of catkins collected forms a layer one or two catkins thick in the sack, the seed will disperse easily without much oversight. If a thick layer ofcatkins is placed in the sack, frequent turning and mixing of the sack will be required to facilitate uniform drying and seed release. Collection in plastic bags may be acceptable for very brief periods, but the catkins need to be transferred to paper sacks or drying racks as soon as possible to prevent moisture buildup and subsequent decomposition. | Stratification: None.<br> Sow cleaned seeds immmediately. Surface sow seeds. | Greenhouse 70 o F (21 o C) day, 55 o F (13 o C) night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85 o F (29 o C) with evaporative pad cooling. Mini-plug Irrigation A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Tex-Rr Forestry fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt soil separator fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement. | The strategy of willow seed propagation typically employed at the New Mexico Plant Materials Center involves germination in "mini-plug " trays containing 512 cells each 14 mm x 14 mm x 29 mm. We rely on mini-plugs because of space restrictions on our automated watering bench, which precludes large-scale germination in larger containers such as Ray Leach Super Cells. In the case of species with poor germination percentages, the use of mini-plugs can save considerable space my minimizing the area consumed by empty cells. However, the extra transplanting step definitely increases labor and material costs. In the case of willow seed, which generally has high germination percentages, the space saving advantage is minimal. The germination medium we use is a standard sphagnum peat moss and perlite mix of fairly coarse texture (Sunshine #1) (we do not use so-called plug mixes). The coarse texture allows the small Salix seed to infiltrate between the particles of peat moss, allowing optimum aeration, moisture, and light. One of the more difficult tasks is the seeding of the cells by hand. The very small size of Salix seed (about 1 mm in length and 0.3 to 0.5 mm in width) makes precise seed dispersal difficult. The addition of diluent (e.g. grit, perlite) of similar size might be of some benefit in achieving more precise sowing by hand. The seed is usually sufficiently clean that an automated seeder typically used for bedding plant seed of similar shape and size would probably be effective if very-large scale seeding was envisioned. The plug medium surface must be kept continuously moist; germination of willow seed is often apparent after one or two days as noted by the swelling and separation of the cotyledons. Thinning of seedlings will be required and is usually performed at the time of mini-plug transplanting or after transplanting into the next container size (e.g. Super Cells) when the seedlings are of sufficient size to make clipping feasible. Populus seed is of adequate size to better singularize in mini-plug cells. If mini-plug germination is employed, a light covering of soil-less mix or grit is advised. Because of its larger seed size, it may be more efficient to direct sow in seedling containers such as Super Cells. However, frequent watering will be required until the seedlings have extended hypocotyls to depths of 2 to 4 cm. The standard production protocol can be followed after the seedlings have reached this stage. Intermediate Container Type and Volume: Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 in.3 (164 ml) volume, 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) diameter, and 8.25 in. (21 cm) depth. Growing Media: Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 6 lb (2.7 kg) of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (3-4 month release) incorporated per cubic yard (0.765 m3) of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during spring, 5-6 month release CRF is used, but for summer grown material 3-4 month release CRF is incorporated. Planting Technique from Mini-plugs into Intermediate Container The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the mini-plug seedling. The mini-plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole and the media is pressed around the root ball with fingers. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings can be cut off during the plug transplanting process or later after the seedlings are well rooted. Establishment Phase: The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200 mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container can occur during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. Rapid Growth Phase: Fertigation continues as described above. Hardening Phase: The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. | Final Container Type and Volume: One gallon tree pot, 4"x4"x14" (10 cm x 10 cm x 36 cm), 173 in3 (2.83 l) volume. Growing Media: Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. Planting Technique: Transplanting into treepots usually occurs in the late summer of the first year or late spring of the second year. The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer (CRF) is top-dressed at planting or soon thereafter. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 6 month delivery CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer receive a 3 to 4 month delivery CRF at a rate of about 15 g per pot. The treepots are supported in cages 36 in. x 36 in. x 8 in. tall (91 cm x 91 cm x 20 cm) constructed of 4 in. x 4 in. (10 cm x 10 cm) wire mesh fencing; each cage holds 81 pots. Establishment Phase: Watering frequency in this phase in usually three times a week for riparian species. Plants are typically grown without shade. Rapid Growth Phase: Watering frequency can be as often as every day for very large riparian plants with substantial leaf areas. | The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | Dreesen, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix scouleriana</i> Barratt plants One Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14"; USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2458 | Salvia (apiana) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Salvia | apiana | Jepson | SALAPI | Catalina Island, California | White Sage is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits dry, rocky slopes and ridegs and coastal sage shrub communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | #1 Treepot (173 cubic inches) | 11 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | White Sage | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. July and August are optimum time for collection. Mature seeds are 2.5 to 3 mm long, brown, flat and oval shaped. | We have used a 3 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 5 to 20%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during late winter and early spring month in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into flats filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. | 1 month | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 2 or 4 inch containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> We shift 2 or 4 inch container plants once they are root tight into #1 treepots (173 cubic inches) by mid May (2 months after germination). We top prune as needed to encourage branching. | 9 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salvia apiana</i> Jepson plants #1 Treepot (173 cubic inches); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2459 | Salvia (columbariae) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Salvia | columbariae | Benth. | SALCOL | S. columbariae is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Chia | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 43% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. (1984). Factors affecting germination of chaparral seeds. Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 83, 113-120.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salvia columbariae</i> Benth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2460 | Salvia (columbariae) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Salvia | columbariae | Benth. | SACO6 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Forest Road 24, 1.0 mile North of junction with Sears-Kay Ranch Road, Maricopa County, Arizona; 3271 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Chia | Very small lot, 0.45 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Salvia columbariae</i> Benth. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2461 | Salvia (dorrii) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Salvia | dorrii | (Kellogg) Abrams | SALDOR | Zion National Park, Utah | <i>Salvia dorri</i> is found from Washington and Idaho south to California and through the Great Basin states to Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | D 40 containers | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Purple sage | Seeds arehand collected from sites within the Park when fruits have fully matured. | Seeds are naturally stratified outdoors during fall months. Sowing Methods: Seeds are sown in Dyna flats with drainage holes containing a medium of 1.5 parts vermiculite, 1 part sterile sand, 1 part coarse turface, and 2 parts peat moss (v:v:v:v). Trays are watered thoroughly after sowing and are not allowed to dry out completely during stratification and germination.<br> | Seedlings are grown in a shadehouse from March through October. | Transplant emergents at the cotyledon stage into D 40 pots containing the same media described for germination. It is important to transplant at the cotyledon stage as roots elongate quicly and deformation will occur if delayed beyond this stage of development. We sometimes incorporate 13:13:13 NPK Osmocote time release fertilizer into media. | Seedlings are hand watered throughout the growing season after they are well established. Throughout the active growth phase, we irrigate when containers are nearly dry as a method of hardening the plants while they are being grown. | Decker, Cheryl. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salvia dorrii</i> (Kellogg) Abrams plants D 40 containers; USDI NPS - Zion National Park Springdale, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2462 | Salvia (dorrii) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Salvia | dorrii | (Kellogg) Abrams | SADO4 | BLM, Lakeview Resource Area, Lakeview, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Purple sage | Very small lot, .51 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Salvia dorrii</i> (Kellogg) Abrams seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2463 | Salvia (dorrii) | Lamiaceae | Mint | Salvia | dorrii | (Kellogg) Abrams | dorrii | SADO4 | var. incana, collected from Dry Moses Coulee, north central Washington | Salvia dorrii is found throughout the western United States (Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California, and Arizona). The taxon is currently divided into two subspecies: S. dorrii ssp. dorrii and S. dorrii ssp. mearnsii. Within S. dorrii ssp. dorrii there are four varieties (ecotypes): clokeyi (found in Nevada), dorrii (found in Idaho, Oregon, Utah, Nevada, California, and Arizona), incana (found in California, Oregon, Washington and Idaho), and pilosa (found in California, Nevada and Arizona). S. dorrii ssp. mearnsii is endemic to Arizona. | Not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | purple sage | Four seeds (thick walled achenes) are produced per flower. Seed ripens in mid to late July and remains encapsulated on the plant for several weeks. Reproductive branches are clipped and stored in paper bags until cleaned. | Germination of Salvia dorrii seed is enhanced with 1 to 6 weeks of cold-moist stratification or treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3) (Love 1994). Germination rates are also higher with fluctuating diurnal temperatures as opposed to constant temperatures (Love 1994) and low water levels (10 ml per day) as opposed to high (50 ml per day) (Huisinga 2001). Scarification does not enhance germination of Salvia dorrii ssp. dorrii (Love 1989) or Salvia dorri ssp. mearnsii (Huisinga 2001). Kay et al. (1988) evaluated seed stored in open warehouse and hermetically sealed conditions over a period of 7 years. Viability declined immediately when stored in an open warehouse, declined after 2 years when stored sealed at -15C, and remained constant or improved when stored sealedat 4C and at room temperature. | In mid October seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super Cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 potting mix and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the soil to prevent seeds from floating while watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day druing hot, dry spells. | 2 to 4 weeks | Huisinga, K.D. 2001. Cultural influence as a factor in determining the distribution of a rare sage, Salvia dorrii ssp. mearnsii. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS 23:165-175. Huisinga, K.D. 2001. Seed ecology of a rare sage, Salvia dorrii ssp. mearnsii. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS 23:228-237. Kay, B.L., W.L. Graves, and J.A. Young. 1988. Long-term storage of desert shrub seed. Mojave Revegetation Notes 23. University of California, Davis. Love, B.K. 1989. Propagation of Salvia dorrii (Kellogg) Abrams. Master's thesis, University of Reno, Nevada. Love, B.K. 1994. A germination study of purple sage. Hort Technology 4:244-247. Pavek, P.L.S. 2011. Plant guide for purple sage (Salvia dorrii). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Pullman, WA. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Seed Information Database (SID). 2008. Version 7.1. [Online] Available at: http://data.kew.org/sid/ (accessed 30 Nov 2010). Strachan, J.L. 1982. A revision of the Salvia dorrii complex (Lamiaceae). Brittonia 34: 151 - 169. | Pavek, Pamela L.S.. 2011. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salvia dorrii</i> (Kellogg) Abrams plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2464 | Salvia (lyrata) | Lamiaceae | Salvia | lyrata | L. | SALY2 | <i>Salvia lyrata</i> is found from Connecticut, Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Lyreleaf sage | Collected in NatchezTrace Parkway, from the section that runs close to Ross Barnett Reservoir, near Jackson, Mississippi by B.B. Billingsley, Jr., Janet Grabowski and Jimmie Miller on May 14, 1992. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Some Salvia species respond to light (Hartmann and Kester, 1975), however, it is not known if this species does. Andersen (1968) reported fairly low germination percentages (40 to 50%) for <i>S. aethiopis L.</i> and <i>S. verticillata L.</i> Germination percentages for this species usually fall within that range. When a seed is moistened, it produces a layer of some sort of gelatinous substance surrounding itself. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct sown. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> August to September.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> September to October.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds were plantedusing a Marliss no-till drill, with the seeds placed in the legume box. Fields were either clean tilled or closely mowed before planting. The prostrate growth habit and management requirements of lyreleaf sage allow it to be grown with established turf. Planting rate used was approximately 65 seeds per meter (6 seeds per foot) of row; however, this may have been low. Better establishment might occur if this rate was doubled or tripled. Meter openings on the drill were 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) and seeds were planted 6 mm (114 inch) deep with the furrows left open.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seed germinates in the fall and overwinters as a rosette. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plants begin to elongate seed heads very early in the spring. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Means that they are easily lost due to shattering. Harvest must be timed so that a maximum number of seeds are mature. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Mid-May. Seeds are naked and held very loosely in the calyces, which meens that they are easily lost due to shattering. Harvest must be timed so that a maximum number of seeds are mature.<br> <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> Theoretically, seeds could be harvested approximately 9 months after planting, however, it generally takes several years for a good stand to develop.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.7 C (55 F) and 45% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> None is apparent. | <b>Storage Duration: </b> 2-4 years. | Andersen, R. N. 1968. Germination and establishment of weeds for experimental purposes. Weed Science Society of America, W. F. Humphrey Press, Inc., Geneva, NY. 236 p.<p> Hartmann, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1975. Plant propagation principles and practices. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Engelwood Cliffs, NJ. 662 p. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Salvia lyrata</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2465 | Salvia (mellifera) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Salvia | mellifera | Greene | SALMEL | S. mellifera is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Black sage | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 21% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. (1987). Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 68, 434-443.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.2,10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salvia mellifera</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2466 | Salvia (reflexa) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Salvia | reflexa | Hornem. | SARE3 | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, a few miles down Russel Gap Road, Chaves County, New Mexico: 5843 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Lanceleaf sage | Small lot, 1.25 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Salvia reflexa</i> Hornem. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2467 | Samanea (saman) | Fabaceae | Legume | Samanea | saman | (Jacq.) Merr. | Albizia saman, Enterolobium saman, Pithecellobium saman | savannah, dry tropical forests, and transitional to humid forests | Native to dry American Tropics (Mexico, Central America, and northern South America). Widely cultivated and naturalized in Asia, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean and the Pacific Islands (so much so that it is often mistaken as indigenous to the area). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 20-25 cm in height, stem diameter 9 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | rain tree; monkeypod; tamalini; tamaligi (Samoa); kasia (Tonga); 'ohai (Hawaii), saman, cow tamarind, algarrabo, guango, French tamarind | Can flower and bear seeds throughout the year, although seed production is heaviest in fall through spring. Produces seed pods (fruits) about 10-20 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and about 1 cm thick. Seed pods are often collected from the ground or picked from the tree once mature (dry and brown). | Scarification is by hot water (one minute of near-boiling water, followed by a cool water soak) or mechanical means (a very shallow nick in the seed coat made with a nail clipper, to allow water to penetrate). Scarification is followed by an overnight soaking in clean water. Seeds can then be pregerminated on paper towels or direct sown into containers. Germination is often high, 90% or better. After imbibation of water, germination takes 4-5 days. | Seedlings are grown in full sun in an uncovered growing area. Containers used are SC-10 Super Cell or the Economy Super Cell (both available from Stuewe & Sons), 21 cm (8.25 in) long and 3.8 cm (1.5 in) diameter at the top. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. Seeds or germinants should also be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria (see below). | Pregerminated seeds are placed in containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered with about 5mm of potting media and a thin layer of mulch (such as #2 poultry grit). Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Full sun is best. Daily water isusually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. At seedling time or within 2 weeks of germination, seedlings may be inoculated with rhizobia bacteria (the nitrogen-fixing bacteria), either manufactured or made from nodules. | 2 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in full sun. After about ten weeks, seedlings are double-spaced to prevent leaves from overlapping and to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. If seedlings were inoculated with rhizobia bacteria, no additional fertilization will be necessary. If inoculation was unsuccessful, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. <p> Monkey pod foliage is often a favorite of defoliating caterpillars and sometimes grasshoppers. A weekly spray with neem oil can make foliage less palatable and reduce problems. | 3 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 2 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping seedlings in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Burns, R.M., M.S. Mosquera, and J.L. Whitmore, eds. 1998. Useful Trees of the Tropical Region of North America. North American Forestry Commission Publication Number 3, Washington, DC. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> Roshetko, J.M. 1995. Albizia saman. NFT Highlights. Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. <p> Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). 2002. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Samanea saman</i> (Jacq.) Merr. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2468 | Sambucus (canadensis) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Sambucus | canadensis | Well-drained, moist, sunny or shady areas. Found in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park along creeks, mostly low, moist locations. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Elderberry | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. Action in the food blender may have mechanically scarified seed. Fall planting may also contribute to success because of cold stratification and seedcoat breakdown. | <b>PROPAGATION METHOD:</b> Seed.<br> | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seeds were planted 1/2-inch deep approximately 4 inches apart in a raised fumigated bed (methyl bromide) in November. Bare-root stock is optimum size after one growing season. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> June - September (Young & Young 1992, 313).<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Seed was stored in cold storage (relative humidity less than 50%, temperature less than 50§F). Avoid excessive drying, store in sealed containers.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Several years. | Young, James A., and Cheryl G. Young. 1992. Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sambucus canadensis</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2469 | Sambucus (canadensis) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Sambucus | canadensis | L. | SANIC4 | Wet ground including swamps and floodplains, ditches, borders of woods thickets, shores, scattered in marshes and meadows. Shrub up to 3 meters, multi-stemmed, branched. Spreading underground and forming thickets. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common elderberry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to August. Seed is in a purple-black fruit in large flat-topped, umbelliform inflorescences. Seed is collected in August and September. | Scarification: boil enough water to cover the seeds. Let the water-soaked seeds sit for 24 hours. Drain. Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlit or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place bag/container in a refrigerator or garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least 2 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously during summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sowing Date: Sow seeds year round due to unpredictable germination rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During thisseason ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passes leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus canadensis</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2470 | Sambucus (cerulea) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Sambucus | cerulea | Raf. | SACE3 | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Snowbird Mountain, Oregon; 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Blue elderberry | Large lot, 52 pounds, hand collected into plastic tubs. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sambucus cerulea</i> Raf. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2471 | Sambucus (nigra L.) | Caprifoliaceae | Black elderberry | Sambucus | nigra L. | ssp. canadensis | SANIC4 | Widely distributed throughout most of the United States. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | Years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Seeds were collected from multiple existing populations within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest. The seeds should be mature when the drupe turns black. | No pretreatment was used. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were placed in the greenhouse for 2 months to allow for the warm, moist stratification period. The trays were then moved outside to the shadehouse for 5 months to allow for the cold stratification period. The trays were then moved back into the greenhouse and allowed to germinate. | 9 months | Germination began in the spring after the cold stratification period. Once the seedlings had sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with Metro-mix 510 growing medium. | 6 - 9 months | Plants were moved back into the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth were loaded on trailers and shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent wind burn. | 1 day | R.P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody Plants Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727.
<br><br> USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus nigra L.</i> plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2472 | Sambucus (nigra) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Sambucus | nigra | Sub-species | canadensis | (L.) R. Bolli | Sambucus | canadensis | L. | SAMNIG | S. nigra ssp. canadensis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American elder | Seeds are warm and cold stratified for 60 days and germinate at 20C. | Heit,1969. Propagation from Seed Germinating 6 hardseeded groups.Am. Nurseryman 128(4) 8-10,70-80.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus nigra</i> plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2473 | Sambucus (nigra) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Sambucus | nigra | L. | Sub-species | cerulea | (Raf.) R. Bolli | Sambucus | cerulea | Raf. | Valley bottoms and open slopes from near sea level to moderate mountain elevations from southern British Columbia to western Montana, south to California, Arizona and New Mexico (Hitchcock, et al. 1959) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | container | 0 | good container plugs with roots holding potting medium together well. | blue elderberry | Collect fruit in September in Pullman, WA. Clean fruit and air dry seed prior to storage. | Seeds do not require scarification. They do require cold moist artificial stratification with .001 Molar Gibberellic Acid (GA 3) for at least 60 days to achieve 70% germination in 60 days after planting. Seed dormancy is caused by a germination inhibitor, abscisic acid. | (1) Clancy, Janet H. and J.D. Maguire. Absiscic acid content in developing blue elderberry seed. J. Seed Technology. 4: 34-42, 1979.
(2) Clancy, Janet H. and J.D. Maguire. Seed dormancy in blue elderberry. J. Seed Technol. 4: 24-33, 1979. (3) Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey and J.W. Thompson. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of Wash. Press, Seattle, WA. Part 4, 1959. | Crowder, Wayne. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus nigra</i> L. plants container; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2474 | Sambucus (nigra) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Sambucus | nigra | L. | Sub-species | canadensis | (L.) R. Bolli | Sambucus | canadensis | L. | SAMNIG | South Central Missouri | Common elderberry is found throughout North America from Alaska south to California east to Texas and throughout the eastern United States. It is also found in Mexico, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Hawaii. It inhabits riparian areas, floodplains and moist ground including swamps and floodplains, ditches, borders of woods and thickets, shores, marshes and meadows. It is also found in open deciduous and coniferous forests and meadows.Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 36 in<br> Caliper:0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | American elderberry | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery.Ripe fruits are bluish-black drupes with 3 to 5 wrinkled, tan nutlets, each containing a seed. | We sow seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 8.5 setting. Seeds are mixed with 1:1 (v:v) sifted sawdust to ensure even distribution during seeding. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protectthem from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2-3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain as large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majorityof leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Brinkman KA, Johnson G. 2004. The genus Sambucus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Sambucus.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Sambucus nigra</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2475 | Sambucus (nigra) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Sambucus | nigra | L. | Sub-species | canadensis | (L.) R. Bolli | SANIC4 | USFS, Deschutes National Forest, Sisters Ranger District, Eyerly Fire area, Sisters, Oregon: 4400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | American black elderberry or Common elderberry | Small lot, 2.8 pounds, hand collected into plastic bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sambucus nigra</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2476 | Sambucus (nigra) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Sambucus | nigra | (L.) R. Bolli | canadensis | SANIC4 | Appalachian Region | Elderberry is widely distributed throughout most of the United states with the exception of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada and Colorado. It is also found throughout the eastern Canadian Provinces. | None | Plants | Seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1-0 | 12 months | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 12" with a 1/16" to 1/8" caliper stem and a compact, well developed root system. | Elderberry | Seeds are harvested in the fall (August-September) by hand . Umbels are clipped from the plants and placed in containers for transport to the nursery for processing. | Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. | Germination typically occurs in the spring after an overwinter period of cool, moist natural stratification. | 4-6 months, including natural stratification period | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drought conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the elderberry seedlings. | 4-6 months | Plants are grown outdoors and experience constant climatic acclimation. | none | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand.
Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root desiccation during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | Dirr, Michael A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Champaign, Illinois. Stipes Publishing, LLC.<p><p>USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 13 September 2016). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.<p><p>Young, James A., and Cheryl G. Young. 1992. Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press.
| Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Sambucus nigra</i> (L.) R. Bolli Plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2477 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Sambucus | racemosa | Moist areas; 6,000-10,000 feet. | cuttings | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red Elderberry | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Hormone. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2478 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Sambucus | racemosa | L. | SAMRAC | S. racemosa is found throughout the Pacific Northwest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American elderberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 20D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. | Brinkman, K. A. (1974f). Sambucus L. Elder. Pp. 754-757. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2479 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Sambucus | racemosa | L. | SARA2 | Beech-maple woods, especially along borders, trails and clearings, also w/conifers and in mixed woods, thickets and occasional swamps. Shrub up to 3 meters tall. Multi-stemmed and branched. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red-berried elder, Red elderberry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May to July.Bright red fruit. Inedible or potentially poisonous to humans. Seed is collected from August to October. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. ( There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place bag/container in a refrigerator or garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least 6 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow seeds at all times of the year due to their unpredictable germination rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffused sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2480 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Sambucus | racemosa | L. | SARA2 | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Snowbird Mountain, Oregon; 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Red elderberry | Large lot, 61 pounds, hand collected into plastic tubs. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2481 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Sambucus | racemosa | SARA2 | Widely distributed throughout 3/4 of the continental United States. This species is found primarily at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Years | Years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Red elderberry | Seeds were collected from multiple existing populations within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest. The seeds should be mature when the drupe turns scarlet or red. | No pretreatment was used. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were placed in the greenhouse for 2 months to allow for the warm, moist stratification period. The trays were then moved outside to the shadehouse for 5 months to allow for the cold stratification period. The trays were then moved back into the greenhouse and allowed to germinate. | 9 months | Germination began in the spring after the cold stratification period. Once the seedlings had sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with Metro-mix 510 growing medium. | 6 - 9 months | Plants were moved backinto the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth were loaded on trailers and shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent wind burn. | 1 day | Bonner, F.T. & R.P. Karrfalt, 2008. The Woody Plants Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook 727.
<br><br> USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2013. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2482 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Sambucus | racemosa | L. | Variety | melanocarpa | (Gray) McMinn. | Sambucus | melanocarpa | (Gray) McMinn. | SAMRAC | Subalpine forest, Avalanche Lake, 1100m elev., Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>S. racemosa</i> is found from B.C. east throughout Canada and the northeastern U.S., south from B.C. to California and through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 10 Months | Months | Height: 25 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Black elderberry | Seeds are hand collected in late August and September when fruit turns black. Achenes are tan at maturity. Seeds are collected in plastic bags and kept refrigerated prior to cleaning. | Seeds treated with 1,000 ppm gibberellic acid soak for 24 hours, followed by a 3:1 water/hydrogen peroxide soak for 10minutes; followed by a 72 hour running water rinse. Seeds are placed into 90 day cold, moist stratification. <i>Sambucus</i> seeds require an after- ripening period and softening of the hard seed coats for high germination rates. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night.<br> Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. | Germination occurs at 22C and is usually complete in 20 days. Cotyledon to true leaf stage is 2 weeks. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm twice weekly and increase in height to 17 centimeters in 10 weeks. Root development is very rapid and fill conetainers 4 weeks after germination. Seedlings are then potted up into 3L containers. Seedlings are root tight in 3L (1 gallon) containers in 3 months. This species requires frequent fertilization during the growing season. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Pots are leached with clear water before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, N. Deno, published June 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> L. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2483 | Sanguisorba (annua) | Rosaceae | rose | Sanguisorba | annua | Sanguisorba | occidentalis | SAAN2 | Various portions of the US and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | prairie burnet | 90 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification is most useful in breaking dormancy prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sanguisorba annua</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2484 | Sanguisorba (occidentalis) | Rosaceae | Rose | Sanguisorba | occidentalis | Nutt. | SAOC2 | south of Moscow, ID | Dry, open, rocky places that are vernally moist from British Columbia to California and east to Nevada and Idaho. | While it is sometimes considered "semi-weedy", it is not invasive. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Years | Years | Tight root plug in container. | Western burnet | Fruit is an achene enclosed in the dried hypanthium. Seed is collected in early July when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are grayish-brown in color. Seed can be stripped from the inflorescence or the inflorescence can be clipped from the plant. Seed maturity is fairly uniform. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Extended cold, moist stratification is needed for this ecotype.<br> Chirco & Turnoer (1986) indicate germination will occur in light or dark without pretreatment. Alaskan ecotypes of <i>S. officinalis, S. menziesii,</i> and <i>S. canadensis</i> germinate rapidly w/o pretreatment (Holloway & Matheke 2003), as does the introduced <i>S. minor</i> (Young & Young 1986).<br> However, unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that no emergence occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 10% emergence. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 33% emergence. Containers sown in November and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures achieved 97% emergence. Seedlings which germinated in the greenhouse thrived in the constant warmth, so it is likely the longer stratification time and not the cool, fluctuating temperature was the factor in the increased germination.<br>Seeds were covered in all trials. The effects of light on germination were not explored. | In October seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in February.<br> Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40 degrees F for 120 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 4 days and is complete in 8 days. | 1 week | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. | 2-3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in early to mid April, depending on weather conditions and plant performance. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Chirco, Ellen, and Terry Turnoer. 1986. Species without AOSA Testing Procedures. The Newsletter of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 60(2):2-66. Available online at http://www.aosaseed.com/Species%20wo%20AOSA%20list%20plus%20adds.pdf Updated November 11/10/03.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Volume 3, Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 5 vols.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Holloway, Patricia S. and Grant E.M. Matheke. 2003. Seed Germination of Burnet, <i>Sanguisorba</i> spp. Native Plants Journal 4(2):95-99.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> USDA NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 6 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 236 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sanguisorba occidentalis</i> Nutt. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2485 | Sanicula (arctopoides) | Apiaceae | Carrot | Sanicula | arctopoides | sanicula | X howellii | SAAR | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | This plant is found growing in California, Washington and Oregon as well as far western Canada specifically in coastal bluffs and lowland areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | footsteps of spring | Sanicula artopoides seeds germinate only after a warm treatment followed by a cold treatment to break dormancy. This is further improved if there is a period of warmth before the cold treatment. Our data showed 0% germination when the seeds went directly to the warm treatment but once those same seeds were placed in the cold treatment (35 degrees F) for 90 days and again placed in the warm growth box (75 degree F) this number shot up to 85% overall germination. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sanicula arctopoides</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2486 | Sanicula (arguta) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Sanicula | arguta | Greene ex Coult. & Rose | Sanicula | simulans | Hoover | SANARG | Catalina Island, California | Sanicle is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits slopes, ridges and sea bluffs. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Sanicle | Seeds are hand collected when they arefully matured. We have collected seeds from May to June. | We have used a weak 30 minute Physan disinfectant soak or a 3 minute 1% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.We treat seeds in June soon after they are collected.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 72 to 92%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during June in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into flats filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 8 weeks after sowing, although germination may continue for up to 5 months. | 1 to 5 months | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into Deepot (40 cubic inches)containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> Transplants must be watered carefully, it may be est to allow seedling to dry down during summer and water only to keep root systems viable. | 5 to 6 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sanicula arguta</i> Greene ex Coult. & Rose plants Deepot 40; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2487 | Sanicula (canadensis) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Sanicula | canadensis | L. | SANCAN | S. canadensis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canadian black snakeroot | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. Germination was greater in dark than light. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sanicula canadensis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2488 | Sanicula (crassicaulis) | Apiaceae | Carrot | Sanicula | crassicaulis | SACR2 | Seed collected at Hog's Back Ridge, eastern Tehama County, California | Western United States from British Columbia south to Baja California from sea-level to 1,000 meters (Hickman 1993) | Unknown | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock (3 | 0 | First year seedling with somewhat corky taproot 1-2mm in diameter and 10-20cm long. | Pacific sanicle | Collect seed/fruits immediately prior to or when fruit is completely ripe and dry on plant from mid-spring to mid summer | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging form D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. Because this is a taprooted species, deep pots seem to work best. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2-3 weeks; Low germination rates were observed, but was due to presence of seed which appeared small and infertile upon visual inspection; germination rates from 31% - 39% were observed in seed cold-stored at approximately 44F in moist vermiculite. Germination rates of approximately 34% were observed for seed sown in an outdoor cold frame. A somewhat fibrous corky taproot approximately 1-2mm in diameter was established by most individuals during the first spring of growth. | Transplantable sprouts were established within 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed from the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in early summer. The length of the active gorwth phase can be somwhat controlled with irrigation, but this species probably requires summer dormancy. Irrigating under warmer conditions can encourage fungus. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth is generally initiated between mid-late fall and continues until summer dormancy. Growth resumes following initial fall rains. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-4 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; *Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boule, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sanicula crassicaulis</i> plants Potted nursery stock (3; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2489 | Sanicula (crassicaulis) | Apiaceae | Carrot Family | Sanicula | crassicaulis | Poepp. ex DC. | SANCRA | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>S. crassicaulis</i> is found on wooded slopes below 4,500 feet elevation; from British Columbia to cismontane California; also South America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific Black Snakeroot | Seeds are collected between May 1st and July 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Fruits are rounded and prickly, 2 to 5 mm wide. | Soak seeds in fresh water for 24 hours. Cold stratify in the refrigerator for 6 weeks. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 1 month | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Seedlings will die back if kept longer than 3 to 4 months. Regrwoth occurs the following spring. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London,1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sanicula crassicaulis</i> Poepp. ex DC. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2490 | Santalum (freycinetianum) | Santalaceae | sandalwood | Santalum | freycinetianum | Gaudich. | Dry, mesic, and wet forest, with rainfall 500-3800 mm, and elevation 250 - 950 m. | Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands of Oahu, Kauai, Lanai, Maui and Molokai | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 20 cm, Stem diameter: 8 mm | Freycinet sandalwood, `iliahi | Flowering may occur year-round, with peak flowering in the late summer and fall, with fruits ripening several months later. Ripe fruits are reddish-purple to black. Seeds may be collected from the tree by hand or with a pole pruner, or collected from the ground. | Untreated seeds may take several months to a year to germinate, so pretreatment is recommended. Scarification by clipping the pointed end of the seed coat without damaging the embryo is recommended. Soaking for 24 hours in 0.05% gibberellic acid can also improve germination. Before planting a dusting with 1 part powdered sulfur to 1 part Captan may be done. | A rain- and wind-protected but sunlit area (such as a cold-frame with clear film roof) is necessary for germination in trays. Germinate the seeds in trays filled with 1 part peat to 1 part perlite or vermiculite only. An even temperature of 25 degrees Celsius is recommended, which can be achieved with bottom heat. After the germination and early establishment phase, moderate shade (30 - 50%) is used for growing out the individual seedlings in containers. | Sprinkle the pretreated seeds over a mix consisting of 1 part perlite to 1 part peat. Cover lightly with 5-10 mm of mix. Keep moist with a fine sprayer so as not to disturb the medium. Some light (partial shade of 30 - 50%) is necessary for germination. Germination generally takes place sporadically over 1 - 4 months or longer. | 1 - 4 months | Emergents are transplanted at the 2 or 4-leaf stage into larger containers. Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or other root-training containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) work well. One gallon root-training containers can also be used. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. <p> Seedlings should be grown in light shade. Seedlings are susceptible to fungal diseases. Keep seedlings well spaced apart to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. Chlorotic leaves (yellowish) are a common symptom of nutrient deficiency. Treating with a soil solution of organic chelated iron (available from garden supply stores) periodically will help keep the seedlings green. Protect the seedlings from extremes in moisture (such as over or under-watering), wind, and temperature. In larger containers, some growers introduce a companion plant for the semi-parasitic sandalwood, such as strawberry, which aids in establishment. Growers should be vigilant about weeds entering the area; allowing a weed to become established in the sandalwood's container and then pulling out that weed can injure or even kill the sandalwood. | 5 months | Gradually increase sun exposure until the seedlings are in full sun. Space seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced slightly to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. If fertilization is necessary during the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be minimized or eliminated, with emphasis on P, K, and micronutrients. Continue to supplement with chelated iron as needed. | 2 months | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Since `iliahi is very sensitive to extremes, it is best to transport in containers insulated from temperature extremes. Keeping them in their containers is necessary to protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport. Seedlings are very sensitive to root disturbances; a handling should be kept to a minimum, and done with great care. | Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/san-frey.htm<p> Allen, James A. 2002. Santalum freycinetianum Gaudich. In: Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721. <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Santalum freycinetianum</i> Gaudich. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2491 | Sapindus (saponaria) | Sapindaceae | Soapberry Family | Sapindus | saponaria | L. | SAPSAP | St. Croix | S. saponaria is common and widely distributed in tropical America and spread further in cultivation. In the West Indies from Bahamas to Cuba to Trinidad. Also from Mexico to Ecuador, Galapagos Islands, Peru, Agrentina, Paraguay and Brazil.<br> On the island of St. Croix, only 4 individuals are known. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | western soapberry | Fruits are collected from the ground. Fruits should rattle when shaken indicating that the mesocarp has released the seeds.<br> Seeds were collected from all four known trees in both locations. | Seeds are planted in 72 cell trays using a commercial potting medium. | Germination begins at 14 to 30 days after planting. 48 seedlings out of 144 seeds were potted after 10 to 12 weeks.<br> Actual germination percent is higher but many are `albino', blotchy or weak seedlings.<b>Trees from the two locations were kept separate, but no significant differences were noted during germination and establshiment. | 12 weeks | Germinants were tranplanted from flats into 3 gallon containers 12 weeks after intial germination.<br> During active growth, stems may need to be staked as they tend to be decumbent or weak at first. Later, stakes can be removed once the stem tissues have lignified. | Little, E.J. and Wadsworth, F.H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultural Handbook No. 249 USDA, Forest Service. Washington, DC. 548 pp. | Briggs, Gary. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sapindus saponaria</i> L. plants Geographic Consulting LLC Estate Calquohoun, St Croix,, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2492 | Sarcobatus (vermiculatus) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose foot family | Sarcobatus | vermiculatus | (Hook.) Torr. | SACVER | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Greasewood | Eddleman, L. E. (1979). Germination in black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.). Northw. Sci. 53, 289-294.<br>Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.Romo, J. T. and Haferkamp, M. R. (1987). Effects of osmotic potential, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride on germination of greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus). Great Basin Nat. 47, 110-116. <br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sarcobatus vermiculatus</i> (Hook.) Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2493 | Sassafras (albidum) | Lauraceae | Laurel family | Sassafras | albidum | (Nutt.) Nees | SASALB | S. albidum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sassafras | Seeds are cold stratified for 120 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Bonner, F. T. and Maisenhelder, L. C. 1974b). Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Sassafras. Pp. 761-762. In: C. S.Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sassafras albidum</i> (Nutt.) Nees plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2494 | Sassafras (albidum) | Lauraceae | Laurel family | Sassafras | albidum | (Nutt) Nees. | SASALB | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. | <i>S. albidum</i> is found from Maine to Florida,in dry or rich woods, roadsides and old fields. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Seedlings | 0 | Height:Up to 84" for 3-gallon containers<br> Root System: Container plants should have firm root balls that fill the pot. The insides of containers are treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that encourages development of a fibrous root system. | sassafras | Fruit is collected in the GRSM in August and September, in Cumberland Gap in September.<br> | Propagation environment: Bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds; selected bareroot seedlings are transplanted to 1-gallon containers at harvest and grown to outplant size an additional 2 to 3 years in the container nursery.<br> Sowing date: Sowing/Planting Technique: <br>Woody nursery: Pre-scarified and inoculated seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. Rows are 5-6 inches apart and seeds are sown about 1" apart within each row. Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about _" of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence.<br> | The NPMC soil is a nutrient-poor sandy loam which is amended with organic matter, such as composted leaves and manure. | Outdoor woody nursery: Seedlings emerge during the spring following fall sowing, or shortly after spring sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. | Seedlings in the nursery beds are fertilized every other week from early May through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilizer application. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br><br> Container nursery: Potted transplants spend the growing season in an outdoor shade house. Daily overhead irrigation is adjusted depending on natural precipitation and pot size. Plants may need to be staked. Plants may be top-dressed with slow release fertilizer. | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation.<br>Container nursery: Frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, depending on natural rainfall. | Containers: Smaller pots may be over-wintered in a cooler and watered as needed. Dormant gallon-sized and up containers are over-wintered outdoors under a microfoam-insulating blanket. After leaves have fallen, the clean, well-watered containers are overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with microfoam. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket to discourage gnawing rodents. The microfoam is then anchored with ropes and rebar. | 3 to 5 months | <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. <br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sassafras albidum</i> (Nutt) Nees. plants Seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2495 | Sassafras (albidum) | Lauraceae | Laurel family | Sassafras | albidum | L. | SASALB | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. | <i>S. albidum</i> is found from Maine to Florida in dry or rich woods, roadsides and old fields. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Seedling | 0 | Root systems: Bareroot seedlings should have well-developed root systems. Long roots are pruned as needed at harvest.<br>Container plants should have firm root balls that fill the pot. The insides of containers are treated with Spin Out, a copper hydroxide product that encourages development of a fibrous root system.<br> Height: 12 to 24 inches for bare root seedlings. | sassafras | Fruit is collected in the GRSM in August and September, in Cumberland Gap in September. | Scarify seeds. Sowing/Planting Technique: <br>Woody nursery: Pre-scarified and inoculated seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand-sown into rows. Rows are 5-6 inches apart and seeds are sown about 1" apart within each row. Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about _" of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back in the spring before seedling emergence. | Propagation environment: Bareroot seedlings are grown in outdoor woody nursery beds. | Outdoor woody nursery: Seedlings emerge during the spring following fall sowing, or shortly after spring sowing. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. | The NPMC soil is a nutrient-poor sandy loam which is amended with organic matter, such as composted leaves and manure. Seedlings in the nursery beds are fertilized every other week from early May through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilizer application. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.<br> | Outdoor woody nursery beds: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation.<br>Container nursery: frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, depending on natural rainfall. | Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed. Prior to shipment, roots of the bundles are dipped in a mycorrhizal slurry and sealed in air-tight plastic. This has prevented desiccation of roots in transport and outplanting.<br><br> Storage Duration: December to March for bareroot. | 4 months | <i>Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States.</i> Forest Service, USDA. Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC. <br><br> Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br><br>Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br>USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Sassafras albidum</i> L. plants Seedling; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2496 | Saururus (cernuus) | Saururaceae | Lizard tail Family | Saururus | cernuus | L. | SAUCER | Pennsylvania | Lizard's tail is an emergent perennial commonly found in freshwater wetlands throughout much of the eastern US. In Pennsylvania, it grows in full sun along the edges of larger rivers like the Juniata and Susquehanna, often in combination with water willow (<i>Decodon verticillatus</i> (L.) Elliott). Lizard's tail serves as ``escape" or "hiding" habitat, particularly for juvenile smallmouth bass, and as a food source for herons and ducks at the water's edge. The plant also has ornamental appeal when in flower. Lizard's tail has tiny white fragrant flowers clustered in spikes that bloom June to August in Pennsylvania. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 10 Weeks | Weeks | Height:n/a <br> Caliper: n/a <br> | Lizard's tail | We harvest achenes (seeds) from native stands, as well as from stock plants in the nursery, during early to mid fall. Seedheads are held over paper bags andthe 1-seeded achenes (about 3 mm (0.125 in) in diameter) are stripped into the bags by hand. | Seeds are stored cold and dry in sealed, airtight plastic bags through the winter in a refrigerator at 2 øC (35 øF). In January, about 4 wk prior to seeding, we remove seeds from cold storage and soak them in containers of water for 2 wk. Seeds are covered with twice their volume in water and remain in the same water for the duration of the soaking period. Seeds are then mixed with damp, sterile sand, at a ratio of 1 part seed to 5 parts sand by volume, and subjected to cold, moist stratification (refrigeration at 2 to 4 øC [35 to 40 øF]) for 2 wk. | Stratified seeds are surface sown in open flats (approximately 25 cm wide X 50 cm long X 6 cm deep (10 X 20 X 2.5 in) containing a soilless mix (55% sphagnum, 30% vermiculite, 15% perlite by volume); a variable amount of fine sand is added to the mix to provide aeration. Two hundred to 400 seeds are sown per flat, and covered with a dusting of the germinating mix (applied by sieve over the seeds). Seeded flats are then placed into solid bottom flats filled with water to allow saturation of the planting medium. The flat-in-flats are arranged on bottom-heated greenhouse benches. Medium temperature is maintained at approximately 21 to 23 øC (70 to 74 øF) during germination. Greenhouse air temperature ranges from a low of 4 øC (40 øF) to a high of 27 øC (80 øF). | Germination of lizard's tail ranges from 80% to 95% in the greenhouse and usually occurs within 3 wk, at which time the flats in their solid-bottom watering trays are moved to a mist bench. The mist cycle is set at 2 to 8 s every 10 min, and the flats continue to be bottom heated. Trays remain under mist for about 2 wk, or until seedlings have 2 sets of true leaves and are about 2.5 cm (1 in) tall. | 2 weeks | Seedlings are transplanted from the open flats to 50-cell plug trays, 1 seedling to each cell (about 5 X 5 X 6 cm deep (2 X 2 X 2.5 in deep). Planting medium for seedling trays is a mix of 50% composted pine bark, 20% peat, 15% vermiculite, and 15% perlite by volume. Once lizard's tail seedlings have been transplanted, the plug trays are moved outdoors to 4.5 X 30 m (15 X 100 ft) unheated, uncovered huts with overhead irrigation, where they receive 15 min of watering per day to saturate the growing medium. Liquid 20 N:20 P2O5:20 K2O at a rate of 200 ppm is used to fertilize plugs every day during the first week, every other day during the second week, and once a week during the third and fourth weeks; beyond that, plugs are not fertilized. Seedling plugs are ready to be sold in 4 to 6 wk, when roots grow throughout each plug cell and plugs can be pulled out intact. | 4 to 6 weeks | Plugs that are not immediately shipped are placed in "wet beds" until sold. These beds are 2 m X 4 m X 10 cm deep (6 ft X 12 ft X 4 in) and are lined with black plastic. Water level in the beds is maintained to keep plug trays saturated but not inundated. Plants can be kept in the wet beds for up to 5 mo. | Octoraro Native Plant Nursery ships lizard's tail plants to clients in the Mid-Atlantic states (from Connecticut to Virginia and west to western Pennsylvania) from about mid-April into December, depending on weather. Most plants are plug size when shipped, but occasionally clients require larger materials. For these projects, we transplant plug plants into larger pots (10 X 10 X 10 cm [4 X 4 X 4 in]), using the same mix as used for plugs. | Propagation protocol for lizard's tail (<i>Saururus cernuus</i>), Bennet, D., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<p> USDA NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 10 Oct 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. | Bennett, Diane J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saururus cernuus</i> L. plants 1+0 container plug; Octoraro Native Plant Nursery Kirkwood, Pennsylvania. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2497 | Saussurea (densa) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Saussurea | densa | ( Hook. ) Rydb. | Saussurea | nuda | ( Hook. ) Rydb. | Variety | densa | SAUDEN | Alpine slope, southeastern B.C. | <i>S. densa</i> is found in rocky slopes on the mountains, from southwestern Alberta and southeastern B.C. to scattered locations along the east front of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 4 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 160 ml conetainer. | Dwarf Saussurea | Seeds are hand collected in late August when achenes turn gray and are easily removed from the disc. Seeds are collected in paper envelopes and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Fresh seeds were sown in the outdoor nursery and subjected to a 5 month cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 50% milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% washed sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination was uniform and occurred following 2 weeks of temperatures at 22C or above during the day. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season.<br> Plants were fully root tight 10 weeks after germination. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date:August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; DeSanto, Jerry; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saussurea densa</i> ( Hook. ) Rydb. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
2498 | Saussurea (weberi) | Asteraceae | Saussurea | weberi | Hulten | Occurs in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado where it is confined to small areas of suitable alpine habitat. Most populations are found in central Colorado. | None | Seed | Weber's saw-wort | Seed was collected in central Colorado in 2018 | Stratification at 2-4C for 2-12 weeks led to high germination | Incubation at 20/10C (day/night) resulted in over 90% germination. | 2022. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Saussurea weberi</i> Hulten Denver Botanic Gardens Denver, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2499 | Saxifraga (bronchialis) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | bronchialis | (Wieg.) Jones | SAXBRO | S. bronchialis found from Alaska to Greenland souh to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spotted saxifrage | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga bronchialis</i> (Wieg.) Jones plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2500 | Saxifraga (bronchialis) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | bronchialis | L. | SAXBRO | Open rocky slope, Sun Point, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 4600' elevation. | <i>S. bronchialis</i> occurs from sea level to the arctic-alpine and is circumboreal in distribution. In North America, it is found from Alaska to Greenland, south to northern Oregon, Idaho, and in the Rocky Mountains from Montana to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 2 cm, multiple leaves in a tight cushion.<br> Caliper: n/a. Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Spotted saxifrage | Seeds are collected in the fall when capsules begin to turn brown and split. Seeds are black at maturity.<br>Capsules are collected in paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Germination was occurred after 4 months of warm temperatures following cold stratification. A prolonged after- ripening of the seeds may be necessary for this species.<br> Germination stimulation of some <i>Saxifraga</i> species by light and by gibberellic acid suggests that these treatments should be tried with this species. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method:Direct Seeding.Seeds are surface sown.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared during late summer. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination.<br>ÿ 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks by late September. Plants were not root tight at the end of the growing season.<br> Do not over water seedlings after initial establishment. | 8 weeks 1st year, 10 weeks 2nd year | Irrigation is gradually reduced in the fall. One final irrigation is applied prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years<br> Harvest Date: September of the 2nd year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park NativePlant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga bronchialis</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2501 | Saxifraga (caespitosa) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | caespitosa | L. | SAXCAE | S. caespitosa is a circumpolar species found south through North America in Washington, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and northern Michigan. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tufted saxifrage | Germination occurs at 12 C. | Bell, K. L. and Bliss, L. C. (1980). Plant reproduction in a high arctic environment. Arctic Alpine Res. 12, 1-10.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga caespitosa</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2502 | Saxifraga (cernua) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | cernua | L. | SAXCER | S. cernua is a circumpolar species found from Alaska to Newfoundland and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. It ranges to Washington in the Cascades and is also found in Idaho and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nodding saxifrage | Germination occurs at 12 C. | Bell, K. L. and Bliss, L. C. (1980). Plant reproduction in a high arctic environment. Arctic Alpine Res. 12, 1-10.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga cernua</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2503 | Saxifraga (flagellaris) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | flagellaris | Willd.ex Sternberg. | Saxifraga | setigera | SAXFLA | S. flagelleris is a circumboreal species found south in North America from British Columbia to New Mexico and Arizona at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Stoloniferous saxifrage | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga flagellaris</i> Willd.ex Sternberg. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2504 | Saxifraga (nivalis) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | nivalis | L. | SAXNIV | S. nivalis isa circumboreal species found south in North America to southwestern British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Snow saxifrage | Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga nivalis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2505 | Saxifraga (oppositifolia) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | oppositifolia | L. | SAXOPP | S. oppositifolia is a circumboreal species found south in North America to Wyoming at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rock saxifrage | Eurola, S. (1972). Germination of seeds collected in Spitsbergen. Ann. Bot. Fennici 9, 149-159.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga oppositifolia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2506 | Saxifraga (oregana) | SAXIFRAGACEAE | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | oregana | J. Howell Caudex | SAOR2 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Oregon saxifrage | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 2 weeks. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 2 weeks and placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 75% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga oregana</i> J. Howell Caudex plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2507 | Saxifraga (rhomboidea) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | rhomboidea | Greene | SAXRHO | S. rhomboidea is found in moist areas of sagebrush deserts and alpine meadows; from southern British Columbia and Alberta to Colorado and west to Utah and central Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Diamond leaf saxifrage | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga rhomboidea</i> Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2508 | Saxifraga (tolmiei) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Saxifraga | tolmiei | T&G | SAXTOL | S. tolmei is found in the subalpine and alpine in British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tolmei's saxifrage | Chabot, B. F. and Billings, W. D. (1972). Origins and ecology of the Sierran alpine flora and vegetation. Ecol. Monogr. 42, 163-199.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Saxifraga tolmiei</i> T&G plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2509 | Scaevola (sericea) | Goodeniaceae | Goodenia Family | Scaevola | sericea | Vahl. | SCASER | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Naupaka is distributed from India to Hawai'i, and is found on all the major archipelagoes of Polynesia and Micronesia. It is one of the most common littoral shrubs, often forming dense thickets on rocky and sandy coasts throughout the area. In Hawai'i, common in coastal sites throughout the Hawaiian archipelago, except on Gardner Pinnacles, Necker and Nihoa. On Midway Atoll, naupaka is common in coastal sites and some sites inland. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Naupaka kahakai | Mature fruit a fleshy white drupe, 8-15 mm long. Fruit white, pulpy, with seeds beige, corky, and ridged.<br>Collecting seeds: Collect ripe or mature fruits from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Experiments have shown successful germination after soaking in salt water up to 250 days.<br>Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix.Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 2 months | 10 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scaevola sericea</i> Vahl. plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2510 | Scaveola (taccada) | Goodeniaceae | Goodenia Family | Scaveola | taccada | SCATAC | coastal strand, Yap | Found throughout the central and southern Pacific.It is one of the most common littoral shrubs, often forming dense thickets on rocky and sandy coasts throughout the area. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 6 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Thoth | Seeds are hand collected when fruits are white and begin to drop from the plant. Plants produce seeds throughout the year. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 4-6 weeks | Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 4 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 1 month | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scaveola taccada</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2511 | Schizachyrium (scoparium) | Poaceae | Grass family | Schizachyrium | scoparium | (Michx.) Nash | Variety | scoparium | Andropogon | scoparius | Michx. | SCHSCO | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. scoparium</i> is found from southern Canada to Arizona in the west and to Florida in the east; also in northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Little Bluestem | Seed is harvested by combine about Sept. 30. Itis ready when it no longer has a soft, creamy center. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Do not add slow release fertilizer to the grasses, as it tends to burn the young, tender roots. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one to two weeks.<br> Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Grasses are not thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> (Michx.) Nash plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2512 | Schizachyrium (scoparium) | Poaceae | Grass | Schizachyrium | scoparium | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | little bluestem | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2513 | Schizachyrium (scoparium) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Schizachyrium | scoparium | (Michx.) Nash | SCHSCO | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky, 1150' elevation, Kentucky Portal; Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, 2500' elevation, Skyline Drive. | <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> grows in dry soil, fields, prairies and open woods from New Brunswick and Quebec to Alberta and south to Florida, Texas, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 16 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Height:</b> Kept at 8-10" with cutbacks; multiple stems.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug which leaves no loose soil when pulled full. | Little bluestem | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by R. Russell on 10/15/91; Shenandoah National Park by J. Englert on 11/5/92 and 11/15/93; National Plant Materials Center by D. Dusty on 11/18-20/96, 11/10/97, and 11/13/98. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. Some improvement in germination has been seen with 3-4 weeks of cold stratification @ 40F. Germination is drastically improved by covering seeded plug trays with clear, lightweight plastic and exposing them to full sunlight in the greenhouse. Media is kept continually moist by lifting plastic to mist as needed. Plastic is removed when 50% of target number have germinated. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (75-80/65-68F) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high-pressure sodium lights.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand-sown in germination plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are sown in 392 plug trays; seedlings are transplanted to either 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots depending whether out-planted with a planter or by hand-dibbling.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are sown in Fafard Germinating Mix. Seedlings are transplanted into a 2:1 mix of Sunshine #5:Compro, with 180 day Nutricote Total 18-6-8 SR incorporated @ 20 oz./batch of mix. (Compro is used to prevent chlorosis that occurs in some warm season seedlings grown in soilless media. Substitutes for Compro are being evaluated). | <b>Sowing Date:</b> December, January or February depending on outplanting date. Second sowing is often needed to reach target number.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> With plastic cover and good solar exposure about 50% of target seedling count germinated in 10 days. The balance germinated in about 2 weeks. Without plastic cover 50% germinated in 4-5 weeks; the balance in 7+ weeks.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are hand-sown heavily into 392 plug trays at a rate computed to produce target number of plugs and compensate for very low germination rate. Seeds are lightly covered with germination mix, and watered. The plug trays are covered with clear lightweight plastic (see seed treatment).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination plugs are kept moist. Transplanted to 72 plug flats or Ropak multipots. Avoid over-watering until roots develop. Continually wet media with organic matter attracts fungus gnats and shore flies and encourages algae crusts on soil surface. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Occurs when greenhouse solar levels increas in the spring. Established plugs are cut back periodically to 6-8" to enhance root and stem growth and to manually eliminate insect pests. Plugs are fertilized as needed (every 1-2 weeks) with Technigro 16-17-17 Plus, @100 ppm. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to out-planting, fertilization is stopped, water is decreased, and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are ready for out-planting about 14-16 weeks after seedlings germinate. Second sowings often result in staggered maturation of plugs.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A. | <b>Storage Duration: </b>N/A. | Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> (Michx.) Nash plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2514 | Schizachyrium (scoparium) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Schizachyrium | scoparium | (Michx.) Nash. | SCSC | Upper Guy Sandy Area and Buffalo Springs Area. | Growing all over Texas, though rare in extreme west, summer-fall; represented with us by several completely intergrading varieties as follows from west to east. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Short rhizomes. | Little bluestem | Collected in NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by Morris Houck and Tom Taylor on 11/19/1990. | N/A. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late winter and early spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 90% emergence within several weeks of irrigation.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Mid-summer to late fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7 months. | North American Range Plants, 33; Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 192; The Grasses of Texas, 608; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> (Michx.) Nash. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2515 | Schoenoplectus (acutus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Schoenoplectus | acutus | (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A.& D. L”ve | Variety | acutus | (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A.& D. L”ve | Scirpus | acutus | Muhl. ex Bigelow. | SCHACU | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Hardstem Bulrush | Seeds were cold stratified for 84 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 25/10 C. Germination was greater in light than in dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Thullen and Eberts 1995. Effects of temperature, stratification, scarification, and seed origin on the germination of Scirpus acutus seeds for use in constructed wetlands. Wetlands 15, 298-304.<br>Isley 1944. A study of conditions that affect the germination of Scirpus seeds.Cornell Univers. Ag. Expt. Station Mem. 257. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus acutus</i> (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A.& D. L”ve plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2516 | Schoenoplectus (americanus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Schoenoplectus | americanus | (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller | Scirpus | americanus | Pers. | SCHAME | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American bulrush | Seeds were cold stratified for 180 days. Seeds germinate at temperatures of 30 to 32 C in the presence of light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Isley 1944.A study of conditions that affect the germination of Scirpus seeds.Cornell Univers. Ag. Expt. Station Mem. 257. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus americanus</i> (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2517 | Schoenoplectus (fluviatilis) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Schoenoplectus | fluviatilis | (Torr.) M.T. Strong | Scirpus | fluviatilis | (Torr.) Gray | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seeds were cold stratified for 180 days. Seeds germinated at 30 to 32 C. Seeds germinated in the presence of light. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Isley. 1944. A study ofthe conditions that affect hte germination of Scirpus seeds. Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Station. Mem. 257. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus fluviatilis</i> (Torr.) M.T. Strong plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2518 | Schoenoplectus (maritimus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Schoenoplectus | maritimus | (L.) Lye | Scirpus | maritimus | L. | SCHMAR | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cosmopolitan bulrush | Seeds were cold stratified for 80 days. Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/5 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br> Clevering, 1995. Germination and seedling emergence of Scirpus lacustris L. and Scirpus maritimus L.with special reference to the restoration of wetlands. Aquatic Botany 50, 63-78. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus maritimus</i> (L.) Lye plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2519 | Schoenoplectus (maritimus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Schoenoplectus | maritimus | (L.) Lye | Scirpus | maritimus | L. | SCHMAR | Presidio, California | <i>S. maritimus</i> is found throughout temperate North America, Asia, and New Zealand in fresh water marshes below 4,000 feet elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Cosmopolitan Bulrush | Seeds are collected between October 10th and November 10th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> mature fruits are achenes that are shiny dark brown, 2.5 to 3.5 mm long. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus(peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" tubes (Treeband 5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus maritimus</i> (L.) Lye plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2520 | Schoenoplectus (tabernaemontani) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Schoenoplectus | tabernaemontani | (K.C. Gmel.) Palla | Scirpus | tabernaemontani | K.C. Gmel. | SCHTAB | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Soft Stem bulrush | Seeds germinate at alternating temperatures of 30/5 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Clevering, 1995. Germination and seedling emergence of Scirpus lacustris L. and Scirpus maritimus L.with special reference to the restoration of wetlands. Aquatic Botany 50, 63-78. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</i> (K.C. Gmel.) Palla plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2521 | Schoenoplectus (tabernaemontani) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Schoenoplectus | tabernaemontani | (K.C. Gmel.) Palla | Scirpus | validus | Vahl. | SCHTAB | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Soft Stem bulrush | Seeds were cold stratified for 180 days. Seeds germinate at temperatures of 30 to 32 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br> Isley, 1944. A study of conditions that affect the germination of Scirpus seeds. Cornell Univer. Agricultural Experiment Station Mem. 257 | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</i> (K.C. Gmel.) Palla plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2522 | Schoenoplectus (tabernaemontani) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Schoenoplectus | tabernaemontani | (K.C. Gmel.) Palla | Scirpus | validus | Vahl | Freshwater marsh near Knik Arm, Matanuska Valley, Alaska | Cosmopolitan. In Alaska, south of the central Brooks Range to northern Cook Inlet, then south and east to SE Alaska and the Yukon Territory. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Containerized plants with multiple leaves and well-developed roots ready for direct field transplanting. | Softstem Bulrush | Past treatments included Fall-sowing in flats with Cornell wetland mix. After saturation with water, they are exposed to winter temperatures until Spring when they are moved to the greenhouse. Germination was approximately 25% and spotty. Presently, chilled moist seed is sown in flats on the surface of the medium. It is then overwintered as above for ~5 months. In Spring, they are moved to the greenhouse. This protocol will be updated when new results become available. | Flats with young plants are moved from the greenhouse to an outdoor sheltered area in late June. Successful outplantings have been done in late July and August. | Hult‚n, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. vol. 23. New York and Oxford. | Moore, Nancy; Ross, Donald; VanZant, James. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</i> (K.C. Gmel.) Palla plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2523 | Schoenoplectus (tabernaemontani) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Schoenoplectus | tabernaemontani | (K.C. Gmel.) Palla | Scirpus | validus | SCHTAB | Mississippi | Softstem bulrush is found in marshes and muddy shores at lower elevations and is tolerant of alkali. It is a widespread species throughout temperate North America south into tropical America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 6 Months | Months | Height: n/a <br> Caliper: n/a <br> Root System: n/a <br> | Softstem bulrush | Ripening dates for softstem bulrush seeds vary from early August through mid October and I harvest them by pulling or cutting the fruit clusters from the stem. | I have achieved germination rates around 30% after 4 wk using 2 storage methods: 1) storing seeds under moist, cold conditions for 5 to 7 mo; or 2) dry for 2 to 3 mo followed by 3 to 4 mo cold, moist stratification treatment. | I use a 3:1 (v:v) sphagnum peat moss:sand growing medium amended with commercially recommended quantities of pelletized slow-release fertilizer (for example, 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Osmocote 13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF] or 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Sierra 17N:6P2O5:12K2O; 3 to 4 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF]; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio), 4.7 to 5.9 kg/m3 (8 to 10 lb/yd3) dolomitic lime, 0.89 kg/m3 (1.5 lb/yd3) Micromax micronutrient fertilizer (The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and a wetting agent (I use 0.59 kg/m3 [1 lb/yd3] 2000 G AquaGro [Aquatrols, Cherry Hill, New Jersey], which is no longer marketed). I pasteurize the sand in an electric soil sterilizer for 30 min at 82 øC (180 øF) to reduce weed problems. | Seeds germinate best in a saturated growing medium, kept saturated on on a commercial ebb and flow greenhouse bench (Midwest Trading, Denmark) with water maintained 0.6 to 1.2 cm (0.25 to 0.5 in) deep. Greenhouse temperatures range from 13 to 38 øC (55 to 100 øF). and seedlings grow well under both moisture regimes. | Subsequent seedling growth is best on medium kept moist by regularly watering containers situated on normal greenhouse benches. | The observations on seed propagation of 5 Mississippi wetland species, Grabowski, J., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<p> USDA NRCS. 1999. PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 29 Sep 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</i> (K.C. Gmel.) Palla plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2524 | Scirpus (cyperinus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Scirpus | cyperinus | (L.) Kunth | SCCY | Grows abundantly in wet places such as meadows, shores, marshes, bogs, swamps, and along wet roadsides. Fullsun. A bulrush up to 6' tall. Flower inconspicuous. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wool grass | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers August-Sept. Seeds grow in a dense wooly cluster. Seed is collected October-November. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water within the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or garage (33-42 degrees F) for one month. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Heat for the cold months. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter), 14"x8.5"x4" deep. Wool grass will also grwo successfully in a variety of other plug cell sizes and shapes. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs again with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate ofabout 3 seeds in each small cell and about 5 seeds in each large cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to variable germination rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. greenhouse thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scirpus cyperinus</i> (L.) Kunth plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2525 | Scirpus (cyperinus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge Family | Scirpus | cyperinus | L. Kunth | SCICYP | Mississippi | <i>S. cyperinus</i> is found in low wet ground from Newfoundland to Florida,west across the eastern and southern United States to Minnesota, Missouri, Texas and across southern Canada to southeastern British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 6 Months | Months | Height: n/a<br> Caliper: n/a <br> Root System: n/a <br> | Woolgrass | I harvest woolgrass <i>Scirpus cyperinus</i> (Leaf River Source) seeds in mid to late September (when fully mature and before any significant shattering occurs) by pulling or cutting the fruit clusters from the stem. | Seeds can be stored moist in zip-lock-type bags containing sphagnum peat moss at 5.5 øC (42 øF) or in cold water (5.5 øC [42 øF]).The cool temperatures and moist conditions serve as a stratification process. | I use a 3:1 (v:v) sphagnum peat moss:sand growing medium amended with commercially recommended quantities of pelletized slow-release fertilizer (for example, 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Osmocote 13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF] or 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Sierra 17N:6P2O5:12K2O; 3 to 4 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF]; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio), 4.7 to 5.9 kg/m3 (8 to 10 lb/yd3) dolomitic lime, 0.89 kg/m3 (1.5 lb/yd3) Micromax micronutrient fertilizer (The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and a wetting agent (I use 0.59 kg/m3 [1 lb/yd3] 2000 G AquaGro [Aquatrols, Cherry Hill, New Jersey], which is no longer marketed). I pasteurize the sand in an electric soil sterilizer for 30 min at 82 øC (180 øF) to reduce weed problems. | Germination takes about 3 wk and is highest when the medium is saturated on a commercial ebb and flow greenhouse bench (Midwest Trading, Denmark) with water maintained 0.6 to 1.2 cm (0.25 to 0.5 in) deep. Greenhouse temperatures range from 13 to 38 øC (55 to 100 øF) during the germination period. | Subsequent seedling growth is best with a moist medium, maintained by regularly watering containers situated on normal greenhouse benches. <p> This agrees with my observations that wild plants require fairly wet conditions for germination, but plants become increasingly tolerant of drying substrates as they grow, with mature plants possessing a higher level of drought tolerance than would be anticipated for a wetland plant. | Observations on seed propagation of 5 Mississippi wetland species, Grabowski, J., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<p> USDA NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 29 Sep 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center.<br> | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scirpus cyperinus</i> L. Kunth plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2526 | Scirpus (microcarpu) | Cyperaceae | sedge family | Scirpus | microcarpu | Scirpus | rubrotinctus | SCMI2 | The majority of the United States of America (neglecting the South Eastern quarter) and Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | panicled bulrush | In our trials we found that 45 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification best serves to break dormancy prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scirpus microcarpu</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2527 | Scirpus (microcarpus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge | Scirpus | microcarpus | SCMI2 | Mt Hood, Siuslaw, Umpqua, Willamette National Forests, Oregon; Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington | North America with the exception of the southeast | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 107 ml (6.5 in3) container | 10 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling.
Well-developed crown and firm plug in container. | Panicled bulrush | Due to small seed size and short growing season, seeds are mixed with sand and sown directly into target containers. Growing medium used in these cells consists of 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 140-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.5 gram Nutricote per 107 ml container. Entire racks are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Cells are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. | Greenhouse growing facility.
Racks are removed from stratification facilities and placed directly into greenhouses in mid-July. No additional time-release fertilizer is added to medium. Cells are irrigated lightly several times per day to ensure seeds are kept quite moist throughout the germination period. | Germination is uniform and is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Following germination, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 100 ppm for 1 week. | 2 weeks | Plants grow quickly during the active growth phase Soluble fertilizer 20-9-20 NPK at 150 ppm is applied weekly for 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C. Presl panicled bullrush. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JUEF (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scirpus microcarpus</i> Plants 107 ml (6.5 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2528 | Scirpus (microcarpus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Scirpus | microcarpus | J. Presl & C. Presl | SCMI2 | Yosemite National Park | North America with the exception of the southeast. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 5 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Panicled bulrush | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%. Flats were placed outside after planting to allow for natural over-winter stratification beginning in mid-November. Flats were brought into the greenhouse when outdoor conditions began to dry the soil in March. | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to ten seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is lightly covered with pea gravel. The soil surface is kept moist with 20 minutes of daily irrigation from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). | 8 weeks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. | 4 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 1 week | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scirpus microcarpus</i> J. Presl & C. Presl Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2529 | Scirpus (microcarpus) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Scirpus | microcarpus | J.& K. Presl | SCMI2 | BLM, Medford District, Chinquapin Mountain, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Panicled bulrush | Very small lot, .21 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Scirpus microcarpus</i> J.& K. Presl seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2530 | Scrophularia (californica) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Scrophularia | californica | Cham. & Schlecht. | SCRCAL | Marin county, California | <i>S. californica</i> is found in damp places and brushy thickets from the Santa Monica mountains, California, north to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Figwort | Seeds are collected between May 15th and September 15th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is tiny. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 2 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 15th.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 14 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 28 days | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> Prune back and keep large leaves cut back to avoid crown rot. Space tubes in racks for adequete air circulation and ease of irrigation. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scrophularia californica</i> Cham. & Schlecht. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2531 | Scutellaria (lateriflora) | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Scutellaria | lateriflora | L. | SCLA2 | Swamps, shores, meadows | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | blue skullcap | Start the seedsin a greenhouse (65F night 75F day temperature) in late winter to early spring. Do not cover the small seeds. Seeds germinate in 2 weeks. Seedlings are small. Repot into 2 inch containers. Growing mix is 1 part sand 4 parts of a commercial potting mix containing 40-50% of composted pine bark. Keep the medium always moist. | 6-8 weeks | Finish into a quarter gallon container filled with the same growing medium. Plants will flower 16-18 weeks after sowing. | 10-12 weeks | Crow GE and Hellquist CB Fassett NC. 2000. Aquatic and wetland plants of northeastern North America Volume One. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press 536 pp. | Chiari, Alessandro. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scutellaria lateriflora</i> L. plants Cougar Springs Ranch Brooklyn, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2532 | Scyphiphora (hydrophyllacea) | Rubiaceae | Coffee Family | Scyphiphora | hydrophyllacea | SCYHYD | Yap | Southern India to New Caledonia. Locally at many sites. Found in mangrove forests and sandy beaches on Yap. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Guad | Fruits are broadly elliptic, deeply ridged lengthwise, light brown when ripe, buoyant. Fruits are collected by hand. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Seeds are sown into deep flats (1X2') and covered with composted leaf mold. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand. After seedlings are well established and haveat least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. | 2 months | Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 4 months | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2533 | Sedum | Crassulaceae | Sedum | SEDUM | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-012s), Moraine Park (98-072s), Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-129s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Stonecrop | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed heads crushed and tiny seeds fall out. Use of screens helpful to separate seeds from miscellaneous plant material.<p> Sprague Lake (98-012s) collected 9/16/98, Moraine Park (98-072s), Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-129s) collected 10/7/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§ F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Surface sown. Best to use small pots, with a few seeds per pot.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 7 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Germination uniform and rapid, but these plants grow slowly.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1-1/2 months (unnecessary if planted in small pots to begin with).<p> Sprague Lake (98-012s) sowed 10/27/98; Moraine Park (98-072s) sowed 11/12/98; Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-129s) sowed 12/8/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sedum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2534 | Sedum (integrifolium) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop family | Sedum | integrifolium | (Raf.) A. Nels. | SEDINT | S. integrifolium is found from from Alaska to Colorado, California, and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Roseroot stonecrop | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sedum integrifolium</i> (Raf.) A. Nels. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2535 | Sedum (lanceolatum) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop family | Sedum | lanceolatum | Torr. | SEDLAN | S. lanceolatum is found from sealevel to the alpine; from Alaska to and Yukon south to Califronia, east to Alberta, Nebraska, and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lance leaf stonecrop | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sedum lanceolatum</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2536 | Sedum (lanceolatum) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop family | Sedum | lanceolatum | Torr. | SEDLAN | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2100m elevation. | <i>S. lanceolatum</i> is found in open and dry areas, mostly on rock and gravel, from Alaska and the Yukon to California, east to Alberta, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Colorado. It is a succulent species that inhabits open slopes, cliffs and dry pen prairies at montane to high elevationss. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainer. | Lance-leaved stonecrop | Seeds are collected when follicles turn tan and begin to split open at the top. Seeds are very small and light tan in color. Seeds are collected in late August at high elevations. Seeds are stored in paper bags in a dry place prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. However, stratification is not necessary. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are barely covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 50% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Germination occurs in early spring under fluctuating temperatures. Seeds appear to germinate very uniformly.<br>Seedlings produced true leaves within 10 days of germination.<br> After seedlings are well established, they must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants have several true leaves by 3 weeks after germination.<br>Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 lquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants quickly fill conetainers and are root-tight in 4 weeks.<br> It is important to use a well drained medium and allow seedlingsto dry down between irrigations. | 6 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 6 months using winter stratification.<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sedum lanceolatum</i> Torr. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2537 | Sedum (stenopetalum) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop family | Sedum | stenopetalum | Pursh | SEDSTE | S. stenopetalum is found in deserts, prairies and subalpin meadows; from British Columbia to California and east to western Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wormleaf stonecrop | Germination occurs at 25D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination occurs equally well in light and dark. | Sayers, R. L. and Ward, R. T. (1966). Germination responses in alpine species. Bot. Gaz. 127, 11-16.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sedum stenopetalum</i> Pursh plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2538 | Senecio (aronicanoides) | Asteraceae | ASTER | Senecio | aronicanoides | Senecio | Aronicoides | SEAR4 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park,Ca | Primarily California and Oregon in alkaline soils. It can typically be found in coastal scrub, cismontane woodland and chaparral habitats. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Stubby container | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container | rayless ragwort | This species only slightly benefits (a gain of 6% in germination rate) when exposed to 90 days stratification in a 38 degree F cooler. There was a 60% germination rate when the seed was placed directly into the warm growth box and kept at 70 degrees F during the day and dropped to 50 degrees F at night. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senecio aronicanoides</i> plants Stubby container; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2539 | Senecio (atratus) | Asteraceae | Senecio | atratus | SEAT | Colorado, Lake Irene (98-184s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Tall Blacktip Ragwort | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from heads. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> Only 1 germinated.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Lake Irene (98-184s) sowed 1/4/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Senecio atratus</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2540 | Senecio (fendleri) | Asteraceae | Senecio | fendleri | SEFE | Colorado, Moraine Park Campground (98-029s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Fendler Senecio | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed easily removed from seed heads.<p> Moraine Park Campground (98-029s) collected 7/18/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown in seed pack flat, 2-3 (?) seeds/slot, uncovered, but pressed lightly into soil surface.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Slow.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1-1/2 months.<p> Moraine Park Campground (98-029s) sowed 7/18/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Senecio fendleri</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2541 | Senecio (flaccidus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Senecio | flaccidus | DC. | Variety | douglasii | (DC) B.L. Turner & T.M. Burkl. | Senecio | douglasii | DC. | SENFLA | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Senecio flaccidus v. douglasii</i> is found in washes and dry streambeds below 5,000 ft elevation from central Californian coast range to the Mojave desert and Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Douglas groundsel | Seeds are hand collected in when achenes have matured. | Seeds are directly sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized atdifferent stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senecio flaccidus</i> DC. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
2542 | Senecio (integerrimus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Senecio | integerrimus | Nutt. | SENINT | S. integerrimus is a widespread cordilleran and Great Plains species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western groundsel | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 2 C. | McDonough, W. T. (1969). Effective treatments for the induction of germination in mountain rangeland species. Northw. Sci. 43, 18-22.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senecio integerrimus</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2543 | Senecio (integerrimus) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Senecio | integerrimus | Nutt. | Variety | exaltatus | (Nutt.) Cronq. | SEINE | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Western North America east to Montana and south to Colorado and California. In eastern Washington it is a wide ranging and common species occurring in dry to moderately moist, open areas from sagebrush desert to open Ponderosa pine forest.<p> Mean annual precipitation range is from 10-24 inches (USDA NRCS 2009).<p> Wetland indicator status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 2 Years | Years | Tight root plug in container. | Western groundsel, Columbia ragwort | Fruit is an achene. Seed ripens in June. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is tan in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed matures over a 2-3 week period. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. <p>400,000 seeds/lb (USDA NRCS 2009). | Extended cold, moist stratification and cool spring temperatures are necessary. In trials at the PMC, no germination occurred without stratification. 30 days of cool, moist stratification resulted in 5% germination. 45 days of stratification increased germination to 45% but none of the seedlings were able to survive in the constant warmth of the greenhouse. Seedlings which germinated outside achieved 56% germination and survival was high. Effects of light on germination were not investigated. | In late November or early December seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. | Containers remain outside. They are watered only during dry spells. Germination will begin as daytime temperatures warm in March, and may occur over 2-4 weeks. | Plants are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. They are moved to the lath house in May. They are fertilized once per week with a water soluble complete fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Fertilization is stopped and water is reduced in mid June. The plants will retain green leaves through the summer but cease growing as summer approaches and temperatures rise. | Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not needed. | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter. They should be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in late winter or early spring as temperatures begin to rise. Regrowth will begin in early March as soon as temperatures begin to warm. | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> McDonough, Walter T. 1969. Effective Treatments for the Induction of Germination in Mountain Rangeland Species. Northwest Science 43:18-22.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 7 March 2009). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senecio integerrimus</i> Nutt. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2544 | Senecio (serra) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Senecio | serra | Hook. | SENSER | S. serrais a widespread cordilleran species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Tall butterweed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 112 days. Germination occurs at 2 C. | McDonough, W. T. (1969). Effective treatments for the induction of germination in mountain rangeland species. Northw. Sci. 43, 18-22.<br>Table 10.31 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senecio serra</i> Hook. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2545 | Senecio (serra) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Senecio | serra | Hook. | Variety | serra | SESE2, SESES | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Native to open places in moist meadows, moist hillsides and open coniferous forests of western North America from British Columbia to California and east to Montana and Colorado. The Palouse phase is var. <i>serra</i>.<p> Wetland indicator status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | not invasive | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | serrated groundsel, tall butterweed, butterweed groundsel | Fruit is an achene which ripens in late July. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is grayish brown in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. The collection window is narrow. Seed remaining on the plants after most has been dispersed is generally not viable. Seed can be collected using a vacuum cleaner. This removes only mature seed and reduces the amount of trash which subsequently must be cleaned from the seed. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Seed can be direct sown in the field in the fall or early spring (Stevens et al 1996). Some germination will occur without pretreatment but germination is much higher after 16 weeks of cold moist stratification. Germination will occur at low temperatures (McDonough 1969). Imbibed seeds exposed to alterating day/night temperatures before cold moist stratification germinate earlier than those imbibed during stratification. Some seeds germinated without the stratification treatment, indicating that fall germination is possible, but most of the seeds germinate after 14-16 weeks of cold moist stratification (McDonough 1974).<p> For this ecotype, 90 days of cold moist stratification results in maximum germination. Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that 47% emergence occurred without stratification. 45 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 67% emergence. 90 days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 99% emergence. | In late October or early November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Conetainers are moved to the greenhouse in January. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator at 35-40<sup>o</sup> F for 90days before sowing in the greenhouse. Germination will occur at cold temperatures. Some seed will germinate during stratification and stratified seed will emerge more rapidly than untreated seed. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 2 days and is complete in 7 days. | 1 week | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants may require water every day during the final part of the active growth period. | 3-4 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Daubenmire, R.F. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Washington State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service EB 1446. Pullman, WA.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> McDonough, Walter T. 1969. Effective Treatments for the Induction of Germination in Mountain Rangeland Species. Northwest Science 43:18-22.<p> McDonough, W.T. 1974. Effect of Temperature Pretreatment of Achenes of Senecio serra on Germination During Stratification. Canadian Journal of Botany 52:1985-1987.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Stevens, Richard, Kent R. Jorgensen, Stanford A. Young, Stephen B. Monsen. 1996. Forb and Shrub Seed Production Guide for Utah. Utah State Univ. Extension AG501. Online at http://extension.usu.edu/files/agpubs/f&sguide.pdf <p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (25 February 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 25 February 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senecio serra</i> Hook. plants 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2546 | Senecio (triangularis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Senecio | triangularis | Hook. | SENTRI | Logan Pass area of Glacier National Park. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Propagation Goal: Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration. | 0 | Arrowleaf groundsel | Our only experience is with a 6-month cold moist chilling in a refrigerator maintained at 34 to 37øF. The seeds were sown on germination pads in petri dishes and kept moist for the duration of the cold chill. The stratified seeds were subsequently exposed to 3 irradiance levels (full, partial, zero) in an environmental growth chamber maintained at 86øF days for an 8-hour daylight photoperiod and 68øF nights for 16 hours. Each treatment consisted of 5 reps of 25 seed/rep. This species was very responsive to decreasing light intensity with mean germination decreasing from 62.4% under full irradiance (mean 268 footcandles) to 15.2% and 20% for partial (mean 23 foot candles) and zero irradiance, respectively. There were also slight increases in seedling mortality from full irradiance (no mortality) to partial (5.26%) and zero irradiance (8%). No appreciable gains in germination occurred after exposing the partial and zero irradiance groups to a secondary full irradiance. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Senecio triangularis</i> Hook. plants Propagation Goal: Develop technology for direct seeding of this species for high elevation habitat restoration.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2547 | Senecio (triangularis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Senecio | triangularis | Hook. | Senecio | triangularis | Hook. | Variety | angustifolius | G.N. Jones | SENTRI | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass,2032m elevation, Glacier National park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>S. triangularis</i> is a widespread cordilleran species; often at low elevations west of the Cascade Mountains but restricted to mid to high elevations east of the Cascade mountains. It is found from Alaska to Saskatchewen south to California and New Mexico. Itinhabits mountain and subalpine meadows and streambanks. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm, 4 to 8 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in 160 ml conetainer. | Arrowleaf groundsel | Seeds are hand collected in mid September when achenes easily separate from the receptacle. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Seeds are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Germination occurs in early spring under fluctuating temperatures. Seeds germinate very uniformly. High germination rates were obtained on seeds that was surface sown vs. no germination on seeds that were covered with medium.<br>Seedlings produced true leaves 3 weeks following germination and are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants have 2 to 4 true leaves by week 3. Plants are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. | 8 to 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm in prior to outplanting or in early fall. Irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 2 to 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senecio triangularis</i> Hook. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2548 | Senecio (triangularis) | Asteraceae | Senecio | triangularis | Colorado, Lake Irene (98-185s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Arrow-leaved Groundsel | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from heads.<p> Lake Irene (98-185s). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§ F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> No germination. Unsuccessful.<p> Lake Irene (98-185s) sowed 1/4/99. Lake Irene (98-185s) | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Senecio triangularis</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2549 | Senna (armata) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Senna | armata | (S. Wats.) Irwin & Barneby | Cassia | armata | S. Wats. | SENARM | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Senna armata</i> is found below 3,700 ft elevation in sandy washes and open places in the Colroado and Mojave deserts in Nevada, Arizona and Southern California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Desert Senna | Seeds are hand collected in when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are soaked for 45 to 60 minutes in a 50:50 (v:v) bleach and water solution. Seeds are soaked for 12 to 24 hrs in water prior to sowing.Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %: 50% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senna armata</i> (S. Wats.) Irwin & Barneby plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2550 | Senna (covesii) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Senna | covesii | (A. Gray) Irwin & Barneby | SECO10 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Freeman Road, 12.7 miles from junction with State Route 79, Pinal County, Arizona; 3706 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Coves' cassia | Very small lot, 0.57 pounds, hand collected into cloth bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Senna covesii</i> (A. Gray) Irwin & Barneby seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2551 | Senna (hebecarpa) | Fabaceae / Leguminosae | Pea | Senna | hebecarpa | (Fernald) Irwin & Barneby | SEHE3 | Greenbrier River Source | Common throughout the Eastern United States from Maine south to Georgia and westward to Illinois and Wisconsin. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | American senna | Seed of Greenbrier River Source American senna was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of the Appalachian Plant Materials Center in southeastern West Virginia. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-14 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 3-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 3-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2015. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 2 September 2015). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Senna hebecarpa</i> (Fernald) Irwin & Barneby plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2552 | Sequoia (sempervirens) | Taxodiaceae | Cypress family | Sequoia | sempervirens | (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl. | Taxodium | sempervirens | D. Donn. | S. sempervirens is found from extreme coastal Oregon south to central California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coast redwood | Seeds germinate at 20/30 C. | Boe, K. N. (197)4. Sequoia sempervirens(D. Don.) Endl. Redwood. Pp. 764-766. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.9 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sequoia sempervirens</i> (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2553 | Sequoiadendron (giganteum) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Sequoiadendron | giganteum | (Lindl.) Buchh. | SEQGIG | S. giganteum is restricted in distribtion to isolated groves in the Sierras of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Giant sequoia | Germination occurs at 20 and 23C. | Stark, N. (1968). Seed ecology of Sequoiadendron giganteum. Madrono 19, 267-277.<br>Fins, L. (1981). Seed germination of giant sequoia. Tree Plant. Notes. 32(2), 3-8.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sequoiadendron giganteum</i> (Lindl.) Buchh. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2554 | Serianthes (kanehiae) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Serianthes | kanehiae | Variety | yapensis | SERKAN | Yap | Gumar is endemic to the Yap islands. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 6 Months | Months | Height:20 cm<br> Caliper:5 mm<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Gumar | Seeds are hand collected when pods have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are scarified by hand with a file. Seeds are soaked in water overnight to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery has a year- round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Seedlings are germinated in a greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered by hand After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into 3 L (1 gallon) polybags filled with a growingmedium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost and topsoil. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 4 weeks. Approximately 4 weeks after transplanting, seedlings are grown under a shadecloth during summer months. During months of intense summer heat, containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts.<br> We fertilize seedlings as needed. | 12 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting.Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 8 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Serianthes kanehiae</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2555 | Sericocarpus (oregonensis) | Asteraceae | Aster | Sericocarpus | oregonensis | SEOR6 | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Oregon, Washington, California | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml (10 in3) container | 16 weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Oregon whitetop aster | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Q-plugs are lightly covered with nursery grit. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 weeks following removal from stratification.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.8 gram Nutricote per 164 ml container. | Germination is quite uniform, and usually is complete within 2 weeks. Following germination (while still in Q-plugs), plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 2 weeks. | 2 weeks | During the growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 14 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Sericocarpus oregonensis Nutt. Oregon whitetop aster. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol= SEOR6 (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sericocarpus oregonensis</i> Plants 164 ml (10 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2556 | Setaria (leucopila) | Poaceae | Grass family | Setaria | leucopila | (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum. | Madrean Archipelago | Found throughout the US southwest in open areas, alluvial flats and floodplains across elevations of 3,000-7,000ft (Lloyd-Reilley 2010). Seeds are an important food source for birds and plants can provide good forage for other wildlife as well (Lloyd-Reilley 2010).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Streambed Bristlegrass | Seeds are ripe when the culm and seeds have turned a creamy white color. If they green, they are not yet ripe. Seeds can be collected by running fingers along the seed head to scrape off the seeds. Seeds should pop off fairly easily with firm pressure from fingernails. This method will result in very clean collections that require very little additional cleaning; however, it can be easier to snap off heads and clean the seed later. | Plant seed ¼-⅛” deep, keeping in mind that shallower is better (Lloyd-Reilley 2010). Germination for this species is low, with untreated seed germinating at around 1-13% (Sartor and Marone 2010). Dormancy can be broken through warm stratification or through scarification. Warm stratification can be accomplished by subjecting seeds to 45°C/15°C conditions for 8 and 16 hours respectively for 15 days, with following germination rates ranging from 13-40% (Sarton and Marone 2010). Alternatively, seeds can be rubbed about 15 times between two sheets of sandpaper to mechanically break the seed coat. This results in germination percentages of 12-40% (Ferarri and Parera 2015).
| Ferrari, Florencia Noemi, and Carlos Alberto Parera. "Germination of six native perennial grasses that can be used as potential soil cover crops in drip-irrigated vineyards in semiarid environs of Argentina." Journal of Arid Environments 113 (2015): 1-5.
Lloyd-Reilley, J. “Plant Guide for Setaria leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum.” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, E. “Kika” de la Garza Plant Materials Center, Kingsville, TX, 2010. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_sele6.pdf [2017, January 27]. Sartor, C. E., and L. Marone. "A plurality of causal mechanisms explains the persistence or transience of soil seed banks." Journal of arid environments 74.2 (2010): 303-306. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Setaria leucopila</i> (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2557 | Setaria (vulpiseta) | Poaceae | Grass family | Setaria | vulpiseta | (Lam.) R.&S. | Setaria | macrostachya | HBK. | SETVUL | S. vulpiseta is found Colorado south to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas and into northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Plains bristlegrass | Germination occurs at 35D/10N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> In another study,seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 14 days. Germination occurs at 35D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Toole, V. K. (1940). Germination of seeds of vine-mesquite, Panicum obtusum, and plains bristle-grass, Setaria macrostachya. Agron. J. 32, 503-512.<br>Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210. <br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Setaria vulpiseta</i> (Lam.) R.&S. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2558 | Shepherdia (argentea) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleander Family | Shepherdia | argentea | (Pursh) Nutt. | SHEARG | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Silver buffaloberry | Seeds were 60 to 90 stratified for days. | Baskin,C.C. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press.1998.666p.<br>Shaw, N. (1984). Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. Pp. 6-15. In: P. M. Murphy (compiler). The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area. Proceedings Intermountain Nurseryman's Association 1983 Conference, 8-11 August 1983, Las Vegas, Nevada. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Shepherdia argentea</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2559 | Shepherdia (argentea) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster Family | Shepherdia | argentea | (Pursh) Nutt. | SHEARG | <i>S. argentea</i> is found in all western states except Washington. It is also found in the upper Midwest to New York and the Great Plains states. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Silver buffaloberry | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Mature fruit is a fleshy red berry. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.25 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired seedling density is 30 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 12 inches tall in mid September. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March) of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Shepherdia argentea</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2560 | Shepherdia (canadensis) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster family | Shepherdia | canadensis | (L.) Nutt. | SHECAN | S. canadensis is found from Alaska east to the Atlantic coast and south to Oregon, Idaho and Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canadian buffaloberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 days. Germination occurs at 21 C. | McLean, A. (1967). Germination of forest range species from southern British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 20, 321-322.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Shepherdia canadensis</i> (L.) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2561 | Shepherdia (canadensis) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster family | Shepherdia | canadensis | (Pursh) Nutt. | SHEARG | S. argentea is found from Alaska to Oregon and east across Canada and the northern United States to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Silver buffaloberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 60 to 90 days. | Shaw, N. (1984). Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. Pp. 6-15. In: P. M. Murphy (compiler). The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area. Proceedings Intermountain Nurseryman's Association 1983 Conference, 8-11 August 1983, Las Vegas, Nevada. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. <br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Shepherdia canadensis</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2562 | Shepherdia (canadensis) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster Family | Shepherdia | canadensis | (L.)Nutt. | SHCA | Russet buffaloberry is an understory shrub found on well-drained soils in the United States and Canada east to Nova Scotia, north to Alaska, and south to the southern Rocky Mountain portions of Arizona and New Mexico (Walkup 1991). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper: 2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | russet buffaloberry | Red berries (an achene covered in a fleshy perianth) ripen in July (Walkup 1991). | Seeds are scarified in concentrated sulfuric acid for 5 minutes and then stratified 14 weeks at 2 to 5 C. Acid scarification involves submersing seeds in a sufficient volume of concentrated sulfuric acid to more than cover the seeds, stirring the seeds vigorously for at least 30 seconds, and letting the seeds soak for the remainder of the 5-minute treatment. Seeds are then strained over a waste container and waste acid is disposed of as hazardous waste. The seeds are rinsed under running tap water for several minutes and then soaked briefly in several changes of fresh water. Seeds are then soaked overnight (8 to 12 hours) and cold-stratified naked (without media) in a self-sealing polybag, which is sealed, except for a small opening to allow some airflow. Germination occurs during stratification, especially in the later stages of the treatment. After 4 weeks of stratification, and every 2 weeks thereafter, seeds are removed from stratification and germinants are removed and transplanted. The remaining seeds are rinsed to remove contaminating microorganisms and returned to stratification. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early May and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of medium chicken grit is place of the top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinants to separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 4 to 5) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 12 to 15 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. | 5 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. (Accessed 11 November 2002). Thilenius, J.F., Evans, K.E, and E.C. Garrett. 1974. SHEPHERDIA Nutt. Buffaloberry. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington DC: USDA Forest Service: pp.771-773. Walkup, C. J. 1991. Shepherdia canadensis. In: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2002, September). Fire Effects Information System, (Online database). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (Accessed 20 November 2002). | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Shepherdia canadensis</i> (L.)Nutt. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2563 | Shepherdia (canadensis) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster Family | Shepherdia | canadensis | Nutt. | SHECAN | Open lodgepole pine forest, near Lake McDonald, Glacier National Park, Flathead County, MT 1030 meters | <i>S. canadensis</i> is found in open to wooded areas; from Alaska to Oregon, east to the Atlantic coast on dry or moist soils on sites at elevations from 1000 to 2500 meters. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4.5 cm <br> Caliper: 4 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Canadian Buffaloberry | Seeds are hand collected when fruit turns red in early to mid August. Fruits are collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning. Seeds are dark brown at maturity. | Seeds are scarified by placing them into a wet tumbling scarification treatment for 5 days. Seeds are wet tumbled with 1 cm (0.5 in) gravel and water with daily water changes. Imbibed, gently scarified seeds are placed into a 90 day cold, moist stratification at 1 to 3C.<br> Seeds are sown as germinants as they break dormancy during stratification. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery.<br> Container Type and Growing Medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, vermiculite.<br> <i>Sheperdia</i> germinates at temperatures just above freezing during the end of the stratification period and emerges under cooler greenhouse temperatures during early spring. Preferred greenhouse temperatures after planting germinants are 18 C/ 12 C (65/55 F) day/night alternating 12 hr temperature cycle. Seedlings are grown for 2 to 3 months, un greenhouse followed by growth in the outdoor shadehouse for 6 months. | Germination is non-uniform and continues over a 3 week period. Cotyledons emerge 10 days after planting germinants. True leaves appear 3 weeks after sowing. Seedlings are irrigated only when the medium is dry on the surface at this stage.<br> | 4 weeks | Seedlings produce multiple leaves 8 weeks after sowing.<br> Seedlings are irrigated only when medium becomes dry; this species does not tolerate frequent irrigation.<br> Seedlings are fertilized twice weekly with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during this stage. Plants are fully root tight 18 weeks after sowing. | 18 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Seedlings are given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | TotalTime To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date:September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press,7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants of North America, Young and Young, Dioscoirides Press Inc,1992.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records,unpublished.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished.<p>1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Shepherdia canadensis</i> Nutt. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2564 | Shepherdia (rotundifolia) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster Family | Shepherdia | rotundifolia | Parry | SHEROT | Utah | <i>S. rotundifolia</i> is found in Juniper-pinyon woodlands of the Colorado plateau of central and southern Utah and northern Arizona. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Round Leaf Buffaloberry | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br> Fruit is a fleshy berry. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.12 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 14 shrubs per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during early spring (early February to mid March) of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>They are stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Shepherdia rotundifolia</i> Parry plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2565 | Sibbaldia (procumbens) | Rosaceae | Rosa family | Sibbaldia | procumbens | L. | SIBPRO | S. procumbens is a circumpolar species; occurring south in North America to California, Colorado, and New Hampshire. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sibbaldia | Germination occurs at 18 C. Germination was greater in light than in dark. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Chambers, J. C., MacMahon, J. A. and Brown, R. W. (1987). Germination characteristics of alpine grasses and forbs: A comparison of early and late seral dominants with reclamation potential. Reclam. Reveg. Res. 6, 235-249.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sibbaldia procumbens</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2566 | Sibbaldia (procumbens) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Sibbaldia | procumbens | L. | SIBPRO | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev.ÿ | <i>S. procumbens</i> occurs on open moist to dry alpine slopes. It is a circumpolar species. In North America, it occurs south to California, Colorado, Quebec, and New Hampshire. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Sibbaldia | Seeds are collected when achenes are turn tan in mid to late August. Seed capsules are cut from plants using scissors and are are collected in paper bags. Seeds are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings germinate in May under fluctuating temperatures. Seedlings germinate non-uniformly over a 4 week period. True leaves emerge 2 weeks after germination. After seedlings are well established, they ust dry down between irrigations. Initial root development is very rapid. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth. Seedlings are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. Plants quickly fill conetainers and are root-tight in 9 weeks.<br>During active growth, seedlings must dry down between irrigations and spaced as needed for adequate air flow. | 9 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. Seedlings are leached with water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sibbaldia procumbens</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2567 | Sibbaldia (procumbens) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Sibbaldia | procumbens | L. | SIBPRO | Logan Pass, Glacier National Park | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Creeping sibbaldia | Some seeds will germinate after 6 months of cold moist chilling. It is not known if this represents an optimum treatment because various cold chilling durations have not been compared and original seed vaibility had not been determined.<br>Most experience with this species comes from a 6-month cold moist chilling in a refrigerator maintained at 34 to 37øF. The seeds were sown on germination pads in petri dishes and kept moist for the duration of the cold chill. The stratified seeds were subsequently exposed to 3 irradiance levels (full, partial, zero) in an environmental growth chamber maintained at 86øF days for an 8-hour daylight photoperiod and 68øF nights for 16 hours. Each treatment consisted of 5 reps of 25 seed/rep. This species was sensitive to decreasing light intensities from the full to partial and zero irradiance. Germination decreased from 25.6% at full irradiance (mean 268 footcandles) to 6.4% at partial (mean 23 foot candles) and 0% at zero irradiance. This species had high seedling mortality at the full and partial irradiance levels with 28.12% and 50%, respectively. There was, however, a measurable gain in the germination (+8% after 32 days; 17.6% after 61 days) of the zero irradiance treatments when exposed to a secondary full irradiance. | Grows well in well-drained commercial peat-lite mix. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in thegreenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | One-year plants overwintered well in 10-cubic-inch conetainers in an outdoor hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | No information. Overwinter well in an unheated hoophouse as previously described. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sibbaldia procumbens</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2568 | Sida (fallax) | Malvaceae | Hibiscus Family | Sida | fallax | Walp. | SIDFAL | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Widespread on Pacific islands to China. In Hawai'i, occurring on rocky or sandy coasts or raised limestone reefs, also open arid lava fields and dry forest to diverse mesic forest and rarely low elevation wet forest, 0-1,980 m, on Midway Atoll, Nihoa and on all of the main islands.This plant has not been seen in recent surveys on Midway. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Ilima | This plant is no longer found on Midway Atoll, but is relatively abundant on the main islands. Material for propagation would have to be secured from any of the main islands.<br> Mature fruit a schizocarp 2.5-4 mm long, splitting at maturity into 6-9 beaked segments.<br> Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked overnight in water.<br> Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | seeds germinate easily and rapidly.<br> Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 2 months | 8 to 10 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sida fallax</i> Walp. plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2569 | Sida (hermaphrodita) | Malvaceae | Hollyhock family | Sida | hermaphrodita | (L.) Rusby | SIDHER | S. hermaphrodita is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Virginia fan petals | Seeds are scarified and germinate at 35/20 C. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Spooner, D. M., Cusick, A. W., Hall, G. F. and Baskin, J. M. (1985). Observations on the distribution and ecology of Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (Malvaceae). Sida 11, 215-225.<br> Baskin and Baskin,1988.unpublished.<br>In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sida hermaphrodita</i> (L.) Rusby plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2570 | Sida (hermaphrodita) | Malvaceae | Mallow Family | Sida | hermaphrodita | SIDHER | Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, George Washington Memorial Parkway. | Virginia mallow grows in open, moist locations along rivers and thrives in full sun to partial shade. It's range is Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia to southern Michigan and Tennessee. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 3 Months | Months | Virginia mallow | Collected in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, George Washington Memorial Parkway by J. Englert by 10/25/95. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds are given a hot water soak (76§ C water poured over seeds and allowed to cool over 24 hour period) All seeds were sown 3 mm deep in a commercial potting mix in the greenhouse. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse temperatures averaged 26§ C during the day and 13§ C at night. Photoperiod was seasonal under natural light.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seeds are sown by hand after pre-treatment.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds started in open flats.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Commercial germination mix. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> February.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 34% germination total in 1 month.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hot-water-soaked seeds hand sown on germination mix and lightly covered with additional mix (about 1/8 inch deep).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings germinated over a 1 month period. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Seedlings grew rapidly during early spring; fertilizer information not available. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Seedlings transplanted outside in May-no hardening period from greenhouse required. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Seedlings transplanted outside into field plot 3 months after germination.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed is stored dry in paper envelopes in seed cooler at 40§ F, 35% relative humidity. | Brown and Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> Kujawski, J. 1996, 1997. Annual Report to the National Park Service for George Washington Memorial Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD.<p> Kujawski, J., D. Woolston, and J. Englert. 1997. Propagation of Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby) from seeds, rhizomes. Restoration and Management Notes. Vol. 15(2): 193-194.<p> Spooner, D.M., A.W. Cusick, G.F. Hall, and J.M. Baskin. 1985. Observations on the distribution and ecology of Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (Malvaceae). Sida Contrib. Bot. 11(2):215-225. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sida hermaphrodita</i> plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2571 | Sidalcea (campestris) | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sidalcea | campestris | Greene | SICA2 | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | meadow checkermallow | Seeds were scarified using a small oat dehuller lined with 320 gritsandpaper, seeds were then sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Two flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees). One was removed after 45 days the other was reomved after 90 days. One was left in a greenhouse as a "control". | Flats were removed from the cooler and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights). | Bartow, Amy L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sidalcea campestris</i> Greene plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2572 | Sidalcea (cusickii) | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sidalcea | cusickii | Piper | SICU | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cusick's checker-mallow | Seeds were scarified useing a small oat dehuller lined with 320 grit sandpaper, then were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 45 or 90 days. Some flats were placed in a greenhouse as a "control" | Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights). | Bartow, Amy L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sidalcea cusickii</i> Piper plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2573 | Sidalcea (hendersonii) | Malvaceae | mallow | Sidalcea | hendersonii | SIHE | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | This plant is rare in general but usually grows along the coast in tidal marshes and meadows. Washington, Oregon and British Columbia have been known to have them each in ascending order of rarity. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Henderson's checkermallow | Our seeds germinated at higher percentages (60% vs. 25%) when they received cold(35F) treatments but seeds also germinated in the warm (75F) treatments. Seedlings in the warm treatments were moldy and seemed less vigorous. A short cold treatment followed by a 50-60F temperatures would probably be the best germination strategy for this species. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sidalcea hendersonii</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2574 | Sidalcea (malviflora) | Malvaceae | Hollyhock Family | Sidalcea | malviflora | (DC) Gray ex Benth | SIDMAL | Fort Funston, California | <i>S. malvaeflora</i> is found in open grassy slopes at low elevations; from Mendocino county to Santa Barbara County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Leach tube | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Checker Mallow | Seeds are collected between May 1st and September 1st.<br> | Soak seeds in hot water at 180F for 6 hours. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> 1 seed is sown per container 1.5"x8" tubes (Leach Tubes) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Containers are watered in by hand.<br> Seeds are sown on October 1st.<br> % Germination: 60% | Seedlings require carefully watering. Do not apply too much water.<br> Seedlings prefer cooler growing temperatures, so it is best to grow in the fall. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sidalcea malviflora</i> (DC) Gray ex Benth plants Leach tube; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2575 | Sidalcea (nelsoniana) | Malvaceae | mallows | Sidalcea | nelsoniana | SINE2 | Oregon and Washington | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Nelson's checkerbloom | This plant appears to be best suited to germinate with a treatment of 120 days cool(38F)/moist stratification. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sidalcea nelsoniana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2576 | Sidalcea (virgata) | MALVACEAE | Mallow family | Sidalcea | virgata | Howell | SIVI | Seeds were collected in Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | showy wild hollyhock | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers and filled with pSunshine # 1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14.) | Flats were placed in greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degree days/50 degree nights.) | Seeds germinated within one to two weeks. 60% germination occured. | Bartow, Amy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sidalcea virgata</i> Howell plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2577 | Sideroxylon (lycioides ) | Sapotaceae | Sapodilla | Sideroxylon | lycioides | L. | SILY | Stones River | Buckthorn bully is found throughout the Central and Southeastern United States from Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia South to Texas and eastward to Florida, South and North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland. | None | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 1-0 | 12 months | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 18" and having a compact, well developed root system. | buckthorn bully | Mature fruit was hand harvested from a population of Stones River ecotype Sideroxylon lycioides located within the confines of Stones River National battlefield in South Central Tennessee. | Pro-mix BX with bio-fungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. Seed was spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The seed was then artificially cold stratified at 35-38 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 days. | Upon completion of cold stratification, seed was moved to the greenhouse to stimulate germination. Seed was maintained in the greenhouse under natural lighting and a minimum temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit. | 1 month | Once the seedlings had developed adequate root systems, they were transplanted into 1 gallon plastic pots filled with Metro-mix 510 growing medium. Transplants were maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit in the greenhouse under automatic watering and natural lighting. | 9 months | Plants were moved into a shadehouse which provided a minimum of 50 percent shade to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 1-2 months | USDA, NRCS. 2017. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 6 April 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
| Vandevender, John. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sideroxylon lycioides </i> L. Plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2578 | Silene (acaulis) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Silene | acaulis | L. | SILACA | S. acaulis is a circumpolar species found south in North America to Oregon, Arizona and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Moss campion | Germination occurs at 23 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Bianco, J. and Bulard, C. (1976). Effet de la stratification sur la germination des graines de Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. ssp exscapa (All.) J. Braun et ssp. longiscapa (Kern.) Hayek. C. R. Acad. Sc.Paris 283 D, 1489-1491.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Silene acaulis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2579 | Silene (acaulis) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Silene | acaulis | L. | Variety | excapa | (All.) DC | SILACA | Alpine scree slope, Logan Pass, 2200m elev., Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>S. acaulis</i> is a circumpolar species that is found in North America from the arctic south through the Cascade Mountains to California, and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico at high elevations in cliffs and talus slides. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: Cushion plant with multiple leaves, 2 cm ht<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Moss campion | Seeds are hand collected in late August when capsules just begin to split and seeds are tan in color. Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Seeds were lightly covered with a thin layer of perlite to allow light transmission but hold seeds to the surface of the medium.<br> Bliss, and Bianco/Bulard found no stratification was necessary for this species, and seeds that were exposed to light had greater germination percentages. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Germination occurs in early spring under fluctuating temperatures.<br> Seeds germinate very uniformly at temperatures above 21 C during the day. Seedlings produced true leaves within 3 weeks of germination. After seedlings are well established, they must dry down slightly between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 4 to 5 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. Plants are root-tight in 20 weeks. | 20 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: July or August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Silene acaulis</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2580 | Silene (antirrhina) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Silene | antirrhina | L. | SIAN2 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS, Tonto National Forest, Forest Service Road 24, 1.0 miles North of junction with Sears-Kay Ranch Road, Maricopa County, Arizona: 3271 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sleepy silene | Very small lot, 0.055 pounds, hand collected into paper envelope. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Silene antirrhina</i> L. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2581 | Silene (multinervia) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Silene | multinervia | S. Wats. | SILMUL | S. multinervia is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Many nerved catchfly | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 38% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Silene multinervia</i> S. Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2582 | Silene (scouleri) | Caryophyllaceae | Silene | scouleri | SISC7 | Colorado, Cow Creek (98-195s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Simple Campion | Collected at Cow Creek (98-195s). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 7 days.<br> <b>Time to potting: </b> 3 weeks.<p> Cow Creek (98-195s) sowed 1/19/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Silene scouleri</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2583 | Silene (uralensis) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink family | Silene | uralensis | (Rupr.) Bocq. | Lychnis | apetala | L. | SILURA | N/A | <i>S. uralensis</i> is a circumboreal species and is found in North America south through the higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains; from Montana and Idaho to Colorado. It inhabits talus and scree slopes above treeline. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Alpine campion | Seeds are collected in late August when capsules turn papery and seeds are easily shaken out of the capsules. Seeds are brown at maturity and are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Containers are filled in late fall and seeded prior to winter stratification. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following 2 weeks of temperatures at 22C or above during the day. 4 true leaves were evident 2 weeks after germination. | 4 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants were fully root tight 8 weeks after germination. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm during September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br>ÿ Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Silene uralensis</i> (Rupr.) Bocq. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2584 | Silene (verecunda) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink Family | Silene | verecunda | S. Wats. | Sub-species | verecunda | S. Wats. | SILVER | Marin County, California | <i>S. verecunda</i> ssp. <i>verecunda</i> is found in sandy dunes from San Francisco to Santa Cruz County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | San Francisco Campion | Seeds are collected between May 1st and August 1st.<br> Mature fruits are light to dark tan.<br> Seed is black/brown at maturity. | Soak seeds in fresh water for 3 hours. Cold stratify in the refrigerator for 2 weeks. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 1 gram of seed is sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 10 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 10 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 20 days | Prune back as needed; this species grows quickly. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Silene verecunda</i> S. Wats. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2585 | Silphium (integrifolium) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Silphium | integrifolium | Michx. | SILINT | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. integrifolium</i> is found from Michigan to Mississippi and west to Arkansas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 12 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop.<br> | Rosin Weed | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 2 to August 15. Seed is harvested about Sept. 1. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefor is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br>Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Rosin weed seed is sown by hand at a rate of 4.5 ounces per 45 linear feet. Mix the seed with equal amounts of vermiculite to aid in sowing. Broadcast this mix in furrows and then cover the seed with soil the same thickness as the seed. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process.<br>Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Silphium integrifolium</i> Michx. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2586 | Silphium (laciniatum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Silphium | laciniatum | L. | SILLAC | S. lacinatum is found from Ohio to Alabama west to the Great Plains in open prairie. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Compass plant | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Silphium laciniatum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2587 | Silphium (laciniatum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Silphium | laciniatum | L. | SILLAC | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. laciniatum</i> is found from Ohio to Alabama west to the Great Plains states. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 12 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Compass Plant | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. June 27 to August 20. Seed is harvested about August 25. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore is not put into cold storage. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br>Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the Spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Compass plant seed is sown by hand at a rate of 6.4 ounces per 45 linear feet. Mix the seed with equal amounts of vermiculite to aid in sowing. Broadcast this mix in furrows and then cover the seed with soil the same thickness as the seed. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Silphium laciniatum</i> L. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2588 | Silphium (perfoliatum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Silphium | perfoliatum | L. | SILPER | S. perfoliatum is found from southern Ontario to North Carolina and west to the Great Plains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cup plant | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Silphium perfoliatum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2589 | Silphium (terebinthinaceum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Silphium | terebinthinaceum | Jaq. | SILTER | S. terebinthinaceum is found in prairies throughout the eastern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Prairie rosin -weed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Silphium terebinthinaceum</i> Jaq. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2590 | Silphium (terebinthinaceum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Silphium | terebinthinaceum | Jacq. | SILTER | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. terebinthinaceum</i> is from throughout the Midwetern states, but does not occur west of Iowa. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 12 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Healthy bareroot system from field grown crop. | Prairie Rosin Weed | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 13 to August 25. Seed is harvested about Sept. 9. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefor is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: Seed sown in 3-4 foot wide, raised beds.<br> Growing Media: Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall once the seed is cleaned.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Prairie Dock seed is sown by hand at a rate of 6.4 ounces per 45 linear feet. Mix the seed with equal amounts of vermiculite to aid in sowing. Broadcast this mix in furrows and then cover the seed with soil the same thickness as the seed. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants should be monitored for germination. If the seed has not germinated by the first week of May, there has been a problem, ie, seed not planted at the correct depth, blown away, or bad seed lot. Weed the field grown plants by hand early to prevent competition. | 1 month | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This is done after the first true leaves appear. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Silphium terebinthinaceum</i> Jacq. plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2591 | Simmondsia (chinensis) | Simmondsiaceae | Jojoba Family | Simmondsia | chinensis | (Link) Schneid. | Buxus | chinensis | Link | SIMCHI | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Simmondsia chinensis</i> is found in the Little San Bernadino Mountains and Twenty Nine Palms region to Imperial, San Diego and Riverside counties of California south to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Jojoba | Seeds are hand collected in when pods have matured and begin to split open durig August. | Seeds are soaked in water for 24 to 48 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.<br>Seeds are directly sown to containers.<br>Germination %:100% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Containers are watered with a drip irrigation system.<br> Containers are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, perlite. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) container.PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> | 4 weeks | Following establishment, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Simmondsia chinensis</i> (Link) Schneid. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2592 | Sisyrinchium (angustifolium) | Iridaceae | Iris Family | Sisyrinchium | angustifolium | Miller | SIAN3 | Moist shores, meadows, fields, thickets, and swales; forest borders, grassy clearings.Flowers are small and delicate and yet very showy. Dark purple blue with yellow centers. 12"-15" in height. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blue-eyed grass | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May-July. Seed is black, globular, pitted and is harvested in August-September. | Stratification: Seal the seeds in a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container in equal amounts of seeds to perlite or vermiculite and add just enough water to moisten the entire mixture. Store in a refrigerator or cold garage (42 degrees F or colder) for at least three months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: Blue-eyed grass grows best in 14"x8.5" trays having 24 cells, each cell being 2" in diameter and 4" deep. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite,and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the botton/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper, as the soil will fall through. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten the soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Do not cover the seeds with soil as they need light to germinate. Sow year-round due to variable germination rates. This species grows relatively slowly with about 10% of seeds germinating. | From Jan. to Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degree F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. Transplant into larger containers if needed. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sisyrinchium angustifolium</i> Miller plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2593 | Sisyrinchium (bellum) | Iridaceae | Iris Family | Sisyrinchium | bellum | S. Wats. | Sisyrinchium | eastwoodiae | Bickn. | SISBEL | Catalina Island, California | Western Blue eyed grass is found throughout Oregon and California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it is considered rare and inhabits grassy slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Plant Bands | 3 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Western Blue Eyed Grass | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. May and June are optimum for collection. Seeds are brown at maturity. | We have used a 5 to 10 minute Physan disinfectant soak or a 3 to minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to sowing or testing. We have used 30 minute hot water scarifiation or Wrights Liquid Smoke at the rate of 1:2 (v:v) liquid smoke to water for 24 hours.<br> Germination percentages have ranged up to 15% using these treatments.<br> Seeds undergo a natural cold, moist stratification during winter months. In some cases, seeds continue to germinate until the second spring. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are sown during early fall late and germinate in the spring in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into flats filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds continue to germinate throughout the growing season and into the second spring. | 3 to 4 months (per season) | After seedlings are well established and have at least2 true leaves, they are transplanted into containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for the remainder of the growing season.<br> | 7 months (per season) | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i> S. Wats. plants Plant Bands; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2594 | Sisyrinchium (bellum) | Iridaceae | Iris family | Sisyrinchium | bellum | S. Wats. | SIBE | BLM, Seeds of Success, Hollister Field Office, Clear Creek Management Area, off Road 1, San Benito County, Hollister, California; 2953 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Western blue-eyed grass | Very small lot, 0.015 pounds, hand collected into paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i> S. Wats. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2595 | Sisyrinchium (bellum) | Iridaceae | iris | Sisyrinchium | bellum | Sisyrinchium | eastwoodiae | SIBE | Oregon & California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container | western blue-eyed grass | This plant, in our region (Corvallis OR 97330) germinates best with natural outdoor stratification. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2596 | Sisyrinchium (hitchcockii) | Iridaceae | iris | Sisyrinchium | hitchcockii | SIHI4 | Oregon | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Hitchcock's blue-eyed grass | This plant was best suited to natural outdoor stratification in our climate (Corvallis OR 97330) | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sisyrinchium hitchcockii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2597 | Sisyrinchium (idahoense) | Iridaceae | Iris family | Sisyrinchium | idahoense | E. Bicken. | SIID | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Idaho blue-eyed grass | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Conetainers were covered with poly-ethelene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler for 90 days. | Bartow, Amy L. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sisyrinchium idahoense</i> E. Bicken. plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2598 | Solanum (nelsonii) | Solanaceae | Nightshade Family | Solanum | nelsonii | Dunal. | SOLNEL | Midway Atoll | Historically known from Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Laysan, Nihoa, Ni'ihau, Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. Popolo is a federally listed species of concern and has declined dramatically in the Hawaiian islands. It is currently not known from many of the islands mentioned above. It was recently relocated on Midway atoll. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Popolo | Mature fruit is a black berry.<br> Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | No soaking is necessary. Plant seeds about 1/8 " deep.<br> Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Seeds germinate usually within a month.<br>Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and usedin the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 2 months | 8 to 10 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solanum nelsonii</i> Dunal. plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2599 | Solanum (umbelliferum) | Solanaceae | Nightshade Family | Solanum | umbelliferum | Eschsch. | SOLUMB | Marin County, California | <i>S. umbelliferum</i> is found in dry brushy slopes and canyone, below 2,500 feet elevation; from Mendocino County to Santa Barbara County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Bluewitch Nightshade | Seeds are collected between May 1st and July 1st.<br> Mature fruits are dark green.<br> Seed is yellowish tan and 2 mm across at maturity. | Hot water scarify in 190F water for 1 hour. Soak in fresh cool water overnight. Place in plastic freezer bag with an equal amount of ph nuetral peat and stratify at 40F for 1 month or until seeds begin to germinate. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 10 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 10% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 42 days | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse with a 30% shade cover cloth. Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solanum umbelliferum</i> Eschsch. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2600 | Solidago | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Solidago | SOLSPE | Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Throughout U.S. and southern Canada and Alaska. Found in moist or dry soils, common in open places. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6" after cutbacks.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug. | Goldenrod | Original collections were made in the park along the Northbound Spur roadside, on northbound Gatlinburg Bypass, on the Foothills Parkway, and in Cades Cove, throughout, and in the Old Field; Seed has been also harvested from the National Plant Materials Center seed production blocks (those accessions not collected in Cades Cove) by National Park Service staff in 10/94 11/94, 11/95 and on 10/21/99. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> With solidago species, we have found that uniformity and speed of germination is greatly improved by giving seeded trays light, heat and moisture for about a week. The key factor appears to be warmth as surface-seeded trays given just mist without heat did not germinate as quickly or uniformly. Cool stratification has not improved uniformity of germination. Seed trays of Solidago sp. were taking from 14-40 days to germinate under standard greenhouse conditions. Germination using the above method begins at day five and is complete (i.e. target numbers have been reached) within a week. Usually seeding rates have to be adjusted downwards because cells have multiple seedlings. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures varied from 70-85§F during the winter months depending on natural solar; night temperatures averaged around 65-68§F. Extended daylight provided from 4:30-10:30 with high intensity lights.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown into plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is sown into 392 plug trays and seedlings transplanted to 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germination mix is used for starts in 392's. <u>For transplants to 72 plug trays and multipot containers:</u> Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Fall or winter.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 5 days. The number of plugs produced per grams of seed sown was increased from 100 to over 300 by using warm, moist pretreatment.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is surface-sown on moist media in propagation trays, the trays are covered with plastic to trap moisture and placed on heat mats set to keep the media around 80-86§F.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings were transplanted to multipots about 4 weeks from germination. (they may have to be hand-dug rather than pulled). The earlier seedlings are transplanted to amended media, the more quickly they seem to put on growth. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Several cutbacks of foliage may be needed during the production of the species to keep plants vigorous, encourage root growth and control pests. Plants are fertilized lightly approximately bi-weekly or as needed with soluble fertilizer at approximately 75-100 ppm N. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Two weeks prior to outplanting, the greenhouse is cooled down or plugs are moved outdoors, depending on weather, and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> About 14 weeks from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are not overwintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Stored in seed collection bags in the National Plant Materials Center seed cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None indicated. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2601 | Solidago | Asteraceae | Solidago | SOFL | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-020s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mountain Goldenrod (short) | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seed easily removed from seed heads.<p> Sprague Lake (98-020s) collected9/16/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heat pad (set at 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown in 4x8 flat, lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 3 days. <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 2-4 weeks.<p> Sprague Lake (98-020s) sowed 10/27/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Solidago</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2602 | Solidago (californica) | Asteraceae | Sunflowers | Solidago | californica | Seed collected along Antelope Creek in eastern Tehama County, California | California, Oregon and Baja California. Woodland margins, grassland and disturbed soils below 2,300 meters (Hickman 1993). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 0 | First year plant 10-30 cm tall with 1-2 mm diameter rhizome. | California goldenrod | Seed may be cleanly stripped in large quantities from ripe fruiting racemes between late summer and fall. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | During November 2004, seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. This species took several months for any substantial germination to take place. Extremely poor (< 1%) germination was observed within the first 1.5 months, however, trays which were set-aside after germination trials continued to produce new seedlings until June 2005 (approximately 7months after initial seeding), though overall germination rates remained below 1%. | Extremely low germination rates (> 1%) were observed and initial germination for seed sown in outdoor cold frames was observed within about 6 weeks (approximately 3 months). Germination continued untils approximately 5 months after initial seeding, though overall germination remained below 1%. Robust seedlings with spreading rhizomatous root systems were established by most individuals by the first fall. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 8 weeks. | Active growth was observed approximately 2 months after seeding (February) until late-summer/early fall. The active growth phase can be extended well into summer by keeping soil moist. This species appears to grow well in moist soil well into summer with little problem. | 6-8 months (later winter to late summer; older plants may not initiate above-ground growth until spring). | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth is generally initiated between mid-winter and continues until early fall, at which time senescenc occurs. Growth resumes following fall rains and possibly not until late winter/early spring (for older plants). | If soil is kept moist, individuals can be grown through the summer. | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago californica</i> plants Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2603 | Solidago (californica) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Solidago | californica | Nutt. | SOLCAL | Tennessee Valley, Californica | <i>S. californica</i> is found from from southern Oregon to Lower California in the coast rages and the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Goldenrod | Seeds are collected between July 1st and October 1st.<br> Mature inflorescences are light brown.<br> | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are lightly covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on March 1st.<br> % Germination:75% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago californica</i> Nutt. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2604 | Solidago (canadensis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Solidago | canadensis | L. | salebrosa | (Piper) M.E. Jones | Solidago | elongata | Nutt. | SOCAS | Yosemite National Park | Throughout much of western and northern North America | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | 4 months | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Rough Canada goldenrod | We used Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer is added to the soil mix. Five to 25 seeds are placed on the soil surface and pressed for good seed-to-soil contact. Seed is lightly covered with pea gravel, The soil surface is kept moist with short, intermittent 2 minute mistings at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00 and 17:00 from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Once each week the cones receive a longer duration misting of 40 to 60 minutes. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F).
Seed was planted on March 22. Plants were fully established within 8 weeks. | 8 wks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution.
The 10 ci conetainers were fully rooted within 4 months; however we maintained the plants until late August (about 5 months) when the outplanting site was ready. | 4-5 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 2 wks | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago canadensis</i> L. Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2605 | Solidago (canadensis) | Asteraceae | Composite Family | Solidago | canadensis | L. | SOCA6 | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | Canada goldenrod is found throughout the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Plant plugs, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Height:</b> Approximately 4 inches. Herbaceous perennial.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm root plug for a greenhouse crop plant. | Canada goldenrod | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in October and hand harvested when seeds develop a grayish cast. | <b>Seed Treatments:</B> None. Seed has very low viability. | <b>Propagation Environment:</B> Greenhouse for seeding and initial growth at 70øF and lathe house for growing and hardening off.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Plants grown in Rootrainers. The Rootrainer (bookplanter) allows the plug to be removed by the root system.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Rootrainers, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Metro-Mix 360 media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Start plants in greenhouse in February for spring planting.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing with a light layer of Metro-Mix applied on top after seeding, followed by a through watering. Try to sprinkle 4 to 5 seeds per cell.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rootrainers need to be watered regularly. Germination is relatively uniform. Greenhousetemperature should be 70øF. Germination occurs in one to two weeks. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Monitor watering. Fertilization with Miracle-Gro can be applied. Plants can be thinned to 2 plants per cell. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The Rootrainers are moved from the greenhouse to outside lathe house in early spring prior to being transplanted. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store dried seed in cooler at 40øF. | Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks, by NRCS and NPS, 1993.<p> Newcomb's Flower Guide, by Lawrence Newcomb. Little Brown and Company, 1977. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago canadensis</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2606 | Solidago (canadensis) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Solidago | canadensis | SOLCAN | George Washington Memorial Parkway | Throughout U.S. and southern Canada and Alaska. Found in moist or dry soils, common in open places. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6" after cutbacks.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug. | Canada goldenrod | Collected at George Washington Memorial Parkway, Spout Run Exit by J. Englert on 11/13/95. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> With solidago species, we have found that uniformity and speed of germination is greatly improved by surface sowing the seed on moist media, covering the trays with plastic to trap moisture and placing the trays on heat mats set to keep the media around 80-86§F. The key appears to be warmth as trays given mist without heat did not germinate as quickly or uniformly. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures varied from 70-85§F during the winter months depending on natural solar; night temperatures averaged around 65-68§F. Extended daylight provided from 4:30-10:30 with high intensity lights.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown into plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is sown into 392 plug trays and seedlings transplanted to 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germination mix is used for starts in 392's. For 72 plug trays and multipot containers: Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Fall or winter.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 6-7 days.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is heavily sown onto germination mix in propagation plug trays, kept evenly moist and given bottom heat until germinated.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings were transplanted to multipots about 4 weeks from germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Cutback of foliage was performed at about 10 weeks. Fertilized lightly approximately bi-weekly or as needed with soluble fertilizer at approximately 75-100 ppm N. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Two weeks prior to outplanting, the greenhouse is cooled down or plugs are moved outdoors, depending on weather, and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> About 14 weeks.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are not overwintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> In seed bags in National Plant Materials Center cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None indicated. | Brown, M. L. and R. G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Inc.<P> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago canadensis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2607 | Solidago (canadensis) | Asteraceae | Aster | Solidago | canadensis | A widespread, highly diverse species throughout much of North America, with several semi-distinctive regional and ecological varieties. It frequently forms dense colonies in both. upland and lowland sites. Occurs in damp and dry open places, often in loose soils, and in clearings in wooded areas. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Goldenrod OR Canada Goldenrod | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Seed may require stratification period to germinate at full potential. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Fall.<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Can be divided and transplanted in fall or spring.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.<p> Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium Staff. 1976. Hortus Third. A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York, N.Y.: Macmillan Publishing Co.<p> Weaver, J.E. 1954. North American Prairie. Lincoln, Nebraska.: Johnsen Publishing Co. | Wynia, Richard. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Solidago canadensis</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Manhattan Plant Materials Center Manhattan, Kansas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2608 | Solidago (canadensis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Solidago | canadensis | L. | Variety | salabrosa | (Piper) Jones | Solidago | elongata | Nutt. | SOLCAN | Forest margin in well drained soils, Fish Creek, 3500' elevation, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>S. canadensis</i> is a widespread, circumboreal species, occurring throughout North America and southern Canada and Alaska and Eurasia. It grows in moist soil of meadows, thickets, avalanche slopes and in open forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 3 Months | Months | Height: 10 cm, 8 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 160 ml conetainer. | Canada goldenrod | Seeds are hand collected in October when the pappus is fully extended and the achenes turn dark brown and are easily separated from the disc.<br>Seeds are collected in paper bags and are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | None. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seed is lightly covered with medium.<br> Careful attention should be made when covering seeds. Germination rate will decrease if seeds are buried too deeply in containers.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown and irrigated thoroughly. Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 22C day/ 13C night during germination and growth. | Medium is kept evenly moist during germination.<br>Germination is usually complete in 1 to 2 weeks. Seedlings are thinned at the true leaf stage. | 3 weeks | Shoot and root development occur rapidly following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm until root tightness is obtained. Plants are rhizomatous and quickly fill conetainers in 4 to 5 weeks. | 5 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total time To Harvest: 3 months<br> Harvest Date: June<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago canadensis</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2609 | Solidago (canadensis) | Asteraceae | aster | Solidago | canadensis | SOCA6 | This plant can be found in nearly all of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Canada goldenrod | No treatment is needed prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago canadensis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2610 | Solidago (glomerata) | Asteraceae | Solidago | glomerata | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | clustered goldenrod | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Solidago glomerata</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2611 | Solidago (missouriensis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Solidago | missouriensis | Nutt. | SOMI2 | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA. | Western North America east to Michigan and south to Mississippi, except California and Louisiana, where mean annual precipitation averages 12-35 inches. In eastern Washington it is usually found in dry areas of open grassland and open Ponderosa pine forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Missouri goldenrod | Fruit is an achene. Seed ripens in late September and early October. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is brown in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed maturity is indeterminant. Seed can be collected using a vacuum. This removes only mature seed, leaving immature seed to ripen, and reduces the amount of trash which subsequently must be cleaned from the seed. Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. <p> We determined 1,998,238 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Seed germinates well without pretreatment, averaging 85%. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of 1/4 to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually begins in 7 days and is complete in 12-14 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> Link, Ellen. 1993. Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide. USDA SCS Rose Lake Plant Materials Center and USDI National Park Service. East Lansing, Michigan.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago missouriensis</i> Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2612 | Solidago (nemoralis) | Asteraceae | Aster | Solidago | nemoralis | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | gray goldenrod | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Solidago nemoralis</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2613 | Solidago (odora) | Asteraceae | Aster | Solidago | odora | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | anise scented goldenrod | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Solidago odora</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2614 | Solidago (puberula) | Asteraceae | Composite Family | Solidago | puberula | Nutt. | SOPU | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | Canada goldenrod is found throughout the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Plant plugs, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Height:</b> Approximately 4 inches. Herbaceous perennial.<br> <b>Root System:</b> From root plug for a greenhouse crop plant.<br> | Downy goldenrod | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in October by hand harvesting. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. The seed has very low viability. | <b>Propagation Environment:</B> Greenhouse for seeding at 70øF and lathe house for growing and hardening off.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Plants grown in Rootrainers. The Rootainer (bookplanter) allows plug to be removed by the root system.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Rootrainers 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Metro-Mix 360 media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Start plants in greenhouse in February for spring planting.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b>Hand sowing with a light layer of Metro-mix applied on top after seeding, followed by a through watering. Try to sprinkle 4-5 seeds per cell.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rootrainers need to be watered regularly. Germination is relatively uniform, greenhouse temperature should be 70øF. Germination occurs in one to two weeks. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Monitor watering. Fertilization with Miracle-Gro can be applied. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The Rootrainers are moved from greenhouse to outside lathe house in early spring, prior to being transplanted. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> October.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store dried seed in a cooler at 40øF. | Newcomb's Flower Guide, by Lawrence Newcomb, Little Brown and Company, 1977. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago puberula</i> Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2615 | Solidago (rigida) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Solidago | rigida | L. | SOLRIG | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. rigida</i> is found from New York to Georgia, and west to the Great Plains states and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Rigid Goldenrod | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. August 14 to September 5. Seed is harvested September 15. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4. Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to onetimes their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two and a half weeks.<br>Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures.<br>Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February.<br>To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago rigida</i> L. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2616 | Solidago (roanensis) | Asteraceae | Solidago | roanensis | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Roan Mountain goldenrod | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Solidago roanensis</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2617 | Solidago (rugosa) | Asteraceae | Composite Family | Solidago | rugosa | P. Mill. | SORU2 | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | Rough-stemmed goldenrod is found throughout the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Plant plugs, 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Height:</b> Approximately 4 to 6 inches. Herbaceous perennial.<br> <b>Root System:</b>Firm root plug for a greenhouse crop plant. | Rough-stemmed goldenrod | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten in October by hand harvesting. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. There is very low seed viability. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse for seeding at 70øF and lathe house for growing and hardening off.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Plants grown in Rootrainers. The Rootrainers (bookplanters) allow for the plug to be removed by the root system.</b> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Rootrainers. 1" x 1" x 4" cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Metro-Mix 360 media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Start plants in greenhouse in February for spring planting.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing with a light layer of Metro-Mix applied on top after seeding, followed by a through watering. Try to sprinkle 4 to 5 seeds per cell.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rootrainers need to be watered regularly. Germination is relatively uniform. Greenhouse temperature should be 70øF. Germination occurs in one to two weeks. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Monitor watering. Fertilization with Miracle-Gro can be applied. Plants can be thinned to 2 plants per cell. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The Rootrainers are moved from greenhouse to outside lathe house in early spring, prior to being transplanted. Plants can be fertilized with Miracle-Gro while in lathe house. | <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> Harvest in late fall (October). This seed can be harvested by combine with the seed immediately spread out on the floor to dry.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store dried seed in cooler at 40øF. | Newcomb's Flower Guide, by Lawrence Newcomb, Little Brown and Company, 1977. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago rugosa</i> P. Mill. plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2618 | Solidago (sempervirens) | Asteraceae | Aster | Solidago | sempervirens | Erect perennial herb with showy yellow flowers native to the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines, inhabiting coastal. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Seaside Goldenrod | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Data not available at date of publication. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> November thru December. Seed is mature when yellow flower rays become fluffy and white in color.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Seed, in packets or cloth sacks, are placed in dehumidified storage at temperatures less than 40§F.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> At least four years of good viability. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Solidago sempervirens</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2619 | Solidago (shortii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Solidago | shortii | Torr.&Gray | SOLSHO | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Short's goldenrod | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 25D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Buchele, D. E., Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1991). Ecology of the endangered species Solidago shortii. III. Seed germination ecology. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118, 288-291.<br>Table 10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago shortii</i> Torr.&Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2620 | Solidago (simplex) | Asteraceae | Solidago | simplex | Colorado, Lake Irene (98-180s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Spike-like Goldenrod | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from heads. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55?F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 4 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Uniform.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 3 weeks.<p> Lake Irene (98-180s) sowed 1/4/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Solidago simplex</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2621 | Solidago (spathulata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Solidago | spathulata | DC. | SOLSPA | S. spathulata is a widespread cordilleran species. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dune goldenrod | Germination occurs at 24D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Hoffman,1985.Table 10.36 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago spathulata</i> DC. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2622 | Solidago (spathulata) | Asteraceae | aster | Solidago | spathulata | solidago | simplex | SOSIS4 | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | Seen in Oregon and California Natively, this plant may grow in elevations as high as 600 feet but and is often found in oastal dunes and scrub. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | dune goldenrod | Solidago spathulata is a non-dormant seed and readily germinates in warm (75 degrees F)temperatures. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago spathulata</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2623 | Solidago (spathulata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Solidago | spathulata | DC. | Sub-species | spathulata | DC. | SOLSPA | Presidio, California | <i>S. spathulata</i> ssp. <i>spathulata</i> is found from Coos County, Oregon south to Monterery County, California in coastal dunes and scrub; up to 600 feet elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coastal Dune Goldenrod | Seeds are collected between September 3rd and October 7th.<br> Mature inflorescences are light brown.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on August 1st.<br> %Germination:75% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solidago spathulata</i> DC. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2624 | Sophora (chrysophylla) | Fabaceae | Legume | Sophora | chrysophylla | (Salisb.) Seem. | dry shrubland and forest and dry to moist forest | Endemic to all main Hawaiian Islands (except Ni'ihau and Kaho'olawe) | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | 15 cm height, 6 mm stem diameter | mamane, mamani | Mature seed pods are found on trees nearly year-round. Mature pods are brown and dry. The Hawaiian Islands have many varied climates and local populations are considered best adapted to the local conditions. For this reason, it is best to collect from trees closest to where the offspring will be planted. | Mamane seeds have a hard seed coat that is impenetrable to water--most will not take on water and begin germinating until they are scarified. Scarification by slightly nicking the seed coat is recommended. Hand methods include using a fingernail clippers or a small file. Be sure to nick the seed on an edge away from the germ, and to avoid nicking into the inner seed (endosperm). Hot water is an alternate method that may be used for larger seedlots. Pour 5 parts near-boiling water over 1 part seeds, and let stand for 1 - 3 minutes. Then pour in ample cool water to reduce the temperature, and let soak for 24 - 48 hours. Seeds that have swelled were successfully scarified. Seeds that have not swelled may be scarified again. | Seedlings are grown in light shade or full sun in an uncovered growing area. If available, some cover (greenhouse or temporary cover) is ideal during germination to protect sprouts from hard rains. Containers used are SC-10 Super Cell or the Economy Super Cell (both available from Stuewe & Sons), 21 cm (8.25 in) long and 3.8 cm (1.5 in) diameter at the top. Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or copper-coated grow bags or containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) also work well. If one-gallon containers are used, they should be root-training. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. As mamane is a nitrogen fixing legume, inoculation with rhizobia bacteria is also highly recommended. | Pregerminated seeds are placed in containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered with about 5mm of potting media and a thin layer of mulch (such as #2 poultry grit). Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Light daily watering is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. | 4 - 6 weeks | Seedlings can be moved to full sun after they reach the 2-4 leaf stage. After about ten weeks, seedlings are double-spaced in Ray Leach trays to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. Mamane is rather slow in its growth compared to other Hawaiian nitrogen fixing trees. | 4 - 6 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 4 -6 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Keeping them in their containers help protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | n/a | Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/sop-chry.htm <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sophora chrysophylla</i> (Salisb.) Seem. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2625 | Sorbus (scopulina) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Sorbus | scopulina | Greene | Variety | scopulina | Greene | SORSCO | Two Medicine, Glacier National Park, Mt. 1585 meters elevation | <i>S. scopulina</i> ranges from Alaska to northern California, east to western Alberta, the Dakotas, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.<br> It inhabits moist forest and avalanche slopes and is common in upper montane and subalpine elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml containers | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling <br> Height: 9 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Cascade Mountain-ash | Seeds are hand collected when fruit turns red-orange in early October. Seeds are brown at maturity. Fruit is collected in plastic bags and kept under refrigeration prior to cleaning.<br> Collection Locality: Two Medicine and Cutbank Campgrounds, Glacier National Park, MT. | Seeds are treated with 1,000 ppm gibberellic acid for 24 hours, followed by a 3:1 water/hydrogen peroxide soak for 10 minutes, and a 24 hour running water rinse. A 90 to 120 day cold, moist stratification is needed to break dormancy.<br>Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moistened peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 1 to 3C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding or planting germinants.Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Germination occurs at 22C and is usually complete in 20 days. Cotyledon to true leaf stage is 2 weeks. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is rapid following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm and increase in height to 9 centimeters in 10 weeks. Root development occurs at a rapid rate and seedlings must be uppotted to 1 gallon containers the 1st season if they are not outplanted by fall.ÿ | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in August and September. Pots are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, N. Deno, published June 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sorbus scopulina</i> Greene plants 172 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2626 | Sorbus (scopulina) | Rosaceae | Rose | Sorbus | scopulina | Greene | SOSC2 | Crater Lake National park, 6,500 ft. At park, mostly occurring in a few dense stands near headquarters buildings; not widely distributed in park. | Western and rocky mountain states; North and South Dakota from foothills to near-alpine habitat. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | one-gallon containers | 2 Years | Years | Large healthy, 2-year crown foliage; roots filling soil profile | Mountain ash; Greene's mountain ash | Ripe berries in large clusters, easily identified and collected in September and transported in plastic bags in cooler. | 60 days stratification given as a minimum in literature; our seed lots performed much better after 16 weeks (112 days) of cold-moist stratification. One-year-old seed yielded 61% germination with excellent vigor; while a 3-year-old seed lot had 25% germination and fairly good vigor. | Seedlings were stratified directly in a peat-based potting mix in standard "1020" flats, watered in and sealed in polyethylene bags in a walk-in cooler at ~34 to 38 F; stratifiedflats taken to a greenhouse bench at moderate temps in spring to germinate. | Seedlings emerged quickly - germination was complete for both one-and 3-year old seeds after 21 days; from then seedlings grew quickly and were ready to transplant directly into 1-gallon containers after a few weeks. | 6 weeks. | Seedlings were potted up into 1-gallon ribbed containers with a rich greenhouse soil mix of peat / perlite / organic "Black Gold" soil mix amended with low rates of Osmocote slow release fertilizer and Micromax trace elements. Seedlings survived transplanting well and were given one dose of Peters seedling starter fertilizer (9-45-15) about 2 weeks after transplanting. Pots were kept in the greenhouse until late May when they were moved outdoors to a shade-house on raised benches and provided with drip irrigation. During late May / July plants were fertilized every other week with half-strength Peters' Triple 20 fertilizer. | May to August | Fertilizer discontinued in July; watering intervals gradually lengthened, and shade cloth removed at end of August to allow full sun acclimation. | August - September | 1st-year plants held outdoors in lathhouse over winter at Corvallis and returned to the shadehouse in April for the second season. Plants were shipped to Crater Lake in August of the 2nd year via refrigerated van to a holding facility at the park for a few weeks of acclimation prior to outplanting. | seeds - at least 3 years; literature reports up to 8 years. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing, and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR<p> Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1992 Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sorbus scopulina</i> Greene plants one-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2627 | Sorbus (scopulina) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Sorbus | scopulina | Greene | Variety | scopulina | Greene | SORSCO | Utah | <i> S. scopulina v. scopulina</i> is found throughout the western United States and east to the Dakotas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 | 2 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Greene's mountain ash | Seeds are wild collected during fall months and are kept separated according to site, elevation and source.<br>Mature fruit is an orange pome containing several seeds. | Seeds are stratified naturally by planted them in the fall in a thin layer of sand on mulched field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to seed beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Seeds are sown in late September using an Oyjard seed drill at a depth of 0.12 inches. Seeds are lightly covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. Desired field density is 18 trees per square foot. | 1 month after emergence in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year using the Herd Spreader, since stock is usually too tall the second year to use the Gandy spreader.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Deciduous species are pruned when they are 10 to 12 inches tall. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br>Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening Phase: Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November of the second year when seedlings are completely dormant. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at a depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted seedlings are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Sorbus scopulina</i> Greene plants 2+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2628 | Sorbus (scopulina) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Sorbus | scopulina | (G.N. Jones) C.L. Hitchc. | Variety | cascadensis | SOSCC | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Snowbird Mountain, Oregon; 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Cascade mountain-ash | Small lot, 28.5 pounds, hand collected into plastic tubs. | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sorbus scopulina</i> (G.N. Jones) C.L. Hitchc. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2629 | Sorbus (scopulina) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Sorbus | scopulina | Greene | SOSC2 | USFS, Deschutes National Forest, Sisters Ranger District, Eyerly Fire area, Sisters, Oregon: 4400 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Greene's mountain-ash | Very small lot, 0.74 pounds, hand collected into plastic bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sorbus scopulina</i> Greene seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2630 | Sorghastrum (nutans) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sorghastrum | nutans | (L.) Nash | SORNUT | S. nutans is a widespread North American species found in open woodlands and prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Indian grass | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark.<br> Cold moist stratification for 4 days at 28/18 alternating temperature cylce resulted in germination.<br> Dry storage of seeds resulted in 44% germination.<br> Mechanical injury of caryopsis resulted in 84% germination.<br> Pretreatment with gibbrellic acid reulted in 25% germination. | Hsu, F. H., Nelson, C. J. and Matches, A. G. (1985). Temperature effects on germination of perennial warm-season forage grasses. Crop Sci. 25, 215-220.<br>Emal, J. G. and Conard, E. C. (1973). Seed dormancy and germination in Indiangrass as affected by light, chilling, and certain chemical treatments. Agron. J. 65, 383-385.<br>Coukos, C. J. (1944). Seed dormancy and germination in some native grasses. Agron. J. 36, 337-345.<br>Sautter, E. H. (1962). Germination of switchgrass. J. Range Manage. 15, 108-110.<br>Zhang, J. and Maun, M. A. (1989). Seed dormancy of Panicum virgatum L. on the shoreline sand dunes of Lake Erie. Amer. Midl. Nat. 122, 77-87.<br>Svedarsky, D. and Kucera, C. L. (1970). Effects of gibberellic acid and post-harvest age on germination of prairie grasses. Iowa St. J. Sci. 44, 513-518. <br>In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> (L.) Nash plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2631 | Sorghastrum (nutans) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sorghastrum | nutans | (L.) Nash | Sorghastrum | avenaceum | (Michx.) Nash | SORNUT | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. nutans</i> is found from Quebec and Maine to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to Florida, Arizona, and Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Indian Grass | Seed is harvested by combine about Sept. 22. It is ready when it no longer has a soft, creamy center. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4. Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Do not add slow release fertilizer to the grasses, as it tends to burn the young, tender roots. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/ root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one to two weeks.<br> Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds.<br> Grasses are not thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February.<br> To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> (L.) Nash plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2632 | Sorghastrum (nutans) | Poaceae | Grass | Sorghastrum | nutans | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Indian grass | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2633 | Sorghastrum (nutans) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Sorghastrum | nutans | (L.) Nash | SORNUT | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, 1720' elevation, Cades Cove. | <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> is distributed from Quebec and Maine west to Manitoba, North Dakota, and Utah, and south to Arizona, Mexico, and Florida; it grows in prairies, open woods, and dry slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 12 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> Plug container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 8-10" after cutbacks at outplanting; multiple stems.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug which leaves no loose soil when pulled full. | Indiangrass | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park by National Park Service staff on 10/26-29/94, 10/2-31/96, 10/8-16/97, 9/28-10/20/98 and 9/27/99; National Plant Materials Center by D.Dusty 11/12/96, 10/29/97, and 11/28/98. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None. Some improvement in germination may be seen with 3-4 weeks of cold stratification @ 40 F. However, time of germination was drastically reduced without cold stratification by covering seeded plug trays with clear, light-weight plastic and exposing them to full sunlight in the greenhouse. Media was kept continually moist by misting under the plastic as needed. Plastic was removed when about 50% of target number of seedlings had germinated (7-10 days). Target germination was reached by day 14 VS. 35 days when plastic was not used. Production was increased from 32 to 53 finished plugs per gram of seed. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (set at 75/68F) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high-pressure sodium lights.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown in germination plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are sown in 392 plug trays; seedlings are transplanted to either 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots depending whether out-planted mechanically or hand-dibbled.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are sown in Fafard Germinating Mix. Seedlings are transplanted into a 2:1 mix of Sunshine #5:Compro,(1 bale Sunshine, 2 bags Compro) with 180 day Nutricote Total 18-6-8 SR incorporated @ 20 oz./batch of mix (0.15lb/cu ft mix). Compro is used to prevent chlorosis in Indiangrass that is grown in soilless mix. Other organic substitutes for Compro are being evaluated. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> December, January or February depending on outplanting date.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> See "seed treatments".<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are hand-sown heavily into 392 plug trays at a rate computed to produce target number of plugs and compensate for low germination rate. Seeds are lightly covered with germination mix, and watered. The plug trays are covered with clear lightweight plastic (see seed treatment).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings in germination trays are kept continually moist. They are transplanted to 72 plug flats or Ropak multipots, usually when plugs can be pulled, however seedlings have been dug and transplanted within several days of germination resulting in more uniform maturation of plugs. Avoid over-watering transplants. Wet media containing organic matter attracts fungus gnats and promotes algae growth and crusting on soil surface. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <i>S. nutans</i> plugs grow rapidly after transplant when greenhouse solar levels increase in the spring (March). Plugs are cut back periodically to 6-8" to enhance root and stem growth and to manually eliminate insect pests. Plugs are fertilized as needed (every 1-2 weeks) with Technigro 16-17-17 Plus, @100 ppm. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to out-planting, fertilization is stopped, water is decreased, and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> About 10-12 weeks from germination to finished plug. If second sowings are required to meet goal, staggered maturation of plugs will result.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are ready for out-planting about 10-12 weeks after seedlings germinate.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A. Plugs are seeded in winter and outplanted the same spring. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> (L.) Nash plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2634 | Sorghastrum (nutans) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Sorghastrum | nutans | (L.) Nash | SONU2 | Upper Guy Sandy Area and Buffalo Springs Area. | Reported from all regions in Texas, but most frequent in the tall-grass prairie areas of central and coastal areas. General: South-central Canada and throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains to northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 5 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> scaly rhizomes. | Yellow indiangrass | Collected in NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by Morris Houck and Tom Taylor on 11/19/1990. | N/A. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds, irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late winter and early spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 90% emergence within several weeks of irrigation.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late summer to late fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7 months. | North American Range Plants, 35; The Grasses of Texas, 577; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i> (L.) Nash plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2635 | Sparganium (emersum) | Sparganiaceae | Bur-reed | Sparganium | emersum | Sparganium | simplex | SPEM2 | This plant can be found in the majority of North America, neglecting the most southerly regions. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container | European bur-reed | 45 days cool(38F)/moist stratification best facilitated germination in our trials. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sparganium emersum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2636 | Spergularia (macrotheca) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink Family | Spergularia | macrotheca | (Hornem.) Heynh. | Variety | macrotheca | (Hornem.) Heynh. | SPEMAC | Presidio, California | <i>S. macrotheca</i> var. <i>macrotheca</i> is found in salt marshes and bluffs along the coast, from Lower California to British Columbia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Sticky Sandspurry | Seeds are collected between June 7th and November 11th.<br> Mature capsules are tan and contain 5 seeds per capsule.<br> Seed is 0.6 to 0.8 mm across, dark brown, with a broadly winged margin at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination: 77% | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" tubes (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Spergularia macrotheca</i> (Hornem.) Heynh. plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2637 | Spergularia (salina) | Caryophyllaceae | Pink Family | Spergularia | salina | J.& K. Presl. | Spergularia | marina | (L.) Griseb. | SPESAL | Presidio, California | <i>S. salina</i> is found along the seashore and alkaline places of the interior and occassionally in deserts; circumboreal throughout Europe, Asia, North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Salt Sandspurry | Seeds are collected between July 15th and November 11th.<br> There are 3 seeds per capsule.<br> Seed is 0.5 to.08 mm across, light to reddish brown and wingless at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are surface sown in containers filled with standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> % Germination: 34% | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Spergularia salina</i> J.& K. Presl. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2638 | Sphaeralcea (ambigua) | Malvaceae | Hibiscus Family | Sphaeralcea | ambigua | Gray | SPHAMB | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i> is found in dry rocky slopes and canyons mostly below 4,000 ft elevation throughout the Californian deserts east to Utah and Arizona. It also ranges south into Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC container | 8 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container | Desert Globe Mallow | Seeds are hand collected in May when capsules have matured and begin to split open. | Seeds are hot water scarified by placing seeds into boiling water and immediately removing pan from heat source. Seeds soak in cooled water for 12 to 24 hours.<br>Seeds are placed between sheets of blotter paper in nursery flats and wrapped in plastic bags to prevent desiccation. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. Seeds can also be sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %:11% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 5 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i> Gray plants 2 Gallon PVC container; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2639 | Sphaeralcea (ambigua) | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sphaeralcea | ambigua | A. Gray | SPAM2 | BLM, Seeds of Success, Tonto National Forest, Seven Springs area, Forest Service Road 24, Bronco Trail (Trail # 245), Maricopa County, Arizona; 3744 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Desert globemallow | Small lot, 0.90 pounds, hand collected into cloth and paper bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i> A. Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2640 | Sphaeralcea (ambigua) | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sphaeralcea | ambigua | A. St.-Hil | Madrean Archipelago | Desert globemallow is an excellent early successional species for restoration of degraded areas, including post desert burns (Abella et al. 2012, Wolf and Evancho 2016). It is the most xerophytic species of globemallow in Arizona occurring mostly at 3,500 feet or lower (Kearney and Peebles 1960).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Desert Globemallow | Seeds can be collected by hand by removing entire mature schizocarps from plants. They are ready for collection when they have turned light-brown and begun to open at the apex.
| Globemallow species have an impermeable seed coat. Mechanical scarification (nicking the seed) followed by a 24-hour soaking can improve germination (Wolf and Evancho 2016). However, intense scarification can decrease germination rates due to embryo damage (Page et al. 1966). In one germination study for Sphaeralcea munroana (a cool-season globemallow in the Great Basin region), pre-germination treatment with boiling water was the most effective treatment of several tested, yielding 49% germination rates (Kildisheva et al 2013). To achieve these results, seeds were submerged for 10 seconds in 212°F water (Kildisheva et al 2013). Borderlands Restoration has so far grown globemallow without treating seeds prior to planting. Germination rates have typically been below 25%. Further treatment experiments are recommended.
| Abella, Scott R., et al. "Identifying native vegetation for reducing exotic species during the restoration of desert ecosystems." Restoration Ecology 20.6 2012: 781-787.
Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Kildisheva, Olga A., R. Kasten Dumroese, Anthony S. Davis. “Boiled, tumbled, burned, and heated: seed scarification techniques for Munro’s globemallow appropriate for large-scale application.” Native Plants Journal 14.1 (2013):42–47 Page, R. J., D. L. Goodwin, and N. E. West. "Germination requirements of scarlet globemallow." Journal of Range Management Archives 19.3 (1966): 145-146. Tollefson, Jennifer E. “Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia.” Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. (2007). Web. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, January 3]. Wolf, M. and B. Evancho. “Plant Guide for desert globemallow (Sphaeralcea ambigua A. Gray).” USDA NRCS Plant Guide. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Tucson Plant Materials Center, Tucson, AZ, 2016. Web. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/azpmcpg12894.pdf [2017, January 25]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i> A. St.-Hil Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2641 | Sphaeralcea (coccinea) | Malvaceae | Sphaeralcea | coccinea | SPCO | wild collected from Uinta County, Utah | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) NOT SCARIFIED 2) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) SCARIFIED 3) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) NOT SCARIFIED 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) SCARIFIED 5) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) NOT SCARIFIED 6) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) SCARIFIED 7) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) NOT SCARIFIED 8) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) SCARIFIED 9) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) NOT SCARIFIED 10) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) SCARIFIED 11) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) NOT SCARIFIED 12) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) SCARIFIED | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from Uintah County, Utah germinated to relatively high levels (70% or more) in treatments 2, 3, and 4). Germination in treatment 1 (without scarification) was 45%. Germination for all other treatments was below 50%, regardless of scarification or winter treatment (the next highest germination came from treatments 7 and 8, each around 40%). Additional research is needed to identify whether these results are representative of the entire species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationSPCO shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Sphaeralcea coccinea</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2642 | Sphaeralcea (coccinea) | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sphaeralcea | coccinea | (Nutt.) Rydb. | Sub-species | coccinea | SPCOC | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Montrose County, Colorado: 5811 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Scarlet globemallow | Small lot, 2.3 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sphaeralcea coccinea</i> (Nutt.) Rydb. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2643 | Sphaeralcea (incana) | Malvaceae | Hollyhock family | Sphaeralcea | incana | Torr. | SPHINC | S. incana is found from western Texas west to Arizona and Chihuahua, Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Globe mallow | Germination occurs at 24D/17N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species ofarid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Table 10.39 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sphaeralcea incana</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2644 | Sphaeralcea (munroana) | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sphaeralcea | munroana | (Douglas) Spach | Sub-species | munroana | SPMUM | BLM, Seeds of Success: BLM land, Emery County, Utah: 4320 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Munro's globemallow | Small lot, 1.6 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sphaeralcea munroana</i> (Douglas) Spach seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2645 | Sphaeralcea (parvifolia) | Malvaceae | Sphaeralcea | parvifolia | SPPA | wild collected from Uinta County, Utah | Seeds | Seed | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | APPROACH: This project aimed to determine optimal germination conditions for species currently used in restoration in the Colorado Plateau, as well as other priority forb species that may be beneficial to include in future restoration efforts. For this study, seeds were plated on 1.5% agar in petri dishes (4 replicates of 25 seeds per treatment) and incubated in growth chambers at Chicago Botanic Garden using six temperature treatments intended to represent different seed sowing times and locations in the Colorado Plateau (treatments are shown as day/night temperatures respectively, using a 12h/12h light/dark cycle):
TREATMENTS: 1) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) NOT SCARIFIED 2) early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) SCARIFIED 3) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) NOT SCARIFIED 4) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and early-spring (4 weeks at 52°F/34°F) SCARIFIED 5) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) NOT SCARIFIED 6) mid-spring (4 weeks at 59°F/41°F) SCARIFIED 7) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) NOT SCARIFIED 8) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and mid-spring (4 weeks 59°F/41°F) SCARIFIED 9) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) NOT SCARIFIED 10) late-spring (4 weeks at 68°F/50°F) SCARIFIED 11) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) NOT SCARIFIED 12) winter (12 weeks at 34°F) and late-spring (4 weeks 68°F/50°F) SCARIFIED | RESULTS: Almost all viable seeds from this Seeds of Success collection from Uintah County, Utah germinated to relatively high levels (70% or more) when scarified AND subjected to temperatures at 34°F (treatments 2, 4, 8, 12). If temperatures were not cold enough, scarification was not sufficient to support germination over 30% (treatments 6 & 10). And winter temperatures alone were not sufficient to support germination above 35% if seeds were not scarified (treatments 3, 7, and 11). Additional research is needed to identify whether these results are representative of the entire species. The figure at http://tinyurl.com/CBGSeedGerminationSPPA shows the average percent germination and standard deviation of viable seeds for each treatment. | Kramer, Andrea T; Foxx, Alicia. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Sphaeralcea parvifolia</i> Seeds Chicago Botanic Garden - Research Glencoe, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2646 | Spiraea (betulifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Spiraea | betulifolia | Pallas | SPIBET | West Glacier, 1100m elev. Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>S. betulifolia</i> occurs from B.C. to northeastern Oregon, east to Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming, east across Canada to Saskatchewan; also in Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in containers. | Birchleaf Spiraea | Seeds are hand collected when follicles begin to split open in mid to late September. Follicles are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. Seeds are light tan at maturity. | Seeds are placed in a 60 day cold, moist stratification. The tiny seeds are moistened and placed on moist, rolled paper towels inserted into a opened zip-lock bag, and held under refrigation at 3 C. Seeds are remoistened as needed during stratification.<br>Satisfactory germination also occurs without a stratification treatment. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds must be surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Germination continues over a 3 week period. Conetainers are misted twice daily after sowing and until seedlings have emerged.<br>Seedlings have true leaves 2 to 3 weeks after germination and are thinned to 1 per cell at this stage. | 4 weeks | Plants grow rapidly following establishment, and are regularly fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants are root tight in containers in 4 months. Seedlings also reached flowering maturity 4 months after germination. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 pppm in August and September. Pots are leached with clear water in October. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 8 months from seed<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished.<p>1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J.,and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Spiraea betulifolia</i> Pallas plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2647 | Spiraea (corymbosa) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Spiraea | corymbosa | SPICOR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park | Eastern United States. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Shrub outplanted as bare root seedlings, and as container plugs, quarts, and larger. Because the seed is so small spirea seedlings are started in the National Plant Materials Center greenhouses and transplanted as plugs into the National Plant Materials Center woody beds, or delivered to the park as container plants (plugs or quarts most recently). In the woody beds they are grown under shade for two years and are dormant-harvested during late fall or early winter. They are over-wintered bare root in moist sawdust in the NPMC cooler. In spring, bare root stock is delivered to the park for outplanting or potted into containers and grown as specimens for high visibility areas (i.e. parking lots) in the park. Specimen plants are finished in our shade house as 2-3 gallon containers.<br> <b>Height:</b> Varies with planting form.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full root ball, fills container. | Meadowsweet | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Chadwell Gap Trail by J. Englert on 10/5/1996. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None needed. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures. Trays were placed under continuous fluorescent light and mist (4-second duration at 15 min intervals) during germination. After germination seedlings were given extended 14 hour days under high intensity lights from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed was surface-sown by hand.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seed is started in 392 germination plug trays, transplanted to 72 plug trays, 2" pots or Ropak multipots then plugged out into the National Plant Materials Center woody beds. In 2000, some seedlings were delivered to the park as plugs for planting on the element walls. For container specimens, bare root seedlings were harvested from the woody beds in December, over-wintered in cold storage, potted up the following spring and bumped up in successive seasons to 2-3 gallon pots depending on finished size specified by the Park.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Started in Fafard Germination Mix, transplanted into Sunshine #1 plus 180 day Nutricote SR 18-6-8 at 20 oz. per batch or 0.15 lb. per cu. ft. mix. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> 1/8/98 and 11/3/99.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> Huge numbers of seedlings (i.e. about 1,000 from 0.1 g seed) emerged within 7-14 days. Seedlings were so dense they had to be transplanted in clumps and thinned as they grew. (See below).<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 0.1 gram seed was mixed with 4 grams of talc and surface-sown over moist germination mix in 406 germination trays. (Suggest going with smaller amounts of seed and more talc since seed germinated in clumps of 3-8 per cell). Drench seed trays with fungicide (we used Triathlon) to reduce fungal growth on media surface. Trays were placed under mist (10 seconds at 30 minute intervals) and 24 hour fluorescent lighting for about 10 days until germinated.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings germinated quickly but failed to put on much growth during January and February. Seedlings were transplanted 50-60 days post germination to larger containers in clumps as individuals were too small to separate. They were grown under extended (14-hour) day length. Plants were thinned. Foliage was cut back at about 3" to encourage development of stronger, less succulent, stems. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Began in April. Plugs filled out in April and May and were ready for field planting in June. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plugs were set outdoors in a protected location out of direct sun for about 2 weeks prior to outplanting in the field and at the Park. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 17 weeks from germination to finished plug in 72 trays in 1998, 24 weeks to finished size in Ropak Multipots in 2000. (This longer finishing time was probably due to unreliable heat in our greenhouse and the larger plug size in the multipots.) Seedlings are lined out in the woody beds as plugs, grown for two years before bare root harvest. Specimen plants are bumped up to the next larger container size approximately yearly and held during the growing season in a shade house.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late fall, early winter for bare root harvest from the National Plant Materials Center woody beds.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Dormant bare root seedlings are harvested from the National Plant Materials Center woody beds in the fall, bundled, packed in moist sawdust and overwintered in cold storage (at 40§F). Container plants in the National Plant Materials Center shade house are overwintered under microfoam.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> In cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> None. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> Approximately 3-4 months. | USDA, Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook #450. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. 1974. Washington D.C. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Spiraea corymbosa</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2648 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Spiraea | splendens | Baumann ex K. Koch | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | Nutt. | SPIDEN | Subalpine fir forest, Lunch Creek, 2000m elevation, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>S. splendens</i> var. <i>splendens</i> ranges from B.C. to Sierran California, east to southeast B.C., Idaho, Montana, and eastern Oregon. It is found mostly in higher elevation forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in containers. | Subalpine spiraea | Seeds are collected in early October when follicles turn brown and begin to split open. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Clusters of follicles are cut from using scissors. Material is collected in paper bags. Collections are kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seed are imbibed in water for 24 hrs and placed into a 75 day cold, moist stratification at 1 to 3 C. Seeds are placed in rolled, moistened paper towels and placed in open plastic bags under refrigeration. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement. Stratified seeds can be surface dried just prior to sowing. This practice allows easier sowing of the tiny seeds.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate unevenly over a 4 week period. Medium must be kept evenly moist during germination and establishment. Seedlings are thinned at 2 to 4 true leaf stage. | 4 weeks | Seedlings grow rapidly following establishment, and are fertilized weekly with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 pmm. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 lquid NPK at 100 ppm in August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Containers are leached with clear water prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 8 months from seed<br> Harvest Date: July and August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Spiraea splendens</i> Baumann ex K. Koch plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
2649 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Rose | Spiraea | splendens | Baumann ex K. Koch | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | Nutt. ex Greenm. | SPSPS | Crater Lake National Park , 6,500 ft elevation, along streams in gravelly areas and base of talus slopes | Washington to California; east to Montana and Nevada, up to 11,000 ft elevation along streams and lakes, or on wooded or open rocky slopes | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-gallon containers | 2 Years | Years | Multi-stemmed tops with well-developed, fibrous root system filling soil profile in container. | Alpine spirea; rose meadowsweet; mountain spirea | Seeds easily collected by hand when flower heads have dried down on plants. If desired, cuttings can also be collected unobtrusively from these shrubs. | 48 days cold-moist stratification recommended; however some seeds germinated without any pretreatment. Germination was not formally tested for this species; however seedling emergence was excellent when sown at a rate of 5 to 8 seeds / cone | Seeds were direct-sown into 10" conetainers containing a greenhouse media mix of Fisons' Sunshine #1 potting medium amended with 1 part compost-based potting mix to 4 parts Sunshine 1, and low rates of Osmocote slow-release NPK pellets. | Seedlings were started on greenhouse benches in moderate temperatures in early spring. Emergence was fairly fast and uniform; some hand-thinning was required when sown at the rate listed above. Seedlings were fertilized with Peters 9 - 45 -15 when established. | 8 to 12 weeks | Established plants were moved to an outdoor shadehouse (47% shadecloth) on raised benches in late May when greenhouse temperatures became too warm. Aphids were sometimes a problem, and were controlled with Safers' insecticidal soap as needed. Plants were fertilized every 2 weeks with Peters' Triple 20 at « - strength. | May to August | Fertilizer was withdrawn after July and intervals between waterings gradually lengthened in August to encourage vegetative maturity and stem suberization; shade cloth was withdrawn in late August to expose plants to a full sun environment. | 6 weeks. | Cones were held over winter in Corvallis in an outdoor lathhouse; plants were repotted the following April into 1-gallon containers and returned to the shade house with drip irrigation for the 2nd season to reach the desired size. Generally only some light top-pruning was needed the 2nd hear to control stem height. Two-year 1-gallon containers were shipped via refrigerated van to Crater Lake National Park in late August for a few weeks additional acclimation prior to outplanting in September. | Container stock overwintered well at PMC | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Kruckeberg, Aurthur R. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Guide. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.<p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Spiraea splendens</i> Baumann ex K. Koch plants 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
2650 | Spondias (cytherea) | Anacardiaceae | Mango | Spondias | cytherea | Sonn. | Spondias | dulcis | Forst. | Native throughout South and South-East Asia, it has been introduced throughout the tropics. An important plant in some Pacific Island countries, such as Samoa. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 8 Months | Months | Seedlings have reached target in one gallon containers when approximately 50 cm in height, stem diameter 10 cm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | vi apple, ambarella, otaheite apple, great hog plum; wi (Fiji); vi (Tonga, Samoa, Cooks, Societies, Marquesas, Hawaii); kedondong manis (Indonesia); kedondong (Malaysia); hevi (Philippines); makok-farang (Thailand); juplon (Costa Rica); cajamanga (B | Vi is commonly propagated by seed or cutting. This protocol covers growing vi seedlings from seed for direct outplanting. Vi trees bear fruit nearly year-round, though a peak season of November - April occurs in Hawaii. | The woody core of the vi fruit usually contains 1 or 2 viable seeds. It is difficult to separate the seeds without damaging them, so planting the whole core is recommended, then thinning weaker seedlings if multiple seedlings come up in a container. | Vi seedlings can be grown in an uncovered growing area; in other words shade is not required, although moderate shade is acceptable. | Vi trees are somewhat dormant (a loose their leaves) for the winter months, so it is recommended that seedlings be started in early spring. One fresh, clean vi seeds is planted in each container. 1 - 2 gallon root-training pots are recommended. "Tall 0nes" (available from Steuwe & Sons) are preferred, as they allow deep rooting and air prune at the bottom, and vi has a strong vertical tap root. Seeds sprout in about 4 weeks. A well-drained media is used such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | 2 months | Seedlings continue to be grown in moderate shade to full sun, protected from wind. Keep seedlings spaced out to allow adequate sun and ventilation. Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 5 months | If the seedlings are not already growing in full sun, move them into a sunny area, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. Vi develops a strong taproot; timely outplanting is necessary to preclude any problems with root form. | 1 month | When the plants have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Plants must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Carefully cutting off the container is less stressful to the root system than pulling the plant out of the container, and highly recommended for mango which will grow best with minimal root disturbance. | Morton, Julia F. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resource Systems, Winterville, N.C. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Verheij, E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel, Eds. 1992. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Spondias cytherea</i> Sonn. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2651 | Sporobolus (wrightii) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | wrightii | Munro ex Scribn. | Madrean Archipelago | Found from 2,000-5,000 feet along river banks and dry, sandy, open sites (Kearney and Peebles 1961). In healthy floodplain areas of southern Arizona, this grass is the dominant species created expansive “sacaton flats”. While sacaton is fairly common, its range has significantly declined over the past century--it now occurs in less than 5% of its original range (Humphrey 1960, Tiller et al 2013). It grows in areas with less than 20 ft depth to the water table (Tiller et al 2013) where it provides essential ecosystem services related to watershed health, animal forage and habitat, and erosion control. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Giant Sacaton | Seeds can be collected from September-December and populations sometimes have multiple flowering events per season depending on rainfall (personal observation). Snap entire panicles from the plant to collect many thousands of seeds. | No specific information was found for this species’ germination requirements or rates. However, Giant Sacaton was previously classified as a variety of alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) which was reported to have 99% germination rates after 7 years of storage in an open warehouse (Brakie 2007). Inoculating soil with mycorrhizal fungi has shown to improve plant success (Richter and Stutz 2002). Fungal inoculation of planting media should be considered especially when sites are highly degraded and unlikely to have extant mycorrhizal populations.
| Brakie, Melinda. “Plant Fact Sheet for Alkali Sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) (Torr.) Torr” USDA NRCS Plant Fact Sheet. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, East Texas Plant Materials Center, Nagadoches, TX, 2007.
Humphrey, Robert R. "The desert grassland a history of vegetational change and an analysis of causes." The Botanical Review 24.4 1958: 193-252 Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Tiller, Ron, Melissa Hughes, and Gita Bodner. "Sacaton riparian grasslands of the Sky Islands: Mapping distribution and ecological condition using state-and-transition models in Upper Cienega Creek Watershed." Merging Science and Management in a Rapidly Changing World: Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago. Tucson, AZ, 2013. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra; Allen-Cantú, Juniper. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus wrightii</i> Munro ex Scribn. Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2652 | Sporobolus (airoides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | airoides | Torr. | SPOAIR | S. airoides is found from South Dakota west to California and Washington and south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Drop seed | Germination occurs at 35D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Toole, V. K. (1941). Factors affecting the germination of various dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.). J. Agric. Res. 62, 691-715.Knipe, O. D. (1971). Effect of different osmotica on germination of alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides Torr.) at various moisture stresses. Bot. Gaz. 132, 109-112.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus airoides</i> Torr. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2653 | Sporobolus (airoides) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Sporobolus | airoides | (Torr.)Torr. | SPAI | Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive | In Texas on dry sandy or gravelly slopes and along saline or alkaline flats. General: Nebraska, Missouri, South Dakota and Texas, west to eastern Washington and southern California and in northern Mexico as far south as San Luis Potosi. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Field production.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Tufted perennial. | Alkali sacaton | Collected in NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas by James Alderson and Lynn Pace on 10/15/1989. | N/A. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field production planting.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding on listed beds; irrigation, cultivation and fertilization. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Late winter and early spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> 90% emergence within several weeks of irrigation.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct seeding with grass drill.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Summer to late fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Temperature regulated seed storage at 50§ Fahrenheit/50% Humidity. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7 months. | North American Range Plants, 129; Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 219-220; Manual of the Grasses of the United States, 428-430; The Grasses of Texas, 299-300; Grass Seed Statistics-NRCS, 4; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Sporobolus airoides</i> (Torr.)Torr. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2654 | Sporobolus (compositus var. compositus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | compositus var. compositus | (Michx.) Kunth. | SPOASP | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rough dropseed | Pretreatment with potassium nitrate resulted in 39% germination. | Toole,1941.Table 10.23 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, AcademicPress, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Carol J.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus compositus var. compositus</i> (Michx.) Kunth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2655 | Sporobolus (contractus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | contractus | Hitch. | SPOCON | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Spike drop seed | Mechanical injury of the caryopis or covering layers resulted in 67% germination.<br>Pretreatment with potassium nitrate resulted in 47% germination.<br>Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 28 days. Germination occurs at 35D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br>In another study, germination occurs at 30D/15.5N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark; and light was equal to dark. Physiological dormancy of seed is overcome by 28 day cold moist stratification treament and germination tempertures of 35D/20N. | Toole, V. K. (1941). Factors affecting the germination of various dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.). J. Agric. Res. 62, 691-715.<br>Sabo, D. G., Johnson, G. V., Martin, W. C. and Aldon, E. F. (1979). Germination requirements of 19 species of arid land plants. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-210.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus contractus</i> Hitch. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2656 | Sporobolus (cryptandrus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | cryptandrus | (Torr.) Gray | SPOCRY | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Sand drop seed | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 28 days. Germination occurs at 35D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark.<br> Pretreatment with potassium nitrate resulted in 47% germination.<br> Mechanical injury of caryopsis resulted in 71% germination. | Toole, V. K. (1941). Factors affecting the germination of various dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.). J. Agric. Res. 62, 691-715.<br>Table 10.24 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus cryptandrus</i> (Torr.) Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2657 | Sporobolus (cryptandrus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | cryptandrus | (Torr.) A. Gray | Madrean Archipelago | S. cryptandrus grows all over the continental US, extending into Mexico and southern Canada (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+). In is typically found at low elevations in sandy soils but can grow up to 8,000ft in elevation (Tilley et al 2009). It is one of the most drought-tolerant species in the shortgrass prairie due to the ability of its fine roots to efficiently collect water from the upper 30cm of soil (Tilley et al 2009). S. cryptandrus is used in restoration plantings across the southwestern US as its fine, fibrous root system effectively stabilises loose soil and dunes (Tilley et al 2009). In some situations S. cryptandrus can become weedy (Tilley et al 2009). In the southwestern US, S. cryptandrus can flower and seed several times within the growing season (Tilley et al 2009).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | sand dropseed | Removing entire panicles is the most efficient way to collect S. cryptandrus seed. This can be accomplished by snapping off the panicles by hand or snipping them off with a pair of garden clippers. | Germination rates of untreated seed are extremely low - under 3% (Sartor and Marone 2010). To maximize germination rates, seed should be warm-stratified or scarified. Warm stratification can be accomplished by subjecting seeds to 45°C/15°C conditions for 8 and 16 hours respectively for 15 days, with following germination rates ranging from 15-37% (Sartor and Marone 2010). If warm stratification is attempted, do not stratify seeds for more than 15 days as this results in significant decreases in viability (Sartor and Marone 2010). Alternatively, mechanical scarification can be accomplished by rubbing seeds between two pieces of sandpaper approximately 15 times (Ferrari et al. 2015). Germination rates of scarified seeds are strongly correlated with the temperature at which planted seeds are kept (Ferrari et al. 2015). Maximum rates (about 45-95%) are achieved when scarified seed is planted and kept at 35°C (Ferarri et al. 2015).
| Ferrari, Florencia Noemi, and Carlos Alberto Parera. "Germination of six native perennial grasses that can be used as potential soil cover crops in drip-irrigated vineyards in semiarid environs of Argentina." Journal of Arid Environments 113 (2015): 1-5.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ vols. New York and Oxford, 1993+. Sartor, C. E., and L. Marone. "A plurality of causal mechanisms explains the persistence or transience of soil seed banks." Journal of arid environments 74.2 (2010): 303-306. Tilley, D., L. St. John, and D. Ogle. “Plant guide for Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray.” USDA Plant Guide. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Idaho Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, ID, 2009. Web. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_spcr.pdf [2017, January 25]. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus cryptandrus</i> (Torr.) A. Gray Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2658 | Sporobolus (flexuosus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | flexuosus | (Thurb. ex Vasey) Rydb. | SPOFLE | S. flexuosus is southwestern species; found growing in sandstone and sandy soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mesa dropseed | Mechanical injury of the caryopis or covering layers resulted in 74% germination. | Toole, V. K. (1941). Factors affecting the germination of various dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.). J. Agric. Res. 62, 691-715.Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus flexuosus</i> (Thurb. ex Vasey) Rydb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2659 | Sporobolus (giganteus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | giganteus | Nash | SPOGIG | S. giganteus is found from western Kansas and southern Colorado to Texas, New Mexicio, and Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Giant drop seed | Mechanical injury of the caryopis or covering layers resulted in 59% germination. | Toole, V. K. (1941). Factors affecting the germination of various dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.). J. Agric. Res. 62, 691-715.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus giganteus</i> Nash plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2660 | Sporobolus (heterolepis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Sporobolus | heterolepis | (Gray) Gray | SPOHET | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. heterolepis</i> is found from Quebec to Sakkatchewan south through the Great Plains to Texas; also the upper Midwest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 11 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Northern Dropseed | Seed is harvested by combine or by hand, depending on the seed lot size, about Sept. 22. It is ready when it no longer has a soft, creamy center. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Do not add slow release fertilizer to the grasses, as it tends to burn the young, tender roots. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night. 75% germination is reached in about one week. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Grasses are not thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 7 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February.<br>To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus heterolepis</i> (Gray) Gray plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2661 | Stachys (ajugoides) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Stachys | ajugoides | Benth. | Variety | ajugoides | STAAJU | Presidio, California | <i>S. ajugoides</i> var. <i>ajugoides</i> is found in moist places. mostly below 2,500 feet elevation; from Sonoma and Glenn counties south to Los Angeles and Orange counties, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Ajuga Hedge Nettle | Seeds are collected between June 9th and September 21st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is black at maturity. | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on September 1st.<br> % Germination: 40% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 4 inch pots containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 1 month | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Stachys ajugoides</i> Benth. plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2662 | Stachys (bullata) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Stachys | bullata | Benth. | STABUL | Muir Woods, California | <i>S. bullata</i> is found in dry slopes and canyons below 4,000 feet elevation; from San Francisco County to Orange County and Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Califronia Hedge Nettle | Seeds are collected between August 1st and August 31st.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Stachys bullata</i> Benth. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2663 | Stanleya (viridiflora) | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Stanleya | viridiflora | Nutt. | STVI | BLM, Lakeview District, Lakeview Resource Area, Tucker Hill, Lakeview, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Green princesplume | Small lot, 6.3 pounds, hand collected into leaf bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Stanleya viridiflora</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2664 | Stephanomeria (virgata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Stephanomeria | virgata | Benth. | STEVIR | S. virgata is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rod wire lettuce | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 11% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Stephanomeria virgata</i> Benth. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2665 | Stipa | Gramineae | Stipa | Grand Teton National Park, Wyoning | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Needlegrass | Collected in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming by Park Service employees. | <b>Seed treatments:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field grown.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Fall planting. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> July.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Cool and dry. | 2-5 years. | Noller, Gary L.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Stipa</i> plants Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center Meeker, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2666 | Stipa (comata) | Poaceae | Grass | Stipa | comata | STCO4 | See | Prairies, plains, and dry hills and generally in rocky soils; British Columbia to Ontario, eastern Cascades in Washington and Oregon to California, Texas, Nebraska, and Indiana. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 43 kg/ha (38 lbs/ac). | Needle-and-thread | Wildland collection occurs late July to mid August when caryopsis is tan-brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the panicle; difficult to hand-harvest.<p>
One collection hour/person will yield an average 49 grams (1.7 oz) clean seed (ranges 13 to 152 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disc planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrylr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 9 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> The grass stand may be prone to lodging, due to a fairly tall, willowy habit. The laid over material is difficult to pick up with the swather head/cutter bar and becomes subject to seed loss.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> A feasible alternative to traditional methods is to bale the swathed windrows into small, square hay-type bales and store in a dry environment until transport to the planting site.<p> Depending on stand productivity, a 65 lb. bale may contain the equivalent of 3-4 lbs. of seed. The straw-like material is spred directly on the prepared soil surface to an approximate depth of 1 inch. Because the corkscrew-like awn is still attached, the seed has the ability to imbed itself in the soil.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7-10 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Stipa comata</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2667 | Stipa (comata) | Poaceae | Stipa | comata | STCO4 | Colorado, McGraw Ranch (98-155s, 98-187s), Moraine Park (98-156s, 98-221s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Needle and Thread Grass | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Awn removed. Appears that outer seed covering needs to be removed for full germination.<p> McGraw Ranch (98-155s) collected on 7/28/98; McGraw Ranch (98-187s) collected on 8/7/98; Moraine Park (98-156s, 98-221s) collected on 7/23/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 7-10 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid, but uneven germination rate.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> McGraw Ranch (98-155s) sowed 12/17/98; McGraw Ranch (98-187s) sowed 1/4/99; Moraine Park (98-156s) sowed 12/17/98; Moraine Park (98-221s) sowed 1/22/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Stipa comata</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2668 | Stipa (nelsonii) | Poaceae | Grass | Stipa | nelsonii | Dry plains, meadows, and open woods; less than 7,000 feet. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Columbian Needlegrass | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None required. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Quantitative values for date of maturity could not be found.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Longevity of seed unknown. No known special stor-age requirements.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Stipa nelsonii</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2669 | Stipa (nelsonii) | Poaceae | Grass | Stipa | nelsonii | STNE3 | See | Dry plains, meadows,and open woods at medium and high elevations; Alberta to washington, south to Colorado and Arizona. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 8 ka/ha (7 lbs/ac). | Columbia needlegrass | Wildland collection occurs late July to mid-September when caryopsis are dark brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the contracted panicle; difficult to hand-harvest.<p> One collection hour/person will yield and average 84 grams (3 oz) clean seed (ranges 57 to 134 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrylr or bromozynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs late June to early July, with a mean harvest date of July 1 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7-10 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Stipa nelsonii</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2670 | Stipa (occidentalis) | Poaceae | Grass family | Stipa | occidentalis | Thurb. | STIOCC | S. occidentalis is found from the Yukon and British Columbia south to California, east to Saskatchewan and the Dakotas, south to Texas, New Mexico and northern Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western needlegrass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 12 days. Germination occurs at 20 C. | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Stipa occidentalis</i> Thurb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2671 | Stipa (occidentalis) | Poaceae | Grass | Stipa | occidentalis | STOC2 | See | Plains, rocky hills, and open woods; Wyoming to Washington, Arizona, and California. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 10 kg/ha (9 lbs/ac). | Western needlegrass | Wildland collection occurs late July to early September when caryopsis are medium brown, at the hard dough stage, and not yet shattering (natural dispersal) from the open panicle; difficult to hand-harvest.<p> One collection hour/person will yield an average 43 grams (1.5 oz) clean seed (ranges 15 to 66 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct seeding. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Spring or dormant fall.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 25-30 pure live seed/ft. (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91 cm (36 in) row spacing, seeded with 2-row double-disk planter with depth bands, optimum seeding depth 0.6 cm (0.25 in).<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 14 day germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrylr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds.<p> Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition. | 2 growing seasons. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <u>Spring to fall;</u> broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during boot stage, milk stage of seed development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September. | 2 to 3 growing seasons. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Cultivated harvest occurs early to late July, with a mean harvest date of July 14 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center.<p> A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper" - a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped under belt draper - is attached for direct catchment.<p> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in a cool, dry environment.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Classified as physiological dormancy. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 7-10 years. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970.<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook, Montana State University, Extension Service Bulletin EB 69, June 1990.<p> Yellowstone Vegetation - Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting, Don G. Despain, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1990.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C. C. Baskin and J. M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001. | Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Stipa occidentalis</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2672 | Stipa (viridula) | Poaceae | Stipa | viridula | STVI4 | Colorado, McLaren (98-064s), Twin Owls (98-098s), Endovalley (98-140s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Green needle grass | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> None necessary.<p> McLaren (98-064s) collected on 8/11/98; Twin Owls (98-098s) collected on 8/31/98; Endovalley (98-140s) collected on 10/3/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown in 4x8 flat, lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 8-12 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Uneven.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 3 weeks.<p> McLaren (98-064s) sowed 11/10/09; Twin Owls (98-098s) sowed 11/23/98; Endovalley (98-140s) sowed 12/8/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Stipa viridula</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2673 | Stylisma (pickeringii var. pickeringii) | Convolvulaceae | Morning Glory Family | Stylisma | pickeringii var. pickeringii | Stylisma | pickeringii var. pickeringii | STPIP | Burlington County, New Jersey | <placeholder> | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 7.25" plug | 8 months | Root System: Firm root plug in container and 3-6" lateral shoot growth. | Pickering’s Morning Glory/Pickering's Dawnflower | Seeds collected by hand when capsules are mature (September), placed in paper bags. | Seed needs to be scarified before sowing so seed can imbibe water. Non-scarified Seed is hard, aprox 2mm long with brown to orange color coating. Freshly scarified seed will be ivory in color and be slightly translucent when imbibing water and be aprox 3-4mm long when fully imbibed.
Seed can be tumbled in a rock tumbler (Lortone 3A tumbler was used), with a 1:1 mix of unwashed quartz pea gravel and tap water. Seed can be tumbled for 12 to up to 24hrs (longer tumbling will pulverize seeds. Lot size of seed depends on capacity of tumbler, we used no more than 125 seed per tumbling drum, with some seed lost during the tumbling due to pulverization (typically 2-5%). Seed can be separated from gravel and sand manually or by sifting and floating it in beakers. Seed should be allowed to soak for 24hrs in water and seed will swell 2-3 larger. Alternatively, seed can be scarified using 98% sulfuric acid in 1 or 2 hr soaks in sulfuric acid followed by rinsing with tap water. Seed can be soaked or planted after rinsing. | Containers used are Ray Leach Cone-tainers SC10RA type tubes (7.25" long tube, 1.5" wide at top with taper to bottom), container was chosen to allow for long taproot development and ability to move plugs to avoid tangling as lateral shoots develop.
Prepared soil mix from sifted native soil from area (in this case NJ pine barrens sites near existing populations). To retain pure sand in planting tubes, wadded paper is stuffed into bottom of planting tubes and packed tight. Sphagnum moss or other porous materials that can still retain sand can be used. Native sand material was chosen as growing media due to concern that potting mixes and medias would attract attraction from digging animals. Greenhouse is a heated and ventilated glass greenhouse with LED grow lamps, with shade applied to glass exterior in March to avoid spikes in temperature (temp is held 50 at night and 70 during day). Exterior of greenhouse/nursery area are propagation tables and weed barrier cloth setups with overhead irrigation. Irrigation is done with dramm misting wands while in greenhouse while outdoors irrigation is rainfall and netafim overhead sprinklers for supplemental irrigation. | Establishment begins in February inside a heated greenhouse with supplemental LED lighting on a 12hr cycle from 6am to 6pm.
Scarified seed is planted 1/2" below sand surface and irrigated with a misting wand every other day until cotyledon emerges. Tubes are careful weeded of plants germinating in soil (due to the soil being the native soil of the site and not having undergone any treatment or fumigation). | 2-3 months | Stems will emerge from the sand next to the cotyledon's, whereupon the cotyledon will usually die back. Stems may also at times die back and then regrow, even if watered regularly. Growth is allowed to continue in greenhouse till about June and plants are then moved outside to harden under full sun. Water as needed to keep bottom of plug somewhat damp but top dry. | 2-3 months | When stems reach 2-3" long, space out plugs in their holding tray or flat so that stems do not tangle with each other. | 2-3 months | Plants should be planted during 1st year of growth, overwintered tubes fare poorly (suspected water-logging of sand due to plug on bottom of tube becoming too plugged with fine sediment and mineral to allow water to drain freely). | Site was selected for optimal drainage and sunlight, typical a clearing in stands of pines free from established woody vegetation and heavy lichen/moss crusts. Site an be prepared by gently raking away debris and moss/lichen and digging 7" hole in ground. To free plant with roots from its plug, we cut each plug open with a disposable hook bladed box cutter blade while plug lays side ways and plant and roots are gently slid into hole. Plants are watered in using watering cans with water taken from nearby water sources. For the planting each plant was marked with a pin flag situated at a uniform distance and bearing from each plant to make future observations easier. Planting sites are protected with 3ft fence of hardware cloth buried 6" down to prevent browse and disturbance by rabbits and other herbivores.
From a planting done in 2018, 32 of 44 plants planted at a site survived the next year. | <placeholder> | Barreca, Charles T. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Stylisma pickeringii var. pickeringii</i> Plants 7.25" plug; Duke Farms Foundation Hillsborough, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2674 | Stylophorum (diphyllum) | Papaveraceae | Poppy family | Stylophorum | diphyllum | (Michx.) Nutt. | STYDIP | S. diphyllum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Celandine poppy | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 15/6 C. Germination is greater in light than dark. | Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. (1984b). Germination ecophysiology of an eastern deciduous forest herb Stylophorum diphyllum. Amer. Midl. Nat. 111, 390-399.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Stylophorum diphyllum</i> (Michx.) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2675 | Suaeda (californica) | Chenopodiaceae | Goose Foot Family | Suaeda | californica | S. Wats. | SUACAL | Presidio, California | <i>S. californica</i> is found in coastal salt marsh from San Francisco Bay to Lower California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon (3L) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Seablite | Seeds are collected on October 27th.<br> Mature fruits are brownish green. There is 1 seed per fruit.<br> Seed is black and 1.5 to 2 mm broad at maturity. | Seeds are placed in a 24 hour fresh water soak. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination: 28% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 1 gallon containers (3L) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Suaeda californica</i> S. Wats. plants 1 gallon (3L); San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2676 | Swertia (perennis) | Gentianaceae | Gentian family | Swertia | perennis | L. | Subalpine meadow with dwarf willows and ericaceous shrubs. Near Hatcher Pass, Talkeetna Mtns., Alaska | Southcentral through SE Alaska, southward through BC and AB to the western states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Firm root plug, multiple true leaves. | Alpine Felwort | Seed pods are hand collected in early to mid September. | No pretreatment is needed if seed is Fall-sown. Otherwise, 90-120 days of cold, moist stratification at 34-38ø F. is needed before sowing. | Seed is sown in the Fall in facultativesoil mix in Spencer-Lemaire rootrainers and stored in a sheltered area where it is exposed to outside winter temperatures. Trays are moved to the greenhouse in Spring. | Germination was fairly rapid and even over a 3-week period after the trays were moved to the greenhouse. Germination exceeded 60%. | 3 weeks | Plants remained in the greenhouse until true leaves were well established. | 4 weeks | Plants are removed from the greenhouse to a sheltered outside area for hardening. | 1 month | Hult‚n, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press. Cody, William J. 2000. Flora of the Yukon Territory, 2nd Ed. NRC Research Press. Ottawa. Pojar, Jim and MacKinnon, Andy. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Vancouver, BC; Edmonton, AB; Renton, WA | Moore, Nancy; Ross, Donald. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Swertia perennis</i> L. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2677 | Swietenia (macrophylla) | Meliaceae | Genuine Mahogany | Swietenia | macrophylla | King | tropical evergreen and tropical deciduous forests | Big-leaf mahogany is a fast-growing, mid- successional species generally distributed between 18 N and 18 S latitudes (mid-Mexico to Bolivia) from 0-1500 m elevation in the neotropics. It tolerates a variety of soil types, growing best on fertile, deep soils with a pH between 6.6-7.5. It does not grow well on rocky or waterlogged sites and does not tolerate frost or fires. Optimum natural development occurs in tropical dry forest conditions with an annual precipitation of 1000-2000 mm and mean annual temperature of 24 C. In the natural forest, tree density is very low, often less than 5 individuals of any diameter class per ha. Natural regeneration is dependent on canopy gaps (often caused by natural disturbances such as hurricanes) that allow sufficient light. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mexal <i>et al </i> (2000) recommend minimum diameter of 5 mm, while previous authors (during the 1960s, possibly working with bare root plants) recommend 1-2 cm diam. In general, the stem base should be woody. Various studies on the optimum height report sizes from 30-150 cm, however, complete nursery practices were not recorded and hence are site specific. | Big-Leaf Mahogany; caoba | <i>S. macrophylla </i> is monoceious with unisexual flowers which are pollinated mostly by bees and moths. Flowering period varies greatly by region. In Mexico, flowering begins in March. After fertilization, fruit requires 9-11 months to mature. Annual fluctuations in flower and fruit production are common. Trees begin producing by age 12, earlier in open areas. Maximum fecundity has been registered in trees 90-130 cm. diameter. Each woody capsule contains 40-60 winged seeds that are wind dispersed. Large differences in capsules and seed size exist; one kg may contain between 1300-2100 seeds. Seeds should be collected while pods are still closed, but brown in color, not green, using extendable pruners, otherwise they are difficult to find and rot quickly on the ground. An unfortunate, but common practice is to scale the trees and cut whole branches with a machete eliminating flowering 5 years or longer. | Seeds do not require pre-treatment due to their high germination rates, although some authors recommend soaking seeds 24 hours at ambient temperature to improve germination. Seeds should be dewinged to fit into containers, and some authors recommend sowing the seed horizontally to avoid shoot deformations, although seeds are also commonly sown wing up or down. Sowing depth is shallow; about 1-2 cm. Germination begins 1-2 weeks after sowing. An unfortunate, but common practice is to germinate seeds in beds then `prick out' or transfer seedlings to containers that result in j-rooting of the tap root. Direct sowing in containers is recommend to avoid this problem. | In non-industrial nurseries in the tropics, the most common production system is in poly bags (perforated black or clear plastic bags) filled with forest soil. For most forest species, 0.5-0.7 l or 1.5 l bags (6-12 cm diameter, 20 cm length) are used. Plant densities depend upon bag size; bags are usually stacked consecutively. However, spacing with empty rows or wooden boards is recommended. Drainage in these containers is poor and soils tend to be low in organic matter and nutrients. Extensive testing of different container types and substrates and incremental fertilizer regimes on seedling size and field growth is not known. Rooted cuttings have been successfully produced. <p> Substrates studies were conducted by Wightman and Cruz (in review) using different local soil and organic material mixtures, granular fertilizer and copper treated (Spinout) polybags (Negreros Castillo and Wightman, in prep). Seedling growth was significantly better in all soil mixtures than in mixtures with composted vegetation with manure, sugar cane fibers or composted sawdust with manure. Plants grown in these mixtures were chloratic and stunted, while plants of a similar species and within the same Meliaceae family, <i>Cedrela odorata </i>, were grew significantly better with composted materials. Plants grown with in soil with 6 g of 17-17-17 NPK fertilizer per bag did not grow well, possibly because of excessive dose. Copper treated bags did not increase seedling size or root length. Mexal <i> et al </i>(2000) report results using granular fertilizer, triple super phosphate and urea at 0.7-0.9 g/plant/ bag as well as comparing those grown in rigid plastic containers using inert organic substrates and conventional hardwood fertilization. Despite similar plant sizes at the time of planting, fertilized plants grew bigger after 28 and 57 months in the field. Containerized plants did not grow as well as plants produced in bags, however, this is probably due to their very small size at the time of planting. | Seedlings should be shaded during germination, but shade can be removed gradually once first two leaf pairs appear. Germination rates without shade are poor, unless soil moisture is kept high. Stem rot and damping-off were reported in nurseries in Asia; authors recommended the common practices of avoiding overwatering, overshading and application of fungicides. | one month | Seedling should be grown infull sun. Disease problems have not been noted by this author in Mexico, however, micronutrient deficiencies are common when grown in soil substrates. Foliar micronutrient solutions are regularly applied (1 l per 200 l of water), but rates have not been tested. Seedlings are vulnerable to leaf cutter ants; nests should be destroyed (difficult). Occasionally Hypsipyla grandella is present in nurseries and can be easily controlled with systemic insecticides. | 2-3 months | Generally, seedling should receive less water one month before going to the field. | 2-4 weeks | Only the vigorous, healthy plants should be taken to the field; 10% of the crop should be culled. Trees should not be stored from one nursery season to the next. Trees should be well-watered before transport. Trees should be planted at the beginning of the rainy season to maximize growth. However, in many areas, farmers traditionally plant crops during this time, and trees are planted near the end of the rains. | no more than one season | Lamprecht H. 1989. Silviculture in the Tropics. GTZ, Germany. 296 pp. <p> Lugo A. 1999. Point-Counterpoints on the Conservation of Big-leaf Mahogany. USDA Forest Service, Report WO-64. 21p. <p> Mayhew JE and AC Newton, 1998. The silviculture of Mahogany. CABI Publishing. 226 pp. <p> Mexal JG, Rangel Cuevas R, Negreros-Castillo P, and C. Paraguirre Lezama. Successful reforestation of tropical hardwoods in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Proceedings of PRONARE Conference Nov. 2000, Mexico. <p> Monsalvo, VS, Estrada V. 1998. Microorganismso para controlar el barrenador de brotes del cedro rojo y caoba. INIFAP Veracruz, Mexico. Follecto Tecnico # 25. <p> Patino-Valera F. 1997. Recursos geneticos de Swietenia y Cedrela en los Neotropicos: propuestas para acciones coordinadas. FAO, Rome. 58 pp. <p> Salazar, R. 2000. Manejo de semillas de 100 especies forestales de America Latina. Vol. 1. CATIE, Costa Rica. <p> Wightman KE and B Santiago Cruz. (in review) Ensayos de substratos con cedro y caoba. | Wightman, Kevyn Elizabeth. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i> King plants Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Managua, Nicaragua, Rhode Island. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2678 | Swietenia (macrophylla) | Meliaceae | Mahogany | Swietenia | macrophylla | King | Subtropical and tropical dry and moist forests, 0 to 1400 m elevation | Native to Mexico, Central America, and parts of northern South America. Naturalized in West Indies and Puerto Rico. Because of its commercial value, the species has been introduced and is cultivated throughout the tropical world. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 15-20 cm in height, stem diameter 8 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | mahogany, Honduras mahogany, big leaf mahogany, large leaf mahogany; mahokani (Samoa, Tonga) | The genetic quality of Honduras mahogany varies widely. Tree breeding and improvement projects have been underway for decades in some parts of the tropics, and select seed matched to the outplanting site conditions should be obtained if possible for best growth and yield. Time for seed collection varies by climate, generally mahogany bears seeds when the weather is dry. Fruits are collected before dehiscence. Each fruit contains around 20-65 developed seeds. Once seeds are released (usually after a few days of drying in enclosed conditions such as ventilated bags), seed wings are removed for easy handling. | No pretreatment is necessary, although soaking seeds for 12-24 hours in cool water will cause them to take on water, and hasten germination. For fresh seed collections free from insect infestations, germination is usually high, over 75-80%. Seeds can then be pregerminated on paper towels or direct sown into containers. Germination usually begins in 14-20 days from sowing, and germination can continue for up to 40 days from sowing date. From personal experience, it seems that often the seeds that germinate earliest or at the peak of germination time produce more vigorous plants than the later-germinating seeds. | Seedlings are grown in full sun in an uncovered growing area. Containers used are Ray Leach SC-10 Cells or Economy Super Cells (available from Stuewe & Sons, Inc.) 21 cm deep and 3.8 cm diameter. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients, Osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Pregerminated seeds are placed in containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered with about 5mm of potting media and a thin layer of mulch (such as #2 poultry grit). Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Full sun is best. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. | 3 - 6 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in full sun. After about ten weeks, seedlings are double-spaced to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. This will make the growing environment less hospitable to fungal pathogens, a problem with mahogany in wet areas. Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 3 -4 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. During the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be reduced or eliminated in fertilizer applications. | 2 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping seedlings in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Bauer, G.P. and J.K. Francis. 1996. Swietenia macrophylla. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR. <p> Soerianegara, I., and R.H.M.J. Lemmens, Eds. 1994. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 5(1): Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. <p> Rocas, A.N. 2002. Swietenia macrophylla. In: Vozzo, J.A., ed. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i> King plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2679 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | SYMALB | S. albus is found throughout Canada and the United States in moist to dry thickets and woods. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common Snowberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 180 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Evans, K. E. (1974). Symphoricarpos Duham. Snowberry. Pp. 787-789. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Cord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2680 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | Variety | albus | Symphoricarpos | racemosus | Michx. | SYMALB | S. albus var. albus is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common snowberry | Seeds are warm and cold stratified for 180 days and germinate at 5 C. | Flemion, F. (1934). Physiological and chemical changes preceding and during the after-ripening of Symphoricarpos racemosus seeds. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 6, 91-102.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2681 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | SYMALB | Numerous Glacier National Park seed sourcesas well as western Montana and Wyoming ecotypes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common snowberry | Most tested seed sources are prolific and consistent seed producers under cultivation. Rooted stem cuttings from mature phase tissue will begin producing small amounts of seed the second year after rooting. In year 2000, 53, 4-year-old snowberry plants propagated from rooted cuttings produced 385 lb of fruit that cleaned to 14.11 lb of seed (89% tetrazolium viability). Despite reports to the contrary, deer will strip nearly all fruit from each snowberry plant in the late fall/early winter even in mild, open years. We fence our snowberry orchard to prevent seed losses and plant damage. Fruit maturation varies from year to year and occurs in Bridger, Montana from mid-October to mid-November. The pulp of fully ripe fruit is nearly pure white or clear -- not green. Snowberry fruit is persistent, and can be left on the plant until most fruit are white. Avoid waiting so long that the fruit turns dark brown and soft, as collection and storage are difficult in this condition. Harvest berry laden plants by stripping each branch by hand (wear gloves). Harvested leaves are removed by spreading the fruit and leaves in the back of a pickup and driving down the road. An air compressor or strong wind can be used to remove leaves from small lots. Firm, white berries store well for several weeks in woven, nylon sacks. Avoid overfilling an individual sack, the weight may cause leakage and molding. Store berries in a 34 to 37øF cooler at 80+% relative humidity. Storage under these conditions will sometimes soften the fruit skin and improve processing. | Snowberry requires a warm, moist stratification of 45 to 90 days followed by 5 to 6 months of cold moist chilling. For field production, sow mid-summer to meet warm moist stratification requirement. Fall sowing usually results in germination the second spring. For container production, warm, moist stratify the seeds at 70øF for 45 to 90 days followed by 6 months of cold moist chilling at 34 to 37øF. | Use a well drained commercial peat-lite mix. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in a hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. Containers as small as 10 cubic inch overwinter well this way. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake plants USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2682 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | SYMALB | Numerous GlacierNational Park seed sources as well as western Montana and Wyoming ecotypes. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 2+0 or 3+0 bareroot | 2 Years | Years | Common snowberry | Most tested seed sources are prolific and consistent seed producers under cultivation. Rooted stem cuttings from mature phase tissue will begin producing small amounts of seed the second year after rooting. In year 2000, 53, 4-year-old snowberry plants propagated from rooted cuttings produced 385 lb of fruit that cleaned to 14.11 lb of seed (89% tetrazolium viability). Despite reports to the contrary, deer will strip nearly all fruit from each snowberry plant in the late fall/early winter even in mild, open years. We fence our snowberry orchard to prevent seed losses and plant damage. Fruit maturation varies from year to year and occurs in Bridger, Montana from mid-October to mid-November. The pulp of fully ripe fruit is nearly pure white or clear -- not green. Snowberry fruit is persistent, and can be left on the plant until most fruit are white. Avoid waiting so long that the fruit turns dark brown and soft, as collection and storage are difficult in this condition. Harvest berry laden plants by stripping each branch by hand (wear gloves). Harvested leaves are removed by spreading the fruit and leaves in the back of a pickup and driving down the road. An air compressor or strong wind can be used to remove leaves from small lots. Firm, white berries store well for several weeks in woven, nylon sacks. Avoid overfilling an individual sack, the weight may cause leakage and molding. Store berries in a 34 to 37øF cooler at 80+% relative humidity. Storage under these conditions will sometimes soften the fruit skin and improve processing. | Snowberry requires a warm, moist stratification of 45 to 90 days followed by 5 to 6 months of cold moist chilling. For field production, sow mid-summer to meet warm moist stratification requirement. Fall sowing usually results in germination the second spring. | Rototill the seedbed to break up clods and level the site. Soil moisture needs to be such that rototilling leaves behind a fine, fluffy seedbed. Lightly firm the seedbed with a roller or packer prior to sowing if the soil surface is too soft. Sow 25 to 50 seeds per linear foot to a depth of 0.25 to 0.5 inches. We maintain a 4-ft wide bed (5-ft between beds), and plant 3 to 4 rows of seeds per bed depending on production interval. We cover our seeds with excelsior mat to maintain soil moisture and minimize animal predation. We fall sow fresh snowberry in October or November. Some germination may occur the following spring, but usually occurs the second spring after sowing. This response supports reports that a warm moist stratification of 45 to 90 days followed by a 4- to 5-month cold moist chilling is needed to break dormancy. | We harvest 2-0 or 3-0 bareroot plants as soon as the ground thaws in early spring. A "U" blade mounted to a 3-point system on the back of a tractor is used. Beds are undercut in two directions (lengthwise) prior to using the blade to lift the plants. Bundles of 10 to 25 plantsare tied together, trimmed to a uniform size, then the roots packed in moist sphagnum or peat moss wrapped in plastic. The plants are stored in a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity until needed and then shipped in heavy wax coated boxes as priority ground mail early in the week. | Fully dormant bareroot plants store well for several weeks at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake plants 2+0 or 3+0 bareroot; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2683 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | SYAL | USFS, Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Fernan Ranger District, Fernan Lake, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; 2140 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Common snowberry | Small lot, 6.8 pounds, hand collected into ziplock bags. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2684 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | Variety | laevigatus | (Fern) Blake | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | Sub-species | laevigatus | (Fern) Blake | SYMALB | Marin County, California | <i>S. albus</i> var. <i>laevigatus</i> is found below 4,000 feet elevation, from Monterey County and the northern Sierras, California north to Alaska and east to Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Common Snowberry | Seeds are collected between September 15th and February 1st.<br> Mature fruitsare white. There are 2 seeds per fruit.<br> Seed is white to light tan at maturity. | Soak seeds overnight in fresh water. Place in a equal amount of moist vermiculite in a plastic freezer bag. Stratify for 60 days in the dark at room temperature follwed by a 180 day cold moist stratification in the refrigerator. Start checking for germination after 120 days. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 8 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 75% | Seeds germinate 240 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2685 | Symphoricarpos (orbiculatus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honesuckle family | Symphoricarpos | orbiculatus | Moench | Symphoricarpos | symphoricarpos | (L.) MacM. | SYMORB | S. orbiculatus is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Coralberry | Seeds are warm and cold stratified for 150 days and germinate at 10 C. | Flemion, F. and Parker, E. (1942). Germination studies of seeds of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 12, 301-307.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i> Moench plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2686 | Symphoricarpos (orbiculatus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Symphoricarpos | orbiculatus | Moench. | SYMORB | South Central Missouri | Buckbrush is found thoroughout the eastern and central United States. It is also found in Utah. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2+0 | 14 Months | Months | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Buckbrush | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Fruits are white with a white to clear pulp at maturity. Each berry-like drupe has two or three seeds. The stone is treated like a seed; consisting of a white bony endocarp, each stone is 4 to 5 mm (0.15 to 0.19) wide containing a tan embryo. | Buckbrush requires a warm and cold, moist stratification to overcome seed dormancy. We plant seeds in early July using a Love seeder set at 2nd gear at 8 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. Seeds germinate the following spring. | 1 year after emergence in the spring | Year 2: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 2+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Walker SC.The genus Symphoricarpos. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Symphoricarpos.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i> Moench. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2687 | Symphoricarpos (oreophilus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Symphoricarpos | oreophilus | Gray | SYOR | Mountain snowberry is widespread in montane regions of western North America at elevations of 1,220 to 3,200 m (McMurray 1986). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper:2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | mountain snowberry | White berry-like drupes containing two nutlets each ripen in late summer or early fall (Evans 1974, Vines 1960). | Seeds are scarified in sulfuric acid for 30 minutes, stratified for 21 days at room temperature, and then stratified at 2 to 5 C for a minimum of 90 days (until at least 15% germination has occurred during stratification) (Rosner et al. 2002). Acid scarification involves submersing seeds in a sufficient volume of concentrated sulfuric acid to more than cover the seeds, and then stirring the seeds vigorously for 30 seconds. Following 30 minutes of soaking, seeds and waste acid are poured through a strainer (waste acid is disposed of as hazardous waste) and seeds are rinsed under running tap water for several minutes and then soaked briefly in several changes of fresh water. Following acid scarification, seeds immediately undergo warm stratification. Seeds are spread across the surface of a piece of clean, damp cloth, which is rolled up and placed in a self-sealing plastic bag, surrounded by moistened peat moss. The bag is sealed, except for a small opening to allow some airflow and stored at room temperature (20 to 23 C) for 21 days. Following warm stratification seeds are thoroughly rinsed to remove microbial contamination and cold stratified without media at 2 to 5 C in a slightly opened self-sealing polybag. Every 2 weeks, beginning 4 weeks after the start of stratification, seeds are rinsed thoroughly to lessen microbial contamination, and germinants are removed from stratification and transplanted. This increases the odds of survival for seeds germinating during stratification. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During establishment and the initial portion of the active growth period seedlings are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period seedlings are kept in the shadehouse. Seed is sown in early May and seedlings are moved into the shadehouse in late June when seedlings are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | The top of the media is dibbled between 2 and 4 mm and seed is placed in the dibble hole. A 2 to 5 mm layer of fine chicken grit is placed on top of the media/seed to serve as a gravel mulch. The containers are irrigated 4 to 8 times daily to keep the surface of the media moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. Thinning of germinants to one seedling per cell begins after 14 days. The container system allows for the consolidation of germinantsto separate containers, which are removed from daily misting. Consolidation begins after 14 days. | 28 days | The first portion (through week 4 to 5) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 8 to 10 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks then one every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, seedlings are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 12 to 15 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Seedlings are kept in the shadehouse through the winter and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above | 5 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed 11 November 2002. Rosner, L.S., Harrington, J.T., Dreesen, D.R. and L Murray. 2002. Effect of gibberellic acid and standard seed treatments on mountain snowberry germination. Native Plants Journal 3(2)155-162. Vines, R.A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 1104 pp. Evans, K.E. 1974. Symphoricarpos Duham. Snowberry. In Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Coordinated by C.S. Schopmeyer. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook No.450. pp.787-790. McMurray, N.E. 1986. Symphoricarpos oreophilus. In: Fischer WC, compiler. The Fire Effects Information System (Online Data base). Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Science Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis.html. Accessed 15 July 2001. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i> Gray plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2688 | Symphoricarpos (oreophilus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Symphoricarpos | oreophilus | Gray | SYMORE | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Mountain Snowberrry | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> 2 to 4 months.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Wet tumbling seems beneficial.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guess based on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§F day, 55§F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from theplug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The time required to produce a seeding ready for transplanting into a one gallon tree pot is very dependent on species and the time of year in the green house. Fast growing species can be ready in 3 to 4 months from germination. Slow growing species can take over a year.<br> | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i> Gray plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2689 | Symphyotrichum (chilense) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Symphyotrichum | chilense | (Nees.) Nesom | Variety | chilense | Aster | chilensis | Nees. | SYMCHI | Marin County, California | <i>S. chilense</i> var. <i>chilense</i> is found from sea level to 4500 feet elevation in many plant communities; from southwestern Oregon to Santa Barbara County, California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific Aster | Seeds are collected between August 1st and November 30th. Mature inflorescences are brown. Seed is brown at maturity. | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system. Flats are misted periodically until seeds germinate.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 70% | Seeds germinate 20 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 14 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 1 month | After transplanting, seedlings are placed in the shade house for contiued growth. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphyotrichum chilense</i> (Nees.) Nesom plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2690 | Symphyotrichum (cordifolium) | Asteraceae | Symphyotrichum | cordifolium | (L.) Nesom | Aster | cordifolius | L. | SYCO4 | Natchez Trace Parkway, Mississippi. | Found from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Heartleaf aster, Common blue wood aster | Natchez Trace Parkway, from around Jackson, Mississippi to the terminus in Natchez, Mississippi by B .B. Billingsley, Jr. in 1990. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None required, however, seeds of several aster species germinate more rapidly if stratified (Phillips, 1985; Andersen, 1968). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse and field grown.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for planting in the field only. Containers used were cell packs with a 3.8 cmX 6 cm (1.5" X 2.4") cell size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Jiffy Mix Plus. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> September to October.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Most seeds germinate in the spring.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Mixed seed with sand and surface applied to plowed areas that had been cultipacked or to areas that had been closely mowed. Rates of 2.24 to 3.36 kilogram PLS per hectare (2 to 3 pounds per acre) would be required to plant a production field.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Establishment was fairly poor from direct seeding, so greenhouse grown transplants were used for later plantings. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late September to October.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.7 C (55 F) and 45% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> No prolonged dormancy is apparent. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> Unknown. | Andersen, R. N. 1968. Germination and establishment of weeds for experimental purposes. Weed Science Society of America, W. F. Humphrey Press, Inc., Geneva, INY. 236 p.<p> Phillips, H.R. 1985. Growing and propagating wildflowers. Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 330 p. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Symphyotrichum cordifolium</i> (L.) Nesom plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2691 | Symphyotrichum (foliaceum) | Asteraceae | Composites | Symphyotrichum | foliaceum | (DC.) Nesom | Aster | foliaceus | Lindl. ex DC. | SYFOF | Mt Rainier National Park; 3700 to 4900 feet elev; along highway 410 | Alaska, Montana, and Washington; moist places at moderate to high elevations (elevation decreases in more northern latitudes); moist meadows and seeps | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-year plugs (10 | 0 | Single healthy crown; roots well-established. | Leafybract aster | Seeds hand-collected by pinching off mature heads in late August and early September at Mt Rainier; fairly slow as plants were thinly scattered in native stands. In most collection years moderate to heavy insect predation was apparent. X-ray examination of test lots showed up to 17% of seed was empty, and others showed signs of insect damage. | none | 3 to 5 seed sown into Ray Leach SC-10 super cells filled with Fisons Sunshine #1 potting mix, amended with 3-month slow-release Osmocote NPK fertilizer and small amounts of Micromax trace elements. Placed into greenhouse at moderate temperatures. | No special procedures needed, emergence was rated as "fair" | 6 to 8 weeks | Plants thinned to one per cone when needed. No special procedures needed during 1st growing season. | May through June at Corvallis PMC | plants remained in cones and were removed to a shadehouse to overwinter at Corvallis. No special procedures needed. | 1 month | Cones can be shipped in fall or early spring to be transplanted before active crown growth starts | 6 to 8 months | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphyotrichum foliaceum</i> (DC.) Nesom plants 1-year plugs (10; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2692 | Symphyotrichum (jessicae) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Symphyotrichum | jessicae | (Piper) Nesom | Aster | jessicae | Piper | SYJE | Palouse River | Open habitats usually on benchs above streams in extreme eastern Washington and northern Idaho | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container | Jessica's aster | Fruit is an achene.<br> Seed ripens in September and October. It is collected when the pappus begins to expand. Seed is brown in color and wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed maturity is indeterminant. Seed can be collected using a vacuum cleaner. This removes only mature seed, leaving immature seed to ripen, and reduces the amount of trash which subsequently must be cleaned from the seed.Harvested seed is stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. <p> We determined 542,584 seeds/lb for this ecotype. | Germination without pretreatment is high. Trials at the PMC comparing untreated seed with cold, moist stratified seed show no benefit from stratification. | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Conetainers are kept moist until germination occurs. Seeds usually start germinating in 8-10 days and germination is complete in 18 days. | 3 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer containing micronutrients. | 3 months | Plants are moved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather. | 2-4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphyotrichum jessicae</i> (Piper) Nesom plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2693 | Symphyotrichum (laeve) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Symphyotrichum | laeve | (L.) A. & D. Love | Variety | laeve | (L.) A. & D. Love | Aster | laevis | L. | SYMLAE | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Flathead Co., Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>S. laeve</i> var. <i>laeve</i> is a widespread North American species, occurring from east of the Cascades to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainer | 4 Months | Months | Height: 6 to 10 true leaves, 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Smooth aster | Seeds are hand collected in mid Spetember when achenes separate easily from the receptacle. Seeds are tan at maturity.<br>Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Stratification lengths used have varied from 75 days to 5 month cold, moist stratification on high elevation seed sources. Stratification is not necessary for lower elevation sources. | Greenhouse and Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium. Conetainers are filled in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br> Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer. | Seed germinates uniformly in 10 to 15 days at 22C. Germination to true leaf stage is 7 to 15days. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | There is rapid root and shoot development during the growing season. Plants are fertilized with 20-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm bi-weekly until fall. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 4 months without stratfication<br> Harvest Date: July and August for planting at high elevations.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ.1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service,Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphyotrichum laeve</i> (L.) A. & D. Love plants 172 ml conetainer; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2694 | Symphyotrichum (laeve) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Symphyotrichum | laeve | (L.) A.& D. L”ve | Variety | laeve | Aster | laevis | L. | SYMLAE | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. laeve</i> var. <i>laeve</i> is is a widespread North American species, occurring from east of the Cascades to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 container plugs | 7 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Smooth Aster | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected with a custom designed combine from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. the beginning of July to the end of August. Seed is harvested the middle of September. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F.<br> | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse and field grown in beds.<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March. Field grown crops are sown in the fall.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one to two weeks.<br> Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. Weed the flats when they are being thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them in plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out. Again, remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plantsin plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs and field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Symphyotrichum laeve</i> (L.) A.& D. L”ve plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2695 | Symphyotrichum (laeve) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Symphyotrichum | laeve | (L.) A.& D. L”ve | Variety | laeve | Aster | laevis | L. | SYMLAE | Glacier National Park seed source from Avalanche area. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Ten-cubic-inch containeris | 0 | Smooth aster | Mature seeds can be collected in several fashions. Ripening is very indeterminate, so collection is either at intervals over the growing season or at one time when the greatest amount of seed appears ripe. The latter seems to be the most efficient method if the cost of multiple collections is compared to the additional amount of seed obtained. Depending on the amount of seed, harvesting may be accomplished by vacuuming, hand clipping of seed heads, or mechanical harvesting with a swather. Clipped seed heads are spread on a tarp to ripen and even marginally ripe seed will mature in a warm, dry place. | No pretreatment of fresh seed was required to break dormancy. Old seed lots may benefit from a 30- to 60-day cold, moist stratification. Seven to 10-cubic-inch conetainers are adequate if the seedlings are to be lined out the same summer. Forty-cubic-inch conetainers are recommended for 1-0 production. Sow several seeds onto the surface of each container into a well-drained commercial peat-lite mix, cover with athin layer of vermiculite, moisten thoroughly, then place directly in a greenhouse maintained at 75 to 80øF days and 65 to 70øF nights for 16-hour photoperiods. | For container production, sow in 10-cubic-inch conetainers in a well-drained peat-lite mix with baseline nutrition. | Germination and growth is rapid, and plants will require additional growing room and/or larger container sizes in about 8 weeks. In lieu of transplanting to larger pots, prune the plants periodically until they can be safely lined out in the field. | Approximately 10 to 12 weeks to fill a 10-cubic-inch conetainer. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. We have field planted Aster laevis in mid-May without any hardening-off period with good success. This was possible because the weather was relatively mild and supplemental irrigation was readily available at the site. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to lining out or killing frost, 60 days is preferred. No experience with hardening off this species. | No experience | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphyotrichum laeve</i> (L.) A.& D. L”ve plants Ten-cubic-inch containeris; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2696 | Symphyotrichum (laeve) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Symphyotrichum | laeve | (L.) A.& D. L”ve | Variety | laeve | Aster | laevis | L. | SYMLAE | Illinois | <i>S. laeve</i> var. <i>laeve</i> is a widespread North American species, occurring from east of the Cascades to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 10 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Well developed root systems for filed grown plants. | Smooth Aster | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected with a custom designed combine from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. the beginning of July to the end of August. Seed is harvested the middle of September | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore, is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping during the drilling process. | Seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 0.8 ounces per 45 linear feet into 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. Per acre. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally. Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment.<br> Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Again, remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs and field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Symphyotrichum laeve</i> (L.) A.& D. L”ve plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2697 | Symphyotrichum (novae-angliae) | Compositae | Aster Family | Symphyotrichum | novae-angliae | L. | SYMNOV | Open, usually moist to wet ground, including shores, meadows, fields, shrubby swamps, fens, wet praries, edge of streams and rivers. Weedy in habit. Ray color varies from blue to purple, occasionally rose. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | New England aster | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers Aug.-Sept. Seed is an achene and is harvested from October to November. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite in a sealable plastic bag or Rubbermaid-style container. Seal and put in a refrigerator or garage (35 to 42 degrees F) for 1-2 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.). Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passes leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in thegreenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphyotrichum novae-angliae</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2698 | Symphyotrichum (novae-angliae) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Symphyotrichum | novae-angliae | (L.) Nesom | Aster | novae-angliae | L. | SYMNOV | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>S. novae-angliae</i> ranges from New England states to North Dakota, south to New Mexico and Alabama. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 container plugs | 0 | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug for the greenhouse crop and a healthy bareroot system for the field grown crop. | New England Aster | Seed is collected by a custom designed combine from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. July 1 to August 30. Seed is harvested about September 15. | 8 ounces of seed is saved to sow one bench in either 64 flats of the Multipot #6, or 24 flats of the Multipot #3 or #4.<br> Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container.<br>Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F.<br> | Fully controlled greenhouse and field grown in beds.<br>Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6 cubic inches, 9 cu. in. and 6 cu. in. respectively.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br>Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late Decemberand the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about one to two weeks. Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures. Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive. Weed the flats when they are being thinned. When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | 8 months | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February. To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving andgreenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May. Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also. | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove as much of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them in plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br>Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Symphyotrichum novae-angliae</i> (L.) Nesom plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2699 | Symphyotrichum (novae-angliae) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Symphyotrichum | novae-angliae | (L.) Nesom | Variety | Aster | novae-angliae | L. | SYMNOV | Illinois | <i>S. nova-angliae</i> is commonly found throught the Midwestern and eastern United States. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | Bareoot seedlings | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Well developed root system for field grown plants. | New England Aster | Source of Propagules: Seed is collected with a custom designed combine from nursery stock.<br>The plant flowers from approx. the beginning of July to the end of August. Seed is harvested the middle of September | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore, is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at 34-36 degrees F.<br>Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping during the drilling process. | Bareroot field beds.<br>Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Field grown seed is drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 0.8 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. Per acre. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | Storage Conditions: Plants that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove as much of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them in plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out. Depending on weather conditions, field grown plants may be lifted and shipped in the fall. However, time and labor may require spring shipment. Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Again, remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs and field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Symphyotrichum novae-angliae</i> (L.) Nesom plants Bareoot seedlings; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2700 | Symphyotrichum (spathulatum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Symphyotrichum | spathulatum | (Lindl.) Nesom | (Gray) Nesom | Aster | occidentalis | (Nutt.) T. & G. | Variety | intermedius | Gray | SYSPI | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, WA | Western US east to Montana and south to California. Usually found in areas which are open and moist, such as north hillsides onthe Palouse and in open forested areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | tight root plug in container | Western Aster | Seed ripens in mid to late September. It is collected when the pappus expands. Seed is wind disseminated, so must be collected before it blows away. Seed maturity is indeterminate. Seed can be collected using a vacuum cleaner. This only removes mature seed, leaving immature seed to ripen. | none | In January seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs. Germination usually occurs in 8-10 days and is complete in 14-18 days. | 3 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micronutrients. | 2 months | Plants are moved to a cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. | 4 weeks | Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphyotrichum spathulatum</i> (Lindl.) Nesom plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
2701 | Symphyotrichum laeve (laeve) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Symphyotrichum laeve | laeve | (L.) A.& D. L”ve | Variety | laeve | Aster | laevis | L. | SYMLAE | Glacier National Park seed source from Avalanche area. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | Seeds | 1 Years | Years | Smooth aster | Mature seeds can be collected in several fashions. Ripening is very indeterminate, so collection is either at intervals over the growing season or at one time when the greatest amount of seed appears ripe. Thelatter seems to be the most efficient method if the cost of multiple collections is compared to the additional amount of seed obtained. Depending on the amount of seed, harvesting may be accomplished by vacuuming, hand clipping of seed heads, or mechanical harvesting with a swather. Clipped seed heads are spread on a tarp to ripen and even marginally ripe seed will mature in a warm, dry place. | No pretreatment of fresh seed was required to break dormancy. | Rototill the planting site prior to container planting. Several methods can be used to plant the seedlings including digging a shallow trench, digging individual holes, or drilling individual holes. Space the rows 3-feet apart and plant the seedlings 1-foot apart within the row. Irrigate the planting thoroughly to eliminate air pockets. | Germination and growth is rapid, and plants will require additional growing room and/or larger container sizes in about 8 weeks. In lieu of transplanting to larger pots, prune the plants periodically until they can be safely lined out in the field. | Approximately 600 container plants lined out in the field have produced 0.551 kg (first year), 0.428 kg (second year), and 0.545 kg (third year) of clean seed. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Symphyotrichum laeve laeve</i> (L.) A.& D. L”ve seeds Seeds; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2702 | Symphyotricum (hallii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Symphyotricum | hallii | (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom | SYHA | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | Hall's aster | Germinates in warm or cold temperatures. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Symphyotricum hallii</i> (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2703 | Syzygium (inophylloides) | Myrtaceae | Myrtle Family | Syzygium | inophylloides | (A. Gray) C. Muell. | SYZINO | American Samoa | Large tree common in lowland to montane forest, reported from near sea level to 1120 m elevation in Samoa. Indigenous to American Samoa; also found on Niue and Futuna. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Asi | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds are sometimes soaked in water before planting to hasten germination and overcome dormancy. Water is absorbed by dry seeds and the moisture content increases rapidly at first, then it levels off. The seed swells and the seed coat may break open. Hot or cold water can be used. Hand-hot water (120-135 degrees F) is recommended for harder seed coats. At the same time, non-viable seeds can be discarded after soaking 12 hours or so. They tend to float while the, viable seed sink. Soaking time can vary from a couple of minutes to 72 hours or more, depending on the seed coat. Use about twice as much water as seeds. The thicker the coat, the longer the soaking time. Change water daily. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third itsvolume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<b> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Syzygium inophylloides</i> (A. Gray) C. Muell. plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2704 | Syzygium (inophylloides) | Myrtaceae | Myrtle Family | Syzygium | inophylloides | (A. Gray) C. Muell. | SYZINO | American Samoa | Large tree common in lowland to montane forest, reported from near sea level to 1120 m elevation in Samoa. Indigenous to American Samoa; also found on Niue and Futuna. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Asi | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds are sometimes soaked in water before planting to hasten germination and overcome dormancy. Water is absorbed by dry seeds and the moisture content increases rapidly at first, then it levels off. The seed swells and the seed coat may break open. Hot or cold water can be used. Hand-hot water (120-135 degrees F) is recommended for harder seed coats. At the same time, non-viable seeds can be discarded after soaking12 hours or so. They tend to float while the, viable seed sink. Soaking time can vary from a couple of minutes to 72 hours or more, depending on the seed coat. Use about twice as much water as seeds. The thicker the coat, the longer the soaking time. Change water daily. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<b> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Syzygium inophylloides</i> (A. Gray) C. Muell. plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2705 | Syzygium (malaccense) | Myrtaceae | Myrtle | Syzygium | malaccense | (L.) Merr. & Perry | Eugenia | malaccensis | L. | Tropical moist lowlands from 0-1200 m elevation | Native to Asia and Malaysia, and aboriginal introduction to most islands of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia and Hawaii. Now pantropical in distribution. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 30 cm in height, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | mountain apple, Malay apple; 'ohi'a 'ai (Hawaii); kavika (Fiji); fekika kai (Tonga); nonu fi'afi'a (Samoa) ka'ika (Cooks) 'ahi'a (Societies); kehika (Marquesas) | Trees can bear fruit 2-4 times a year, most reliably in summer and/or fall. Flowering if often brought on by dry conditions, with fruit ripe and ready to pick about 2 months after blooming. There is one seed per fruit. (Surrounding fruit may be eaten fresh.) The seed is 2-3.5 cm in diameter. Seeds cannot be stored, they must be planted fresh. | No pretreatment is necessary. | Seedlings are grown in full sun in the open or under light shade. Treepots (Small Ones, about 3/4 gallon, or Tall Ones, 1 gallon) or other root-training containers can be used. Copper-treated poly bags 1/2 gallon or more may also work. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients, Osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Fresh seeds are direct sown in containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered with about 2 cm of potting media and a thin layer of mulch (such as #2 poultry grit). Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Daily water is necessary, sometimes twice a day during establishment. These trees are from a moist climate and must never be allowed to dry out. Germination takes 2-4 weeks. | 4 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in light shade or full sun. Growth is slow. Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 6 months | If seedlings are to be outplanted in full sun conditions, they may be moved to full sun 1-2 months prior to outplanting for hardening. During the hardening phase, N fertilizer should be reduced or eliminated in fertilizer applications. | 4 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping seedlings in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes. Carefully cutting the poly bag is preferred to pulling seedings out, to reduce stress or risk of root damage. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p>
Morton, J.F. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Media, Inc. Greensboro, N.C., USA. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Verheij, E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel, Eds. 1992. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Syzygium malaccense</i> (L.) Merr. & Perry plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2706 | Talinum (calycinum) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot family | Talinum | calycinum | Engelm. | TALCAL | T. calycinum is found from Illinois south to Texas and west to Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fameflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 30D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. Light is required for germination. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished.Table10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Talinum calycinum</i> Engelm. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2707 | Talinum (parviflorum) | Portulacaceae | Bitteroot family | Talinum | parviflorum | Nutt. | TALPAR | T. parviflorum is found from Minnesota and North Dakota south through the Great plains to Texas; east to Arkansas and west to Arizona. It grows in sandy, acidic soils. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Prairie fameflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 30D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. Light is required for germination. | Baskin and Baskin,unpublished.Table10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Talinum parviflorum</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2708 | Talinum (rugospermum) | Portulacaceae | Bitterroot family | Talinum | rugospermum | Holz. | TALRUG | T. rugospermum is found from Minnesota and Wisconsin south to Kansas, Iowa and Illinois, in dry sandy prairie. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Rough seed fameflower | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification. Germination occurs at 30D/15N C alternating temperature cycle. Light is required for germination. | Baskin and Baskin, unpublished.Table 10.20 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Talinum rugospermum</i> Holz. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2709 | Tanacetum (camphoratum) | Asteraceae | aster | Tanacetum | camphoratum | tanacetum | bipinnatum | TACA | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | This plant is known to grow in sandy coastal areas in the Western United states (Washington, Oregon & California). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | camphore tansy | Tanacetum camphoratum seeds are not dormant and germinate readily in warm temperatures. In our germ trials we saw a 42% germination when placed in our warm growth chamber (75F) in comparison to the 32% when the seeds placed in our 35F cooler. | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tanacetum camphoratum</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2710 | Tanacetum (camphoratum) | Asteraceae | aster | Tanacetum | camphoratum | Tanacetum | douglasii | TACA2 | Washington, Oregon & California U.S.A. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | camphor tansy | No treatment prior to placement in a moderately warm greenhouse. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tanacetum camphoratum</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2711 | Tanacetum (camphoratum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Tanacetum | camphoratum | Less. | Tanacetum | douglasii | DC. | TANCAM | Presidio, California | <i>T. camphoratum</i> is found in the San Francisco Bay region in coastal strand communities. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Camphor Tansy | Seeds are collected between May 19th and October 13th.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> Seeds are sown on July 1st.<br> % Germination: 60% | Seeds germinate 15 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 15 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 85%. | 30 days | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse.<br> Keep containers spaced well for adequete air circulation to prevent rot. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tanacetum camphoratum</i> Less. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2712 | Taraxacum (lyratum) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Taraxacum | lyratum | (Ledeb.) DC. | TARLYR | Alpine slope, Many Glacier, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>T. lyratum</i> occurs in rocky places at high elevations in arctic America and northeast Asia, extending south at alpine levels to Nevada, Arizona, and Colorado. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 1 Years | Years | Height: 3 cm, 6 to 8 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 116 ml conetainer. | Dwarf alpine dandelion | Seeds are hand collected in late August when achenes turn gray and are easily removed from the disc. Seeds are dark grey at maturity. Seeds are collected in paper envelopes and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 50% milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm as needed during the growing season.<br> Plants were fully root tight 4 months after germination. Plants flower the following year. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm once before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total time To Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Taraxacum lyratum</i> (Ledeb.) DC. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2713 | Taxodium (distichum) | Taxodiaceae | Bald cypress family | Taxodium | distichum | (L.) L.C. Rich. | TAXDIS | T. distichum is fund in the southern United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bald cypress | Seeds are cold stratified for 112 days and germinate at 21/18 C. | Biswas, P. K., Bonamy, P. A. and Paul, K. B. (1972). Germination promotion of loblolly pine and baldcypress seeds by stratification and chemical treatments. Physiol. Plant. 27, 71-76.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Taxodium distichum</i> (L.) L.C. Rich. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2714 | Taxodium (distichum) | Taxodiaceae | Redwood Family | Taxodium | distichum | (L.) L.C. Rich. | TAXDIS | Louisiana | Bald cypress is found from New York south and west to Texas, Illinois, Missouri and east to Florida. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 36 to 48 in<br> Caliper:0.25 to 0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Bald cypress | Seeds are purchased from Louisiana and other locations. | Seeds are soaked in running water for 21 days. We stratify seeds for 78 days in the cooler at 36 F. We plant seeds in late April using a seeder set at 2nd gear into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1 month after emergence in the spring | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will notburn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT. 20004. The genus Taxodium. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Taxodiumpdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Taxodium distichum</i> (L.) L.C. Rich. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2715 | Taxus (canadensis) | Taxaceae | Yew family | Taxus | canadensis | Marshall | Taxus | baccata | L. | Sub-species | canadensis | L. | TAXCAN | T. canadensis is found Manitoba east to Newfoundland and south to West Virginia. iowa, Illinois, Ohio and Kentucky. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canadian yew | Rudolf, P. O. (1974h). Taxus L. Yew. Pp. 799-802. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Taxus canadensis</i> Marshall plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2716 | Tellima (grandiflora) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Tellima | grandiflora | (Pursh) Dougl. ex Lindl. | TEGR2 | BLM, Medford District, Lost Lake, Medford, Oregon | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Bigflower tellima | Very small lot, .14 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Tellima grandiflora</i> (Pursh) Dougl. ex Lindl. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2717 | Tellima (grandiflora) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage Family | Tellima | grandiflora | (Pursh) Dougl. ex Lindl. | Tellima | odorata | T.J. Howell | TELGRA | Muir Woods, California | <i>T. grandiflora</i> is found in moist woods, mostly below 5,000 feet elevation; from the coast ranges and Sierras in California north to Alaska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 inch pots | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Big Flower Tellima | N/A | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are surface sown.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: N/A | Seeds germinate 112 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 112 days after germination to individual containers (4inch pots) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 95%. | 4 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tellima grandiflora</i> (Pursh) Dougl. ex Lindl. plants 4 inch pots; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2718 | Terminalia (catappa) | Combretaceae | Combretum | Terminalia | catappa | L. | lowland tropical, found in coastal areas, beaches and tidal river banks | Native to tropical coastal areas of India and Southeast Asia through Malesia, northern Australia, Melanesia to eastern Polynesia and Micronesia; likely aboriginal introduction to eastern parts of current range. It is not considered to be an aborginal introduction in Hawaii. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Minimum height is 20-30 cm, stem diameter 8 mm, roots well-formed | Indian almond, Singapore almond, wild almond, almendra, beach almond, Malabar almond, tropical almond, coastal almond, sea almond, false kamani; kamani haole (Hawaii); tavola (Fiji); telie (Tonga); talie (Samoa) | Flowering occurs in November-March, with fruits available January-April. Fruits are collected from the ground around trees. It is not advisable to pick from the tree, undropped seeds may not be mature yet. Some losses and damage due to seed predation are to be expected. | After fruits are collected, they are soaked in water overnight to soften the outer skin (exocarp). The outer skin is then removed, exposing the fibrous endocarp. Cracking the shell by tapping once lightly with a mallet or hammer may hasten germination. Germination takes 20-60 days. | Seeds with the shell on are sown in trays or beds of sand, vermiculite, or potting media, and covered with about 1-2 cm of same material. Partial shade is recommendedfor the germination phase, and frequent waterings are necessary to ensure seeds are very moist and never dry out. <p> Containers such as Treepots (Small Ones or Tall Ones, 3/4, one gallon or larger, available from Steuwe and Sons) are used. Any well-drained media works well for this species. | Emergents must be transplanted in a timely fashion to avoid damaging the rapidly growing taproot. This is often done as soon as the two cotyledons unfold, usually about 6 weeks after sowing. Light shade and moist conditions (frequent watering) facilitate good growth after transplanting. | 4 - 6 weeks | Seedlings grow fairly slowly at first, with growth accelerating after several months. Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. Defoliating insects including grasshoppers and beetles may be problematic in some environments, and should be managed or deterred. Seedlings should not be pruned, as this increases their vulnerability to pest and disease problems, including insect borers. | 8 - 10 months | During the final 4 weeks, watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress if they are to be outplanted in a dry area. | 4 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned for cleaning and reuse after the planting is complete. | Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> Flores, E.M. 2002. Terminalia catappa L. in Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721. Washington, DC. <p> Francis, J.K. 1989. Terminalia catappa L. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands." In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Soerianegara, I., and R.H.M.J. Lemmens, Eds. 1994. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 5(1): Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia.<p> Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. 2 volumes. 1854 pp. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Terminalia catappa</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2719 | Terminalia (catappa) | Combretacee | Combretum Family | Terminalia | catappa | Linnaeus | TERCAT | American Samoa | Large tree occasional in littoral to foothill forest, reported from near sea level to 350 m elevation. Indigenous or an early European introduction, widespread in the Old World tropics. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Talie | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are matureor ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds are sometimes soaked in water before planting to hasten germination and overcome dormancy. Water is absorbed by dry seeds and the moisture content increases rapidly at first, then it levels off. The seed swells and the seed coat may break open. Hot or cold water can be used. Hand-hot water (120-135 degrees F) is recommended for harder seed coats. At the same time, non-viable seeds can be discarded after soaking 12 hours or so. They tend to float while the, viable seed sink. Soaking time can vary from a couple of minutes to 72 hours or more, depending on the seed coat. Use about twice as much water as seeds. The thicker the coat, the longer the soaking time. Change water daily. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br> Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<br> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler, A. 2000. Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler, A. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Terminalia catappa</i> Linnaeus plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2720 | Terminalia (richii) | Combretaceae | Indian Almond Family | Terminalia | richii | A. Gray | TERRIC | American Samoa | Large tree uncommon in lowland to montane forest, reported from near sea level to 830 m elevation. Indigenous to American Samoa, also found in Fiji and Niue. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Malili | For optimum germination, collect seeds that are mature or ripe. If seeds are gathered when the embryo is insufficiently developed, the seed is apt to be thin, shriveled, poor in quality and short-lived, impairing germination. | Seeds are sometimes soaked in water before planting to hasten germination and overcome dormancy. Water is absorbed by dry seeds and the moisture content increases rapidly at first, then it levels off. The seed swells and the seed coat may break open. Hot or cold water can be used. Hand-hot water (120-135 degrees F) is recommended for harder seed coats. At the same time, non-viable seeds can be discarded after soaking 12 hours or so. They tend to float while the, viable seed sink. Soaking time can vary from a couple of minutes to 72 hours or more, depending on the seed coat. Use about twice as much water as seeds. The thicker the coat, the longer the soaking time. Change water daily. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery environment.<br>The germination medium must retain moisture, yet provide good drainage and aeration. Different blends of soil mix, perlite and cinder are used. A- 1 parts perlite to 1 part sterilized soil. B- 1 parts fine cinders to 1 part sterilized soil.<br> Sowing Method:Transplanting Emergents | After 2 to 4 true leaves have appeared, the seedlings should be transplanted. Remove the seedlings from the medium with your finger, a pencil, or your hand by moving in under the medium and seedling. Handle the seedling by their leaves, not, which is easily damage by pressure. Be very careful to avoid root damage. Choose a container according to the size and structure of the root system of plant. Fill the container with one third its volume of growing medium, add the seedlings, then add the remaining media, cover roots, and tap down gently to stabilize the plant.<br> Water thoroughly after transplanting. It is critical that the media drains freely. To test this make that water does not sit on top of the media when watered. Keep transplanted seedlings in a covered, shaded area for 1 to 2 weeks. To prevent post-emergence damping-off disease, add a thin layer of perlite to the surface or keep the media somewhat dry on top. A recommended growing medium is: 2 parts sterilized soil to 2 parts perlite (v:v).<br>Plants are sensitive to high doses of fertilizer. Use a balanced fertilizer such as triple 8 and triple 20 N:P:K at one half the recommended rate. Micro nutrients are also helpful. Add the fertilizer when mixing the medium, do not apply as a top dressing to the surface after potting.<b> | Once a month, foliar feed the plants with a complete low dose, liquid fertilizer or as needed. | Whistler,A.2000.Trees of Polynesia. Isle Botanica. December 2000.<br> Whistler,A.2000.Annotated checklist of the vascular flora of American Samoa. | Sameli, Aitasi. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Terminalia richii</i> A. Gray plants Endangered Plant Program Pago Pago, American Samoa. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2721 | Tetraneuris (acaulis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Tetraneuris | acaulis | (Pursh) Greene | Variety | acaulis | Hymenoxys | acaulis | (Pursh) Parker | TETACA | T. acaulis v. acaulis is found from the Great plains west to Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Stemless hymenoxys | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tetraneuris acaulis</i> (Pursh) Greene plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2722 | Tetraneuris (grandiflora) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Tetraneuris | grandiflora | (Torr. & Gray ex Gray) Parker | Hymenoxys | grandiflora | (Torr. & Gray ex Gray) Parker | TETGRA | T. grandiflora is found at high elevation from Idaho and Montan south to Colorado and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Old man of the mountains | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bliss,1958, Bonde,1965.Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tetraneuris grandiflora</i> (Torr. & Gray ex Gray) Parker plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2723 | Thalia (dealbata) | Marantaceae | Arrow Root Family | Thalia | dealbata | Fraser ex Roscoe | THADEA | Mississippi | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 6 Months | Months | Height: n/a<br> Caliper:n/a <br> Root System: n/a<br> | Powdery thalia | I generally collect seeds when fully mature and before any significant shattering occurs, usually late August through mid September. I collect seeds of the Indian Bayou Source by shaking the fruit clusters over a container. | Seeds can be stored dry in zip-lock-type plastic bags for at least 6 mo. I have also found that post-harvest storage in a moist medium (I used wet paper towels and sphagnum peat moss for experimental purposes, however, other media would probably be acceptable) at 5.5 øC (42 øF) works well. The cool temperatures and moist conditions serve as a stratification process. | I use a 3:1 (v:v) sphagnum peat moss:sand growing medium amended with commercially recommended quantities of pelletized slow-release fertilizer (for example, 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Osmocote 13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF] or 1.8 to 3.6 kg/m3 [3 to 6 lb/yd3] Sierra 17N:6P2O5:12K2O; 3 to 4 mo release rate at 21 øC [70 øF]; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio), 4.7 to 5.9 kg/m3 (8 to 10 lb/yd3) dolomitic lime, 0.89 kg/m3 (1.5 lb/yd3) Micromax micronutrient fertilizer (The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) and a wetting agent (I use 0.59 kg/m3 [1 lb/yd3] 2000 G AquaGro [Aquatrols, Cherry Hill, New Jersey], which is no longer marketed). I pasteurize the sand in an electric soil sterilizer for 30 min at 82 øC (180 øF) to reduce weed problems. | I found best germination (15% to 35% after 9 to 12 wk) on moist growing medium after either stratifying dry-stored seeds or keeping seeds in moist storage. Greenhouse temperatures range from 13 to 38 øC (55 to 100 øF) during the germination period. I maintained moist medium by regularly watering containers situated on normal greenhouse benches. | Further seedling growth, particularly root growth, was also best on moist growing medium. | Observations on seed propagation of 5 Mississippi wetland species, Grabowski, J., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<p> USDA NRCS. 1999. PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 29 Sep 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thalia dealbata</i> Fraser ex Roscoe plants 1+0 container; USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2724 | Thalictrum (dasycarpum) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Thalictrum | dasycarpum | Fisch.&Ave-Lall. | THDA | Found in wet meadows, stream banks, and wet ground generally. Soil with high organic content. Height up to 5'. Small male and female flowers on separate plants. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Purple meadow-rue | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May to July. The seed is harvested in August and September. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and store for 2 months in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any size plug. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 2 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From January until August the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not transplanted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thalictrum dasycarpum</i> Fisch.&Ave-Lall. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2725 | Thalictrum (dioicum) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Thalictrum | dioicum | L. | THDI | Rich deciduous woods, dappled sunlight and thickets along rivers. Glabrous leaflets are thin in texture, with flat (not revolute) margins; the achenes are shorter, less prominently beaked. Ternately compound leaves and most ample terminal panicles of greenish, yellowish, purplish or white flowers. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Early meadow rue | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from early July through September. Seed is harvested throughout the summer, the majority in August-September. The fruit is an achene. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal amount of vermiculite or perlite, adding enough water to barely saturate the mixture for at least two months in a Rubbermaid-style container or Ziploc-style bag in a refrigerator or cold garage. Can stratify longer than 2 months with no adverse effects. Keep in a cool dry place, until planted. Seeds have been stored up to 3 years. | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil from (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: Early meadow-rue grows best in 14"x8.5" trays having 24 cells, each cell being 2" in diameter and 4" deep. Growing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Add enough water to the soil to saturate. Mix soil with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil to the top and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Thoroughly moisten soil in the plug cells, but do not saturate. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 3 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to variable germination. This species may grow relatively quickly and germinate successfully or it may prove difficult to sow. Be persistent. | From Jan. thru Aug. the greenhouse temperature is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are out-planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thalictrum dioicum</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2726 | Thalictrum (fendleri) | Ranunculaceae | buttercup | Thalictrum | fendleri | THFE | South Western United States as far North as Oregon/Idaho. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | Fendler's meadow-rue | For us (in Corvallis OR 97330) natural stratification or 90 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification is sufficient to break dormancy to allow germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thalictrum fendleri</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2727 | Thalictrum (occidentale) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Thalictrum | occidentale | Gray. | Thalictrum | breitungii | Boivin | THAOCC | Two Medicine, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>Thalictrum occidentale</i> occurs from southern B.C. to northern California on both sides of the Cascades, east to Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. It inhabits mountain meadows and montane and alpine forests. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml containers | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 4 to 6 true leaves, 9 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Western meadowrue | <i>Thalictrum</i> is a dioecious genus and strongly rhizomatous. Usually, there are male and female patches within close proximity in habitats where this species is abundant. Female stands must be identified during flowering prior to seed collection. Follicles are collected in early September when they turn tan and just begin to split open. Seeds are black at maturity. Follicles are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seed Propagation Method: Seeds are treated with 500 ppm gibbereliic acid for 24 hrs and thoroughly rinsed with water follwoing treatment. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and cold, moist stratified in moistened milled sphagnum peat moss for 90 days at 1 to 2 C in a refrigetor. Seeds begin to germinate during cold, moist stratification after 80 to 90 days.Cold temperatures are necessary for breaking dormancy.<br> | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method:Planting Germinants. Seeds are sown into containers when the radicle becomes visible. Usually, all GA3 treated/stratified seeds have germinated within 80 to 100 days of cold, moist stratification. One germinant is sown per container and is very lightly covered with a thin layer of perlite to allow light transmission but keep medium moist around the germinated seed.<br>Growing medium used 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br>Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br> Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | <i>Thalictrum</i> seedlings grow more slowly than many other forb species. Seedlings are susceptible to overwatering at this stage. Seedlings should be kept partially shaded during nursery production. | 8 weeks | Seelings are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season.<br>Seedlings were root tight in 172 ml (4.5 inch) containers 4 months after germination. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK in early fall. Containerss are leached with water, irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thalictrum occidentale</i> Gray. plants 172 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2728 | Thalictrum (occidentale) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Thalictrum | occidentale | Gray | THAOCC | T. occidentale is found from British Columbia to California east to Alberta and south to Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western meadow rue | Kaye, T. N. (1997). Seed dormancy in high elevation plants: Implications for ecology and restoration. Pp. 115-120. T. N. Kaye, A. Liston, R. M. Love, D. L. Luoma, R. J. Meinke and M. V. Wilson (eds.). Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Native Plant Society of Oregon. Corvallis.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thalictrum occidentale</i> Gray plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2729 | Thamnosma (montana) | Rutaceae | Citrus Fruit Family | Thamnosma | montana | Torr.& Frem. | THAMON | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Thamnosma montana</i> is found below 5,500 ft elevation in desert regions from southern and lower California to Utah and New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe Containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Turpentine Bush | Seeds are hand collected in when pods have matured and begin tosplit open during June. | Seeds are soaked in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing.Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %: 61% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thamnosma montana</i> Torr.& Frem. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe Containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2730 | Thermopsis (divaricarpa) | Fabaceae | Thermopsis | divaricarpa | THDI4 | Colorado, Moraine Park Campground (98-055s), McGraw (98-056s), Twin Sisters (98-057s), Alluvial Fan (98-058s), Hollowell Park (98-059s), Sprague Lake (98-060s), Upper Beaver Meadows (98-143s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Goldenbanner | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from pods. Scarification followed by several days soaking is required for germination. May also need to remove seed coat after soaking (being careful not to damage radical).<p> Moraine Park Campground (98-055s) collected on 8/4/98; McGraw (98-056s) collected on 8/21/98; Twin Sisters (98-057s) collected on 9/21/98; Alluvial Fan (98-058s) collected on 8/27/98; Hollowell Park (98-059s) collected on 8/9/98; Sprague Lake (98-060s) collected on 9/16/98; Upper Beaver Meadows (98-143s) collected on 8/27/98. | Scarification followed by several days soaking. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown in 4x8 flat, lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 3-6 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Uneven.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> Variable.<p> Moraine Park Campground (98-055s); McGraw (98-056s); Twin Sisters (98-057s); Alluvial Fan (98-058s); Hollowell Park (98-059s); Sprague Lake (98-060s); all of the above sowed on 11/12/98; Upper Beaver Meadows (98-143s) sowed 12/10/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Thermopsis divaricarpa</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2731 | Thermopsis (montana) | Fabaceae | Legume | Thermopsis | montana | Nutt. | THMO6 | Palouse River near Potlatch, Idaho | Northwestern US east to Montana and south to New Mexico, except California. Occurs in moist meadows, thickets, and open forest. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Golden pea, Mountain thermopsis, False lupine | Seeds are collected when the pods begin to split in July and August. Pods can be collected individually for maximum seed yield or the entire stalk may be cut. | The seed coat restricts water uptake and germination is increased by scarification. Unpublished data from trials at the Pullman PMC showed 39% germination from untreated seed. Seed scarified in hot water at 180 degrees F germinated at 93%. Scarification at 210 degrees F resulted in 92% germination. Seed scarified by rubbing between two pieces of sandpaper attained 56% germination, but the degree of scarification is difficult to control. 100 seeds scratched with a needle to break the seed coat germinated at 84%, demonstrating that the sandpaper scarification was inadequate. Unscarified seed stratifed under cool, moist conditions for 30 days germinated at 26% and seed soaked in 110 degree F running tapwater for 3 hours prior to planting reached 29% germination. | Water is boiled, then removed from the heat source and allowed to cool to 180 degrees F., then seed is placed in the hot water. It is allowed to cool for several hours before planting.<br>In January scarified seed is sown in the greenhouse in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. Head space of ¬ to « inch is maintained in conetainers to allow deep watering. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply.<p>Seed should be inoculated with the proper Rhizobium species prior to planting. | Medium is kept moist until germination occurs.<br>Germination occurs over a period of 1 month, although around 50% occurs within 10-14 days of planting. Germination of the other treatments also occurred over an extended period. | 1 month | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. | 2 months | Plants aremoved to the cold frame in late March or early April, depending on weather conditions. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. | 2-4 weeks | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA.<p>Faust, Ralph and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p> Larrison, Earl J. et al. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Patterson, Patricia A, Kenneth E. Neiman, and Jonalea R. Tonn. 1985. Field Guide to Forest Plants of Northern Idaho. General Technical Report INT-180. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, Utah. 246 pp.<p> Piper, C.V. The Flora of the Palouse Region: Containing descriptions of all the psermatophytes and pteridophytes known to grow wild in the area within 35 kilometers of Pullman, Washington. Pullman, Washington Agricultural College and School of Science. 208 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York. 666 pp.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thermopsis montana</i> Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2732 | Thermopsis (montana) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Thermopsis | montana | Nutt. | Variety | montana | THMOM3 | BLM, Seeds of Success: USFS land, Delores County, Colorado: 8215 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mountain goldenbanner | Small lot, 3.1 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Thermopsis montana</i> Nutt. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2733 | Thermopsis (rhombifolia) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Thermopsis | rhombifolia | Nutt. ex Richards | THERHO | T. rhombifolia is found from Alberta and North Dakota through the Great Plains to Colroado and Nebraska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Prairie buckbean | Seeds are scarified. Germination occurs at 22 C. | Smreciu, E. A., Currah, R. S. and Toop, E. (1988). Viability and germination of herbaceous perennial species native to southern Alberta grasslands. Can. Field-Nat. 102, 31-38.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thermopsis rhombifolia</i> Nutt. ex Richards plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2734 | Thespesia (populnea) | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Thespesia | populnea | L. Saland. ex Correa | coastal and lowland dry areas | Believed to be native to Old World Tropics (East coast of Africa and parts of Polynesia), an aboriginal introduction naturalized in many Pacific Islands. It is problably native to Hawaii or it is an aborginal introduction. Also naturalized in the Caribbean and areas of tropical America. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when approximately 20-25 cm in height, stem diameter 7-9 mm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | Pacific rosewood; milo (Hawaii; Tonga; Samoa); milo mulomulo (Fiji); miro; 'amae (Societies); mi'o (Marquesas) | Flowers and bears seeds throughout the year. In areas with a pronounced dry season, most flowering and seeding occurs in spring, summer, and fall. Produces seed capsules (fruits) about 1cm long containing about 8-15 seeds per capsule. Seed capsules are often collected from the ground (are still viable several weeks or months after falling off the tree), but can also be picked from the tree once mature (dry and brown). | No pretreatment is required. However, germination can be hastened by mechanical scarification (a very shallow nick in the seed coat to allow water to penetrate) and an overnight soaking in clean water. Seeds can then be pregerminated on paper towels. Germination takes 5-8 days.For recent seed collections, germination is usually about 80%. | Seedlings are grown in full sun in an uncovered growing area. If available, some cover (greenhouse or temporary cover) is ideal during germination to protect sprouts from hard rains. Containers used are SC-10 Super Cell or the Economy Super Cell (both available from Stuewe & Sons), 21 cm (8.25 in) long and 3.8 cm (1.5 in) diameter at the top. Andersen Band Pots 2 3/8" by 5" inches deep or copper-coated grow bags or containers of similar or greater volume (164 ml) also work well. However, this species develops a long tap-root, so optimal root training (such as from a super cell) is preferred. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, and slow-release fertilizer such as osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media should also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | Pregerminated seeds are placed in containers filled with premoistened potting media and covered with about 5mm of potting media and a thin layer of mulch (such as #2 poultry grit). Water with a fine-headed sprayer to keep moist. Full sun is best. Daily water is usually necessary, by hand or with an automated system. | 2-3 weeks | Seedlings can be grown in full sun. After about ten weeks, seedlings are double-spaced in Ray Leach trays to allow maximum penetration of sunlight and air circulation. In some cases, amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 3-4 months | Growers should continue to ensure that seedlings receive full sun, spacing seedlings out further if necessary. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out, but watering frequency may be reduced to introduce seedlings to temporary, moderate water stress. | 4-6 weeks | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Keeping them in their containers help protect the roots and allows the plants to stand up in cardboard boxes, or delivered in trays. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned after the planting is complete. | n/a | International Institute of Tropical Forestry. 1994. Thespesia populnea (Species Note). Publ. SO-ITF-SM-76, USDA Forest Service, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.<p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1996. Ten native Hawaiian trees for urban landscapes. Lawai, Hawaii. <p> University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2001. Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Honolulu, HI. Web: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/the-popu.htm <p> Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). 2002. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721.<p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thespesia populnea</i> L. Saland. ex Correa plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2735 | Thuja (occidentalis) | Cupressaceae | Juniper family | Thuja | occidentalis | L. | THUOCC | T. occidentalis is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Arborvitae | Seeds are cold stratified for 30 days and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1930). Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17, 88-115.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.15 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2736 | Thuja (plicata) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Thuja | plicata | Donn. | THUPLI | T. plicata is found from Alaska to California and west to Idaho and western Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western red cedar | Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Li, X. J., Burton, P. J. and Leadem, C. L. (1994). Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers. Can J. Bot. 72, 1635-1646.<br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thuja plicata</i> Donn. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2737 | Thuja (plicata) | Cupressaceae | Thuja | plicata | THPL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | western redcedar | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller) or bareroot beds (1+0 and 2+0). | Seedlings are extracted from small containers or lifted from bareroot beds in winter and held in freezer storage until transplanting the following spring. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made witha dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallong containers and ¬ cup for 8-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | One month. | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings aremonitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Summer 2002 and Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thuja plicata</i> plants USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2738 | Thuja (plicata) | Cupressaceae | Cedar Family | Thuja | plicata | Donn ex. D. Donn. | THUPLI | Northern Idaho | Western red cedar occurs from southeastern Alaska to northwestern California from the coast and Cascade Range. Inland it occurs from Prince George, British Columbia to northeastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana. It is a common component of coastal and mixed coniferous forests on moist sites from sea level to 2,000 m (6,000 ft). In northern Idaho, this species occurs in mixed stands with other coniferous species and grows best on moist flats and slopes and along rivers and streams. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers" | 8 Months | Months | Height = 20 cm<br>
Root-collar diameter = 2.5 mm<br> Firm root plug<br> | Western redcedar | Ovulate cones are borne at the tips of branches. Ovulate cones are brown and are 1 to 1.4 cm (0.39-0.55 in) long. Seeds are light, chestnut brown and 4 to 7 mm (0.15 to 0.27 in) long with lateral wings. Seeds are wind dispersed. Trees begin producing cones at 10 years, with heavier seed production on older trees. Seed production normally begins when trees are 20 to 30 years old.<p> Cones average about 3 to 6 seeds, but cones are often numerous and heavy seed crops are common. | Seeds are placed into fine mesh bags and soaked in running tap water for 48 hours to ensure imbibition.<p> Mesh bags are placed into plastic bags and seeds are stratified (cold, moist) for 28 days at 1 to 2øC (34 to 36øF). After stratification, seeds are soaked 24 hours in running tap water. <p> Based on cumulative germination at 14 days in a germination test, the total amount of seeds needed for the crop is determined to ensure 90% to 95% of the cells have at least one seedling. | Seedlings are grown in 2 fully-controlled greenhouses. Photoperiod is extended by 300 watt incandescent lamps (15 min on/off cycles) at an intensity of 500 lux. Irrigation is applied by an overhead traveling boom system, with nozzles spaced every 40 cm. Fertilizers are injected into irrigation water with a 1:100 injector.<p> Containers are filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium having a pH of 4.2.<p> Seeds are sown in late March and are immediately covered with a shallow layer of white grit or Forestry sand (6 mm deep) and immediately irrigated (acidified to a pH around 6.0) until the medium is saturated. Using a medium with low pH, irrigating with acidified water, using grit to allow air circulation around the root collar, keeping relative humidity low, and using underbench air circulation and heating reduces damping-off disease. Day-time greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 29øC (75 to 85øF), and night-time temperatures are maintained at 18øC (65øF). | Once seedcoats begin to fall off germinating seedlings, seedlings are thinned to 1 seedling per container. Germination is usually complete within 14 to 21 days and seedcoats are shed within 21 days. <p> Photoperiod lights remain activated. <p> Nutrients are supplied about twice a week. During the establishment phase, seedlings are fertilized with Peters Professional Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 42 ppm N, along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4). Phosphoric acid is used to keep pH of irrigation water around 6.0. Seedlings are irrigated when blocks weigh 80% to 85% of saturated weight. At the end of week 8, medium is leached with irrigation water to remove salt build-up. <p>Day greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 24 to 27øC (75 to80øF) and night temperatures around 18øC (65øF). | 7 weeks | During the active growth phase, photoperiod control is continued. <p> Nutrients are supplied about twice a week using Peters Professional Conifer Grower (20N:7P2O5:19K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 120 ppm N, along with micros (Fe, B, MgSO4) to keep seedling height on target. If seedling height exceeds target levels, seedlings only receive micronutrients. After target heights are reached, seedlings are removed from the twice weekly fertigation schedule. Containers are irrigated at about 70 to 75% saturated weight. | 4 weeks | Starting with week 12, the extended photoperiod is dis continued.<p>When irrigation is necessary, calcium nitrate is applied at a rate of 46 ppm N, along with micronutrients (Fe, B, MgSO4) and phosphoric acid.<p> Day greenhouse temperatures are now set at 15.5 to 21øC (60 to 70øF) and night temperatures of 10 to 15.5øC (50 to 60øF).<p>
By October, temperatures are allowed to go to ambient, but preferably under 27øC (80øF) during the day. However, minimum greenhouse temperature allowed is -2øC (28øF). Seedlings will have a purplish to bronze coloration at this stage.<p>Seedlings are ready to be packed in January. From mid-September until pack-out, day temperatures are kept cool as possible and we prevent night temperatures from dropping below -2øC (28øF). Seedlings are hardened for 18 to 22 weeks. | 18 weeks | Seedlings are extracted for storage in late November through December. Seedlings are well-watered before removal but foliage should be dry before packing. <p>
Seedlings are placed within plastic bags inside waxed boxes or plastic tubs and stored at 0.5øC (33 to 34øF). Seedlings are monitored for storage mold problems. Storage molds can be reduced by packing disease-free stock, storing them for the shortest possible duration, inspecting the crop for on-set of mold, shipping seedlings with minor mold occurrence first, and keeping temperatures below freezing. | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947. <p>Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1990. A growing regime for container-grown western redcedar seedlings. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. Bulletin 46. 8 p.<p>Wenny DL, Dumroese RK. 1994. Nursery production: growing western white pine and western redcedar in greenhouses. In: Baumgartner DM, Lotan JE, Tonn JR, editors. Interior cedar-hemlock-white pine forests: ecology and management-symposium proceedings; 1993 Mar 2-4; Spokane, Washington. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension. p 261-266. | Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thuja plicata</i> Donn ex. D. Donn. plants 66 ml (4 cu. in) Ray Leach "Cone-tainers"; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2739 | Thuja (plicata) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Thuja | plicata | Donn. | THUPLI | Cedar/Hemlock forest, 1100m elev. Avalanche,ÿGlacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>T. plicata</i> is found from Alaska to northern California, east to southeast B.C., northern Idaho, and northwest Montana.ÿIt is very shade tolerant and commonly occurs as a dominant or codominant forest species on low elevation (0 to 2000m) moist sites with cool summers and wet, mild winters. It grows on a variety on soil types. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Conetainer seedling<br> Height: 17 cm<br> Caliper: 6 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainer. | Western redcedar | <i>T. plicata</i> flowers in late May to June and cones ripen from late August to October. Seeds are collected when cones are brown, but before scales begin to reflex. Seeds are collected using a pruning pole and canvas tarp. Cone bearing branches are cut and fall on tarp below. Cones are hand pulled off branches and stored in paper bags. | Seeds are placed in a 48 hour running water rinse. Do not bleach treat seeds. Seeds are placed into a 45 to 65 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventilated containers under refrigeration at 3C. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Containers are irrigated thoroughly after sowing and greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 23 C day and 15 to 18C night. Plants are grown under greenhouse conditions for 16 weeks and are then moved to the outdoor shadehouse for the remainder of the growing season. | Germination was complete in 3 weeks. Seedlings are thinned at the birdcage stage.<br>Seedlings are fertilized with Conifer Starter 7-40-17 liquid NPK at 50 ppm for 4 weeks after true leaves emerge. | 10 weeks | Seedlings reach the rapid growth stage 10 weeks after germination. Average height was 14 centimeters 4 months after germination. Growth of seedlings is maximized when air temperatures are maintained at 20 to 21C. Plants attained root-tightness 5 months after germination.<br>Plants were regularly fertilized with 20-7-19 liquid NPK at 200 ppm. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October.ÿOne final irrigation is applied prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, Inc., 1987.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants of the U.S., Agriculture Handbook #450, U.S.F.S., Washington DC.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants, Rose,R., Chachulski, C., and Haase, D. Oregon State University Press,1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Thuja plicata</i> Donn. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2740 | Tiarella (cordifolia) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Tiarella | cordifolia | L. | TIACOR | T. cordifolia is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Heartleaf foamflower | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 30/15 C in light. | Baskin and Baskin, 1988, unpublished. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tiarella cordifolia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2741 | Tiarella (trifoliata) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Tiarella | trifoliata | L. | TIATRI | Cedar/Devil's Club habitat, understory species, 1100m elev., Avalanche, Glacier National Park | <i>T. trifoliata</i> occurs from Alaska to California, east to Alberta, Idaho, and Montana. It is common in moist forests and streambanks, from sea level to mid-montane elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 9 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br> Height: 6 cm, 5 to 7 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainer. | Foamflower | Seeds are hand collected in late August or early fall when capsules begin to split. Seeds are black at maturity.<br> Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed during the drying process and prior to cleaning. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are surface sown for the light requirement.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Seedlings germinate during spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under partial sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Germination continued over a 2 week period. True leaves appeared 3 weeks after germination. Plants should be moved into shadehouse following germination. | 4 weeks | Seedlings developed rapid shoot and root development. Plants are fertilized weekly with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants are root tight 8 weeks after germination and are ready for outplanting in fall. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall; pots are leached with water. Plants are watered before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 9 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Penn State University, publ. 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tiarella trifoliata</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2742 | Tilia (americana) | Tiliaceae | Basswood family | Tilia | americana | L. | TILAME | T. americana is found in temperate deciduous forests of the north and eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American basswood | Seeds are scarified prior to stratification. Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs under spring temperatures. | Spaeth,1932.Hatening germination of basswood seeds. J. of For.30,925-928 Barton,1934.Dormancy in Tilia seeds. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Institute 6,69-89. <br>In:Table 10.13 Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tilia americana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2743 | Tithonia (thurberi) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Tithonia | thurberi | A. Gray | Madrean Archipelago | Commonly found in disturbed areas and in rich soils near streams from 3,000-4,500 ft in Arizona and Sonora (Kearney and Peebles 1960, personal observation).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Arizona sunflowerweed | Use shears or a knife to cut just below the flower head, allowing it to fall into bucket or collection bag. Another method is to grab the head and tip it upside down so that the seeds fall out into the collection bag.
| Information regarding germination of T. thurberi is largely unavailable. However, T. diversifolia, a Mexican species that is cultivated widely and has become a pest in many parts of the world, has shown 80-85% germination rates when immersed in 80-100°C water for 30-60 seconds and then placed in cold water to cool, compared with 25% germination rate of untreated seed (Agboola et al 2006). Germination rates for seeds stored for 12 months increased further to 80-100% following the hot water treatment (Agboola et al 2006). This study with T. diversifolia may suggest a similar dormancy period for T. thurberi. This is only a tentative assumption. Germination trials involving hot water scarification with fresh and stored seed would be informative for this species. | Agboola, D. A., W. F. Idowu, and M. Kadiri. "Seed germination and seedling growth of the Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia (Compositae) in Nigeria, Africa." Revista de biología tropical 54.2 (2006): 395-402.
Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data. | Allen-Cantú, Juniper; Claverie, Francesca; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tithonia thurberi</i> A. Gray Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2744 | Tolmiea (menziesii) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifrage family | Tolmiea | menziesii | (Pursh) Torr. & Gray | Tiarella | menziesii | Pursh | TOME | From lowland hills along Snoqualmie River Valley, near Carnation and Duvall, WA, second growth forest understory between 50 and 900 ft elevation | Tolmiea menziesii occurs from Alaska south, from the coast to the west side of the Cascades through Washington and Oregon to California. It commonly occurs in moist woods, especially near streams. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 19 (19 cubic inch/315 mL) | 7-11 months | Root system: firm plug in container | Piggy-back plant, youth-on-age | Fruit is a conical capsule (about 9-14 mm long) containing multiple small (about 0.5 mm) black seeds.
Seeds are collected in June and July, when capsule begins to dry and seeds are black in color and can be poured out when capsule is turned upside down. Entire inflorescence is clipped and collected in bags or buckets. | none | Unheated greenhouse
Sowing method: 0.4 g of seeds are surface sown into germination flats filled with a mix of 70% sphagnum peat and 30% fine bark Sowing either occurs in late September/early October or late March/early April. Trays are irrigated with a fine mist nozzle so seeds are not disturbed. | Germination occurs after 1-2 months | 1-2 months | When true leaves appear, plants are fertilized in germination flats with a liquid fertilizer (Fish and Guano, 9-6-2, Monterey) once every two weeks.
Plants are moved from germination flats to Deepot 19 containers once they have 4-5 true leaves. Soil is a mix of 95% fine bark, 5% compost, and an organic granular fertilizer (Nutri-Rich, 8-2-4, Stutzman) at a rate of .85g per 19 cubic inch (315 mL) container. Containers are watered every few days and media kept fairly moist. | 4-5 months | Plants begin to go dormant as temperatures cool in October. | 1 month | Dead leaves are clipped back before winter. Plants are kept in containers in unheated greenhouse until needed by customers throughout fall and winter. Plants should be watered once a month to prevent drying out.
Plugs can be pulled from containers and wrapped in bundles of five as customers are ready for delivery from October-April. | 1-6 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, Third Edition, 1976.
Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, Second Edition, 2014. WTU Herbarium Image Collection - Burke Museum, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Web. 20 March 2018 <://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus+Tolmiea&Species+menziesii> | McNassar, Bridget. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tolmiea menziesii</i> Plants Deepot 19 (19 cubic inch/315 mL) ; Oxbow Farm & Conservation Center Carnation, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2745 | Townsendia (alpigena) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Townsendia | alpigena | Piper. | Variety | alpigena | Piper. | Townsendia | montana | M.E. Jones | TOWALP | Alpine slope, southwestern Montana | <i>T. alpigena</i> var. <i>alpigena</i> is found from southwest Montana across central Idaho to the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon, south to Wyoming and Utah. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Height: 4 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 172 ml conetainer. | Mountain Townsendia | Seeds are hand collected in late August when achenes turn gray and are easily removed from the disc.<br>Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prio to cleaning. | Dry storage of seed for 5 months. | Greenhouse; 22C/13C day/night temperature cycle.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with media.<br> Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer. | Media is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform. Do not over water seedlings. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest:6 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest,Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Townsendia alpigena</i> Piper. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2746 | Townsendia (condensata) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Townsendia | condensata | Parry ex Gray | TOWCON | Alpine slope, Glacier National Park, MT., 2100 m elevation. | <i>T. condensata</i> is a short lived perennial which occupies talus and scree slopes at high elevations. It is found from Alberta to northwest Wyoming in scattered locations at high elevations. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 6 Months | Months | Height: 3 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Cushion Townsendia | Seeds are hand collected in late August when achenes turn gray and are easily removed from the disc.<br>Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Dry storage of seeds for 5 months. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following 2 weeks of temperatures at 22C or above during the day. | 4 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination.<br> Plants were occasionally fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 100 ppm during the growing season. Do not over water seedlings.<br> Plants were fully root tight 4 months after germination. Plants form flowers the following year. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water and fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK fertilizer at 200 ppm during the hardening stage. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 6 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Townsendia condensata</i> Parry ex Gray plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2747 | Townsendia (florifer) | Asteraceae | Aster family | Townsendia | florifer | (Hook.) Gray | TOFL5 | USFS, Rocky Mountain Research Station - Owyhee Front, Idaho; 2540 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Showy Townsend daisy | Very small lot, 0.29 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Townsendia florifer</i> (Hook.) Gray seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2748 | Townsendia (rothrockii) | Asteraceae | Townsendia | rothrockii | Gray ex Rothrock | Known from alpine regions in central and southwestern Colorado | None | Seed | Rothrock's Townsend daisy | Seed was collected from central Colorado in 2021 | Stratification at 2-4C for 8-12 weeks | Incubation at 20/10C (day/night) resulted in 100% germination | 2022. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Townsendia rothrockii</i> Gray ex Rothrock Denver Botanic Gardens Denver, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2749 | Toxicodendron (vernix) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew Family | Toxicodendron | vernix | TOXVER | National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway | Southern Maine and southwest Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Ohio, and Indiana, south to Florida and Texas. Found in swamps, usually in shade. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 1 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1/2 gallon-1 gallon container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 36 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Plants have firm root ball when pulled from container. | Poison Sumac | Collected in National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway by J. Kujawski 8/26/97. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds are not given a stratification or scarification (resulting in 3% germination), and may benefit from such a treatment. Seeds are similar to Rhus spp. seeds, which have markedly greater germination after acid scarification. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed is hand sown on open flat of Sunshine Mix #1. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> March.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are liberally hand sown on open flats, placed on a greenhouse bench, and watered by hand as necessary.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A.<br> | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> N/A. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plants started in the greenhouse are transplanted into quarts and moved outside to a shade house in summer. Container plants remain in the shade house until they are taken for planting at the park. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Plants reach gallon size two seasons after germination.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size and larger containers are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side in a block on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of the block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | Kujawski, J. 1997 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Kujawski, J. 1998 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Toxicodendron vernix</i> plants 1 gallon container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2750 | Tradescantia (ohiensis) | Commelinaceae | Spiderwort family | Tradescantia | ohiensis | Raf. | Tradescantia | ohiensis | Raf. | Variety | foliosa | (Small) MacRoberts | TRAOHI | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>T. ohioensis</i> is found throughout the eastern United States west to the Great Plains; from eastern Nebraska to Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 0 | Height:N/A; herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper:N/A; herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: Firm Plugs for greenhouse grown plants. | Ohio Spiderwort | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. May 10 - June 12. Seed is harvested June 22. | Seed is damp stratified by mixing it with equal amounts of vermiculite and lightly dampening in a plastic bag or container. Store this seed for 3-4 months in a cold room of 34-36 degrees F. | Propagation Environment: Fully Controlled greenhouse.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br> Growing Media: Sterile, Pro-Mix PGX. Add vermiculite and perlite at a 10:1 ratio. Mix in 5 ounces of Osmocote, slow release fertilizer, 17-6-10, per cubic foot of soil. Ensure flats are tapped down to prevent settling.<br>Sowing Date: Three crops are started in the greenhouse with the first in late December and the last no later than the end of March.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Sow the seeds by hand by broadcasting. Try to sprinkle 3-5 seeds per cell. Seed purity rates vary from year to year. Thus, it is easier to thin than to transplant. Cover the seeds to one times their depth with the same growing media. Use a dibble board or roller to gently press seed and cover soil in the cell. | Set the greenhouse temperatures to be 70-80 degrees during the day, and 65-75 degrees at night.<br>75% germination is reached in about two to three weeks.<br> Plants must be watered by hand during germination. Set the hose on gentle shower to prevent seeds from splashing out. | Once germination is successful, the greenhouse temperature may be turned down gradually depending on outside temperatures.<br> Plants are irrigated in the morning by soaking for 20 to 30 minutes. This allows the foliage to dry out during the day. Once true leaves appear, not cotyledons, the plants may be fertilized. Start with 50 ppm of Rapid Grow or Peter's Liquid Fertilizer once a week. This rate is increased to 200 ppm gradually, and, again, decreased to 50 ppm before moving the plants outside to the shadehouse. It is important to rinse fertilizer residue off the foliage by running the irrigation for 30 seconds. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per cell. This should be accomplished before the roots are too extensive.<br>When foliage reaches 8 to 10 inches, the plants need to be pruned back to 3 or 4 inches. This is accomplished by turning the flats on their sides and cutting with scissors or sheers. Make sure the clippings are all removed from the flats to prevent disease spread. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February.<br>To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55-60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May.<br>Again, greenhousecontrols and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning also.<br> Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down. | 1 month | Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tradescantia ohiensis</i> Raf. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2751 | Tribulus (cistoides) | Zygophyllaceae | Creosote Bush Family | Tribulus | cistoides | L. | TRICIS | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Native to the Old World, now pantropical and widespread in Polynesia and in Micronesia. It usually grows on sandy shores, but is occasionally found inland in open places at up to 400 m elevation. In Hawai'i, occurring in coastal habitats, 0-50 m, on all of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands except Gardner Pinnacles and Necker, also on all of the main islands. One of the most common littoral species found on most of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Many seabirds nest in or use nohu for nesting materials. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized seedling | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Nohu | Mature fruit a green spiny schizocarp of 5 sections, each of which bears two spines up to 8 mm long.<br> Collecting seeds: Collect ripe or mature seeds from plants and place in zip-lock or plastic bags. Collect only what you need. Collect from plants that have a large enough seed source so that the habitat will not suffer from the collection. Seeds should be cleaned before they are sown. | Seeds are soaked overnight in water.<br> Sowing Method: Once seeds are ready to be sown, prepare seed tray or pots with well drained potting mix. Seeds can be sown in pots or trays. Seed trays are preferred because they will allow for proper development of roots and easy up-potting. Wet down tray before sowing. Sow seeds evenly on tray or pots. A general rule of seed sowing is to sow them as deep, or up to 3 times as deep, as seed diameter. Water well and evenly. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Transplanting seedlings: Seedlings will be ready to up-pot from trays when they have at least 2 sets of mature leaves. Use a pencil or your fingers to gently pry each seedling apart from others, try to touch or injure roots as little as possible. Arrange clean 3 « " pots in tray, 25 pots will fit in a tray. Currently, there are a few potting trays and some 3 « " pots, it is suggested that more be purchased and used in the future. This system allows for quick and efficient growth of plants and ease of moving large amounts of plants to out-planting sites. Fill pots with well drained potting mix about 1/3 full. | 1 months | 6 to 8 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tribulus cistoides</i> L. plants 3.5 in containerized seedling; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2752 | Tridens (flavus) | Poaceae | Grass | Tridens | flavus | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | purpletop tridens | Barbour, Jill Ruby. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Tridens flavus</i> seeds USDA FS - National Seed Laboratory Dry Branch, Georgia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2753 | Tridens (flavus) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Tridens | flavus | (L.) AS. Hitchc. | TRIFLA | Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, 1400-1800' elevation, The Sinks, Cades Cove; Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky, Sugar Run; Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, Skyline Drive | <i>Tridens flavus</i> grows in fields, roadsides, and open woods from New Hampshire to Nebraska and south to Florida and Texas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 12 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Height:</b> 8-10" after cutbacks; multiple stems.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug which leaves no loose soil when pulled. | Purpletop Widens | Collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park by NPS staff on 9/19/94 and 10/14/99; Cumberland Gap National Historical Park by NPS staff on 10/15/91; Shenandoah National Park by J. Englert on 10/21/92; National Plant Materials Center by D. Dusty on 10/22-24/96, 10/20-30/97 and 10/2-7/98. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> <i>T. flaws</i> seed may take 30 to 49 days to germinate. 3-4 weeks of cold stratification @ 40 F may improve germination, but probably not enough to warrant the extra time in the cooler. In February,2000, after 2 weeks under mist and on heat mats with little germination, unstratified plug trays were covered with clear, lightweight plastic and exposed to full sunlight in the greenhouse. Media was kept continually moist. Germination occurred rapidly (within 7-10 days). Production increased from 19 to 40 plugs per gram of seed. Direct sunlight appeared to help since plastic-covered flats protected from full sun did not germinate well. Bottom heat (@ 80 F) and mist did not increase speed or % of germination. Seeds sown on blotter under mist failed to germinate. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (set at 75/68F) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high-pressure sodium lights<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> hand sown in germination plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are sown in 392 plug trays; seedlings are transplanted to either 72 plug trays or Ropak multipots depending whether out-planted with a planter or hand-dibbled.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are sown in Fafard Germinating Mix. Seedlings are transplanted into a 2:1 mix of Sunshine #5:Compro, (1 bale Sunshine, 2 bags Compro) with 180 day Nutricote Total 18-6-8 SR incorporated @ 0.15lb/cu ft mix. Compro is used to prevent chlorosis, which may occur in warm season seedlings grown in soilless media. Other organic substitutes for Compro are being evaluated. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> December or January depending on outplanting date.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> See "seed treatments".<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are hand-sown heavily into 392 plug trays at a rate computed to produce target number of plugs and compensate for low germination rate. Seeds are lightly covered with germination mix, and watered. See "Seed Treatment".<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings in germination trays are kept continually moist. They are transplanted to 72 plug flats or Ropak multipots, usually when plugs can be pulled, however seedlings have been dug and transplanted within several days of germination resulting in more uniform maturation of plugs. Avoid over-watering transplants. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> <i>T. flavus</i> plugs grow rapidly after transplant when greenhouse solar levels increase in the spring (March). Plugs are cut back periodically to 6-8" to enhance root and stem growth and to manually eliminate insect pests. Plugs are fertilized as needed (or every 1-2 weeks) with Technigro 16-17-17 Plus, @ 100 ppm. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to out-planting, fertilization is stopped, water is decreased, and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> About l0-12 weeks from germination to finished plug. If second sowings are required to meet goal, staggered maturation of plugs will result.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are ready for out-planting about 10-12 weeks after seedlings germinate.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A - Plugs are seeded in winter and planted the same spring. | <b>Storage Duration: </b>N/A. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tridens flavus</i> (L.) AS. Hitchc. plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2754 | Tridens (flavus) | Poaceae | Tridens | flavus | (L.) A.S. Hitche. | TRFL2 | Native range extends from New Hampshire to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Purpletop | Collected in Natchez Trace Parkway (actual collection location was not noted - designated collection area was the lower section of the Natchez Trace Parkway, from around Jackson, Mississippi to the terminus in Natchez, Mississippi) by B.B. Billingsley, Jr. in 1991. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds have an absolute requirement for stratification. Reports from the local seed test laboratory showed 0% germination, however, when seeds from the same seed lot were stratified, high germination percentages resulted. A three month stratification period was used, however, periods as short as two weeks appear to be sufficient to overcome dormancy. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Direct sown. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> August to September. The PMC had some success with spring planting hulled seed, but fall planting is much safer due to the dormancy problem discussed earlier.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Seeds will not germinate until the spring following sowing.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed can be drilled shallowly in clean tilled fields or broadcast on the surface of mowed areas. Planting rates of 11.2 to 15.7 kilograms PLS per hectare (10 to 14 pounds PLS per acre) are recommended.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Stands are slow to establish and may take a few years to become fully productive. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plants begin to elongate to produce seed heads in late summer. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Late October to early November.<br> <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 12 to 13 months.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.7§ C (55§ F) and 45% relative humidity.<br> <b>Storage Duration:</b> Seeds would be classified as having medium longevity (Hartmann and Kester, 1975). Seeds were stored for 1 to 3 years before planting on the Natchez Trace Parkway. | <b>Storage Duration: </b> 1-3 years. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Tridens flavus</i> (L.) A.S. Hitche. plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2755 | Trifolium (calcaricum) | Fabaceae | Legume | Trifolium | calcaricum | PI 641356 | Cedar limestone glades in Middle Tennessee | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Seed | 5 months | Stoloniferous plant material | Running glade clover | Ordered from USDA GRIN | Seed came to Knoxville, TN February 28, 2019. Seed was started March 11, 2019 after some comparisons in seed morphology with T. stoloniferum and T. virginicum. 10 seed were placed on moist germination towel, rolled into ragdolls, secured with a small rubber band, and placed into plastic snack bags then sealed; this methodology came as a modified form of D.D. Wolf’s ragdoll test (Ball et al., 2015). Seed were not scarified. The ragdoll was left on an office desk for a week at room temperature (~22 degC). Germination evaluations occurred March 18, 2019. Resulting seeds were categorized as normal, imbibed, or hard. Unlike T. stoloniferum, running glade clover does not appear to require scarification. | 2 weeks | After germination, normal seedlings went into cell packs in the University of Tennessee Central Greenhouseon March 18, 2019. An all-purpose peat-based media was chosen based on similar efforts with T. stoloniferum (Lambert LM-AP Professional Growing Media All Purpose). The greenhouse maintained supplemental lighting and temperature conditions for adjacent soybeans (15.6 degC nights). Plants were misted every other day on weekdays at first, but then on a Tuesday/Friday schedule. Plants achieved V3 March 28, 2019. Triple-14 was applied at the recommended label rate on April 19, 2019 (Osmocote, Scotts Miracle Gro).
Plants were transplanted April 26, 2019 from cell packs to small pots (East Jordan Plastics Inc, Shuttle Pot SP-600). On April 30, 2019, plants were moved to the Southern Greenhouse shadehouse. Rabbit herbivory in the shadehouse necessitated the construction of a clover cage (chicken wire stretched to form a 1m x 1m x 0.5m cage), which sheltered the plants. Triple-14 was reapplied June 17, 2019, and containers were weeded for Oxalis. Tree seedlings shaded the plants before shade awning was stretched over the house. Plants remained diminutive relative to adjacent accessions of T. stoloniferum and T. virginicum, but had better survival rates. | ~5 months | Ball, D.M., C.S. Hoveland, and G.D. Lacefield. 2015. Southern Forages (5th Edition). International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), Peachtree Corners, GA.
Kubesch, J.O.C. 2018. Edaphic and morphological factors affecting running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum) ecology. Ohio State University. Columbus, OH. Taylor, N.L., J. M. Gillett, J. J. N. Campbell, and S. Berger. 1994. Crossing and Morphological Relationships among Native Clovers of Eastern North America. Crop Sci. 34:1097-1100. Quesenberry, K.H., N. M. Call, D. E. Moon, and R. A. Dunn. 1997. Response of Native Eastern North American Trifolium spp. to Root-Knot Nematodes. Crop Sci. 37:270-274. | Kubesch, Jonathan Omar Cole. 2019. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trifolium calcaricum</i> Plants Seed; Kubesch Seed Company Spring Hill, Tennessee. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2756 | Trifolium (eriocephalum) | Fabaceae | Legume family | Trifolium | eriocephalum | Nutt. | TRER2 | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | woollyhead clover | Germination trials were established with the following results: warm stratification, 10% germination; 45 days cold-moist stratification, 63% germination; and 90 days cold-moist stratification, 65% germination. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less,peat-based media)amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). | Seeds only germinated at room temperature. | Bartow, Amy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Trifolium eriocephalum</i> Nutt. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2757 | Trifolium (kentuckiense) | Fabaceae | Legume | Trifolium | kentuckiense | Chapel and Vincent | Trifolium | kentuckiense | Woodford County, Franklin County | Bluegrass region of Kentucky.
Subsequent information reprinted from white paper to the Kentucky Clover Recovery Team (2018). | Native plant. | Seeds | Seed | Container (plug) | Trifolium kentuckiense (Tk) is a newly discovered and extremely endangered species found solely in two counties within the Commonwealth of Kentucky. A new species, the monitoring efforts documented small populations previously, but additionally plant material is heavily desired (Dr. Julian Campbell pers comm 2018).
Given the need to increase both the number of specimens and awareness of Tk, the present study ran a simple warm germination test on a blended lot of the species to determine whether seed could be grown out into the seedling stage. This test also noted the best-case viability for wild seed under optimal conditions, as well as the opportunities for propagation in controlled environments. | Kentucky clover | Germplasm from a 2016 mixed lot of Woodford and Franklin county populations. | Plant material was sourced as described in the Germination section of this project. Seedlings were
collected from germination testing and potted up in a south facing window. In order to maintain usable plant material at the end of the study for the next stages of the project, extreme treatments and gradients were avoided. Plants were randomized and divided into two groups. Each plant was considered an experimental unit. Several plants were placed outside the south facing window for a week and retrieved when the sunlight 9 exposure started negatively affecting the plants. Experimentation was not feasible, and thus the goals of the propagation study refocused from environmental testing to simply maintaining a population. Urea (33-0-0; Tennessee Farmer’s Cooperative, LaVergne, TN) was applied at a rate of one gram per pot at a point where any starter fertilizer in the potting mix would likely be exhausted. Triple 15 (15-15-15; Tennessee Farmer’s Cooperative, LaVergne, TN) was applied at a rate of two grams per pot in a subsequent fertilization to supply the P and K absent in the potting mix. When the author relocated from the Middle TN Research and Education Center to the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, the plants were moved into a full sun, south-facing window. The watering and fertilization regime remained constant following this move from Middle TN to East TN | Plants responded to urea readily and quickly. Chlorotic symptoms were much more visible than
expected, though no conventional signs of P and K deficiencies arose. The plants continued to grow vigorously through a 98 day period from May 25 to August 31, 2018. Unfortunately, the plants completely senesced in the last week of the growth period (Table 2). The attempted lighting experiment led to a 66% fatality in the outside group, which might lend further credence to light exposure mortality. Plants achieved at least a V5 or V6 stage during the growth period. No floral structures developed throughout the course of the period, and the growth points put out leaves in regular intervals. The roots—during an examination—were few, but quite long, penetrating the bottom of the peat pots. Despite the intrusion of the observation, the plants seemed no worse for the wear, contrary to earlier observations regarding the sensitivity of the root structure (Dr. Julian Campbell pers comm 2018). The plants behaved similarly to greenhouse specimens of running buffalo clover. | Ashworth, S. 2002. Home Germination Testing. Seed Savers Exchange, Decorah, IA
Barker, D. 2018. Personal communication Campbell, J. 2018. Personal communication Chapel, K.J. and M.A. Vincent. 2013. Trifolium kentuckiense (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), a new species from Franklin and Woodford counties, Kentucky. Phytoneuron 2013-63: 1–6. Kubesch, J. 2018. Propagation of a native endangered clover. Report to the Kentucky Clover Recovery Team. Kubesch, J. 2018. Edaphic and morphological factors affecting running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum) ecology. Undergraduate Thesis. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/84873. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Davies, R., di Sacco, A., and Newton, R. 2015. Germination testing: procedures and evaluation. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom Sustar, E. 2017. The Effects of Scarification on Germination Rates on Running Buffalo Clover. Independent Study Project, unpublished. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. | Kubesch, Jonathan Omar Cole. 2019. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trifolium kentuckiense</i> Chapel and Vincent Seeds Kubesch Seed Company Spring Hill, Tennessee. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2758 | Trifolium (longipes) | Fabaceae | Pea | Trifolium | longipes | Trifolium | hansenii | High elevation ecotype at Lassen National Park, Ca | This plant typically grows in moist environments along the Western US. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Longstalk clover | Our trials showed Trifolium longipes to be a seed type that grows well without a cold treatment to stimulate germination. We saw no calculable benefit to a 90 day cool (38F) treatment but instead saw a decrease to 15% germination compared to the 17% germination when placed directly into the growth chamber (75F days and 50F nights). | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trifolium longipes</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2759 | Trifolium (nanum) | Fabaceae | Trifolium | nanum | TRNA2 | Colorado, Alpine Visitor Center (98-216s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Dwarf Clover | Alpine Visitor Center (98-216s) collected on 8/12/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 1 month.<p> Alpine Visitor Center (98-216s) sowed 1/20/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Trifolium nanum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2760 | Trifolium (willdenovi) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Trifolium | willdenovi | Spreng. | Trifolium | tridentatum | Lindl. | TRIWIL | Catalina Island, California | Tomcat clover is a common ,annual species that is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits grassy slopes, dry rocky banks and disturbed areas. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 (40 cubic inch) | 4 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Tomcat Clover | We collect seeds during May and June. | We have used a 5 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br>We scarify seeds by placing them into a 2 hour hot water soak and place them into a 4 week cold, moist stratification at 40F for 4 weeks.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 29 to 57%. We have had higher germination rates with non-stratified seeds. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprisedof shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during late winter and early spring months in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into flats filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 4 weeks after sowing. | 1 month | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into Deepot containers (40 cubic inches)filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium.Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> Plants are in flower by early May. | 3 months | No hardening is needed; this is an annual species. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trifolium willdenovi</i> Spreng. plants Deepot 40 (40 cubic inch); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2761 | Trifolium (wormskioldii) | Fabaceae | Pea | Trifolium | wormskioldii | Trifolium | fimbriatum | TRWO | Coastal ecotype from Clatsop Co, OR | This plant is seen natively along the western half of Mexico, the US and Canada in coastal, subalpine and meadow regions. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | stubby containers | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes that fill the soil profile of the container. | sand clover | Trifolium wormskioldii seeds are not dormant and germinate readily in warm temperatures.In our our trials seeds that were placed directly into a warm growth box of 75F germinated at a higher percentage than our seeds first placed in a cooler of 35F (42% vs 32%). | 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trifolium wormskioldii</i> plants stubby containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2762 | Triglochin (concinnum) | Juncaginaceae | Arrow-Weed Family | Triglochin | concinnum | Davy | TRICON | Presidio, California | <i>T. concinna</i> is found in coastal salt marsh from British Columbia to Lower California. | plants | seed | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Arrow Grass | Seeds are collected between July 3rd and October 28th.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is less than 5 mm long and thread like. | Stratify seeds in a refrigerator for 17 days. | Shadehouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are lightly covered.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination: 75% | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers Treeband #5 (2x2x5 inch) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Containers are placed on a heated bench and watered with an automatic mist and irrigation system. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Triglochin concinnum</i> Davy plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2763 | Triglochin (maritimum) | Juncaginaceae | Arrow-Weed Family | Triglochin | maritimum | L. | TRIMAR | Presidio, California | <i>T. maritima</i> is found in alkaline flats and boggy places, mostly below 7,500 feet elevation, from southern California to Alaska, New Mexico, New Jersery, and Eurasia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband #5 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Maritime Arrow-Weed | Seeds are collected between July 17th and September 23rd.<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> | None required. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br> Seeds are mixed with media to sow and are covered 4 times the diameter of seed to depth.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system. Flats are placed on a heated bench.<br> % Germination: 88% | Seedlings are transplanted after germination to individual containers 2"x2"x5" tubes (Treeband #5) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark,perlite, and sand.<br> | After establishment, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Triglochin maritimum</i> L. plants Treeband #5; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2764 | Trillium (erectum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Trillium | erectum | L. | TRIERE | T. erectum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Red trillium | Seeds are cold-warm-cold stratified and germinate at 5 C. | Barton, L. V. (1944). Some seeds showing special dormancy. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 13, 259-271.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trillium erectum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2765 | Trillium (flexipes) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Trillium | flexipes | Raf. | Trillium | declinatum | auct. non (Gray) Gleason | TRIFLE | T. flexipes is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Nodding wake robin | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 25/15 C. | Baskin and Baskin,1988,unpublished.In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trillium flexipes</i> Raf. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2766 | Trillium (grandiflorum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Trillium | grandiflorum | (Michx.) Salisb. | TRIGRA | T. grandiflorum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Snow trillium | Seeds are cold-warm-cold stratified and germinate at 21 C. | Barton, L. V. (1944). Some seeds showing special dormancy. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 13, 259-271.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trillium grandiflorum</i> (Michx.) Salisb. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2767 | Trillium (sessile) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Trillium | sessile | L. | TRISES | T. sessile is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Toad shade | Seeds are warm and cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. | Baskin and Baskin,1988 unpublished. In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.18 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trillium sessile</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2768 | Tripsacum (dactyloides L.) | Poaceae/Gramineae | Grass family | Tripsacum | dactyloides L. | TRDA3 | Lot Number N1320 | Eastern gamagrass is widely distributed throughout much of the eastern half of the continental US from Nebraska to New York south to Texas and Florida. | This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the Southern Weed Science Society. 1998. Weeds of the United States and Canada. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 9 months | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 16" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Eastern gamagrass | Seed was purchased from Liggetts Supply in Mill Creek, WV by the US Forest Service and supplied to the PMC. Lot number is N1320. Seed origin is from Missouri. | Prior to planting, the seed was processed through a dehuller machine two times. This machine was adjusted so that the distance between the internal rubber rollers was close enough to gently squeeze the seeds as they passed through which cracked the seed coat without damaging the embryo inside. In some cases, the embryo was completely separated from the outside hull. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were placed in the cooler (34 degrees F) for 3 months to allow for cold, moist stratification. | 3 months | After cold stratification, the trays were moved directly to the greenhouse for germination. Seedlings began to emerge after about 2 weeks in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into quart plastic containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. | 5 months | Plants were moved into the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent excessive wind burn damage. | 1 day | Eastern gamagrass performs best in moist habitats such as floodplains and along stream banks where the soil is fertile. Rainfall should be above 25 inches annually. Because of it's unique root system, eastern gamagrass can withstand short periods of flooding as well as periods of drought. | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tripsacum dactyloides L.</i> Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2769 | Tripsacum (dactyloides) | Poaceae | Grass family | Tripsacum | dactyloides | (L.) L. | TRIDAC | T. dacytloides is a widespread North American species that ranges from the central and southeeastern United States into Mexico and South America in grasslands and prairies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastern gamagrass | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 42 to 56 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle.<br> In other studies, mechnaical injury of caryopsis or covering layers reluted in 86% germination. Application of gibbrellic acid resulted in 82% germination. | Ahring, R. M. and Frank, H. (1968). Establishment of eastern gamagrass from seed and vegetative propagation. J. Range Manage. 21, 27-30.Anderson, R. C. (1985). Aspects of the germination ecology and biomass production of eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.). Bot. Gaz. 146, 353-364.<br>Table 10.25 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tripsacum dactyloides</i> (L.) L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2770 | Trisetum (spicatum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Trisetum | spicatum | L. | TRISPI | T. spicatum is a circumboreal species found throughout arctic and subarctic North America.It is found at high elevations through the mountain ranges of the western states. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine trisetum | Germination occurs at 20D/3N C and 25D/20N C alternating temperature cycles. Germination was greater in light than in dark. | Pelton, J. (1956). A study of seed dormancy in eighteen species of high altitude Colorado plants. Butler Univ. Stud. Bot. 13, 74-84.<br>Bliss, L. C. (1958). Seed germination in arctic and alpine species. Arctic 11, 180-188.<br>Sayers, R. L. and Ward, R. T. (1966). Germination responses in alpine species. Bot. Gaz. 127, 11-16.<br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trisetum spicatum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2771 | Trisetum (spicatum) | Poaceae | Grass family | Trisetum | spicatum | (L.) Richter | TRISPI | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 2032m elevation. | <i>T. spicatum</i> is a cosmopolitan species, which occurs from montane forests to alpine slopes in dry and rocky areas to moist areas. It is found from Alaska to Greenland, south through most of the mountains of the western U.S., the Great Lakes area, the Appalachian mountains, and Mexico through South America. It is also found across Europe and Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves; 10 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in conetainer. | Spike trisetum | Seeds are collected in late August when florets turn from purple to tan and seed is easily shaken out of floret. Seeds are collected by hand stripping the inflorescence. | 5 month outdoor stratification. Stratification is not necessary. High elevation seed sources are reported to germinate higher in light; lower elevation sources germinate higher in dark. | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct seeding. Seeds are lightly covered or surface sown.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Medium is kept slightly moist during germination. Initial germination appeared uniform and occurred following several days of temperatures at 21C or above during the day. | 2 weeks | Root and shoot development occurs rapidly following germination. 4 to 6 true leaves were evident 3 weeks after germination. Plants were fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the growing season. Plants reached flowering maturity 3 months after germination. | 6 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are flushed with clear water before winterization. | 5 months | Total Time to Harvest: 8 weeks<br> Harvest Date: July to August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Growing Colorado Plants From Seed; A State of the Art. Vol.2 Grasses, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Report, 1982.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Trisetum spicatum</i> (L.) Richter plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2772 | Trisetum (spicatum) | Poaceae | Trisetum | spicatum | TRSP2 | Colorado, Lake Irene (98-169s), Alpine Visitor Center (98-218s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Spike Trisetum | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Remove seeds from stalk.<p> Collected at Lake Irene (98-169s), Alpine Visitor Center (98-218s). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§ F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 3 inch pots. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 11 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Rapid and uniform.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> Divisions after 1 month.<p> Lake Irene (98-169s) sowed 12/17/98; Alpine Visitor Center (98-218s) sowed 1/20/99. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Trisetum spicatum</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2773 | Triteleia (bridgesii) | Liliaceae | Lily | Triteleia | bridgesii | Seed collected at Hog's Back Ridge, eastern Tehama County, California | California to southern Oregon. Forest edges, often on rocks below 1,000 meters (Hickman 1993; Oswald and Ahart 2002). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 7 Months | Months | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small) | Bridge's Triteleia | Whole fruits can be collected from heads immediately prior to or after ripening (i.e. browning and splitting of capsules). Seed may be shaken from capsules which have split, but capsules which have not opened may need to be mechanically split (dry heat or repeated drying and cooling may encourage capsules to split). If necessary, large numbers of dry fruits may be shattered rapidly by very brief blending (dry in a blender). Blending typically does not damage the very hard viable seed, but may increase overall viability of seed lots by destroying readily shattered unviable seed. After blending, seed may be cleaned by sifting and/or blowing (e.g. with a thrift store blow-drier) off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flatscontaining a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging from D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 98% for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F and 43% for seed sown in outdoor coldframes. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Triteleia bridgesii</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2774 | Triteleia (grandiflora) | Liliaceae | Lily | Triteleia | grandiflora | Lindl. | Variety | grandiflora | Brodiaea | douglasii | Wats. | TRGRG2 (BRDO) | Paradise Creek drainage, Pullman, WA | East of the Cascades in British Columbia, Washingtonand Oregon east to Montana and south to Wyoming and Utah. Usually found in prairies and meadows from sagebrush habitats to open Ponderosa pine woods. | bulbs | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 3 Years | Years | Corms 1/4 inch in diameter. | Douglas' brodiaea | Seeds are easily collected when the capsule begins to split, either by shaking the seed into an envelope or collecting whole capsules. Seeds are black when mature. They are stored in envelopes or paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Cool, moist stratification and cool growing conditions are needed. No seed germinated without pretreatment. 30 days of cool, moist stratification resulted in a few seeds germinating, but they did not survive in the greenhouse. High germination was obtained from seeds sown in flats and left outside under cool, fluctuating spring temperatures. Seedlings which germinated outside died when placed in the greenhouse. | In late November or early December seeds are sown in flats containing a 3:1 mix of Sunshine #4 and sharp sand. They are covered lightly. A thin layer of sand or fine grit is applied to the flats to prevent seed and soil from floating out. Pea gravel is not used because many of the stones are impossible to separate from the corms at harvest. Flats are watered deeply. They are placed outside subject to winter conditions. | Germination begins in late March or early April and continues for 3 weeks. Some seed will germinate after a second winter. | 1 month | Flats are moved to the lath house in late May. Plants will develop 1 true leaf in the first season and go dormant in mid to late June. They are left in the lath house with no protection, except snow cover, over the winter. Trays should be protected from extreme cold if not covered with snow, however. In subsequent years, they are watered as needed and fertilized twice with a water soluble, complete fertilizer during the active growth phase. After dormancy, flats are watered only enough to keep the soil from drying out completely. | 3 years | Not needed, as plants are grown outside. | After 3 years, the plants have developed corms of about 1/4" inch in diameter. In August or September of the third year, the trays are dumped out and corms are separated from the soil using hand screens. | Barkworth, Mary E. 1977. Intra specific Variation in <i>Brodiaea douglasii</i> Watson (Liliaceae). Northwest Science 51:79-90.<p>Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Faust, Ralph, and Peggy Faust. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York. <p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Strickler, Dee. 1993. Wayside Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. The Flower Press, Columbia Falls, MT. 272 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> | Skinner, David M,. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Triteleia grandiflora</i> Lindl. bulbs USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2775 | Triteleia (hyacinthina) | Liliaceae | Lily | Triteleia | hyacinthina | TRHY3 | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Dye Creek and Vina Plains Preserves, Tehama County, California | California to British Columbia. Grasslands and vernally wet meadows below 2,000 meters (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 7 Months | Months | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Wild hyacinth; White Brodiaea | Whole fruits can be collected from heads immediately prior to or after ripening (i.e. browning and splitting of capsules). Seed may be shaken from capsules which have split, but capsules which have not opened may need to be mechanically split (dry heat or repeated drying and cooling may encourage capsules to split). If necessary, large numbers of dry fruits may be shattered rapidly by very brief blending (dry in a blender). Blending typically does not damage the very hard viable seed, but may increase overall viability of seed lots by destroying readily shattered unviable seed. After blending, seed may be cleaned by sifting and/or blowing (e.g. with a thrift store blow-drier) off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging from D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 19% (Hogback) and 96% (Vina Plains) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. For seed sown in outdoor coldframes germination rates of 95% (Vina Plains) were observed. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Triteleia hyacinthina</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2776 | Triteleia (hyacinthina) | Liliaceae | lilly | Triteleia | hyacinthina | Brodiaea | hyacinthina | TRHY3 | Western Coast of the United States | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | white brodiaea | 90 days cool(38F)/moist stratification worked best for us to break dormancy and allow for consistent germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Triteleia hyacinthina</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2777 | Triteleia (laxa) | Liliaceae | Lily | Triteleia | laxa | TRLA16 | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Vina Plains and Dye Creek Preserves, Tehama County, California | Northwestern California, Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, Central Western California, Transverse Ranges and southwestern Oregon. Open forest, woodland, grassland on clay soil below 1,500 meters (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 7 Months | Months | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Ithuriel's-spea | Whole fruits can be collected from heads immediately prior to or after ripening (i.e. browning and splitting of capsules). Seed may be shaken from capsules which have split, but capsules which have not opened may need to be mechanically split (dry heat or repeated drying and cooling may encourage capsules to split). If necessary, large numbers of dry fruits may be shattered rapidly by very brief blending (dry in a blender). Blending typically does not damage the very hard viable seed, but may increase overall viability of seed lots by destroying readily shattered unviable seed. After blending, seed may be cleaned by sifting and/or blowing (e.g. with a thrift store blow-drier) off chaff. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging from D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 2 weeks; Observed germination rates were 97% (Vina Plains) and 97% (Dye Creek) for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. For seed sown in outdoor coldframes germination rates of 45% (Dye Creek) to 62% (Vina Plains) and 72% (Dye Creek) were observed. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred in late spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees Farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Triteleia laxa</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2778 | Tsuga (canadensis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Tsuga | canadensis | L. | TSUCAN | T. canadensis is found in coniferous forests throughout northeastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Eastern hemlock | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 120 days. Germination occurs at 26D/5N C alternating temperature cycle. Germination was equal in light and dark. | Olson, J. S. (1959). Eastern hemlock seeds and seedlings Response to photoperiod and temperature. Connecticut Agri. Exp. Stn. Bull. 620.<br>Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2779 | Tsuga (heterophylla) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Tsuga | heterophylla | (Raf.) Sarg. | TSUHET | T. heterophylla is found from Alaska to northern California, and east to Idaho and western Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Western hemlock | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 0 to 84 days. Germination occurs at 20 C. | Edwards, D. G. W. (1973). Effects of stratification on western hemlock germination. Can J. For. Res. 3, 522-527. Edwards, D. G. W. and Olsen, P. E. (1973). A photoperiod response in germination of western hemlock seeds. Can J. For. Res. 3, 146-148. <br>Table 10.35 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> (Raf.) Sarg. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2780 | Tsuga (heterophylla) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Tsuga | heterophylla | (Raf.) Sarg. | TSUHET | Avalanche, Glacier National Park, MT. 1100 meters elevation | <i>T. heterophylla</i> occurs from sea level to 1550 m elevation, in mesic to wet coastal and montane forests. It ranges from Alaska to northern California, east to southeast B.C., northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 19 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 7.0 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Western hemlock | Cones are collected in late September using pruning poles when cones are brown and before scales begin to reflex. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Cones are kept in burlap bags in drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are placed into a 48 hour running water rinse. Do not bleach treat seeds.<br>After pretreatment, seeds are placed in a 45 day cold, moist stratification. Seeds are placed in fine mesh bags and buried in moist peat moss in ventiliated containers at 3C. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br>Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds must be surface sown for light requirement.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Greenhouse temperatures are maintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Germination was slow but uniform and is usually complete in 20 days. Seedlings are fertilized with Conifer Starter 7-40-17 liquid NPK fertilizer for 1 month.<br>Western hemlock seedlings are easily damaged by direct sun. Seedlings must be shaded throughout production. | 4 weeks | Seedlings reach the rapid growth stage 4 to 5 weeks after germination. Optimum growth and development occurs at air temperatures maintained at 18 to 23C. Average height was 14 centimeters 4 months after germination.<br>Plants attained root-tightness 6 months after germination. Plants were regularly fertilized with 20-7-19 liquid NPK during the active growth phase.<br>Plants are moved from the greenhouse to the outdoor shadehouse in late May. | 20 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Conetainers are leached with water. Irrigation is gradually reduced through September and October. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.7 years<br> Harvest Date: September of the second year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor shadehouse under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds of the Woody Pants of North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants of the U.S., Agriculture Handbook #450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> The Reference Manual for Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr, M., Varsity Press, 1986. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> (Raf.) Sarg. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2781 | Tsuga (heterophylla) | Pinaceae | Tsuga | heterophylla | TSHE | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1, 2, 3, 4 gallon | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | western hemlock | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller) or bareroot beds (1+0 and 2+0). | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3 and 4 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallong containers and ¬ cup for 8-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | One month. | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Summer 2002 and Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> plants 1, 2, 3, 4 gallon; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2782 | Tsuga (heterophylla) | Pinaceae | Tsuga | heterophylla | TSHE | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1,2,3 and 4 gallon container | 0 | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | western hemlock | Seedlings are started from smaller container seedlings (20 cubic inch and smaller) or bareroot beds (1-0 and 2-0). | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3 and 4 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Seedlings are transplanted into larger containers from late winter through mid spring. The process is as follows: Media is contained in a large trough where containers are filled. For bareroot seedlings, media is scooped from the trough into the bottom half of the container. The root system of the seedling is held in placed above the media as media is placed around it. After the seedling has been transplanted, the container is lightly dropped several times to settle the media. More media is place in the container to a height one inch below the top of the container. For plugs, the container is completely filled with media and a hole made with a dibble a little larger than the plug size. The plug is planted and media pressed around the sides of the plug. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied to each container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | One month. | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours an irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Summer 2002 and Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> plants 1,2,3 and 4 gallon container; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2783 | Tsuga (mertensiana) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Tsuga | mertensiana | (Bongard) Carriere | TSUMER | T. mertensiana is found from 0 to 2400 m elevation; from Alaska and British Columbia south to California, Montana, Idaho, and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mountain hemlock | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 90 days. Germination occurs at 30D/20N C alternating temperature cycle. | Ruth, R. H. (1974). Tsuga (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock. Pp. 819-827. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tsuga mertensiana</i> (Bongard) Carriere plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2784 | Tsuga (mertensiana) | Pinaceae | pine | Tsuga | mertensiana | TSME | Commonly found western coast of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | mountain hemlock | 30 days of cold stratification we found to be the best method of breaking dormancy for germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tsuga mertensiana</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2785 | Typha (latifolia) | Typhaceae | Cattail Family | Typha | latifolia | L. | TYPLAT | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common cattail | Seeds germinate at temperatures of 35 C and 25 to 27 C. Seeds were light requiring for germination. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br> Bonnewal et al. Light temperature and oxygen requirements for Typha latifolia seed germination. Canadian Journal of Botany 61, 1330-1336. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Typha latifolia</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2786 | Ulmus (americana) | Ulmaceae | Elm family | Ulmus | americana | L. | Ulmus | floridana | ULMAME | U. americana is found in temperate deciduous forests of the United States. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American elm | Seeds are non dormant. | McDermott,1953. Light as a factor in the germination of some bottomland hardwood seeds. J. For. 51,203-204.<br>.Table 10.13 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspectiveon Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ulmus americana</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2787 | Ulmus (crassifolia) | Ulmaceae | Elm family | Ulmus | crassifolia | Nutt. | ULMCRA | U. crassifolia is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Cedar elm | Seeds are cold stratified for 60 to 90 days. | Brinkman, K. A. (1974d). Ulmus L. Elm. Pp. 829-834. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ulmus crassifolia</i> Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2788 | Ulmus (rubra) | Ulmaceae | Elm family | Ulmus | rubra | Muhl. | Ulmus | fulva | Michx. | ULMRUB | U. rubra is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Slippery elm | Seeds germinate at 30/20 C. | Brinkman, K. A. (1974d). Ulmus L. Elm. Pp. 829-834. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ulmus rubra</i> Muhl. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2789 | Ulmus (serotina) | Ulmaceae | Elm family | Ulmus | serotina | Sarg. | ULMSER | U. serotina is found within temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | September elm | Seeds are cold stratified for 60 to 90 days. | Brinkman, K. A. (1974b). Rubus L. Blackberry, raspberry. Pp. 738-743. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.14 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ulmus serotina</i> Sarg. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2790 | Umbellularia (californica) | Lauraceae | Laurel Family | Umbellularia | californica | (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. | UMBCAL | Presidio, California | <i>U. californica</i> is found from in canyons and valleys, mostly below 5,000 feet elevation; from the coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of southern Caliofrnia north to southern Oregon. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Treeband 14 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California laurel | Seeds are collected between October 15th and November 30th.<br> Mature fruits are dark purple.<br> Seed is brown at maturity. | Stratify seeds for 3 to 4 months in refrigerator. | Full Sun in Nursery.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br>Containers are 4x4x14 inch(Treeband #14)and are filled with standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br>Containers are watered in with automatic irrigation system. % Germination: N/A | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Umbellularia californica</i> (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. plants Treeband 14; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2791 | Urtica (dioica) | Urticaceae | Nettle family | Urtica | dioica | L. | URTDIO | U. dioica is a circumboreal species found throughout North America, Europe and Asia. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Stinging nettle | Seeds afterripened in dry storage and are warm stratified. Seeds germinate at 20/15 C in light. | Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R.,Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M. and Shaw, S. (1981). A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. J. Ecol. 69, 1017-1059.<br>In:Baskin, C and Baskin, J. Chapter 10 Table 10.18 In: Seeds: Biogeography, Ecology and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press,1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Urtica dioica</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2792 | Uvularia (grandiflora) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Uvularia | grandiflora | Sm. | UVGR | Rich deciduous woods often on hillsides, ranging from upland beech-maple and hemlock hardwoods to low floodplain woods and streamside thickets. Slender perennial up to 3/4 meter tall, stem zigzag and leafy above. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bellwort | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers April and May. Seed is a triangular fruit and is harvested in June. | Grows best when the seeds are dispersed in the fall months in containers buried in the soil outside, which is the same as moist cold stratification of 3-6 months. | Propagation Environment: In the ground in containers buried in the dirt. Container Type: grows best in any container that can be easily buried in the soil (6" deep by 4" wide). Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Plant containers outside in the fall in order to allow it to go through its natural stratification process. Planting in containers allows better tracking of where the seeds are in the ground. | The seeds are in their natural environment outside for each phase. Nothing is regulated. | No fertilizers are used. | None. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats that are not planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Uvularia grandiflora</i> Sm. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2793 | Vaccinium (myrtillus) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | myrtillus | VAMY2 | Deschutes National Forest, Oregon | Western North America | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Whortleberry | Collect the berries in the fall when ripe and store in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Vaccinium seeds require a climate-controlled facility with tight temperature and moisture requirements to germinate. Q-plugs are removed from stratification, lightly covered with nursery grit, and placed in a facility maintained at 100% RH; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 to 4 weeks following emergence.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is extremely slow, somewhat uneven, and may take up to 4 to 5 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, q-plug trays are moved to a greenhouse and are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 6 to 7 weeks | In this size container, V. myrtillus will take up to 2 years to fill a container. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 to 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Vaccinium myrtillus L. whortleberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VAMY2 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium myrtillus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2794 | Vaccinium (alaskense) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | alaskense | VAAL3 | Mt Hood National Forest, Oregon | Alaska, Oregon, California | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Alaska blueberry | Collect the berries in the fall when ripe and store in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Vaccinium seeds require a climate-controlled facility with tight temperature and moisture requirements to germinate. Q-plugs are removed from stratification, lightly covered with nursery grit, and placed in a facility maintained at 100% RH; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 to 4 weeks following emergence.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is extremely slow, somewhat uneven, and may take up to 4 to 5 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, q-plug trays are moved to a greenhouse and are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 6 to 7 weeks | In this size container, V. alaskense will take up to 2 years to fill a container. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml conetainer. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 to 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Agricultural Research Service. 2018. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). Beltsville (MD): National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=41045 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Vaccinium alaskaense Howell Alaska blueberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VAAL3 (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium alaskense</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2795 | Vaccinium (angustifolium) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Vaccinium | angustifolium | L. | VACANG | V. angustifolium is found from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan south to New Hampshire and New York. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lowbush blueberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 83 days. | Crossley, J. A. (1974b). Vaccinium L. Blueberry. Pp. 840-843. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium angustifolium</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2796 | Vaccinium (angustifolium) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Vaccinium | angustifolium | Aiton | Vaccinium | pensylvanicum | Lam. | VAAN | Dry, sandy, open, and/or shaded ground with oaks, pines, and or aspen, but also in low places, including peatlands. Thrives after clearing or burning. Shrubs woody, up to 2 feet in height. Forms colonies. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Low sweet blueberry | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from May to July. Seed is tasty, fleshy blue to black-blue berry. The seed is harvested from July to July to August. | Stratification: Mix the seeds with an equal of moist perlite or vermiculite in a sealable plastic bag. Add enough water to moisten the mixture. Place bag in a refrigerator or cold garage for at least 3 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in thewater with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with paper. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the cell plugs again. Sow the seed by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays should be placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be kept consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium angustifolium</i> Aiton plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2797 | Vaccinium (caespitosum) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Vaccinium | caespitosum | Michx. | VACCES | V. caespitosum is found from Alaska east across Canada and south through the Rocky mountain states and through the Cascades to California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dwarf huckleberry | Germination occurs at 21C. | McLean, A. (1967). Germination of forest range species from southern British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 20, 321-322.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium caespitosum</i> Michx. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2798 | Vaccinium (corymbosum) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | corymbosum | Deciduous branching shrub is commonly found on poorly drained sites in open areas or woods from Maine to Minnesota south to Florida. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Highbush Blueberry | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Use 50% sun/shade during first year. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> June thru August. Pale green fruit with attached blooms turn dark blue when ripe.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Normal refrigeration.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Up to 12 years. | Skaradek, William. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Cape May Plant Materials Center Cape May Court House, New Jersey. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2799 | Vaccinium (corymbosum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Vaccinium | corymbosum | L. | VACCOR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway | <i> V. corymbosum </i> is found from Nova Scotia to Michigan, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania,Ohio and Indiana.It is found in swamps, bogs and moist woods. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2-gallon size | 3 Years | Years | Height: 24-36" for 2-gallon container plants<br> Root System: Fine fibrous roots grow in a defined clump. Roots may not fill deeper pots. | highbush blueberry | Fruit was collected in late July and August. | None indicated. | In March 2001, we propagated four ericaceous species from seed in an unused office with little to no natural light and had excellent results. Seeds are mixed with talc (1 part seed to 4 to 8 parts talc) and sifted (surface sown) on top of a 4:2:1 mix of screened horticultural peat, sand and perlite. Dolomitic lime (~40 grams per cubic foot of mix) can be added to prevent excessive drops in pH. Slow release fertilizer or micronutrients are not added because of possibile toxic reactions at low pH. The trays were placed in solid-bottomed carrying flatsand set on benches under fluorescent lights set about 4" to 8" above the trays. 24 hours of light were provided until germination was complete. Germination occurred within 2 weeks Trays were hand-misted or bottom-watered and covered with plastic domes to conserve humidity. Media must not be allowed to dry out or crust over; hover trays must not be allowed to stand in water. Room temperature was kept at about 68-72F. Seedling germination and growth were greatly improved over previous years in the greenhouse, with minimal mortality, no stunting and no leaf necrosis.<br> | Seedlings were kept under fluorescent lights set at 4-6" above vegetation and regulated by timers to 16 hours daylight.<br> Seedlings were ready for bumpups to 2" pots in June. By August, many were ready for quarts. Around 500 ericaceous seedlings were successfully germinated in a very small space. <br> At approximately 90 days post germination, seedlings with 2 leaves are pricked off in small clumps and spaced in new 4 x 4" trays or in 2" pots. Roots may extend to the bottom of the germination trays and have to be teased apart. Seedlings were fertilized approximately bi-weekly with 1/3 strength water-soluble acidic fertilizer.<br> | 2" pots are bumped up to quarts, and one-half, 1-gallon and 2-gallon containers when needed. It takes about 3.5 years to reach 2 gallon size. Transplant mix for 2" pots is 1:1 Sunshine #1 Mix and horticultural peat. Transplant mix for quarts and up: 1:1:1 mix of Sunshine #1, peat and fine pinebark with 180-day slow release Nutricote (18-6-8) at the lowest rates.<br> | Seedlings in 2" pots are moved from the germination bench to a cooler, shaded corner of the greenhouse out of direct sunlight. We use shade cloth, since the seedlings are coming from artificial lighting and are very tender. They can be burned by direct sunlight or high temperatures. <br> Quart sized plants are moved outside to a protected location under shade cloth when weather permits and are hand watered. Larger containers are moved to the container nursery shade house. Irrigation is reduced in the fall as plants go dormant.<br> 3 year old vaccinium container plants are experiencing leaf drop and stem dieback. Symptoms started when containers were moved to the outdoor shade house with overhead irrigation. Suggest drip irrigation or bottom watering and allowing media to dry between waterings.<br> | Quart and half gallon containers are overwintered in a cold storage room at 40F. Larger container plants are overwintered outdoors under microfoam. Dead leaves and debris are removed from containers of dormant plants prior to storage. They are then watered, overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with a blanket of microfoam and white plastic. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket, which is then anchored with rope and rebar.<br> Storage: December to March | 4 months | Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br><br> Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br> USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i> L. plants 2-gallon size; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2800 | Vaccinium (deliciosum) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | deliciosum | VADE | Deschutes National Forest, Oregon | Cascade blueberry grows in alpine meadows, subalpine coniferous woods, and near the coast at elevations from 600-2000 m. The range of Vaccinium deliciosum is from southern British Columbia to northern California, in the Klamath Range and the northern high Sierra Nevada Mountains. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Cascade blueberry | Collect the berries in the fall when ripe and store in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Vaccinium seeds require a climate-controlled facility with tight temperature and moisture requirements to germinate. Q-plugs are removed from stratification, lightly covered with nursery grit, and placed in a facility maintained at 100% RH; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 to 4 weeks following emergence.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is extremely slow, somewhat uneven, and may take up to 4 to 5 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, q-plug trays are moved to a greenhouse and are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 6 to 7 weeks | In this size container, V. deliciosum will take up to 2 years to fill a container. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml conetainer. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 to 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Stevens M, Darris D. 2000. Plant guide: Cascade bilberry Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_vame.pdf (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium deliciosum</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2801 | Vaccinium (membranaceum) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | membranaceum | VAME | Mt Hood, Rogue River-Siskiyou, and Willamette National Forest, Oregon | Vaccinium membranaceum grows from British Columbia to Alberta and Ontario, north to the Mackenzie Delta area, south to California in the Klamath Range and North Coast Range, and east to Michigan. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container or 444 ml (27 in3) container | 9 to 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Big huckleberry | Collect the berries in the fall when ripe and store in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Vaccinium seeds require a climate-controlled facility with tight temperature and moisture requirements to germinate. Q-plugs are removed from stratification, lightly covered with nursery grit, and placed in a facility maintained at 100% RH; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 to 4 weeks following emergence.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 0.8 gram Nutricote per 164 ml container, or Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is extremely slow, somewhat uneven, and may take up to 4 to 5 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, q-plug trays are moved to a greenhouse and are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 6 to 7 weeks | Depending on target container size, V. membranaceum will take 1 to 2 years to fill a container. The species grows faster than other Vaccinium spp., and can be grown in 1 year if grown in a smaller container. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml conetainer. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 to 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Stevens M, Darris D. 2000. Plant guide: Black huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum Douglas ex Torr.. Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_vame.pdf (accessed 10 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Vaccinium membranaceum Douglas ex Torr. thinleaf huckleberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VAME (accessed 10 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium membranaceum</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container or 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2802 | Vaccinium (membranaceum) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Vaccinium | membranaceum | Dougl. ex Torr. | VAME | USFS, Umpqua National Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger District, Calapooya, Oregon; 5000 ft. elevation | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Thinleaf huckleberry | Small lot, 29.5 pounds, hand collected into plastic bucket. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Vaccinium membranaceum</i> Dougl. ex Torr. seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2803 | Vaccinium (myrtillus) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Vaccinium | myrtillus | L. | VACMYR | V. myrtillus is a circumboreal species and is found in North America from British Columbia and Alberta south to New Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Dwarf bilberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 21 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 28C. | Ritchie, J. C. (1956). Biological flora of the British Isles. Vaccinium myrtillus L. J. Ecol. 44, 291-299.<br>Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M. and Shaw, S. (1981). A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. J. Ecol. 69, 1017-1059.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium myrtillus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2804 | Vaccinium (ovalifolium) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | ovalifolium | VAOV | Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon | Along the coast and in the Cascades from western Oregon to Alaska | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Oval-leaf blueberry | Collect the berries in the fall when ripe and store in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Vaccinium seeds require a climate-controlled facility with tight temperature and moisture requirements to germinate. Q-plugs are removed from stratification, lightly covered with nursery grit, and placed in a facility maintained at 100% RH; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 to 4 weeks following emergence.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is extremely slow, somewhat uneven, and may take up to 4 to 5 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, q-plug trays are moved to a greenhouse and are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 6 to 7 weeks | In this size container, V. ovalifolium will take up to 2 years to fill a container. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 to 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. oval-leaf blueberry. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ERCO12 (accessed 11 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. oval-leaf blueberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VAOV (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium ovalifolium</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2805 | Vaccinium (ovatum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Vaccinium | ovatum | Pursh | Vaccinium | ovatum | Pursh | Variety | saporosum | Jepson | VACOVA | Muir Woods, California | <i>V. ovatum</i> is found from British Columbia south to San Diego county, California and Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands; mostly below 2,500 feet elevation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Huckleberry | Seeds are collected between July 1st and November 15th.<br> Mature fruits are dark purple.<br> Seed is yellowish-tan at maturity. | Seeds are stratified for 60 days in the refrigerator. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br> 4 grams of seeds are sown per flat containing peat and sand.<br> Seeds lightly covered with media.<br> Flats are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on January 15th.<br> % Germination: 50% | Seeds germinate 30 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 30 days after germination to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> | 1 month | Fertilize with Nutricote NPK (13-13-13) 3 months after transplanting. Fertilize on a regular basis. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium ovatum</i> Pursh plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2806 | Vaccinium (parvifolium) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | parvifolium | VAPA | Mt Hood, Siuslaw, Willamette National Forests, Oregon | Southeast Alaska to central California, Oregon, and Washington | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 18 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Red huckleberry | Collect fruit when berries are ripe (they should be bright red). Fruit ripens from July to August and is easily collected by hand picking or by beating the bush over a large bucket. Store in a plastic bag at ~4 °C until extraction, within two weeks or so to prevent mold growth. | Due to small seed size, the easiest method is to sow seed into trays filled with stabilized medium plugs (Q-plugs). Trays are sealed inside plastic bags and placed into refrigeration at 1 to 3 °C for 60 days. Trays are checked weekly and kept moist throughout the stratification period. If mold is evident, trays should be treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide. | Vaccinium seeds require a climate-controlled facility with tight temperature and moisture requirements to germinate. Q-plugs are removed from stratification, lightly covered with nursery grit, and placed in a facility maintained at 100% RH; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. Seedlings are transplanted to target containers approximately 3 to 4 weeks following emergence.
Growing medium used is 40:20:20:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O with minors; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. | Germination is extremely slow, somewhat uneven, and may take up to 4 to 5 weeks to be complete. Once the majority of germination has occurred, q-plug trays are moved to a greenhouse and are fertilized for 3 weeks with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm. | 6 to 7 weeks | In this size container, V. parvifolium will take up to 2 years to fill a container. During the first growing season, fertilization depends on weather and physiological needs. Soluble 20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK at a range of 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
In the spring on the second growing season, seedlings are hand-fertilized with Apex controlled release fertilizer (16N:5P2O5:10K2O; 6 to 7 month release rate at 21C) at the rate of 2 gram Apex per 444 ml container. Throughout the remainder of the growing season, seedlings are fertilized weekly with soluble 20-9-20 NPK or 20-18-18 NPK at a rate of 150 ppm. | 18 to 20 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in mid-September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid-October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Stevens M, Darris D. 2018. Plant guide: Red huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum parvifolium Sm. Corvallis (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_vame.pdf (accessed 11 Oct 2018). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. Red huckleberry. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VAPA (accessed 11 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Smith, Haley S.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium parvifolium</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2807 | Vaccinium (scoparium) | Ericaceae | Vaccinium | scoparium | VASC | Colorado, Lake Irene (98-117s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Whortleberry | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Crush fruits to obtain tiny tan seeds.<p> Collected at Lake Irene (98-117s). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated on heating pad (set to 70§F) under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sown in 4x8 flat, uncovered (requires light for germination).<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 19 days.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Grows very slowly.<p> Lake Irene (98-117s) sowed 12/2/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Vaccinium scoparium</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2808 | Vaccinium (uliginosum) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Vaccinium | uliginosum | L. | VACULI | V. uliginosum is a circumboreal species found growing in cold bogs; from Alaska south to California along the Pacific coast and east across Canada to the Atlantic coast. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Bog blueberry | Calmes, M. A. and Zasada, J. C. (1982). Some reproductive traits of four shrub species in the black spruce forest type of Alaska. Can. Field-Nat. 96, 35-40.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium uliginosum</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2809 | Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Vaccinium | vitis-idaea | L. | VACVIT | V. vitis-idaea is a circumboreal species found growing in wet to dry forests, bogs and tundra from low to high elevations. It ranges in North America from Alaska eat across Canada to Newfoundland and south to British Columbia, Minnesota and New Hampshire. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Lingonberry | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for the duration of the winter. Germination occurs at 18 to 28C. Germination is in the presence of light. | Ritchie, J. C. (1955(. Biological flora of the British Isles. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. J. Ecol. 43, 701-708<br>Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M. and Shaw, S. (1981). A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. J. Ecol. 69, 1017-1059.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium vitis-idaea</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2810 | Vachellia (constricta) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Vachellia | constricta | (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger | Madrean Archipelago | Whitethorn acacia occurs from 2,500 to 5,000 feet in shallow caliche soil on dry slopes and lowlands. It flowers from May-November (Kearney and Peebles 1960).
| Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Whitethorn Acacia | Collect the pods by hand when they have turned brown and crispy. Be sure to wear gloves and avoid the thorns!
| It is necessary to scarify the hard coating on these seeds to improve germination rates (Cox et. al. 1993, Bonner and Karrfalt 2008). Scarification can be done by applying boiling water to the seeds and letting them soak for 3-24 hours. Mechanical scarification by sandpaper or nicking followed by hot water is also recommended (Conner and Karrfalt 2008).
| Bonner, Franklin T. and Robert P. Karrfalt, eds.The woody plant seed manual, USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 727. Government Printing Office, Washington DC: U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2008.
Cox, Jerry R., Abraham De Alba-Avila, Richard W. Rice, and Justin N. Cox. "Biological and Physical Factors Influencing Acacia Constricta and Prosopis Velutina Establishment in the Sonoran Desert." Journal of Range Management 46.1, 1993. Kearney, Thomas H., and Robert H. Peebles. Arizona Flora. Berkeley: U of California, 1960. Print. | Claverie, Francesca . 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vachellia constricta</i> (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2811 | Valeriana (edulis) | Valerianaceae | Valeriana | edulis | Colorado, Cow Creek (98-194s) | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Edible Valerian | Collected at Cow Creek (98-194s). | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent on heat pad (set to 70§F) with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> Manually sowed in 4x8 flat. Lightly covered.<br> <b>Time to germination:</b> 12 days.<br> <b>Time to potting:</b> 1 month.<p> Cow Creek (98-194s) sowed 1/19/98. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in refrigerator. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Valeriana edulis</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2812 | Valeriana (sitchensis) | Valerianaceae | Valerian family | Valeriana | sitchensis | Bong. | VALSIT | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev. | <i>V. sitchensis</i> is found in moist places at mid to upper elevations, from Alaska to California, east to Idaho and Montana. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 172 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 6 cm, 4 to 6 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Sitka valerian | Seeds are hand collected in mid September when achenes are turn tan and are easily separated from the receptacle.<br>Seeds are collected in papaer bags. | 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are covered with medium.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings appear to germinate very uniformly at 22C. True leaves emerge 2 weeks after germination. Seedlings are thinned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm weekly during the growing season. Plants quickly fill conetainers and are root-tight in 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | Plants that are not outplanted the first year are hardened off. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 8 months<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press,7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin,Academic Press, 1998.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Valeriana sitchensis</i> Bong. plants 172 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2813 | Valeriana (sitchensis) | Valerianaceae | Valerian | Valeriana | sitchensis | Bong. | VASI | Mount Rainier National Park, Tipsoo Lake area | Western US including Alaska; Idaho and Montana; moist places at mid and upper elevations in Cascade mountains. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1-year containers | 1 Years | Years | well- developed rhizome, or caudex with many healthy fibrous roots supporting a healthy crown of basal foliage | Sitka valerian; mountain heliotrope | Ripe seeds collected generally when pappus-like "plumules" or plumose calyx appendages, are beginning to unfurl are best: seeds shatter and blow away easily once these have opened. However if collected too early we found incomplete seed fill. | Cold moist stratification is needed for this species. Seed lots were stratified by sowing into standard "1020" flats in Fisons' Sunshine #3 seedling starter mix; watered in and placed in polyethylene bags in a walk -in cooler at about 35 F. Our longest stratification time of 13 weeks yielded 4% germination; seeds stratified at 6 weeks or less had less than 1% germination within 6 weeks in a moderate greenhouse (70 to 80 F day / 60 to 65 F nights). A few stragglers germinated and grew slowly over the next few months after "final" seedling counts were taken. Longer stratification times should be tested for this species. | At transplant time, seedlings were potted up into 4" square pots in a soil mix of 3 parts Fisons' Sunshine #1: 1 part "Black Gold" organic potting soil. This provided a richer, denser soil mix which was easier to keep at the higher moisture levels preferred by these plants. | Seedlings were left in the "1020" flats for another month to 6 weeks after "germination phase" and fertilized with very low rates of Peters starter fertilizer (9-45-15) for the last few weeks in the flats. | 3 months | These plants grow fairly slowly during the first season and were given low rates of fertilizer (Peters Triple 20 at 1/2 label rate) with soil moisture kept fairly high but at the same time plants needed good drainage to allow fine, fibrous roots to develop. Plants were moved out to a shadehouse in July when top growth began to take off. | May to August | Fertilizer was stopped in July; and in August plants were allowed to become somewhat drier between waterings. Shadecloth was removed at the end of August to allow for full sun acclimation. | August - September | Plants can be shipped in their containers in early fall for outplanting; plants overwintered at the PMC fared better by storing in moist soil in a walk-in cooler rather than being left outdoors in a lathhouse. Overwintered plants required repotting into larger pots - 6" square, or 1-gallon cans, by the following spring. | Seed storage length unknown | Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa. <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Valeriana sitchensis</i> Bong. plants 1-year containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2814 | Vallisneria (americana) | Hydrocharitaceae | Frog's bit family | Vallisneria | americana | Michx. | VALAME | Gunpowder River near Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD | American wild celery is a perennial submerged aquatic, found primarily in fresh water (although it can tolerate moderately brackish water) throughout eastern North America, from Canada west to Minnesota and South Dakota and south to the Gulf of Mexico. It grows on soils from gravel to hard clay, but does best on silty sand in water with anywhere from slightto vigorous currents. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 4 Months | Months | Plants are grown in containers, but are used as bareroot transplants or with little soil clinging to roots and stolons. Plants are considered to be transplant ready when roots have spread throughout the pot and new shoots are developing. We do not have a target plant height, although many plants, when ready for transplanting, have leaves longer than 30 cm. <br><br> | American wild celery | Seed: We collect green seed pods from plants in early fall (Sept-Oct) from stock plants maintained in our greenhouse or in outdoor tanks because of state restrictions on harvesting material in the wild; seeds for stock plants were originally collected from wild plants prior to implementation of a permitting process. Seed pods are ready if we can break them open and observe that many of the seeds inside are dark brown and hard. <p>Vegetative: We break small plantlets/rosettes off the end of stock plant stolons at any time of the year in the greenhouse for replanting. In late fall, we dig turions (overwintering structures) that also form at the end of stolons from the soil around our stock plants maintained in outdoor tanks.<br>ÿ | We grow seedlings and most of our mature plants in a 5130 L freshwater tank in a greenhouse. Water is continuously flushed through a 2 sponge filter and is maintained in the tank at the depth of 45 cm (which is the maximum depth available in the tank) with the addition of tap water as needed. Water temperature fluctuates with the surrounding air temperature in the greenhouse between 20 and 25 C. Daylength is kept fairly constant, around 14 h. Natural daylength is augmented during the winter months by 5 h of light supplied by four 1000 watt sodium lamps suspended along the center tank, 2.6 m apart and 1.8 m above the tank. The greenhouse is covered with a whitewash solution that provides 30% sunlight shading from mid-April to October. <p>Growing media for seedlings is inexpensive topsoil (enough to fill 5 cm wide x 10 cm deep pots to within 1 cm of top, packed) mixed with 1.2 g of Nutricote slow release fertilizer (18:6:8, 180 day release rate at 25 C). This soil-fertilizer mix is covered with a minimum of 6 mm of washed play sand to reduce algae formation on the growing surface. <p>Filamentous algae tends to be a problem in the tank, and is removed with a hand net when the sponge filter does not adequately capture it. Barley straw bales were unsuccessful in controlling algae, although bacterial treatments were partially successful in breaking down algae. <p>Some of our stock plants are maintained in freshwater outdoor tanks (3 m wide x 3 m long x 45 cm deep). Plants grow in a 10 cm layer of inexpensive topsoil. Water is kept at a constant level; there is no water movement or filtration system used. Water temperature fluctuates with the surrounding air temperature between 5 and 30 C. Leavesand other debris are kept from entering the tanks by a 30% shadecloth stretched over the top of the tanks during the growing season. Algae is removed by hand. <br><br> | Seed: If water temperature in large tank is not warm enough for rapid germination, we will start seed pots in heavy duty nursery flats (35 cm wide x 50 cm long x 10 cm deep, Kadon Corporation) filled with water and covered with black plastic (germination is best at warmer temps, around 25-30 C). Once seedlings emerge, we place pots back into the larger, deeper tank until they are ready for the field. We plant seeds under the sand layer in containers to prevent emerging seedlings from floating away. <p>Vegetative: We start all vegetative materials in the large greenhouse tank, in the same growing media and containers used for seedlings. We slightly bury plantlets in containers (either just the roots if there are any, or we anchor the base of the plantlet in the soil). We completely bury turions with pointed end oriented up.<br><br> | Seed: 2-4 weeks for seed germination in large tank, depending on water temperature (between 20 and 25 C); less than 1 week for seed germination when pots are started in Kadon flats (between 25 and 30 C). <p> Vegetative: information not available.<br><br> | Seed and Vegetative: Plants continue to generate additional root mass and shoots and rhizomes after initial establishment.<br>ÿ | Seed: 14-16 weeks. <p>Vegetative: information not available.<br><br> | Seed: Plants started from seeds in February are ready for outplanting on revegetation sites in 16 weeks. <p>Seed and Vegetative: Plants may be placed in coolers of water or covered with wet newspaper for local transport (either same day or overnight). <br><br> | Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, NY. <p>Hurley, Linda M. 1992. Field Guide to the Submerged Aquatic Vegetation of Chesapeake Bay. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Annapolis, MD. <p>Korschgen, Carl E. and William L. Green. 1988. American wildcelery (Vallisneria americana): Ecological considerations for restoration. Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 19. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Thompson, Randy. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vallisneria americana</i> Michx. plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2815 | Veratrum (californicum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Veratrum | californicum | Durand | VERCAL | V. californicum is found from western Washington to southern California and east to Idaho and Montana south through the Rocky mountains to Mexico. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | California false hellobore | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 91 days. Germination occurs at 1C. | Williams, M. C. and Cronin, E. H. (1968). Dormancy, longevity, and germination of seed of three larkspurs and western false hellebore. Weeds 16, 381-384.<br>Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Veratrum californicum</i> Durand plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2816 | Verbena (hastata) | Verbenaceae | Vervain Family | Verbena | hastata | L. | VEHA2 | Marshes, ditches, wet shores and stream banks, thickets and openings in swamps. Tall, conspicuous plant with candelabrum-like flower. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Blue vervain | Seed is very small and appears to ripen at individual rates along flower stalk. Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June to September. Seed is four nutlets or mericarps harvested Sept. and Oct. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with at least one month of cold moist stratification in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage0. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24-cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any plug size. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 2 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round dow to low variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day andnight. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Verbena hastata</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2817 | Verbena (lasiostachys) | Verbenaceae | Vervain Family | Verbena | lasiostachys | Link | Verbena | robusta | Greene | VERLAS | Catalina Island, California | Western vervain is found in Oregon and California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits pond margins, marshes and canyon streambeds. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 (40 cubic inches) | 7 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | Western vervain | Seeds are hand collected when they are fully matured. We have collected seeds in July and August. | We have used a 5 minute 5% bleach solution to surface sterilize seed coats prior to testing or sowing.<br> We place seeds into a 6.5 week cold, moist stratification at 40 F for 6.5 weeks, however, we have obtained excellent germination without stratifying seeds.<br> Germination percentages have ranged from 34 to 74%. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Seeds are germinated during early fall in a shadehouse were they remain for several weeks. Seeds are directly sown into flats filled with a 1 inch layer of special seed germination mix of 1:1 (v:v) Sunshine Professional Growing Mix and sand on top of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Seeded flats are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Seeds germinate 2 to 6 weeks after sowing. | 1 to 2 months | After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into Deepot 40 (40 cubic inch)containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of « cup per .75 cubic yards of medium. Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> | 5 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Verbena lasiostachys</i> Link plants Deepot 40 (40 cubic inches); Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2818 | Verbena (lasiostachys) | Verbenaceae | Verbena family | Verbena | lasiostachys | Link | VELA | BLM, Seeds of Success, Hollister Field Office, Clear Creek Management Area, Jade Mill, San Benito County, Hollister, California | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Western vervain | Very small lot, 0.26 pounds, hand collected into paper bag. | Storage: Cold Storage, 33-38 Degrees Fahrenheit | Barner, Jim. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Verbena lasiostachys</i> Link seeds USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2819 | Vernonia (noveboracensis) | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Vernonia | noveboracensis | VERNOV | George Washington Memorial Parkway, Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Massachusetts, southeast New York, southern Ohio to Mississippi. Found in low wet woods and marshes, especially near coast. | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container plug.<br> <b>Height:</b> 4-6".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm full plug; roots fill container. | New York ironweed | Collected at George Washington Memorial Parkway, Dead Run and TRI by J. Englert in 11/95; Great Smoky Mountains National Park, by J. Beeler on 10/21/99 and 10/26/00. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> In germination tests conducted at the Nationa Plant Materials Center during summer of 1997, seed that was given a 4 week cool stratification period had over 80 times the germination of unstratified seed. We have routinely given this species a 4-week stratification period since then. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures; daytime temperatures vary from 70-85§F depending on natural solar; night temperatures average around 65-68§F. Plugs were grown under 14-16 hour long day conditions using high pressure sodium lighting from 4:30-10:30 p.m.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seeds are hand-sown in plug propagation trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> started in 392 germination plug trays; transplanted to Ropak Multipots or 72 plug trays.<br? <b>Growing Media:</b> Seed is sown into germination mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #1 or #5 potting mix, amended with 18-6-8,180-day Nutricote SR at 0.15 lb./cu. ft., or 20 oz. per 3.8 cu. ft. bale of potting media. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> January.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is surface-sown into moist germination trays, given a fungicidal drench, covered with clear plastic and put in the National Plant Materials Center cooler at 40§F for 4 weeks. Trays are returned to the greenhouse bench and plastic is removed when most of the cells have germinated.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings are kept evenly moist by hand or under mist and are transplanted to Ropak multipots approximately 3 weeks after germination. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Occurs after transplant. Plants are given soluble fertilizer (17-17-17 plus at 100 ppm N) feedings as needed or approximately bi-weekly to maintain leaf color. Plugs may need to be spaced out in the plug trays to avoid over-crowding. Treat for greenhouse pests as needed. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Approximately 2 weeks prior to outplanting, plugs are moved outdoors, weather permitting or greenhouse is cooled down and fertilization is stopped. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> Approximately 14 weeks from germination to outplanting.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Plugs are ready for outplanting at about 14 weeks post germination.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Plugs are not overwintered.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed is storedin cloth seed collection bags in National Plant Materials Center cooler at 40§F and 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed dormancy:</b> A 4-week cool, moist stratification period appears to improve germination (see "Seed Treatment"). | Peterson, R. and M. A. McKenny. 1968. Field Guide to Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin.<p> Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Vernonia noveboracensis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2820 | Veronica (peregrina) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Veronica | peregrina | L. | VEPE2 | Seeds were collected from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be trasnplanted into a field covered with weed fabric for seed increase. | neckweed | Seeds shatter on the weed fabric and are vaccuumed up using battery-powered hand vacs. | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine#1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in a heated greenhouse. | Seeds germinated readily with no treatment. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Veronica peregrina</i> L. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2821 | Veronica (scutellata) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Veronica | scutellata | L. | VESC2 | Seeds were colleced from Lane Co., Oregon near Eugene. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Grow plugs to be transplanted into raised beds for seed increase. | Skullcap speedwell | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less, peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). Flats of cone-tainers were placed in a heated greenhouse. | Seeds germinated readily with no treatment. | Bartow, Amy. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Veronica scutellata</i> L. seeds USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2822 | Veronica (wormskjoldii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Veronica | wormskjoldii | Roem.&Schult. | VERWOR | V. wormksjoldii is found in subalpine and alpine meadows throughout North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Alpine speedwell | Germination occurs at 18 C. | Bonde, E. K. (1965a). Further studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 18. Bonde, E, K. (1965b). Studies on the germination of seeds of Colorado alpine plants. Univ. Colorado Stud. No. 14. <br>Table 10.33 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Veronica wormskjoldii</i> Roem.&Schult. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2823 | Veronica (wormskjoldii) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Veronica | wormskjoldii | Roem. & Schult. | Veronica | alpina | L. | Variety | alterniflora | Fern. | VERWOR | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev.ÿ | <i>V. wormskjoldii</i> in mid to high elevations from Alaska to Greenland, south to California, and through the Rocky Mountain States to New Mexico, and south on the east coast to New Hampshire. It is common in subalpine to alpine, dry to moist seral meadows.ÿ | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 8 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling<br> Height: 3 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Alpine speedwell | Seeds are hand collected in late August when capsules turn tan. Seeds are gold in color at maturity. Capsules are collected in paper bags and kept in a well vemtilated drying shed prior to maturity. | Seeds are placed into 5 month outdoor cold, moist stratification. | Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Seeds are lightly covered with medium.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.20 gram of Micromax per 172 ml conetainer.<br> Conetainers are filled and sown in late fall and irrigated thoroughly prior to winter stratification.<br>Seedlings germinate in spring under fluctuating outdoor temperatures and are grown under full sun exposure. Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seeds germinate very uniformly at temperatures above 21 C during the day. True leaves emerge 1 week after germination. | 2 weeks | Once seedlings are established, plants develop rapid shoot and root growth 2 to 4 weeks following germination. Plants are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm bi-weekly during the growing season. Plants quickly fill conetainers and are root-tight in 8 weeks. | 8 weeks | Plants are ready for outplanting in July. Plants heldover for the following year are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in early fall. Containers are leached with water prior to winterization. | 2 weeks | Total time To Harvest:8 months<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Veronica wormskjoldii</i> Roem. & Schult. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2824 | Viburnum (cassinoides) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Viburnum | cassinoides | VINUC | Monongahela National Forest | Wild raisin is widely distributed throughout the eastern third of the continental US and Canada. | Not known to be invasive in the US. | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | 3 years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Wild raisin, Witherod | Fruit was collected from multiple plants within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest from existing populations. The fruit was allowed to mature on the plant before harvesting as indicated by the black color of the fruit. Fruit was collected in late September. | No pretreatment was necessary. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. Seeds of wild raisin exhibit a double dormancy and require stratification at different temperatures. Once seeded, the trays were placed in the greenhouse (approximately 70 degrees) for 5 months for warm stratification. Trays were kept moist during this phase. The trays were then moved to the cooler (34 degrees) for 3 months to allow for cold, moist stratification. | 8 months | After cold stratification, the trays were moved directly to the greenhouse for the germination phase. Wild raisin is slow to germinate. Seedlings began to emerge after 3 weeks in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into quart plastic containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. Some of the seeds didn't germinate so the trays were kept in the greenhouse and additional seeds germinated. | 2 years | Plants were moved to the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailers were covered with tarps to prevent excessive wind burn damage. | 1 day | Wild raisin is a very adaptable plant. It tolerates a wide range of growing conditions from wet to dry soils on sites that are in full sun to partial shade. | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2017. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum cassinoides</i> Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2825 | Viburnum (dentatum) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Viburnum | dentatum | L. | VIBDEN | South Central Missouri | Southern arrow wood is found from Massachusetts south to Florida and east to Texas. Our seed sources are from south central Missouri. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 24 in<br> Caliper:0.25 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Southern arrow wood | Seeds are purchased from local people who collect within a 50 mile radius of the nursery. Fruits are red at maturity and ripen during fall months. | We plant seeds in late October using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 10 setting into prepared field beds. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing. | 1-2 months | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Bonner FT, Gill FL, Pogge JD. 20004. The genus Viburnum. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Viburnum.pdf | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Viburnum dentatum</i> L. plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2826 | Viburnum (edule) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Viburnum | edule | (Michx.) Raf. | Mixed Paper Birch/White Spruce forest. Matanuska Valley, Alaska | Most of Alaska except north of the Brooks Range, northwest Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and southern Alaska Peninsula. V. edule's range extends east and south throughout boreal North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Multiple leaves; firm root plug. | Highbush Cranberry | Persistent drupes are collected in early winter (first week of November in our area). | Seed is sown in flats in facultative soil mix (3 ProMix HP: 1 perlite: 1 sand), covered and stored at 68ø-70øF. for 3months. At the end of this warm, moist stratification period, the flats are refrigerated at 40øF. for 3 months. At the end of this cold, moist stratification period, the flats are moved to the greenhouse. | Germination exceeded 75%. After true leaves appear, the young plants are transplanted to small individual pots or 10-in3 Spencer-Lemaire cells. They are then moved to a shady area for hardening. | Hult‚n, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press. | Moore, Nancy; Ross, Donald; Hunt, Peggy. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum edule</i> (Michx.) Raf. plants Alaska Plant Materials Center Palmer, Alaska. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2827 | Viburnum (nudum var. cassinoides) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Viburnum | nudum var. cassinoides | L. | VICA | Partial to full shade. Of wet ground, peatlands (ferns, bogs, cedar swamps, boggy woods), tamarack, red maple and hardwood wetlands. Flowers white. A shrub up to 10' in height. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Wild raisin | Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants in the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers July-Aug. Fruit is a one seeded drupe or berry. Immature fruit red or whitish although blue when dried. Seed is harvested in the fall. | Stratification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water with the bag or container). Place in a warm room temperature setting for at least 2 months followed by a refrigerator or cold garage (33-42 degrees F) for 3-5 months. Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2828 | Viburnum (opulus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Viburnum | opulus | L. | VIOP | Swamps (both hardwood and conifers) borders of woods and shores, wet roadsides, ditches, banks and thickets along rivers and streams, fens. Woody multi-stemmed shrub. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Highbush cranberry | Seed is collected from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Fruit is red and the size of a cranberry. | Statification: Use a Ziploc-style bag or a small Rubbermaid-style container to mix an equal amount of seeds with either perlite or vermiculite. Add a small amount of water. (There should be no visible water in the bag or container). Place in a refrigerator or garage (33-42 degrees F) for at least 3 months.Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3 HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats, and other flats with 2" diameter or more and depths of 4" or more. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite, and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plugh tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 1 seed in each small cell and 2 seeds in each cell with a diameter greater than 2.5". Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil or gently press the seeds into the dirt. Sow year-round due to unpredictable germination. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. thru Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees during the day. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays that same for all plants at all stages of growth. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not have to be consistently moist. Move trays to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are planted from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum opulus</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2829 | Viburnum (opulus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Viburnum | opulus | L. | VIBOPU | V. opulus is native to temperate deciduous forests of North America. It also occurs in Europe, where the european ecotype has been introduced in North America through cultivation. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | American cranberrybush viburnum | Seeds are warm and cold stratified for 60 to 90 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Gierbach,1937.Germinaton and seedling production of species of Viburnum. Contrib. Boyce. Thomp. Inst. 9,79-90. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum opulus</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2830 | Viburnum (rufidulum) | Caprifoliaceae | Viburnum | rufidulum | Raf | VIRU | <i>Viburnum rufidulum</i> can be found from southern Virginia to southern Ohio, Missouri and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. | plants | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <B>Stock Type:</B> Containerized and bareroot.<BR> <B>Height:</B> 0.9 to 1.5 meter (3 to 5 feet). | Rusty blackhaw | Collected in Natchez Trace Parkway maintenance office at Ridgeland, Mississippi by B.B. Billingsley, Jr. in November 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Northern <i>Viburnum</i> species require warm stratification followed by cold stratification (Young and Young, 1986), however, rusty blackhaw, which is a southern species requires warm stratification for 6 to 17 months followed by cold stratification for 3 to 4 months (Dirr and Heuser, 1985). Results from small study conducted at the PMC to determine the response to warm stratification and cold stratification both alone and in combination as well as gibberellic acid treatments were less than desirable. Gibberellic acid did appear to overcome some of the dormancy, but germination percentages were poor. Seeds in the stratification treatments often germinated prematurely during the treatment period, which led to etiolated seedlings in the stratification containers. Best results came when seeds were planted soon after collection in the fall in outdoor beds and waiting two years for the seedlings to germinate. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Outdoor growing bed.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Sow seeds in the fall. They will not germinate until they have gone though two winters.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 2-gallon plastic containers were the final planting container for the 3X section. Plants to be planted on the other sections needed to be held longer so they were moved from a 2 to a 3-gallon in 1995. Seedlings were initially planted in 4-inch pots before moving up to the two-gallon size. Some of the seedlings produced in 1994 and 1995 were also planted in the field as bareroot stock.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Media was mixed by IPMC staff and ranged from a 3:1 to 6:1 pine bark to sand medium throughout the production years. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> November to December.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Percentages not determined, but appeared to be fair. Seedlings emerged in March, about 14 months after planting.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Rows were made in the growing media in the outdoor bed and seeds were sown somewhat thickly in the row. The rows were covered with approximately 2.5 cm (1 inch) of potting soil. A hardware cloth cover was placed over the seedbed to prevent rodent feeding. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> October.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.7 C (55 F) and 45% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Most Viburnum species have a dormant embryo and many also have impermeable seed coats (USDA Forest Service, 1974). | <b>Harvest Date:</b> October.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.7 C (55 F) and 45% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Most Viburnum species have a dormant embryo and many also have impermeable seed coats (USDA Forest Service, 1974).<br> <b>Storage Duration:</b> Viburnum seeds can remain viable for 10 years under proper storage conditions (USDA Forest Service, 1974). | <b>Storage Duration: </b> Up to 10 years. | Dirr, M.A. and Heuser, C.W, Jr. 1985. The reference manual of woody plant propagation from seed to tissue culture. Varsity Press, Inc., Athens, GA. <br>239 p.<p> U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook 450, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.<p> Young, J.A. and Young, C.G. 1986. Collecting, processing and germinating seeds of wildland plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 236 p. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Viburnum rufidulum</i> Raf plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2831 | Vicia (caroliniana) | Fabaceae | Pea | Vicia | caroliniana | Rich woods and thickets. This plant grows in shady, cool locations within the Great Smoky Mountains Nationa Park. It can be collected from New York and southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Perennial Vetch | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Mechanical scarification. | <b>PROPAGATION METHOD:</b> Seed, greenhouse-grown seedlings planted to field. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> The Quicksand Plant Materials Center has been unsuccessful in producing seed of this species. Attempts to propagate seed were made in 1991 and 1992. Seeds were successfully germinated in the greenhouse in plug trays. Seedlings were transplanted to the field where growth was slow. Plants were susceptible to hot sun and warm temperatures. Attempts to cover plants with shade cloth in the field have been successful in keeping the plants alive, but growth has been slow and no seed has been produced. Scarified seed planted to the field germinated, but plant growth was slow and no seed has been set. | <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Unknown. Seed was stored in cold storage (relative humidity less than 50%, temperature less than 50§F).<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Vicia caroliniana</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2832 | Vicia (caroliniana) | Fabaceae | Pea | Vicia | caroliniana | Walter | VICA2 | Southern Appalachian | Common throughout the Eastern United States from New York south to Florida and westward to Texas and Oklahoma. Commonly found in shady, cool, rich woods and thickets. | None | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 6 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for mechanical transplanting that has at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system. | Carolina vetch | Seed of Southern Appalachian source Carolina vetch was hand harvested from existing populations within the confines of a USDI property in North Carolina. | Stratified seed is placed in a greenhouse maintained under natural lighting and at a minimum temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soil moisture is maintained during germination by an automatic overhead watering system set to cycle for 20 seconds every thirty minutes during daylight hours. | Germination typically occurs 7 - 14 days after placement in the greenhouse. | 7-14 days | After germination, seedlings are maintained in a greenhouse environment 3-6 months to promote development of a plug with at least 6 inches of top growth and a dense, fibrous root system suitable for mechanical transplanting.Watering is reduced to overhead hand watering once daily. seedlings receive a water soluble complete fertilizer bi-weekly until hardening. | 3-6 months | Acclimation is typically accomplished through placement of seedlings outdoors in a protected location for a 2-4 week period prior to transplanting. | 2-4 weeks | USDA, NRCS. 2015. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 18 August 2015). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vicia caroliniana</i> Walter plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2833 | Vicia (nigricans) | Fabaceae | Pea Family | Vicia | nigricans | (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn. | Sub-species | gigantea | (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn. | Vicia | gigantea | Hook. | Sub-species | VICNIG | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>V. nigricans</i> ssp. <i>giantea</i> is found from San Luis Obispo County, California to Alaska. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Giant Vetch | Seeds are collected between and .<br> Mature inflorescences are brown.<br> Seed is light gray at maturity. | N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding.<br> Seeds are sown 2 times the diameter to depth in containers filled with standard potting soil.<br> Containers are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br>Seeds are sown on June 1st.<br> % Germination: 75% | Seeds germinate 21 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 21 days after germination to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | 42 days | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vicia nigricans</i> (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2834 | Viguiera (parishii) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Viguiera | parishii | Greene | Viguiera | deltoidea | Greene | Variety | parishii | (Greene) Vasey & Rose | VIGPAR | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Viguiera parshii</i> is found in the Mojave and Colorado deserts in sandy canyons and mesas up to 4800 ft elevation; from southern and lower California to Arizona and Nevada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Cat's Tongue | Seeds are hand collected in when achenes have matured during May. | Seeds are soaked in water for 10 to 24 hrs to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %: 38%<br> We have had variable germination results with this species. | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viguiera parishii</i> Greene plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
2835 | Viola (adunca) | Violaceae | violet | Viola | adunca | VIAD | Most of North America | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | hookedspur violet | We have found that 120 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification is best to break dormancy to allow germination to occur. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viola adunca</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2836 | Viola (canadensis) | Violaceae | Violet Family | Viola | canadensis | L. | VICA4 | Of deciduous woods in partial to full shade. Soil neutral to slightly acidic with abundant humus and average moisture. A spring white flower with purple veins and yellow eye. Height 6"-20". | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Canada violet | Seed capsules are explosive and seed is difficult to collect. Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from June through August. Seed is harvested from August to October. Seeds in a capsule. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and proceed with at least three months of moist cold stratification in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3yrs). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months to allow for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2" diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any size plug. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile.<p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 2 seeds in each cell. Cover the seeds with a thin amount of soil. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. During this season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to preventscorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passes leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viola canadensis</i> L. plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2837 | Viola (nephrophylla) | Violaceae | Violet Family | Viola | nephrophylla | Greene | VINE | Northeast Utah, Colorado Plateau | North America with exception of the Southern United States | Plants | Seed | Container (plug) | Northern Bog Violet | Live mature plants were field harvested from native stands. Plants and surrounding soil was hand-dug with a shovel in late spring while soil was still saturated. Plants were transported and stored in a damp cooler until transplanting into greenhouse flats filled with a commercial soil medium. In 3 to 4 months the plants produced cleistogamous flowers. Within a few days, capsules dehisced and spread seed on the soil surface. | In late fall the flats were put into heavy garbage sacks, tied off, and left outside from November to late February where temperatures ranged from -20 C to 0 C. for most of the winter the flats were buried in several centimeters of snow. | In late February the flats were brought into a greenhouse with a 12 hour light/dark cycle and temperatures of approximately 20 C. Numerous seedlings were visible within 7 days. Clumps of seedlings and soil were scooped out and transplanted into larger pots while still in the cotyledon stage. | Tilley, Derek; Spencer, James R.. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viola nephrophylla</i> Greene Plants USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2838 | Viola (palustris) | Violaceae | Violet Family | Viola | palustris | L. | VIOPAL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Marsh Violet | Seeds were cold stratified for 90 days. Seeds germinated at alternating temperatures of 20/15 C. Germination was greater in light than dark. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br> Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M. and Shaw, S.1981. A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. J. Ecol. 69, 1017-1059. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viola palustris</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2839 | Viola (pensylvanica) | Violaceae | Violet Family | Viola | pensylvanica | Michaux | VIPE4 | Damp woods, cool slopes, in rocky places. Beech-hardwoods, persisting after clearing. Small, with 1-3 small kidney-shaped basal leaves. Whole plant becomes quite glabrous. Yellow flowers. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Yellow violet | Seed capsules are explosive and seed is difficult to collect. Seed is collected by hand from locally native plants within the eastern central Upper Peninsula. Flowers from April to June. Seed is harvested in July. Seed is an achene. | Stratification: mix the seeds with an equal amount of moist perlite or vermiculite. Put mixture into a Ziploc-style bag or a Rubbermaid-style container. Seal the container and store for at least three months in a cool dry place (refrigerator or cold garage). Cold store until planted (up to 3 years). | Propagation Environment: Greenhouse film is made of Standard U.V. 3HL Clear 6 mil (J.R. Johnson's Greenhouse Supply Inc.) Fans run continuously to circulate the air. Vents open during the summer months for cooling. Container Type: grows best in 24 cell (2"diameter) 14"x8.5"x4" deep flats. Can be grown in virtually any size plug. Sowing Media: Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix. Contains vermiculite and sphagnum peat moss. Soil is sterile. <p> Thoroughly moisten the soil with water, mixing in the water with a trowel. Cover the holes in the bottom/sides of the plug tray cells with newspaper so that the soil does not fall out. Fill cells with damp soil and press soil down with a spoon. Refill the cell plugs with soil to the top, this time not pressing it down. Water the soil in the plug cells again. Sow the seeds by hand at a rate of about 2 seeds in each cell. Leave the seeds on the surface of the soil as they need light to germinate. Sow year-round due to low variable success rates. | From Jan. until Aug. the greenhouse thermostat is set at 65 degrees F. both day and night. Ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 100 degrees F during the day in the summer. From Sept. through Dec. the thermostat is set at 55 degrees F. Duringthis season ambient greenhouse temperatures may reach 75 degrees F. during the day. Soil is kept consistently damp during germination. Water using a fine mist or light hose setting only. Newly planted trays are placed on the south side of the greenhouse. No artificial light is used. | The soil does not need to be consistently moist. The greenhouse holds plants at all stages of growth so the temperature setting stays the same for all plants at all stages of growth. Plant trays are moved to cooler north greenhouse tables. No fertilizers are used. | In early-late spring, mature plants can be moved into a cold frame with a cover of material that diffuses sunlight to prevent scorching of the plants. When danger of frost has passed leave plants outside. Water less frequently. | In the Upper Peninsula, flats are transplanted into the field from late May to early October. Flats that are not planted in the summer remain in the greenhouse for another season. | Schultz, Jan; Beyer, Patty; Williams, Julie. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viola pensylvanica</i> Michaux plants USDA FS - Hiawatha National Forest Marquette, Michigan. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2840 | Viola (praemorsa) | Violaceae | violet | Viola | praemorsa | VIPR3 | Western US and Canada | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | canary violet | Plant appears to need 120 days cool(38F)/moist stratification prior to germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viola praemorsa</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2841 | Virburnum (cassinoides) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Virburnum | cassinoides | L. | VICA | Mt. Desert Island, Maine | This plant is found from Newfoundland to Delaware and west to Wisconsin. Can be found in wet thickets, low woodlands and bottom and hardwoods. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> 6 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Plants have a good root system in containers. | Wild raisin or witherod | Collected in Acadia National Park, Maine by Martin van der Grinten about September/October by hand harvesting. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds require a warm stratification for 60 days, followed by a 90 day cold stratification at 34ø to 41øF. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Seed is sown in flats in the fall and placed in cold frames. Upon germination, the seedlings are potted and placed in the greenhouse. When sufficient size, they are transplanted to 1 gallon pots and put in the lath house.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Seed is sown in the fall and placed in cold frames for natural stratification to occur.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 1 gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Using Metro-Mix 250 in 5 inch pots and Pro-Mix BX for the 1 gallon containers. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Seed is sown in late fall/early winter, in flats in cold frame.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Sow seeds in a sturdy plastic flat with light covering of Metro-Mix 360, firming and watering prior to placing in the cold frame.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Once the seeds have germinated, the seedlings are transplanted to 5 inch pots, using Metro-Mix 250. Water regularly. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Once seedlings are of sufficient size, they are transplanted to 1 gallon containers with Pro-Mix BX. Water regularly and fertilize with Osmocote slow release fertilizer. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> When the plants are in 1 gallon pots, they can be placed in the lathe house. | <b>Total Time To Harvest:</b> It takes 3 to 4 years to obtain a 1 gallon container plant.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> September.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Store seed at 40øF in seed cooler. | The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Variety Press Inc., 1987.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in the U.S., Agricultural Handbook, No. 450, USFS, 1974. | Van Der Grinten, Martin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Virburnum cassinoides</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Big Flats Plant Materials Center Corning, New York. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2842 | Vitis (aestivalis L.) | Vitaceae | Vine family | Vitis | aestivalis L. | VIAE | Monongahela National Forest | Widely distributed throughout the eastern half of the US. | Not known to be invasive in the US. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 8 Months | Months | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting by hand with a healthy root system. | Summer grape | Mature fruits were harvested by hand in early November from existing stands of summer grapes within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest. Tarps were spread out on the ground under the trees and pole pruners were utilized to dislodge the fruit by shaking the tree or clipping small sections of the vine off. | No pretreatment was used. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened and placed in heavy plastic trays. The growing media was compacted slightly to form a firm seedbed. | Seeds were spread evenly by hand on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. The trays were then placed in a cooler (34 degrees) for 3 months to allow for a cold stratification period. The trays were then moved directly to greenhouse for germination. | 3 months | Seedlings began to emerge after about a month in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into quart plastic containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. | 5 months | Plants were moved into the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before shipping. | 2 weeks | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailer was covered with tarps to prevent excessive wind burn. | 1 day | USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 12 July 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John; Lester, Randall. 2014. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vitis aestivalis L.</i> plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2843 | Vitis (arizonica) | Vitaceae | Grape | Vitis | arizonica | Engelm. | VIAR2 | AZ, NM, NV, TX, UT | plants | seed | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 3" x 10" Plant Bands | 8 Weeks | Weeks | 1' length vine. Firm root ball. | Canyon Grape | Seeds were collected in the Tonto National Forest. | Seed is scarified during seed cleaning with the Forsberg Seed Scarifier. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse set at day temperatures of 75F and evening temperatures of 68F. Irrigation is provided by overhead sprinklers and varies depending on growth phase. Growing media: Sunshine Mix #1 and perlite in a 1:1 ratio. | Seed is placed approximately 1/4 inch below the soil surface in propagation trays. The trays recieve 2 minutes of water 3 times a day from automated overhead sprinklers to keep the growing media moist. No supplemental light is provided. Germination occurs in approximately 12 days. Seedlings remain in propagation trays until they reach at least 2 inches in height. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are transplanted into 3" x 10" plant bands containing the same growing media as they were germinated in. Irrigation frequency is reduced to one five minute overhead sprinkler application per day. After approximately one month, seedlings are moved to the shadehouse. Irrigation in the shadehouse is provided by an automated overhead system and occurs once per day for approximately 20 minutes. | 4 months | Hardening begins in late fall as ambient temperatures begin to decrease. Irrigation frequency is incrementally decreased to correspond with dropping temperatures. Seedlings are considered hardened once leaves have been shed. Automatic watering is discontinued and hand watering is used to ensure the root ball of the seedling stays moist throughout winter. | 2 months | Dial, Heather Lynn. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Vitis arizonica</i> Engelm. plants 3" x 10" Plant Bands; USDA NRCS - Tucson Plant Materials Center Tucson, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2844 | Vulpia (myurus) | Poaceae | Grass family | Vulpia | myurus | (L.) K.C. Gmel. | Festuca | megalura | Nutt. | VULMYU | V. myuros is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Foxtail fescue | Seed germination is stimulated by the presence of charred wood or aqueous extracts of it: 12% increase in germination as compared to control. | Keeley, J. E., Morton, B. A., Pedrosa, A. and Trotter, P. (1985). Role of allelopathy, heat and charred wood in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. J. Ecol. 73, 445-458.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.6 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vulpia myurus</i> (L.) K.C. Gmel. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2845 | Wyethia (amplexicaulis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Wyethia | amplexicaulis | (Nutt.) Nutt. | WYEAMP | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Mule's ears | Seeds are placed in cold stratification. Germination occurs at 25D/10N C alternating temperature cycle. | Young, J. A. and Evans, R. A. (1979). Arrowleaf balsamroot and mules ear seed germination. J. Range Manage. 32, 71-74.<br>Table 10.28 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Wyethia amplexicaulis</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2846 | Wyethia (amplexicaulis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower | Wyethia | amplexicaulis | (Nutt.) Nutt. | WYAM | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | Western US east to Montana and south to Colorado and Nevada where mean annual precipitation ranges from 12-20 inches (USDA 2004). In eastern Washington it occurs in dry to mesic open slopes and meadows from sagebrush to open Ponderosa pine forest. In the northwestern US its wetland status is classified as FAC- (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | Because livestock do not eat it, it has been considered a range pest and attempts have been made to eradicate it from range (Craighead et al 1963). | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 10 Months | Months | Tight root plug in container. | Mule's ears | Fruit is an achene. Seed is collected in late July or early August when the inflorescence is dry and the seeds are dark brown in color. Seedheads are clipped from the plants and stored in paper bags at room temperature until cleaned. | Seed from northern Nevada and California requires 4 weeks of cool, moist stratification (Young and Evans 1979). Mirov (1936) also reported that California seeds needed prechilling before germination. Baskin and Baskin (2002) report that seeds possess physiologicaldormancy that is broken by cold stratification.<p>Unpublished data from trials conducted at the Pullman Plant Materials Center revealed that low rates of germination occurred without stratification and with 45 days of cold, moist stratification. 90 or more days of cold, moist stratification resulted in 79% germination. | In November seed is sown in 10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of pea gravel is applied to prevent seeds from floating. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. Alternately, seed can be moist stratified in a refrigerator for 90 days before sowing in the greenhouse. | Containers are moved to the greenhouse in mid-February or early March. Germination usually begins in 7-10 days and is complete in 30 days. | 2 weeks | Plants are watered deeply every other day and fertilized once per week with a complete, water soluble fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Plants are moved to the lath house in June. They are watered every other day if the weather is cool, and every day during hot, dry spells. They are fertilized once per week with a water soluble complete fertilizer containing micro-nutrients. Fertilizer and water are reduced as fall approaches. Plants may only develop 2-3 true leaves during this period and may become dormant during the late summer. | 6-7 months | Since the plants are grown outside, additional hardening is not needed. | If sufficient root growth has occurred, plants may be transplanted to the field in late fall. If the plants have not yet developed a tight root plug, they should be held over winter. Rapid root growth will occur with the arrival of early spring temperatures and the plants will be ready for outplanting in early May. Those held over winter are left in the lath house with no protection except snow cover, but plants exposed to extreme low temperatures should be afforded some insulation.<p>It may be possible to grow plants more quickly by using refrigerator stratified seed sown directly in the greenhouse at an earlier date, but we have not tried this approach. | Baskin, Carol C. & Baskin, Jerry M. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of container <i>Wyethia amplexicaulis</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. plants; University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org (accessed 17 February 2005). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.<p> Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA.<p>Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA.<p>Mirov, N.T. 1936. Germination Behavior of Some California Plants. Ecology 17:667-672.<p>Rose, Robin, Caryn E.C. Chachulski, and Diane L. Haase. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.<p> USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center,Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.<p> USDA, NRCS, Pullman Plant Materials Center. 2005. Seed Weights of Some Palouse Native Species. Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, Washington. Online at http://www.wsu.edu/~pmc_nrcs/Docs/Seed_Weights_Palouse_Native_Species.pdf <p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p>Young, James A. and Raymond A. Evans. 1979. Arrowleaf Balsamroot and Mules Ear Seed Germination. Journal of Range Management 32:71-74.<p>Young, James A. and Cheryl G. Young. 1986. Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR. | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Wyethia amplexicaulis</i> (Nutt.) Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2847 | Wyethia (angustifolia) | Asteraceae | aster | Wyethia | angustifolia | WYAN | Oregon, Washington and California USA | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | California compassplant | We have found this plant to need 90 days of cool(38F)/moist stratification in order to break dormancy and get an even germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Wyethia angustifolia</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2848 | Wyethia (angustifolia) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Wyethia | angustifolia | Nutt. | Wyethia | angustifolia | Nutt. | Variety | foliosa | (Congd.) Hall | WYEANG | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>W. angustifolia</i> is found in open grassy slopes from sea level to 5,500 feet elevation; from Tulare and San Luis Obispo counties, California, north to Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Compass Plant | Seeds are collected between July 1st and August 31st.<br> Seed is brown at maturity. | Stratify in the refrigerator for 3 months. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br>
Sowing Method: Transplanting Germinants.<br>
Seeds are sown in flats containing Sunshine Mix #4 Aggregate Plus (peat moss, perlite, major and minor nutrients, gypsum, and dolomitic lime).<br>
Seeds are covered with media.<br>
Flats are watered in with an automatic mist and irrigation system.<br> Seeds are sown on May 1st.<br> % Germination: 30% | Seeds germinate 45 days after sowing.<br> Seedlings are transplanted 45 days after germination to individual containers containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Transplant Survival averages 40%. | 2 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Wyethia angustifolia</i> Nutt. plants San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2849 | Wyethia (mollis) | Asteraceae | aster | Wyethia | mollis | WYMO | Oregon, Nevada and California | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container. | woolly mule-ears | Nearly any treatment will suffice. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Wyethia mollis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2850 | Xerophyllum (tenax) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Xerophyllum | tenax | (Pursh) Nutt. | XERTEN | Subalpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev.ÿ | <i>X. tenax</i> occurs in open woods and clearings, on well drained soils, from near sea level on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington to over 2700 meters in the Rocky Mountains. It ranges from B.C. to California, east to the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Idaho, Montana, and northwestern Wyomimg.<br> It can be found in all soil types, but prefers xeric to subxerix and submesic sites. It is moderately shade tolerant and can be found in the understory of subalpine forests or in open sites on high ridges and slopes. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 15 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container seedling.<br> Height: 30 to 40 true leaves,10 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainer. | Beargrass | Seeds are collected in late August and early September when capsules turn tan and open. Seeds are light tan at maturity. Seeds are stored in paper bags in a well ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning. | Seeds are imbibed in distilled water for 10 minutes and placed in fine mesh bags buried in moist peat moss under refrigation at 1 to 3C. | Greenhouse and Outdoor Nursery growing facility.<br> Sowing Method: Direct Seeding. Cover seeds with a perlite mulch on surface of container and irrigate thoroughly.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% #2 grade perlite.<br> Greenhouse temperatures aremaintained at 21 to 25C during the day and 16 to 18C at night. Seedlings are hand watered and remain in greenhouse until mid May. Seedlings are then moved to outdoor nursery for the remainder of the growing season.<br>Seedlings are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Seedlings must have well aerated growing medium and must dry down between irrigations. | 4 weeks | Seedling growth is slow in the absence of mycorrhizal inoculant. A significant increase in growth rate was observed in 1st year seedlings that were inoculated.<br> Bear grass forms a fleshy taproot. Plants are fertilized with Fish emulsion fertilizer 5:1:1 during the growing season. A tuft of 20 to 30 true leaves and a central taproot develops by the end of the season. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 years for 800 ml container and 1.3 years for 160 ml conetainers.<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants, Rose, R., Chachluski,C., and Hasse, D., Oregon State University Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Xerophyllum tenax</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2851 | Xerophyllum (tenax) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Xerophyllum | tenax | (Pursh) Nutt. | XERTEN | Glacier National Park seed sources | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Beargass | Dormancy breaking and germination results are based on under controlled environmental conditions in a refrigerator and environmental growth chamber. GNP seed sources germinate well after 16 weeks of cold, moist chilling at 34 to 37øF (fresh seed). Germination occurred in a growth chamber maintained at 30øC (86øF) days and 20øC (34øF) nights on an 8-hour photoperiod. | Standard greenhouse temperatures and photoperiods should result in similar germination.<br> Container Type and Volume: Since media moisture conditions are thought to be critical to transplanting success, it is recommended that container size be small initially (4 cubic inch or less) and that the seedlings be repeatedly transplanted to larger pots with age.<br> Growing Media: Several types of media have been tried without good success. Poor results were obtained with 50:50 perlite:vermiculite, 100% perlite, and a well drained commercial peat-lite mix. Try very well-drained, coarse material with low water absorption and adsorption properties and irrigate lightly but frequently. | Germination of 100-seed lots of fresh seed ranged from 38 to 82 % with the aforementioned cold, moist chilling. Only 2 of 500 seed germinated without cold, moist chilling. Dormancy breaking is reported to be more difficult with other seed sources (Pacific Coast) and may require combinations of warm, moist stratification and cold, moist chilling. | Several, 1-year-old seedlings overwintered well in 10 cubic inch cones in an unheated plastic hoophouse (coldframe) in Bridger, Montana.The author has no experience with the long term storage of plants. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Xerophyllum tenax</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2852 | Xerophyllum (tenax) | Liliaceae | lilly | Xerophyllum | tenax | Helonias | tenax | XETE | North Western United States and Western Canada. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | Weeks | Weeks | Well-developed crowns, roots and rhizomes filling soil profile in container | common beargrass | We have seen this plant to be best suited to around 120 days cool(38F)/moist stratification in order to break dormancy and begin germination. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Xerophyllum tenax</i> plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2853 | Xylorhiza (tortifolia) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Xylorhiza | tortifolia | (Torr. & Gray) Greene | XYLTOR | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Xylorhiza tortifolia</i> is found on dry rocky slopes and washes from 2,000 to 5,000 ft elevation; from southwestern Utah and northern and western Arizona to southern California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe Containrs | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Mojave Aster | Seeds are hand collected in when achenes have matured during May. | No pre treatment is used.<br>Seeds are directly sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Germination %: 45% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shadestructures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 true leaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration isgradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Xylorhiza tortifolia</i> (Torr. & Gray) Greene plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe Containrs; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2854 | Yucca (baccata) | Agavaceae | Agave Famiy | Yucca | baccata | YUCBAC | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Blue Yucca | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | <b>Stratification:</b> None required.<br> <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates excessively.<br> <b>Soaking/Leaching:</b> A number of species may benefit from a rigorous imbibition treatment and/or leaching of germination inhibitors. These seed are put in rubber-lined rock tumbler jar along with tap water to undergo a wet tumbling which agitates the seed allowing easy oxygen and water entry into the seed. The water in the tumbler is changed daily to remove any inhibitors that may have leached out. The duration of tumbling is a guessbased on the appearance of the seed and the leach water. For some species with hard seed coats, carborundum grit and pea gravel are added to the tumbling water; this procedure can provide a scarification treatment for suitable species. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse 70§ F day, 55§ F night during winter, maximum summer temperature 85§ F. A watering bench with mini-sprinklers automatically waters plug trays once a day in early morning. In extremely hot periods during the summer, twice a day watering is programmed. The watering bench is covered with a copper-coated fabric (Texel Forestry Fabric) to reduce root egress from the plug cells; this fabric covers a filter fabric (Dewitt Filter Fabric) which acts to pull excess water out of plug cells via capillary water movement.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Dry or pretreated seed are sown in plug flats with square deep cells (288 or 512 cells per flat). Media is a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #1); plug trays are loosely filled with dry to slightly moist media, leveled off, and then compressed with an empty plug tray. The number of seed sown depends on size and estimated germination. Small or fluffy seed are dispersed as evenly as possible. Larger and more easily handled seed are sown with a goal of 2 to 5 seed per cell. Very small seed is not covered if its size will allow the seed to be washed into the media with overhead sprinkling. Larger seed with a possible light requirement are lightly covered with perlite. Fluffy seed receive a light covering of media enough to provide contact between seed and the moist plug media. Larger seed is covered with 5 to 10 mm of media.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ray Leach Super Cell - 10 cubic inch volume, 1.5-inch diameter, and 8.25-inch depth.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Mix of 2 parts Sunshine #1 or #2 with 1 part perlite. 2 to 4 kg of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 incorporated per cubic yard of mix. For plants started in the greenhouse during winter, 8-9 month release CRF is used, but for spring grown material 3-4 month release CRF is used. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The filled Super Cells are dibbled to provide a hole for the plug seedling. The plug seedling root ball is removed using a flat powder spatula with a blade about 6 mm wide and 30 mm long attached to a handle. The blade is plunged along the side of root ball and the seedling plug is levered out of the cell. The plug is dropped into the dibbled hole. Top watering firms and fills any voids around the plug. If excessive numbers of seed have germinated, excess seedlings are cut off during the plug transplanting process. Must be transplanted soon after germination before radicle elongates.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> The Super Cell seedlings in the greenhouse are watered with soluble fertilizer at every other watering. The fertilizer solution is Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. Thinning of seedlings down to one per container occurs during this phase, usually when the seedlings are 2 to 4 cm tall. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The goal is to have the Super Cell seedlings ready to move outside in early May after the last freeze but before excessively hot outdoor temperatures. In the outdoor nursery, larger seedlings may require watering every day, smaller seedlings generally every other day. The seedlings are fertigated about once a week with Peters Peat Lite Special 20-10-20 at a rate of 200-mg/l nitrogen. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Fertigation continues as described in Establishment Phase. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Yucca baccata</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2855 | Yucca (brevifolia) | Agavaceae | Agave Family | Yucca | brevifolia | Engelm. | Variety | brevifolia | Englem. | Clistoyucca | brevifolia | (Engelm.) Rydb. | YUCBRE | Joshua Tree National Monument, California | <i>Yucca brevifolia v. brevifolia</i> is found in the Mojave desert of southern California to the Owens Valley, and southwestern Utah and southern Arizona. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Joshua Tree | Seeds are hand collected in when pods have matured and begin to split open during summer months. | Seeds are clipped and soaked for 3 to 4 hours in water to remove any inhibitors and to allow full imbibition of seeds prior to sowing. We transplant viable germinants into containers as soon as the radicle emerges. Flats are checked for new germinants daily. Seeds are sown in open flats using a growing medium of 2 parts sand, 1 part mulch and 2 parts perlite (v:v:v). Seeds should not be planted too deeply in the flats. Germination %: 100% | The Joshua Tree Native Plant Nursery is located in the Mojave Desert of southern California and has an average of 250 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.)<br> The facility is comprised of two greenhouses, shade structures, mist propagation beds and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an automated drip irrigation system. | Seedlings are germinated during winter months in a small greenhouse were they remain for 4 weeks. Flats and containers are watered with a drip irrigation system. After seedlings are well established and have at least 2 trueleaves, they are transplanted into newspaper cylinders wrapped with polyvinyl food wrap. The newspaper container is 29 cm (11.5 in) tall and 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. The newspaper pots are filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, mulch, and perlite. | 4 weeks | Seedlings are ready for transplanting into larger containers at 8 to 12 weeks. The entire newspaper pot minus the plastic wrap is transplanted into the PVC tall containers using the same medium described for the newspaper containers. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (13 N:13P2O5:13K2O) is incorporated into the medium at the approximate rate of 22 g per 6l ( 2 gal) PVC containers.<br> PVC containers are 37.5 cm tall(15 in) and are 15 cm (6 in)in diameter.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to a larger greenhouse with more temperature variance where they remain for another 4 weeks.<br> Approximately 4 weeks old after transplanting, they are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during the summer months. During the months of intense summer heat, containers are irrigated by an automated drip system every other day with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. Plants grow very well with very little irrigation.<br> During active growth stage, nursery stock should be monitored for aphids and wilt disease. | 9 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to out-planting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound in October when daytime temperatures begin to cool. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 2 months | Containerized seedlings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Graham, Jean. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Yucca brevifolia</i> Engelm. plants 2 Gallon PVC Pipe containers; USDI NPS - Joshua Tree National Park Native Plant Nursery Twentynine Palms, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
2856 | Yucca (glauca) | Agavaceae | Century-plant | Yucca | glauca | Grows best in well-drained soils, on xeric sites in open, sunny exposures. Found on upland prairies, plains, sandyblowouts, and hillsides (often in limestone soils). | seeds | seed | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Yucca OR Small Soapweed OR Beargrass OR Soap Root | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> There is some evidence that yuccas exhibit some degree of hard-seededness. Germination periods can be reduced by soaking the seeds in water for 24 hours at room temperature, or by mechanical scarification or removal of the hard seed coat at the hilum end. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Field germination usually begins in 1 to 2 weeks under optimum conditions, but may continue for 2 to 3 years due to hard seed coat. Seedlings in the field should be mulched the first winter if there is danger of frost. Seedlings are ready for transplanting during the second season. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Seed capsules ripen from mid-July to late September.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Seeds have been satisfactorily stored dry at room temperature.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Unknown. Probably several years under cold, dry storage regime. | Alexander, R.R. and F.W. Pond. 1948. In Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1974.<p> Barr, C.A. 1983. Jewels of the Plains. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<p> Johnson, J.R. and J.T. Nichols. 1970. Plants of South Dakota Grasslands. Ag. Exper. Sta. Bulletin 566. Brookings: South Dakota State University.<p> Kindscher, K. 1992. Medicinal Wild Plants of the Prairie. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.<p> McCleary, J.A. and K.A. Wagner. 1973. Comparative germination and early growth studies of six species of the genus Yucca. American Midland Naturalist 90:503-508.<p> Nebraska Department of Agriculture. 1979. Nebraska Weeds. Lincoln: State of Nebraska, Weed Division.<p> Runkel, S.T. and D.M. Roosa. 1989. Wildflowers of the Tallgrass Prairie. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Univniverstiy Press.<p> Smith, R.C. 1989. Yucca glauca. American Nurseryman, Aug. 1:126. | Wynia, Richard. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Yucca glauca</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Manhattan Plant Materials Center Manhattan, Kansas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2857 | Zamia (pumila) | Cycadaceae | Cycad family | Zamia | pumila | L. | Zamia | floridana | A. DC. | ZAMPUM | Z. pumila is native to moist warm woodlands of Florida. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Florida zamia | Seeds germinate at 29/21 C. | Dehgan, B. and Johnson, C. R. (1983). Improved seed germination of Zamia floridana (sensu lato) with H2SO4 and GA3. Sci. Hort. 19,: 357-361.<br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.10 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zamia pumila</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2858 | Zanthoxylum (americanum) | Rutaceae | Rue family | Zanthoxylum | americanum | P. Mill. | ZANAME | Z. americanum is found within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Common pricky-ash | Seeds are cold stratified for 120 days and germinate at 30/20 C. | Bonner, F. T. (1974c). Xanthoxylum L. Prickly-ash. Pp. 859-861. In: C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA. Forest Service. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. <br>In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.16 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zanthoxylum americanum</i> P. Mill. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2859 | Zigadenus (densus) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Zigadenus | densus | (Desr.) Fern. | Tracyanthus | angustifolius | (Michx.) Small | ZIGDEN | Z. densus is found in non forested areas within temperate deciduous forests of North America. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Osceola's plume | Seeds are cold stratified and germinate at 20/10 C. | Baskin et al, 1993. In:Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.20 Chapter 10 In: Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zigadenus densus</i> (Desr.) Fern. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2860 | Zigadenus (fremontii) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Zigadenus | fremontii | (Torr.) Torr. ex S. Wats. | Anticlea | fremontii | Torr. | ZIGFRE | Z. fremontii is found within mattoral vegetation association of California. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Fremont's deathcamas | Seeds treated with dry heat at 120 C for 5 minutes resulted in decreased germination. | Keeley, J. E. and Keeley, S. C. (1987). Role of fire in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. Madrono 34, 240-249.<br> In: Baskin, C. and Baskin, J. Table 10.4 Chapter 10. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 1998. 666 pages. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zigadenus fremontii</i> (Torr.) Torr. ex S. Wats. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2861 | Zigadenus (fremontii) | Liliaceae | Lily | Zigadenus | fremontii | Toxicoscordion | fremontii | (Torr.) Rydb. | Seed collected at The Nature Conservancy's Vina Plains Preserve, Tehama County, California | Northwestern California, Sacramento Valley, Central Western California, Southwestern California Distribution outside California: Oregon, n Baja California. Grassy or wooded slopes, outcrops below 1,000 m. (Hickman 1993). | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | Potted nursery stock | 7 Months | Months | First year bulb, typically ranging from 3-8mm in diameter (yes, fairly small). | Death camas | Fruits ripen from May through June (July). Clean seed may be rapidly collected in large quantities as fruits ripen, brown and split open. Seed will easily spill from upright, open capsules and can be retained in open fruit capsules for 1or more weeks after capsule has split open. | None, though clean dry seed was placed in dry, cold storage following collection and prior to sowing. | Seed was directly sown into 1.5" deep flats containing a potting mixture of approximately 1:1:1:2 sand:pumice:peat moss:fir bark mixture. Flats were placed in an outdoor cold frame from late-fall though spring. Most seedlings were transplanted into various sized pots ranging from D-pots to 3x4" plastic containers (some seedlings were not transplanted) using the same potting mixture. The active growth phase can be somewhat extended by misting plants after the last spring rains, but care must be taken not to encourage rot. Dormancy can be induced by letting pots dry-down and then placing in dry storage until the following fall rains. Plants should be allowed to go dormant by early summer. Better growth may be obtainined during the first year by avoiding transplanting (seed directly into larger containers rather than flats). Based on results of direct seeding in the field, better above and below gound growth may be obtained by planting in native soil (e.g.loam) rather than potting soil. Loam appears to have lower fluctuations in moisture and temperature that stress seedlings and reduce growth during the first year. Growth from seed to dormant seedling follows the first fall rains through the spring-summer dry-down. | Initial germination was observed within 3 weeks; Observed germination rate was 68% for seed cold, moist stratified in vermiculite at approximately 44F. For seed sown in outdoor coldframes a germination rate of 47% was observed. Small bulbs (2-6mm in diameter) will be produced within 6-8 months. | Transplantable sprouts were established within approximately 3-4 weeks. | Active growth was observed following the onset of autumn rains (seed swelling) until drying down (die-back and dormancy) occurred inlate spring/early summer. The length of the active growth phase can be somewhat controlled with irrigation, but this species requires summer dormancy. | 6-8 months (late fall - early summer) | Hardening is not necessary as the active growth phase starts with the onset of fall rains and plants senesce around the end of spring or beginning of summer. | Individuals go dormant following spring-summer dry down and die back to the root. Dormant individuals were placed in dry storage at 60-70 degrees farenheit. | 3-5 months | Hickman, James, Ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.; Oswald, Vern and Lowell Ahart. 2002. Selected Plants of Northern California and Adjacent Nevada. CNPS | Leigh, Mark; Pushnik, James C.; Boul, Rachelle D.; Brown, Matthew R.; Hunt, John W.; Koenig, David A.. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zigadenus fremontii</i> bulbs Potted nursery stock; University of California - Chico Chico, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2862 | Zigadenus (venenosus) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Zigadenus | venenosus | S. Watson | Variety | ZIVE | Seeds were collected in Lane Co. near Eugene. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | meadow death camas | Seeds were sown into cone-tainers filled with Sunshine #1 (a soil-less peat-based media) amended with micro-nutrients (Micromax) and a slow release fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14). The flats of cone-tainers were covered with poly-ethylene bags and placed in a walk-in cooler (35-40 degrees) for 90 days. | Flats were removed from the cooler after 90 days and placed in a greenhouse set at moderate temperatures (70 degrees days/50 degrees nights). | Bartow, Amy L. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zigadenus venenosus</i> S. Watson plants USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2863 | Zigadenus (venenosus) | Liliaceae | lily | Zigadenus | venenosus | S. Watson | Variety | gramineus | (Rydb.) Walsh ex M. Peck | Zygadenus | venenosus | ZIVEG | Paradise Creek drainage near Pullman, Washington. | dry to mesic grasslands, shrub-steppe, lithosolic sites, and open forests of western North America from British Columbia south to Baja California and east to Saskatchewan and New Mexico. The Palouse phase is mostly var. <i>gramineus</i>.<p> Wetland indicator status is FACU (US Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). | Generally not considered invasive.<br> Because all parts of <i>Z. venenosus</i> are poisonous, and it increases with grazing, it is often considered a weed in range and pasture by livestock managers. | bulbs | seed | Container (plug) | 10 cu. in. | 0 | death camas | Fruit is a capsule. Seed is tan in color. It is collected when the capsules begin to split in August and is stored in paper bags or envelopes at room temperature until cleaned. Seed can be shaken into envelopes or bags, or the entire capsule can be removed from the stem. Where the plants are plentiful, the entire inflorescence can be collected by clipping it from the plant. All plant parts, including seeds and capsules, are poisonous and should be handled with diligence and care. | For a western Washington ecotype, the highest germination occurred with 6 weeks of cold moist stratification and cool germination temperatures (Drake & Ewing, undated).<br> For this Palouse ecotype, extended cold, moist stratification is needed. Cool spring temperatures may also be necessary. In trials at the PMC, no germination occurred without stratification and no seed germinated after 30 days cold, moist stratification. Seed sown in late December and left outside did not germinate the first season, but germinated well after a second winter. Seed sown in containers outdoors in November will germinate the following spring. Seed can also be sown directly in the field in late fall in a firm, weed free seedbed. Seed should be lightly covered to a depth of no more than 1/8 inch. | In late October or early November seed is sown in10 cu. in. Ray Leach Super cell conetainers filled with Sunshine #4 and covered lightly. A thin layer of coarse grit is applied to the top of the planting soil to prevent seeds from floating during watering. Conetainers are watered deeply and placed outside. <br>In late October, seed can be sown directly in the ground at a rate of 30-40 seeds/linear foot. Seedings should be made in a firm, weed-free seedbed. A firm seed bed holds moisture near the surface of the soil and assures accurate seed placement. Seed should be placed so that it is barely covered by soil. | Containers remain outside. They are watered only during dry spells. Germination will begin as daytime temperatures warm in March, and may occur over 2-4 weeks. | 2-4 weeks | Plants are watered as needed while outside and fertilized once a week with a water soluble, complete fertilizer. They are moved to the lath house in June. Plants will not grow beyond the 1-2 true leaf stage the first season. They will often senesce in mid summer. Senescent plants are given only enough water to prevent the medium from drying completely. | 2-3 seasons | Since the plants are grown outside and are dormant in the autumn, additional hardening is not needed. | Plants are stored in the lath house over winter. They should be afforded some protection from extreme cold temperatures. Mulch or foam sheets provide sufficient protection. The protection should be removed in late winter or early spring as temperatures begin to rise. Plants are kept in containers for 2 more seasons in the lath house. In August or September of the third year, the containers are dumped out and the bulbs are separated from the soil using hand screens. | Craighead, John J., Frank C. Craighead, and Ray J. Davis. 1963. A Field Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 277 pp.<p> Daubenmire, R.F. 1970. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Washington State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service EB 1446. Pullman, WA.<p> Dayton, William A. 1960. Notes on Western Range Forbs: Equisetaceae through Fumariaceae. USDA, Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 161. 254 pp.<p> Drake, Deanne, and Kern Ewing. undated. Germination Requirements of 32 Native Washington Prairie Species. Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Available online at http://www.southsoundprairies.org/documents/completedgerminationdoc.pdf Accessed 3/11/08.<p> Faust, Ralph and Peggy. 1999. Wildflowers of the Inland Northwest. Museum of North Idaho. Coeur d'Alene, ID. 141 pp.<p> Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 7+ vols. New York and Oxford. Oxford University Press. Online at http://www.fna.org/FNA/ <p> Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 730 pp.<p> Jolley, Russ. 1988. Wildflowers of the Columbia Gorge.Oregon Historical Society Press. Portland, OR. 332pp.<p> Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1996. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA. 282 pp.<p> Larrison, Earl J., Grace W. Patrick, William H. Baker, and James A. Yaich. 1974. Washington Wildflowers. The Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 376 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1956. Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington. J.M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Limited. Vancouver, BC. 211 pp.<p> Lyons, C.P. 1997. Wildflowers of Washington. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA. 192 pp.<p> Parish, Roberta, Ray Coupe, and Dennis Lloyd (eds.). 1996. Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 463 pp.<p> Piper, C.V., and R.K. Beattie. 1914. The Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Lancaster, PA. Press of the New Era Printing Company. 296 p.<p> Rickett, Harold W. 1973. Wildflowers of the United States: The Central Mountains and Plains. Vol. 6. (3 parts). McGraw Hill, New York.<p> St. John, Harold. 1963. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. 3rd edition. Outdoor Pictures. Escondido, CA. 583 pp.<p> Stubbendieck, James, Stephan L. Hatch, and Charles H. Butterfield. 1997. North American Range Plants. 5th edition. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. 501 pp.<p> Taylor, Ronald J. 1992. Sagebrush Country. Mountain Press Publishing Co. Missoula, MT. 211 pp.<p> USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?448068 (11 March 2008).<p> USDA, NRCS. 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 11 March 2008). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490USA.<p> US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. US Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (24).<p> Whitson, Tom D., Larry C. Burrill, Steven A. Dewey, David W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, Richard D. Lee, and Robert Parker. 1996. Weeds of the West. 5th ed. Western Society of Weed Science. Newark, CA. 630 pp.<p> | Skinner, David M,. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zigadenus venenosus</i> S. Watson bulbs 10 cu. in.; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
2864 | Zizania (aquatica) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Zizania | aquatica | L. | ZIZAQU | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Annual wild rice | Seeds were cold stratified for 182 days. Seeds germinate at 5 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Simpson 1966. A study of germination in the seed of wild rice (Z. aquatica) Candian Journal of Botany. 44,1-9. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zizania aquatica</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2865 | Zizania (palustris) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Zizania | palustris | L. | ZIZPAL | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Northern wild rice | Seeds were cold stratified for 180 days. Seeds germinate at temperatures of 17 to 23 C. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Atkins et al 1987. Germination of wild rice in response to diurnally fluctuating temperatures and afterripening period. Aquatic Botany 29, 245-259. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zizania palustris</i> L. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2866 | Zizania (texana) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Zizania | texana | A.S. Hitchc. | ZIZTEX | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Texas wild rice | Seeds were cold stratified for an unspecified time.Seeds germinate at 21C. Germination was greater in dark than light. | Baskin C.C. and Baskin J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. 666p.<br>Power and Fonteyn 1995. Effects of oxygen concentration and substrate on seed germination and seedling growth of Texas wildrice (Zizania texana) Southwest Nat. 40, 1-4. | Baskin, Carol C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zizania texana</i> A.S. Hitchc. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2867 | Zizia (aptera) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Zizia | aptera | (A. Gray) Fern. | ZIZAPT | Z. aptera is found from British Columbia to New York, south to Georgia, Tennesee, Colorado, Nevada and eastern Washington. | plants | seed | Container (plug) | 0 | Heart leaf alexanders | Seeds are placed in cold moist stratification for 150 days. Germination occurs at 18 to 21 C. | Green, H. C. and Curtis, J. T. (1950). Germination studies of Wisconsin prairie plants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 43, 186-194.<br>Table 10.22 In: Baskin, C.J. and Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution in Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, 1998. Chapter 10: A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones, pages 331 to 458. | Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Zizia aptera</i> (A. Gray) Fern. plants University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2868 | Zizia (aurea) | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Zizia | aurea | (L.) W.D.J. Koch | ZIZAUR | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>Z. aurea</i> is found from Quebec and Maine south to Florida and west to and south to Texas. | plants | seed | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot | 12 Months | Months | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: healthy bareroot system for the field grown crop. | Golden Alexander | Seed is collected by hand from nursery stock. The plant flowers from approx. April 20 to June 10. Seed is harvested about August 10. | Field seed is planted in the fall, therefore is not put into cold storage. If unable to plant in the fall due to weather, store the seed dry in cold storage at34-36 degrees F. Field seed is not damp stratified due to clumping problems during the drilling process. | Propagation Environment: Field grown in beds.<br> Propagation Method: field grown. Field grown seed is drilled in 3 or 4 foot wide, raised beds, consisting of a sandy loam.<br> Total Time To Harvest: Field grown crops take 10-12 months from time of sowing. This figure is increased to 18 months for field grown plants shipped in the spring.<br> Sowing Date: Field grown crops are sown in the fall.<br> Sowing Technique: Seeds are drilled with the Love Seeder at a rate of 3.6 ounces per 45 linear feet. Adjust the drill heights so that the seed is covered only 1 times its depth. The beds should be hydroseeded with a cool-season, annual grass to protect seed over the winter months. | Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13-13 at a rate of 200 lbs. Per acre. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application.<br>Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. Field grown plants are topdressed twice, once in May and once in June with 13-13 -13 at a rate of 200 lbs. per acre. The fertilizer is irrigated in after application. Irrigation is run once or twice a week, depending on weather, and run for one to two hours. | 4 months | For field grown plants, reduce irrigation to slow the vegetative growth down in the fall. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Field grown plants are lifted in late September to early November and again in the Spring if need be. The top growth should be mostly died down. Once this occurs, it is helpful to mow the tops to a more manageable size. This aids in the lifting process. Plants are undercut at 7-12 inches prior to lifting. While culling and grading is performed, the roots should be misted occasionally.<br> Storage Conditions: Field grown stock is also stored in cool, dry storage, above freezing. Again, remove dead vegetation in the culling process, and place the plants in plastic-lined bags. Do not allow root systems to dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Field grown bareroot plants may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Zizia aurea</i> (L.) W.D.J. Koch plants 1+0 bareroot; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2869 | Rhus (copallinum) | Anacardiaceae | Cashew Family | Rhus | copallinum | RHUCOP | Cumberland GapNational Historical Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | New Hampshire to Michigan and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Found in dry soils and thickets; abundant in old fields. | plants | seed, vegetative | Container (plug), Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 bareroot; 2+0 and 3+0 container | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Bareroot and container plants.<br> Height: 12 to 36 inches.<br> Caliper: N/A.<br> Root System: Container plants have full, almost pot-bound, root systems; rootball remains intact when plants are pulled from pots. | Shining sumac | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Virginia by J. Copeland on 10/11/98; George Washington Memorial Parkway, Virginia by J. Englert on 11/13/95. | Seed Treatments: Seeds are soaked in concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 30 minutes; then they are rinsed thoroughly under fresh water. Seeds are sown outdoors in the fall, winter, or spring.<br> Seed dormancy: Seed germination is inhibited by the extremely hard seedcoat. | Propagation Environment: Outdoor nursery beds.<br> Seed Propagation Method: Pre-treated seeds hand-sown in rows.<br> Container Type and Volume: Bareroot plants may be transplanted into quart to gallon size containers, depending on planting needs.<br> Growing Media: In containers, plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | Sowing Date: Fall, winter, spring.<br> % Emergence and Date: Seeds germinate in the spring.<br> Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows (rows are 5 to 6 inches apart, seeds are sown approximately 1/4 inch apart). Endomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with about 3/4 inch of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust.<br> Establishment Phase: Sawdust mulch is scraped back in spring prior to seedling emergence. Newly emerged seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs. Young seedlings are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August. | Rapid Growth Phase: Because NPMC soil is a nutrient poor sandy loam, seedlings are fertilized from mid-April with a granular 10-10-10 once a week through early June. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea every other week. From late July through late August the seedlings are fertilized with 10-10-10 every two weeks. Overhead irrigation is used after every fertilization. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation. | Hardening Phase: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation. | Harvest Date: Dormant bareroot plants are harvested in early to mid-December.<br> Total Time to Harvest: Generally, bareroot plants are harvested 1 year after sowing. Container plants, depending on size, will require 1 to 2 additional seasons before they are field-ready.<br> Seed storage: Seeds are stored dry in cloth bags or paper envelopes in seed cooler at 40§F, 35% relative humidity.<br> Storage Conditions: Bareroot plants are bundled into groups of 25 (or whatever is manageable), and long roots are trimmed. Root trimmings are saved for vegetative propagation use. Bundles are placed into plastic bins; roots are covered with sawdust. Bins are placed into a cold storage room (40§F) and watered as needed during the winter. Gallon size container plants are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a block of plants. | Storage Duration: 3 months. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland.Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug), Bareroot (field grown) <i>Rhus copallinum</i> plants 1+0 bareroot; 2+0 and 3+0 container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2870 | Sapindus (drummondii) | Sapindaceae | Soapberry Family | Sapindus | drummondii | (Hook & Arn.) L. Benson | SASAD | Blue Creek Bridge and Plum Creek Campground. | Shallow, sandy bottomland sites. | plants | seed, vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedlings.<br> <b>Height:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> N/A. | Western soapberry | Collected in Lake Meredith National Recreation Area, Sanford-Fritch, Texas by Ray Cragar and Ron Curd on 12/12/91. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Maceration in water. Allow seed, after maceration, to soak in pulp and water for 30-60 days in low temperature - <br> 36-54§ Fahrenheit. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse and lath house.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Sow seeds in flats, transplant into individual containers or use bare-root; treat seeds with fungicide to prevent damping off.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Gallon container.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine Mix #1 or #3. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early spring.<br> <b>% Emergence and Date:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Hand sowing.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Fall and early winter.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> May use low temperature in closed container to increase longevity. | N/A. | Nokes 1986, 319-320; U. S. Department of Agriculture 1974, 558-759; Vines 1960, 683, 684; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Sapindus drummondii</i> (Hook & Arn.) L. Benson plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2871 | Anisacanthus (thurberi) | Acanthaceae | Acanthus Family | Anisacanthus | thurberi | (Torr.) A. Gray | Madrean Archipelago | Rocky canyon bottoms and gravelly or sandy washes from 2,000–5,000 ft (610–1524 m); blooms March–June, rarely in Fall (October–November). | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | Thurber's desert honeysuckle | Plants are propagated from seed and cuttings. Seed is wild-collected from adjacent public and private lands using protocols that ensure population integrity and genetic diversity. The collection window is determined by phenological monitoring and seed is collected at the time of natural dispersal. This seed was collected between the end of June to end of July. Softwood and semi-hard cuttings are taken from nursery stock or wild material. Cuttings were taken from nursery stock at any time of the year when the plants were active. Wild cuttings are taken during the active vegetative growth season during the SW monsoons (July-Sept), and transported to the nursery between wet newspaper, sealed in plastic bag, in a cooler. Cuttings are processed as soon as possible. | No seed treatment is necessary. Although the seed was uniformly damaged by bugs (capsules seem to be a preferred housing for a type of grub), it did not appear to affect germination and we therefore assume the embryo wasn't affected by the presence of the insect. | Starting media for cuttings is a 2:1 mix of perlite and cocohusk. Success rate of vegetative (cuttings) propagations ranged from 29% to 94%, average 60%. Hormone used was brand DipnGrow at 10x-20x dilutions. Transplant media and germination media for seed is nursery potting soil (high drainage native plant soil mixture, high sand & perlite/cinderstone content). Germination success was 60%. Final pot size is 4" wide by 10" deep treepot; final size achieved after 4 months of growth. | Borderlands Restoration Network (2018). BRN Native Plant Materials Program Database. Unpublished Raw Data.
| Claverie, Francesca; Allen-Cantu, Juniper; McNelis, Perin; Mount, Allegra. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i> Anisacanthus thurberi</i> (Torr.) A. Gray Plants Borderlands Restoration Patagonia, Arizona. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2872 | Acer (glabrum) | Aceraceae | Acer | glabrum | Torr. | ACGL | Colorado, Lily Ridge Trail (98-080c), 98-008c | cuttings | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Rocky Mountain Maple | Collected at site 008 with a 10% root treatment and transplanted on 10/01/98. Collected at Lily Ridge on 07/15/98 in media per/ver with 0% root treatment and located at mister. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set <br>8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Acer glabrum</i> Torr. cuttings USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2873 | Alnus (incana) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Alnus | incana | (L.) Moench | ALNINC | Ecotype from the Sylvan Lake area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 40 cubic inch Dee Pots | 1 Years | Years | Mountain alder | Dormant stem cuttings (2-year-wood) were collected in late October in Yellowstone National Park. It should be noted that the wildland parent plants had evidence of repeated browsing. The cuttings were immediately placed in a cooler with the bases submerged in water. The cuttings were stored for less than 48 hours prior to placement in the greenhouse. | The cuttings were trimmed to a uniform length (6 to 10 in), bases recut at an angle, wounded, and then treated with 8,000 ppm IBA; 20,000 ppm IBA; or a combination of 1,000 ppm IBA + 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,000 ppm Thiram. | Prepared cuttings were stuck individually into a 1:1 sand:perlite mix in 10-cubic-inch containers and watered in. The cuttings were then placed in a greenhouse under 16-hour photoperiods at 75 to 80øF days and 65 to 70øF nights. The cuttings were hand-watered twice per day (AM and PM) for the first 4 weeks and once per day thereafter. | After approximately 4 weeks in the greenhouse, bud break began to occur. By week 8, leaf growth advanced so a fertigation program was initiated. All cuttings were irrigated with a 350 ppm solution of 9-45-15, two to three times per week. By late January, the cuttings were rooted well enough to be transplanted into 40-cubic-inch DeepotsT in a 3:1, Fison's #3T:sand mix. The potted cuttings were returned to the greenhouse and grown on. Percent rooting ranged from 78 to 86% with a mean rooting of 82%. Based on the relatively uniform rooting, there does not appear to be any advantage to using high concentrations of IBA. | We moved all rooted stem cuttings to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finished" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse was then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cooled in the fall. The shade is removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | In the case of this project, actively growing plants were delivered to Yellowstone Park. It is assumed that standard harvesting, storage, and shipping techniques for dormant deciduous plant material would apply. | No experience in the storage of bareroot or container plants of this species. Rooted cuttings overwintered well in an unheated hoophouse in 40-cubic-inch conetainers. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Alnus incana</i> (L.) Moench plants 40 cubic inch Dee Pots; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2874 | Amelanchier (alnifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Amelanchier | alnifolia | Nutt. | AMEALN | Subalpine forest margin, Two Medicine,1550m elevation, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>A. alnifolia</i> occurs from southern Alaska to California, east across Canada to western Ontario and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and east to the Dakotas and Nebraska, in open forests, canyons, and hillsides from near sea level to the subalpine. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 10 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Serviceberry | Vegetative Propagation: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer semi-hardwood stem cutting collected in late June. | The semi-hardwood stem cuttings were 12 to 17 cm in length, 6 mm in diameter, and were treated with 4000 ppm Hormex rooting powder.<br> Cuttings were placed in 50:50 sand and perlite rooting medum under mist and bottom heat maintained at 21C for 8 weeks. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the basal cut below the surface of the rooting media.<br>Rooting %: 22% | 8 weeks | After cuttingswere lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year from cuttings.<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June, 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987. ÿ | Luna, Tara; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i> Nutt. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2875 | Amphicarpaea (bracteata) | Fabaceae | Pea/bean | Amphicarpaea | bracteata | (L.) Fernald | AMBR2 | Appalachian | American hog peanut is widely distributed throughout the Eastern United States and the eastern Canadian Provinces. It prefers moist, low sites along riverbanks where there is ample moisture and fertile, loamy soils. | None | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 12 months | A well developed plant suitable for hand transplanting that has at least 6-12 inches of top growth and a dense, well developed root system. | American hogpeanut | Tubers or are typically collected from wild populations during late dormancy (February-March). Tubers are normally found at shallow (less than 6 inches) depth and can be harvested by carefully removing the soil around the tubers and the cordlike root structures that connect the tubers to the aboveground plant structures. Exercise care to avoid decimating wild populations by overharvesting of tubers. | Wild harvested tubers are planted whole, but are subdivided into 1-2 tubers segments by cutting the cordlike root attaching the tubers to each other. tuber segments are then placed in nursery trade quart sized pots that have been filled three-fourths full with a commercial potting soil. Tuber segments are placed in the filled pots on top of the potting mix and then covered with additional potting soil. Filled pots are gently hand compacted to ensure good tuber soil contact. Properly filled pots should have at least one inch of potting soil covering the tubers. | Filled pots are placed in a greenhouse setting and maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit and under natural lighting. Initially, pots are hand watered to ensure adequate soil wetting. Subsequent watering regimens may be either hand watering as needed or automatic watering set to maintain optimal soil moisture. | 4 Weeks | Pots are maintained in a greenhouse setting until onset of fall dormancy, usually until mid-September. | 4-6 months | At or near the time plants begin to senesce (late August to mid-September), pots are moved from the greenhouse and placed in an unheated shade house to harden off for winter. | 2-4 weeks | Plants remain in the shade house under a winter cover until shipment the following spring. | 4-6 months | USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 6 September 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Amphicarpaea bracteata</i> (L.) Fernald Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2876 | Antennaria | Asteraceae | Antennaria | Gaertn. | ANTEN | Colorado, Glacier Gorge (98-075c), MPCG (98-086c, 98-096c), McGraw (98-092c) | plants | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Pussytoes | Glacier Gorge collected on 07/12/98.<p> MPCG collected on 7/27/98.<p> MPCG collected on 8/04/98.<p> McGraw collected on 07/28/98. | Glacier Gorge used media germ/ps, treated with vita.<p> MPCG used media #2, with 25% root, no treatment, transplanted on 09/27/98, with mist, no tent.<p> MPCG used media #2, with 65% root, no treatment, transplanted on 09/15/98, with mist, no tent.<p> McGraw used media germ/#2, no treatement, located to bench. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Antennaria</i> Gaertn. plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2877 | Apios (americana) | Fabaceae | Pea family | Apios | americana | Medik. | APAM | Appalachian | Groundnut is widely distributed throughout the Eastern United States and the eastern Canadian Provinces. It prefers moist, low sites along riverbanks where there is ample moisture and fertile, loamy soils. | None | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 12 months | A well developed plant suitable for hand transplanting that has at least 6-12 inches of top growth and a dense, well developed root system. | groundnut | Tubers are typically collected from wild populations during late dormancy (February-March). Tubers are normally found at shallow (less than 6 inches) depth and can be harvested by carefully removing the soil around the tubers and the cordlike root structures that connect the tubers to the aboveground plant structures. Exercise care to avoid decimating wild populations by overharvesting of tubers. | Wild harvested tubers are planted whole, but are subdivided into 1-2 tubers segments by cutting the cordlike root attaching the tubers to each other. tuber segments are then placed in nursery trade quart sized pots that have been filled three-fourths full with a commercial potting soil. Tuber segments are placed in the filled pots on top of the potting mix and then covered with additional potting soil. Filled pots are gently hand compacted to ensure good tuber soil contact. Properly filled pots should have at least one inch of potting soil covering the tubers. | Filled pots are placed in a greenhouse setting and maintained at a minimum of 65 degrees Fahrenheit and under natural lighting. Initially, pots are hand watered to ensure adequate soil wetting. Subsequent watering regimens may be either hand watering as needed or automatic watering set to maintain optimal soil moisture. | 4 Weeks | Pots are maintained in a greenhouse setting until onset of fall dormancy, usually until mid-September. | 4-6 months | At or near the time plants begin to senesce (late August to mid-September), pots are moved from the greenhouse and placed in an unheated shade house to harden off for winter. | 2-4 weeks | Plants remain in the shade house under a winter cover until shipment the following spring. | 4-6 months | USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 22 August 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. | Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Apios americana</i> Medik. Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2878 | Arctostaphylos (catalinae) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Arctostaphylos | catalinae | P.V. Wells | ARCCAT | Catalina Island, California | Catalina manzanita is an infrequent, endemic species found on the island. It inhabits chaparral, typically on north and east faing slopes facing the channel. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Catalina manzanita | Cuttings are collected in late January from non-flowering shoots. | Tip cuttings are recut to 3 to 4 inch lengths and are wounded on one or both sides of stems to encourage rooting. We dip the cuttings into a Physan fungicide solution.<br> We apply Hormex (#3 or #8) rooting powder to base of cuttings and lateral wounds.<br> We stick cuttings into 100% Kellogg horticultural sand rooting medium in deep flats and place them under intermittent mist. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Misting intervals are set depending on current weather conditions.<br> Cuttings began rooting in mid-June. <br> Rooting percentages averaged 13% using #3 and #8 Hormex powder. | 5 months | After cuttings are well established with several roots, they are transplanted into individual containers filled with a growing medium of 4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and organic compost. Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 mo release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) is incorporated into the medium at a rate of of 1/2 cup per .75 cubi yards of medium.<br> By late October, rooted cuttings are shifted into #1 treepot (173 cubic inch) containers. | 6 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized cuttings are over wintered directly in the open growing compound. | Variable, depends on outplanting date | Serrill, Doug; Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos catalinae</i> P.V. Wells plants 4 inch pot; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2879 | Arctostaphylos (nevadensis) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Arctostaphylos | nevadensis | Gray | ARNE | Crater Lake National Park,6300 to 6500 ft elevation | Pacific coast states and Nevada; In Cascades and Blue Mountains of the northwest; growing as an understory shrub in dry woods at Crater Lake National Park | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1-gallon containers | 2 Years | Years | Well developed, branching woody bases with well-developed root system | pinemat manzanita | Mature, 1-year-old (current seasons growth) cuttings of good vigor and caliper should be collected as late as possible in the fall. Cuttings were collected at Crater Lake just ahead of snowfall in October; where early snowfall and road closure is not a problem cuttings should be collected even later; into November and December. | Cuttings were dipped into a 5% bleach solution for 10 seconds and a fresh basal cut was made just prior to dipping into Hormex #8 rooting hormone (0.8% IBA in a talcum powder base) | Cuttings were placed into 5" deep mesh - bottomed propagation boxes with horticultural perlite, placed into a "minimally heated" greenhouse (ie no supplemental heat provided during the day; heating only to about 50 F at night) greenhouse on bottom-heat mats set for 68 to 70 FVery light misting was provided manually as needed to keep the perlite moderately moist; otherwise no overhead misting was used. | Cuttings were left undisturbed for 4 months in the propagation beds. In April, the rooted cuttings were carefully lifted from the rooting medium and transplanted into 6" square pots in Sunshine "Aggregate -Plus" soil-less potting medium. Plants were then returned to the poly greenhouse for another month, then moved outdoors to a shadehouse (40% shade) in May. | 5 months | Plant were held outdoors in the shadehouse and watered by means of a drip irrigation system usually once or twice a week. In late May through July, plants were fertilized every other week with a half-strength Peters' 20-20-20 solution. These plants had few insect or disease problems; leaf spotting was only a problem if the leaves or soil surface were kept wet. | May through July | Fertilization was ended after July, and intervals between waterings gradually lengthened to encourage vegetative maturity. In late August shadecloth was removed to allow plants to harden under full sun in September. Plants remained outdoors but were covered later in fall when winter rains started. | August to October | Plants not shipped to Crater Lake NP the first year were held over in cold storage in an unlit walk-in cooler at 38 to 40 F. The pots were kept fairly dry but were checked occasionally for adequate soil moisture. Plant were retunred to the poly - covered greenhouse in April the following year to resume growth and placed out in the shadehouse during the dry summer season, as described above. Plants were shipped in their containersin August by refrigerated van up to Crater Lake where they were held in a shadehouse facility there for a few weeks acclimation prior to outplanting. | can be stored over winter in walk-in cooler or other cool dry conditions as discussed, above | USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. <p> Trindle, Joan D Conrod 1995 Evaluating Acid Scarification Effects on Dormant Arctostapylos nevadensis Seeds in 1995 Proc. International Plant Propagators Society, Western Region. <p> Prag, Ray 1995 personal communication (Forestfarm Nursery, Williams, OR). | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos nevadensis</i> Gray plants 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2880 | Arctostaphylos (patula) | Ericaceae | Heath | Arctostaphylos | patula | ARPA6 | Deschutes National Forest, Oregon | From Washington through Oregon cascades to Sierra Nevada and coast range of northern California. Also eastward to the Great Basin, Western Colorado, and higher elevations of northern Arizona. | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 10 to 16 months | Stock Type: Container steckling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Greenleaf manzanita | Collect in mid-winter or late spring/early summer. Collect newest woody material when plants are dormant, or collect fresh green cuttings when new growth has just begun to suberize. | Dormant cuttings: The base of the stem is cut at a 45° angle and immediately dipped in 1000 ppm IBA. The cutting is then inserted into a pre-dibbled hole in well-drained rooting medium.
Green cuttings: The base of the stem is cut at a 45° angle and immediately dipped in 500 ppm IBA. The cutting is then inserted into a pre-dibbled hole in well-drained rooting medium. Rooting medium used is 30:20:30:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with no fertilizer added. | Rooting chamber.
Stecklings are placed in a climate-controlled rooting chamber, maintained at 100% RH with mist; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. When rooting has occurred, cells are moved to the greenhouse to continue culturing. Greenhouse growing facility. Cells are fertilized with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Rooting is very slow, and can take up to 3 months before cells are ready to be moved to a greenhouse facility. Success rate is usually around 50% for this species. Following rooting, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 4 weeks. | 3 to 4 months | Plants are slow-growing, sometimes requiring 2 full growing seasons depending on when cuttings were collected. However, if cuttings were taken in the winter, plants can reach target specifications if fertilized heavily throughout the growing season. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season.
| 18 to 19 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Wild Garden. 2016. Hansen’s Northwest Native Plant Database. URL: http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/arc_pat.html (accessed 12 Oct 2018). Wilken D, Burgher J. 2006. Plant guide: Greenleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos patula E. Greene. Santa Barbara (CA): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Data Center and Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_arpa6.pdf (accessed 12 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Fisher, Leslie. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos patula</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2881 | Arctostaphylos (patula) | Ericaceae | Heaths | Arctostaphylos | patula | Greene | ARPA6 | Crater Lake National Park, 6,000 ft +/- 300 ft elevation. | Washington to Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Montana. At Crater Lake, occurs in high, rocky, semi- open areas and at the edge of drier, well-drained wooded areas | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 6 | 9 Months | Months | Well developed, branching crown; healthy, well-branched roots reaching bottom of containers | greenleaf manzanita | Dormant one-year-old wood cuttings were collected in November just around first snowfall and shipped to the PMC in coolers, packed in moist peat and snow. Cuttings should be collected as late into the fall / early winter as possible to collect mature, dormant 1-year old wood. | Prior to sticking the cuttings they were dipped in a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 seconds, and fresh basal cuts were made just prior to applying rooting hormone. Cuttings were dipped into Hormex #8 ((0.8% indolbutyric acid) rooting compound . | Cuttings were placed into 5" deep mesh - bottomed propagation boxes with horticultural vermiculite, placed into a "minimally heated" greenhouse (ie no supplemental heat provided during the day; heating only to about 50 F at night) greenhouse on bottom-heat mats set for 68 to 70 F. Very light misting was provided manually as needed to keep the perlite moderately moist; otherwise no overhead misting was used. Rooting develops very slowly and it is important not disturb the cuttings during this time. | Cuttings were left undisturbed for 4 months in the propagation beds. In April, the rooted cuttings were carefully lifted from the rooting medium and transplanted into 6" square pots in Sunshine "Aggregate -Plus" soil-less potting medium. Plants were then returned to the poly greenhouse for another month, then moved outdoors to a shadehouse (40% shade) in May afterheavy winter rains had passed. | 4 to 5 months | Plant were held outdoors in the shadehouse and watered by means of a drip irrigation system usually once or twice a week. In late May through July, plants were fertilized every other week with a half-strength Peters' 20-20-20 solution. These plants had few insect or disease problems; leaf spotting was only a problem if the leaves or soil surface were kept wet. | May through July | Fertilization was ended after July, and intervals between waterings gradually lengthened to encourage vegetative maturity. In late August shadecloth was removed to allow plants to harden under full sun . | August to September. | Plants were shipped in their containers to Crater Lake NP in lat August via refrigerated van to a holding facility at the park where they were hardened off until ready to outplant in late September. | none stored at PMC | Prag, Ray 1995 personal communication (Forestfarm Nursery, Williams, OR) | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos patula</i> Greene plants 6; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2882 | Arctostaphylos (uva-ursi) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Arctostaphylos | uva-ursi | (L.) Spreng. | ARCUVA | Lodgepole pine forest understory species, West Glacier, Glacier National Park | <i>A. uva-ursi</i> is a circumboreal species; occurring from Alaska to Labrador, south to coastal California, Idaho, Montana, and in Rockies to New Mexico, and east to central and eastern U.S. It is also found in Eurasia. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml container | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 7 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml container. | Bearberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Spring Hardwood Stem cuttings taken in early April.<br> Late Spring/Early Summer Softwood Stem cuttings taken from mid May to mid June. Softwood stem cuttings must be taken from leafy softwood material before the terminal bud has set; from early May to early June. Stem tip cuttings must be at least 5 mm in diameter and 10 cm long. The best stem cuttings have at least 5 cm of one year old wood. Donor branches that are prostrate to the soil line or are slightly buried by duff often have pre-formed root initials present along the woody stem. When made into individual cuttings, this donor material produces the best quality rooted cutting and have enough stored stem tissue reserves to survive overwintering conditions in the outdoor nursery. | Both hardwood and softwood tip cuttings were cut into 10 to 15 cm lengths, .5 to .7 cm diameter, with one third leaves removed from the base of stem, and treated with 2,000 or 3,000 ppm liquid IBA. Cuttings were placed in mistbed with bottom heat at 21C.<br> Cuttings had excellent root development 4 weeks after treatment.<br> | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First avereage frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre- rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequete root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting media. Rooting %: Hardwood Cuttings 66% to 95% using 2,000 pp IBA. Softwood Cuttings: 76% to 100% using 3,000 pp IBA. | 8 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers.Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 4 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm in the fall, pots are flushed with clear water, one final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.5 years<br> Harvest Date: September and October of second year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. Special precautions should be taken for over-wintering this species in containers so that the cuttings do not receive excessive moisture during storage.It is critical that cuttings be rooted earlyin the growing season, potted into a well-aerated medium and put on as much root growth as possible before over-winter storage. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1985.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb,B., and Funk, T., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy; Johnson, Kathy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> (L.) Spreng. plants 800 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2883 | Arctostaphylos (uva-ursi) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Arctostaphylos | uva-ursi | (L.) Spreng. | ARCUVA | Ecotype from Firehole area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Five-inch azalea pots | 1 Years | Years | Kinnikinnick | We collect stem cuttings in mid-summer in Yellowstone National Park. Time of collection reflects poor access to this ground cover in the winter months more than anything else. Collect 6- to 10-inch cuttings and place them in a ziplock bag moistened with water. Store immediately in a cooler with ice until they can be refrigerated. Minimize storage to assure the quality of the cuttings. | Trim cuttings to a uniform size (5 to 8 inches), recut base, wound, treat with 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm IBA in talc. Cuttings often have small roots at time of collection that will continue to grow if handled, stored, and placed in propagation bench properly. | : Use an excessively drained propagation media containing sand, perlite, or vermiculite as this species is susceptible to rot in the bench. Spray the entire bench with a broad spectrum fungicide prior to sticking the cuttings. Use 75øF bottom heat and intermittent mist during propagation. | Transplant rooted cuttings to a very well drained media containing sand, vermiculite, and/or perlite with a very small percentage of peat added for water holding and nutrient exchange. | When rooted summer cuttings are not adequately developed in time to harden off for winter, we keep them in the greenhouse through the winter months and then move them to a hoophouse in April or May of the following year. Move containerized material to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used atkeep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Harvesting, Storage and Shipping: Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in an unheated hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices).<br> | Stores well for several weeks in a walk-in cooler as previously described. | Scianna, Joe. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> (L.) Spreng. plants Five-inch azalea pots; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2884 | Arctostaphylos (uva-ursi) | Ericaceae | Arctostaphylos | uva-ursi | ARUV | Colorado, Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-106c), Bear Lake Shuttle (98-074c) | seeds | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Kinnickinnick | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Crush red berries and remove tan colored seeds.<p> Collected cuttings at Long's Peak on 10/21/98; Bear Lake on 7/12/98. | Long's Peak various treatment. | Long's Peak used media per/ver, 50% root, transplanted on 11/16/98 from a heated greenhouse.<p> Bear Lake used media per/ver, 5% root, at a heated greenhouse. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2885 | Aronia (arbutifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose | Aronia | arbutifolia | AROARB | National Capital Parks East - Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway | Newfoundland to Florida to Texas, extending to Kentucky and West Virginia. Found in bogs, swamps, and wet woods - less often in dry soil. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 to 2 gallon container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 24-48 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> roots fill container, form a firm rootball. | Red chokeberry | Collected in National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway by J. Kujawski on 9/24/97. | <b>Seed Processing:</b> Seeds are stratified for 90 days in moist peat in NPMC cooler @ 40 F.<br> Hand sow on open flat of germination mix. | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are sown in open flats and then transplanted to quart containers and larger as needed.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Germination mix is used in open flats. A woody plant mix of 2:1 Sunshine #1 and fine shredded pine bark plus 180 day Nutricote 18-8-6 is used for larger containers. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> January-February.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seeds are hand sown in open flats, covered with a small amount of germination mix, and watered. The flats are set on a bench in the greenhouse and kept at ambient temperatures. Flats are kept moist by hand-watering. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plants started in the greenhouse are transplanted into quarts and moved outside to a shade house in May. Container plants remain in the shade house until they are taken for planting at the park. | Two growing seasons to get a 1-2 gallon container plant.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seeds are stored dry, in plastic containers in NPMC cooler @ 40 F, 35% relative humidity.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size and larger containers are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side in a block on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of the block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | USDA Forest Service. 1974. Agriculture Handbook No. 450: Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office.<p> Kujawski, J. 1997 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Kujawski, J. 1998 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Aronia arbutifolia</i> plants 1 gallon container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2886 | Artemisia (douglasiana) | Asteraceae | Aster | Artemisia | douglasiana | Besser | Artemisia | vulgaris | Besser | Variety | californica | ARTDOU | Open to shady places, often in drainages or distrubed areas; many plant communities; <2200m; Baja CA to WA, ID. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Wild collected | 4 Months | Months | Fully-rooted Deepot 16 container plant | Mugwort | Collection period: Feb-May, in California (after rains, before summer dieback)<p> Cutting characteristics: Herbaceous stems, at least 12 cm length and 4 mm diameter, collected prior to bud break, with at least 4 nodes. <p> Collection procedures: Cuttings are taken in the morning to keep turgid and fresh. Pruners are sterilized with isopropyl alcohol between cuttings. | Cuttings are treated with Dip 'n Grow Rooting Hormone #1 (IBA/NAA) diluted to 1250PPM (20:1). <p> Cuttings are debudded and defoliated, except for 4 upper leaves. Leaf area is reduced if exceeded approximately 25 sq. cm. Cutting ends are retrimmed, prior to sticking.<p> Cuttings are propagated in deep flats (36 cm x 36 cm) containing 3:1 perlite/vermiculite. 50 cuttings are propagated in each deep flat. Cuttings are 12 cm in length and stuck 6 cm deep in media. | Fully Controlled Greenhouse. <p> Flats are watered with an automatic mist system (VPD 10) and provided with bottom heat (70 degrees F) until roots are fully developed. Daytime ambient air temperatures in the greenhouse ranged from 70-85 F. Nighttime ambient air temperatures in the greenhouse ranged from 50-60 F.<p> Rooting %: 100 | 3 weeks | Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing compost-based potting mix of compost, perlite, and sand. <p> Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse and watered automatically 30 minutes/week. In the first 7 days after transplanting, cuttings are very susceptible to wilt and/or burn; cover with additional shadecloth, if necessary. | 3 months | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Johnson, Courtney Leilani. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artemisia douglasiana</i> Besser plants Wild collected; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2887 | Artemisia (tridentata) | Asteraceae | Artemisia | tridentata | Colorado, Hollowell Park (98-058c, 98-110c) | seeds | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Big Sage | <b>Seed cleaning technique:</b> Seeds removed from seed head using tweezers.<br> Collected cuttings from Hollowell Park (98-058c)on 6/30/98 and 12/2/98 (98-110c). | Hollowell Park (98-110c) rootinghor treatment. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse, 65-70§F day/55§F night. Propagated under tent with misters set 8 am-8 pm, with 10 sec/15 min watering intervals. One week after germination, seedlings were moved to mister area without tent.<br> <b>Germination media:</B> Fafard Germinating Mix (superfine).<br> <b>Growing media:</b> Fafard Growing Mix 2. | <b>Seed storage condition:</b> Seed stored in the greenhouse. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> seeds USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2888 | Artocarpus (altilis) | Moraceae | Fig | Artocarpus | altilis | (Parkinson) Fosberg | Artocarpus | communis | Forst. | Prefers hot, humid tropics (rainfall 2000-3000 mm annually and 70-90% humidity). | Wild seeded form native to New Guinea, and possibly the Moluccas and Philippines. Introduced by Pacific islanders and cultivated throughout Oceania with the exception of New Zealand. Widely distributed throughout the humid tropics. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 10 Months | Months | Seedlings have reached target in one gallon containers when approximately 0.5-1 m in height, stem diameter 10-15 cm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | breadfruit; uto (Fiji); mei (Tonga, Marquesas); 'ulu (Samoa, Hawaii); kuru (Cooks) maiore; 'uru (Society Islands); sukun (Indonesia, Malaysia); rimas (Philippines); sa-ke (Thailand) | Breadfruit is most commonly propagated vegetatively from root suckers or root cuttings. This protocol covers propagation by root cuttings. | No pretreatment or hormones necessary. | Plants are established from root cuttings in shaded beds with a well-drained medium. The beds should be watered daily or misted regularly. | Cuttings are placed either horizontal or at a slight angle (not upright) in the shaded, well drained growing beds. After several months adventitous shoots and roots will appear. | 4 - 6 months | Once the cuttings have formed visible shoots, transplant carefully into individual growing containers. Containers of1 - 3 gallon size are common. The plants should remain in partial shade. If fertilizer is added (such as a balanced 8-8-8 such as Gro-More or Osmocote), it should be done very sparingly, less than half the manufacturer's directions. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. Grow to a size of 0.6 - 1.5 m. | 4 months | Young breadfruit plants grow best in partial shade, so full sun hardening is often not necessary. However, if the seedlings are to be planted in full sun, the plants should be gradually moved to full sun conditions during their final 2 months in the nursery to harden them to the site conditions. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out or be exposed to strong wind. | 2 months | When the plants have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. Plants must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport. Carefully cutting off the container is less stressful to the root system than pulling the plant out of the container, and highly recommended for breadfruit which has brittle roots. | Morton, Julia F. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resource Systems, Winterville, N.C. <p> Ragone, D. (publication pending for 2003). Species Profile for Artocarpus altilis. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Verheij, E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel, Eds. 1992. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia.<p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Artocarpus altilis</i> (Parkinson) Fosberg plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2889 | Arundinaria (gigantea) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Arundinaria | gigantea | (Walt.) Muhl. | Sub-species | gigantea | ARUGIG | South Central Missouri | Giant cane is found from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Oklahoma to North Carolina, Florida and Texas; mostly above the coastal plain. It forms dense stands in low and swampy woods, moist meadows and along river banks. Our vegetative propagule collection is from south central Missouri. | cuttings | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper:N/A<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Giant cane | Rhizomes were collected from natural stands. Rhizomes must have an active shoot present or they fail to establish.<br> We have found that collecting and planting dense clumps of rhizomes, rather than single rhizomes, results in quicker nursery-environment establishment and more propagules. | None. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Rhizomes are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after planting.<br>Single rhizomes take 2 years to establish, whereas clumps will establish the first year and generate more rhizomes and shoots. | 1-2 years | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammoniumsulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those plants that have been established for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> It is very important not to top prune Giant Cane. Topping results in slow establishment and less growth in the nursery. | 5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. | 2-3 months | Rhizomes and clumps are lifted as needed during spring months. We do not hold these propagules in cooler storage. | None | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Arundinaria gigantea</i> (Walt.) Muhl. cuttings 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2890 | Athyrium (filix-femina) | Aspleniaceae | Spleenwort Family | Athyrium | filix-femina | ATHFIL | National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway | Quebec and Ontario to Florida and Texas, west to South Dakota and Missouri. Found in moist woods, meadows and streambanks. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 18 Months | Months | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 10-12 inches with a well-formed crown, multiple stems and fiddleheads.<br> <b>Root System:</b> root ball is fibrous and firm, but does not always fill out container completely. | Lady fern | National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway by J. Kujawski, and M. Norman 7/28/97; spores and/or fertile fronds are collected into paper bags or envelopes. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Lab, greenhouse, outdoor shade house. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Summer.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Spores are sprinkled by hand over Jiffy 7 peat pellets; pellets are placed into sealed clear plastic containers (such as hinged salad containers) and maintained in the lab at 72-77 F with a 16 hour light, 8 hour dark light cycle. This part of the process is also feasible in thegreenhouse.<p> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Once prothalli develop on the peat pellets, plugs are kept moist to allow for sporophyte production. Prothalli may require thinning if they become too crowded on pellets. | 1 month | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Once sexual reproduction on the prothalli occurs, small sporophytes begin to develop. These tiny ferns are transferred to flats with humidity domes containing loose peat pellet mix and maintained for approximately 2 months during which they develop many stems and roots. Moisture is maintained by handwatering and misting. Larger ferns are transplanted to trays containing Promix BX and for plants with several sets of true leaves, 1/4 strength 20-20-20 fertilizer is applied. These flats are moved from the lab to the greenhouse to begin hardening off plants. Again, this process could be done entirely in the greenhouse with attention to temperature and moisture. | 1 to 1-1/2 year | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Young ferns in Promix trays are exposed to open air in the greenhouse by removal of humidity domes after they have reached approximately 1-2 inches in height. Misting will help prevent dehydration of plants as they acclimate. These ferns can be transplanted into quart size containers after they reach a height of 2-3 inches. Ferns in larger containers should be moved outside to a shade house from the greenhouse in summer. | <b>Spore storage:</b> Store cool and dry until spores are ready to use.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Ferns are ready approximately 1 to 1-1/2 years after spore germination.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon sizecontainers are stored outside on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a group of containers. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | Kujawski, J. 1997 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Norman, C.M. 1998. Fern production quarterly reports. Anne Arundel Community College, Arnold, MD.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2891 | Atriplex (canescens) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot family | Atriplex | canescens | (Pursh) Nutt. | ATRCAN | Snake River Plains | from the Dakotas south to Texas and all states west. British Columbia, Alberta and Mexico | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch containers | 18 Weeks | Weeks | firm root plug with enough cohesiveness to hold potting mix together | fourwing saltbush | Leafy tip cuttings (semi-hardwood) are collected in the later half of July or first half of August. Cuttings are firm and woody, 4 - 6 inches long. Strip lower end of the stem of leaves. Keep as many leaves on the cuttings as possible. Protect cuttings by keeping them cool and moist until planting. Cuttings that are too soft will not survive and root well. | Drench cuttings with a fungicide suspension prior to planting. Treat fresh cut ends of cuttings from ends to 1/2 inch up the stem with 0.3% indole-butyric acid rooting powder. Plant in moist, coarse grade horticultural perlite. | We use metal pans, 4 inches deep with bottom drain holes. Bottom heat (heat mats) is used to keep the perlite at 75 - 77 deg F. Room (air) temperature is kept 5 - 10 deg cooler. Mist is set for 15 seconds of mist every 20 minutes. Too much mist is usually worse than not enough. Metal halide lights (1000 watt) on 24 hrs/day are used. Rooting should occur in 3 to 4 weeks at usually 60 to 75% of cuttings planted. | Move plants from rooting mist to hardening mist without bottom heat when plants have a minimum of 3 to 4 roots at least 1/4 inch long. Plant into containers with good draining mix such as Sunshine #4 when moving plants to hardening. Start plants in hardening at same mist interval, gradually increasing length of time between mistings over 1 to 2 weeks. After hardening, place plants in a general plant growth facility. | 1 to 2 weeks | Hitchcock, C.L. and A. Cronquist. 1981. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle.<p> Macdonald, B. 1986. Practical woody plant propagation for nursery growers. Volume 1. Timber Press, Portland, OR<p> USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, Sept. 11, 2006) National Plant Data Center, Baton Route, LA 70874-4490 USA | Crowder, Wayne. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Atriplex canescens</i> (Pursh) Nutt. plants 10 cubic inch containers; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2892 | Baccharis (pilularis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower family | Baccharis | pilularis | DC. | BAPI | San Joaquin Valley, CA | Northwest California, Sierra Nevada Foothills, west Central Western California, South Coast, Channel Islands, Western Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, Oregon, Northern Mexico. | Plants are dioecious. Male cultivars are preferred for hedgerow plantings as female plants produce numerous wind-dispersed seeds. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Rooted male vegetative cuttings in 1/2 gallon containers. | 6 Months | Months | Approximately 6 months to fill a « gallon container; 4 months to fill a D-40 container. Height: « gallon containers from 14-17" D-40 containers from 8-12" Root system: full fibrous root system which fills the containers | coyotebrush | Source of cuttings: USDA, NRCS, Lockeford Plant Material Center. Cuttings were taken from the hedgerows located at the CAPMC. Collection date 3/30/2012 | Dip cut end in 1:20 solution of Wood's brand rooting hormone recommended for herbaceous cuttings. | Place dipped cuttings two nodes deep into germination flat filled with a 1:1 mixture of vermiculite to perlite. Place flats in humidity tent set to mist for 1 minute every 32 minutes. Set bottom heat to 80 degrees. 33 days later on 5/1/2012, 96% of cuttings rooted. | Transplant rooted cuttings into D-40 containers using sunshine #4 soil, adding no fertilizer and put in lath house, set to irrigate every other day for 20 minutes | 3 months | Transplant into « gallon containers with Sunshine #4 soil and fertilize with Osmocote control release fertilizer 18-6-12 on 8/3/12 and returned to lath house. | 2 months | Coyote brush grows actively and blooms over the winter. | Hickman, James C. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993. | Gomes, Amy; Smither-Kopperl, Margaret. 2012. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Baccharis pilularis</i> DC. plants Rooted male vegetative cuttings in 1/2 gallon containers.; USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2893 | Baccharis (pilularis) | Asteraceae | Sunflower Family | Baccharis | pilularis | DC. | Baccharis | pilularis | DC. | Sub-species | consanguinea | (DC.) C.B. Wolf | BACPIL | Muir Woods, California | <i>B. pilularis</i> is found in windswept dunes and headlands along the coast and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada; from Oregon to San Diego County and the Channel islands, California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Coyotebrush | Semi-hardwood cuttings are collected between April 1st and June 30th.<br> Cutting length is 5 cm (2 inches). | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds.<br> Cuttings are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 2:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 200 Cuttings are struck 4 cm (1.5 inch) deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: 70% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats arekept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method:Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:70 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse and are irrigated with an automatic system.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Baccharis pilularis</i> DC. plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2894 | Bacopa (monnieri) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort Family | Bacopa | monnieri | (L.) Pennell | Bramia | monnieri | (L.) Drake | BACMON | Hawaii | <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> is indigenous to Hawai'i and is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In Hawai'i, it occurs in coastal areas on mud flats, sand, bare calcareous sandstone, rocks, marshes, or shores of brackish streams, 0-230 m. Historically known from Midway Atoll but not observed there since 1933 by V. J. Meagher. Found on all of the main islands except Kaho'olawe. Now frequently cultivated in many places as a ground cover or water plant. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in Containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Ae 'ae | For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6 to 8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75-80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will be successful.<br> | Cuttings are water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist.<br> Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Do not use beach sand. | Plants will begin to develop roots as early as a couple weeks and will be ready for out- planting from 2 to 6 months.<br> | 1 month | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening.<br> Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | 1 to 5 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931.<p> Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. Zimmerman, M. W. 1994. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> (L.) Pennell plants 3.5 in Containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2895 | Boerhavia (repens) | Nyctaginaceae | Four-o'clock Family | Boerhavia | repens | L. | Boerhavia | diffusa | Variety | gymnocarpa | Heimerl. | BOEREP | Hawaii | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Alena is distributed from Africa to Hawai'i. In Hawai'i, occasional, probably formerly much more common, on shores and moderately dry coastal areas and leeward, at least semi-dry lower slopes, on Kure, Midway, and Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, and all of the main islands. Alena is presently common on all three islands of Midway Atoll. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 3 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Alena | For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6-8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75-80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will be successful. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. | Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist.<br>Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. | Plants will begin to develop roots as early as a couple weeks. | 1 month | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening.<br>Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | 2 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Boerhavia repens</i> L. plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2896 | Bromus (purgans) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Bromus | purgans | BROPUR | Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, Skyline Drive, 1200' elevation. | <i>Bromus purgans</i> is widely distributed from Quebec, south to northern Florida, and west to Alberta and Arizona; it is generally found in rich, moist woods and on rocky slopes. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Container seedlings | 11 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Height:</b> About 6-8" at out-planting after cutbacks.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Firm plug in container. | Arctic brome | Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, by J. Englert 7/15/93, J. Kujawski, J. Englert 8/7/96; National Plant Materials Center, Maryland, by D. Dusty. | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> None, although 2 weeks of cold stratification @ 45 F improves the uniformity of germination in many cool season grasses. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (set at 75/68F) during the winter. Fans, coolers and shade during the summer. No extended day-length.<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Hand sown in germination plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 392 and 72 plug trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Sunshine #5 with l8Oda Nutricote Plus total SR (18-6-8) @ 0.15lb/cu ft. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early spring, August for fall planting.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> 3-4 weeks from sowing to first germination.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Direct sown in 72 plug trays @ 2 seeds per cell for germination test.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Hand-water, light fertilization as needed, cutbacks as seedlings get too spindly. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Cutbacks to enhance vigor and ease of watering. Infrequent fertilization. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to outplanting move plugs outside to sheltered location and stop fertilization. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> 10-11 weeks from sowing to outplanting.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Outplanted in spring, late fall.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> N/A - Plugs are not over-wintered. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> N/A | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Bromus purgans</i> plants Container seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2897 | Broussonetia (papyrifera) | Moraceae | Fig | Broussonetia | papyrifera | (L.) Venten. | Morus | papyrifera | L. | Found especially along stream beds and wet valleys. | Indigenous to China, Japan, Burma and Thailand. Aboriginal introduction throughout Malesia and the Pacific, including Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, New Guinea, and Hawaii. Not reported present in Micronesia except Yap, where it is a recent introduction. | This species is widely introduced in other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Seedlings have reached target in one gallon containers when approximately 50 cm in height, stem diameter 2-4 cm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | paper mulberry; wauke (Hawaii); malo; masi (Fiji) hiapo; tutu (Tonga); u'a (Samoa); aute (Cooks, Societies); ute (Marquesas); aute (New Zealand) | The best time to dig up root suckers is soon after they appear around the tree. They sucker most prolifically during the wet season. | No pretreatment or hormones necessary. | Seedlings are grown in partial shade. Containers used are one-gallon poly bags, copper coated for root training, or other root-training one-gallon containers are also suitable. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients, Osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media may also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | The plant should be placed in its one-gallon container immediately after it has been dug out and cut away from the parent tree. Plant at the same depth as the plant was in the ground. Make sure any dangling roots are pointed downwards. Firm potting media carefully around the root system. Water thoroughly, and keep well-watered. For best results, make sure plants are in the shade, especially during the hottest times of the day. If shade is unavailable, some coconut palm fronds or other materials can be leaned over the plant to make temporary cover, at least for the first 4 weeks. Water daily, twice a day if conditions are dry and hot. Protect from wind. | 1 month | Seedlings remain in partial shade. If fertilizer is added (such as a balanced 8-8-8 such as Gro-More or Osmocote), it should be done very sparingly, less than half the manufacturer's directions. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | 4 months | Most wauke is cultivated in partial shade. However, if the seedlings are to be planted in full sun, the plants should be moved to full sun conditions during their final month in the nursery to harden them to the site conditions. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out. | 1 month | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping seedlings in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Carefully cutting the poly bag off the root system is less stressful than pulling the plant out of the container. | Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1990. Plant of the Month: Wauke. Hawaii Plant Conservation Center, NTBG, Lawai, HI <p> Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net <p> Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plantsof Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Broussonetia papyrifera</i> (L.) Venten. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2898 | Camassia (quamash) | Liliaceae | Lily Family | Camassia | quamash | CAMQUA | n/a | Common camas occurs in wet prairies and meadows across much of western Canada and the northwestern US; great camas generally only occurs west of the Cascade Mountains. Other botanical varieties or subspecies have been described for the northwestern US.<br>Common camas grows in wet meadows, wet prairies, swales, depressions, annual floodplains, moist hillsides, and along streambanks. Camas habitat is often wet ephemeral, usually drying out by late spring. It naturally occurs from southwestern British Columbia to northern California, east to Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. It is found from near sea level to 3300 meters (10,800 feet) in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains. Common camas inhabits moist meadows, rocky outcrops, bluffs, and islands in southwestern British Columbia. In eastern Washington and northern Idaho, it occurs in wet prairies and wet meadows, historically very common in the Camas Prairie and the Palouse Prairie. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 0 | Stock Type: Bareroot Bulb<br> Height: n/a<br> Caliper:n/a<br> Root System: Well developed bulb (1.5 to 2.0 cm wide). | Common camas | Common camas can be propagated from seeds or bulbs. Common camas generally prefers full sun to partial shade, with bulb depth ranging from 5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 in) but most commonly 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in). Bulbs of common camas can be substantially smaller in size and occur at shallower soil depths than great camas. Bulb depth appears limited by high water tables, anoxic conditions, or restrictive layers. Plants require moist soil conditions or irrigation to become established. <2> Bulb Collections Common camas is readily established by transplanting wild or commercially grown bulbs. Wild harvests should be restricted to salvage sites with appropriate approvals or permits. Due to loss of wetland habitat throughout the US, harvesting plants from the wild is rarely appropriate or legal except under salvage situations. Use of bulbs or seeds from local nurseries or greenhouses is strongly recommended. The best time to excavate bulbs is from early summer through mid-fall. This is the "quiescent" period that follows seed maturation, foliar senescence, and development of the daughter bulb. However, commercial bulb harvest takes place when leaves are still green and must be done carefully to avoid damage. The bulb tunic or covering is very thin (De Hertogh and Le Nard 1993). Given that camas commonly occupies sites high in silt and clay that dry out in summer, windows for digging are often narrow. There is a brief period to harvest bulbs when soils are moist after flowering in the spring; the next time to harvest is in fall after the rains begin. | Plant camas outdoors in the fall or early winter when soils are moist enough to dig and prevailing soil temperatures are cool; this is generally below 16 øC (60 øF). Fall planting allows for better root development and fulfillment of any chilling requirement for flowering (De Hertogh and others 1993). Bulbs, bulblets, and offsets can be used (Figure 4). However, if flowering is desired the following spring, bulbs must be 3- to 5-y-old and have 3 to 4 bulb leaves or scales (Thoms 1989). Bulb leaves are laminate concentric layers that comprise much of the bulb, reminiscent of an onion. Bulbs with just 2 bulb leaves never flower, those with 3 routinely flower, and those with 4 almost always flower. Older bulbs will be found deeper in the ground, and bulbs that flower will probably be at least 1.5 to 2.0 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in) wide (Thoms 1989). In the commercial bulb trade the minimum size for export and thus flowering is a circumference of 6.0 cm (2.4 in) (De Hertogh and Le Nard 1993), roughly equivalent to a diameter of 2.0 cm (0.75 in) and about one-half the diameter and circumference of great camas. | Growing Area: Outdoor bareroot field.<br>The larger the bulb the greater the planting depth. Planting depth (as measured to the base of the bulb) ranges from 1.2 to 2.5 cm (0.5 to 1 in) for 1- to 2-y-old bulblets up to10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) for mature bulbs. Larger bulbs (4 cm (1.5 in) diameter or greater) can be planted deeper (20 to 25 cm [8-10 in]) if drainage is appropriate. Commercial production involves transplanting immature bulbs from October to November in well-drained soil, pH 6 to 7, with at least 2% organic matter. Seed is not commonly used. Bulbs are covered with at least 7.5 cm (3 in) of soil above the bulb's top end, followed by 6 cm (2 in) of straw mulch. | Four weeks after planting a 7N:14P2O5:28K2O fertilizer is applied (presumably top-dressed). The camas bed is kept damp, but once plants become senescent after flowering, watering is discontinued. By this time, seeds have formed and bulbs are curing. | No serious insect pests are reported, but diseases include the fungus Rhizoctonia tuliparum (Kleb.) Whetzel & J.M. Arthur and nematodes in the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev (Anguinidae)(De Hertogh and others1990). Some pest control is done by immersion of bulbs in a hot water treatment for 4 h at 43.5 to 45 øC (110 to 113 øF). Another pest is a mosaic virus (De Hertogh and Le Nard 1993). | Plants are hardened off naturally in the outdoor bareroot bulb bed. | Camas bulbs are harvested in late July (De Hertogh and others 1990). | Ethnobotany, culture, management, and use of common camas,Stevens, M.,Darris, D., and Lambert,S. Native Plants Journal, Spring 2001.<br> Brenzel KN, editor. 1995. Sunset western garden book. Menlo Park (CA): Sunset Publishing Corporation. p 200. 512 p.<br> Bryan J. 1989. Bulbs. Portland (OR): Timber Press. 430 p.<br> Craighead JJ, Craighead FC, Davis RJ. 1963. A field guide to Rocky Mountain wildflowers. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin Company.<br> Deno NC. 1993. Seed germination theory and practice. State College (PA): self-published and self-distributed. p 110.<br> De Hertogh AA, Noone C, Lutman A. 1990. Camassia. In: Geophyte, Version 2.2. Raleigh (NC): North Carolina State University, Department of Horticultural Science. 8 p.<br> De Hertogh AA, Gallitano LB, Pemberton GH, Traer ME. 1993. Guidelines for the utilization of flowering bulbs as perennial (naturalized) plants in North American landscapes and gardens. Hillegom, Netherlands: Holland flower bulb technical services,Netherlands Flower Bulb Center (IBC). Bulletin No. 37.<br> De Hertogh AA, Le Nard M. 1993. Chapter 37, general chapter on spring flowering bulbs. In: DeHertogh AA, Le Nard, editors. The physiology of flower bulbs. New York (NY): Elsevier Science Publishing Co. 734 p.<br> Emery DE. 1988. Seed propagation of native California plants. Santa Barbara (CA): Santa Barbara Botanic Garden.<br> Farr DF, Bills GF, Chamursi GP, Rossman AY. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. St Paul (MN): The American Phytopathological Society Press. 1252 p.<br> Guerrant EO Jr, Raven A. 1995. Seed germination and storability studies of 69 plant taxa native to the Willamette Valley wet prairie. Portland (OR): The Berry Botanic Garden. 65 p.<br> Gunther E. 1973. Ethnobotany of western Washington. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. Seattle University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 10(1).<br> Harbinger LJ. 1964. The importance of food plants in the maintenance of Nez Perce cultural identity [MSc thesis]. Pullman (WA): Washington State University. 82 p.<br> Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. An illustrated manual. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. 730 p.<br> Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Ownbey M, Thompson JW. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest: part 1. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press. 914 p.<br> [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2000. Biological names. Version 4.0 [on-line database]. URL: http://www.itis.usda.gov/plantproj/itis/itis-query.html (accessed 7 Nov 2000).<br> Kruckeberg AR. 1996. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd edition. Vancouver (BC): Greystone Books/Douglas and McIntyre and University of Washington Press. 282 p.<br> Kuhnlein HV, Turner NJ. 1991. Traditional plant foods of Canadian indigenous peoples. Nutrition, botany, and use. Vancouver (BC): Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. 633 p.<br> Moulton GE, editor. 1983. The journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Volume 8, June 10 - September 26, 1806. Lincoln (NE): University of Nebraska Press.<br> Murphey E, Van Allen V. 1959. Indian uses of native plants. Ukiah (CA): Mendocino County Historical Society. 81 p.<br> Northway S. 1998. Personal communication. Corvallis (OR): Oregon Native Plant Society.<br> Piper CV. 1916. Notes on Quamasia with a description of a new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 24:77.<br> Robinson R. 1999. Personal communication. Lorane (OR): Balance Restoration Nursery.<br> Thoms A. 1989. The northern roots of hunter-gatherer intensification: camas and the Pacific Northwest [PhD dissertation]. Pullman (WA): Washington State University. 521 p.<br> Turner NJ, Bell MAM. 1983. The ethnobotany of the southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. Econonomic Botany 27:257-310.<br> Turner NJ, Efrat BS. 1982. The ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island. Victoria (BC): British Columbia Provincial Museum. Cultural Recovery Paper No. 2.<br> Turner NJ, Kuhnlein HV. 1983. Camas (Camassia spp.) and riceroot (Fritillaria ssp.): two Liliaceous "root" foods of the Northwest Coast Indians. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 13:199-219.<br> Turner NJ, Thompson LC, Thompson MT, York AZ. 1990. Thompson ethnobotany: knowledge and usage of plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Victoria (BC): Royal British Columbia Museum. Memoir No. 3. 335 p.<br> USDA NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 30 Oct 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center.<br> Watson RD. 1999. Personal communication. Moscow, Idaho.<br> Wick D, Luna T, Evans J, Hosokawa J. 2000. Propagation protocol for Camassia quamash; Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery, West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://nativeplants.for.uidaho.edu (accessed 30 Oct 2000). Moscow (ID): University of Idaho Forest Research Nursery.<br> Guard JB. 1995. Wetland plants of Oregon and Washington. Redmond (WA): Lone Pine Publishing. 239 p.<br> Pojar J, MacKinnon A. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia and Alaska. Redmond (WA): Lone Pine Publishing and the British Columbia Ministry of Forests 527 p.<br> | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Camassia quamash</i> plants USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2899 | Campsis (radicans) | Bignoniaceae | Trumpet-creeper | Campsis | radicans | CAMRAD | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park , Kentucky | New Jersey to Ohio and Iowa, south to Florida and Texas. Found in moist woods, along fencerows and roadsides. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Container seedling | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> Vine.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full plug. | Trumpetcreeper | Collected in Cumberland Gap National Historical Park , Kentucky by J. Copeland - 10/10/93; J. Johnson - 10/16/95 | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Seed was first sown in sand and given a 60 day cool/moist stratification period in cooler at 40 F, 30% relative humidity. It is important to drench seed-sand mixture with fungicide such as Captan or Triathlon prior to prevent mildew in moist stratification. | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Ropak multipots or quarts depending on method of outplanting.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Pro-Mix amended with Osmocote and Micromax or Nutricote. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Recommend starting in early fall for outplanting the following spring as plugs. Larger sized containers may require another season of growth.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> First emergence occurred in approximately 2 weeks. Estimated germination was about 60%. Sowing/Planting Technique: After stratification, seed was removed from sand, and direct sown into Ropak multipots. Plugs were grown out on greenhouse bench. Establishment Phase: No special treatment other than monitoring water needs. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Plants will need cutbacks especially if in plug trays to encourage root growth and prevent tangling of foliage. Spacing plugs out in plug trays may be necessary as seedlings mature. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> several weeks of reduced greenhouse temperatures or placing plants outdoors prior to outplanting. | Several weeks. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> outplanted in March in Cumberland Gap.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Quart or gallon containers have been successfully overwintered in cool storage. | 3 to 4 months. | Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Campsis radicans</i> plants Container seedling; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2900 | Capparis (sandwichiana) | Capparaceae | Caper Family | Capparis | sandwichiana | DC. | Capparis | sandwichiana | DC. | Variety | zoharyi | O&I Deg. | CAPSAN | Hawaii | Endemic to Hawai'i. Scattered on coral, basaltic rocks, or in soil along the coast or somewhat inland, 0-100 m elevation. Historically known from Midway Atoll, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and Laysan, but thought to be extirpated from these locations today. It is present on all of the main islands. On Midway, Maiapilo was known from Eastern Island where it was last collected in 1923 by E. L. Caum in the central plain of the island. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 1 Years | Years | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Maiapilo | Because it no longer occurs in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, cuttings will have to be obtained from the main islands where Maiapilo is also declining due to loss of habitat. It is locally abundant in rocky, lava, coastal sites of the main islands.<br>For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6-8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75-80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will be successful. Rooting hormone is used for this species. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. | Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist.<br> The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Cuttings will form roots within 2 to 4 weeks.<br>This species can be difficult to propagate and trials are needed to establish best concentration of rooting hormone to use for best rooting percentages. | 1 to 2 months | 8 to 10 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Capparis sandwichiana</i> DC. plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2901 | Carex | Cyperaceae | Carex | CAREX | Colorado, Moraine Park Museum (98-079c) | other propagules | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Sedge | Collected at Moraine Park Museum (98-079c) on 7/13/98. | No treatment | Moraine Park Museum (98-079c) in ps/germ media; transplanted on 8/18/98 to a location with a mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Carex</i> other propagules USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2902 | Ceanothus (americanus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Ceanothus | americanus | L. | CEAAME | Great Smoky Mountains National Park | Upland woods, prairies and barrens. Quebec to Minnesota, s. to Florida and Texas. (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991) Common in western Maryland. (Brown and Brown, 1992) | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Rooted vegetative cuttings in 1/2 and 2-gallon containers. | 3 Years | Years | Approximately 3 years to fill 1 gallon containers; 2 years for 1/2 gallons. Height: 1/2 gallon pots range from 12-24"; 1 gallon are from 24-36". Root system: full fibrous root system which fills the container. | New Jersey tea | Source of cuttings: Little River Road, Sky Harbor in the Foothills Parkway. <br>Collection Dates: 7/17/95 and 6/26/96. | Cuttings were trimmed to about 6" with sterile shears leaving one pair of leaves at the top. Cut ends were dipped in a 1:10 solution of rooting hormone and stuck in perlite-filled plastic (Kadon) flats with drainage holes. Flats were placed under mist in the greenhouse for several weeks until rooting occurred. | Propagation environment: greenhouse.<br> Rooted cuttings were transplanted into quart sized containers using a customized woody mix (3.8 cu. ft. Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. pine bark mulch, 20 oz. controlled release Nutricote 18-6-8 with micros and about 20 oz. endomycorrhizae. | Transplants were potted in quarts the first season and kept in the greenhouse over winter because of their small size. Water soluble fertilizer was applied as needed at rates for sensitive plants and seedlings were monitored for moisture. | 10-12 months | In the springs of the second and third seasons, transplants were bumped up to 1/2 and 1 gallon containers respectively. Insides of pots had been treated with Spin-Out to inhibit girdling and encurage development of a fibrous root system. Larger containers were placed in an outdoor shade house with overhead irrigation for the summer. Gallon pots were top dressed with 180 day controlled rerlease Nutricote 18-6-8 as needed. | 1-2 years, depending on container size. | Frequency and duration of irrigation is reduced as plants go dormant, depending on natural rainfall. | about 2 months | Dormant 1/2 gallon and smaller 1 gallon plants were overwintered in cold storage at 40F and watered as needed to prevent dehydration. Larger container plants were overwintered outdoors under a microfoam insulating blanket. Dead leaves and debris were removed and containers were watered, and overlapped on their sides on weed barrier. Rodenticide baits were placed at intervals to discourage gnawing rodents and the microfoam was secured. | December to mid-March | Brown, Russel G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland</i>. Port City Press, Baltimore, MD<br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada</i>. 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br> USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished. | Hayward, Hugh; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus americanus</i> L. plants Rooted vegetative cuttings in 1/2 and 2-gallon containers.; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2903 | Ceanothus (prostratus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn | Ceanothus | prostratus | CEPR | Deschutes National Forest | Western US, including Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, and Nevada | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 444 ml (27 in3) container | 16 months | Stock Type: Container seedling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | Prostrate ceanothus | Collect in mid-spring. Collect newest (previous year’s) material just as new white rootlets are beginning to form (a 2 to 3 week window depending on weather and elevation). Green cuttings can also be collected in late spring/early summer when new growth has just begun to suberize. (This collection may be more difficult before early summer, dry weather conditions place plants under stress.) | Mid-spring and green cuttings: The base of the stem is re-cut and immediately dipped in 500 ppm IBA. The cutting is then inserted into a pre-dibbled hole in well-drained rooting medium. If possible, 2 to 3 root nubs will provide the best success.
Rooting medium used is 30:20:30:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with no fertilizer added. | Rooting chamber.
Stecklings are placed in a climate-controlled rooting chamber, maintained at 100% RH with mist; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. When rooting has occurred, cells are moved to the greenhouse to continue culturing. Greenhouse growing facility. Cells are fertilized with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Rooting is very slow, and can take up to 3 months before cells are ready to be moved to a greenhouse facility. Success rate is usually around 50% for this species. Following rooting, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 4 weeks. | 3 to 4 months | Plants are slow-growing, requiring 2 full growing seasons to reach target. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 100 to 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 18 to 19 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in early September. | 2 to 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Mid to late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. nd. Ceanothus prostratus Benth. prostrate ceanothus. URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CECU (accessed 16 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus prostratus</i> Plants 444 ml (27 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2904 | Ceanothus (sanguineus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | sanguineus | Pursh | CEASAN | Lodgepole Forest, Middle Fork Flathead River, 1100m elev. | <i>C. sanguineus</i> occurs from southern B.C to the Siskiyou mountains of northern California, east to Idaho and western Montana. It is found at low to mid elevations in open or partial shade and grows best on soils that are low in organics. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml container | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml (4.5 inch) pots. | Redstem ceanothus | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer semi-hardwood stem cutting collected in late May and early June. | Cuttings were cut into 20 to 30 cm lengths, 1 cm in caliper. Cuttings were treated with 2000 ppm liquid IBA, and struck in mist bed with bottom heat.<br> Rooting %: 44% in 4 weeks<br> Cuttings taken in early May had the highest rooting percentages. Roots are susceptible to excessive moisture; cuttings should be uppotted into a well drained media and carefully stored overwinter. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting media. | 4 to 5 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers. Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 6 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants, Rose,R., Chachluski, C., and Haase, D. Oregon State University Press, 1998. | Wick, Dale; Johnson, Kathy; Keating, Rosemary. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus sanguineus</i> Pursh plants 800 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2905 | Ceanothus (velutinus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Ceanothus | velutinus | Douglas ex Hook. | CEVE | Ceanothus velutinus (Bug Brush) is native to lodgepole forests, from 1100m to 3000m elevation (low to subalpine). Growing in full sun, C. velutinus prefers open-wooded slopes; dense patches of growth are found in disturbed areas such as roadsides, logged areas, and previously burned forest. Prefers coarse, well-drained soil and is commonly found on rocky slopes. C. velutinus spans latitude from B.C. to California and longitude Idaho to Montana. | Cuttings | Vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 6 weeks | Characteristics making this plant desirable for landscaping include glossy leaves, attractive white blossoms, inconspicuous fruit, and broadleaf evergreen leaves. It does not come true-to-type from seed, requiring that superior accessions be propagated asexually. Ceanothus velutinus is historically difficult to propagate leading us to hypothesize that different formulations of the rooting hormone indole butyric acid may enhance adventitious rooting of juvenile, seedling grown stock plants. | Snowbrush | Stock plants of Ceanothus velutinus were grown from seed collected in Green Canyon, Utah. | Six weeks after sticking, cuttings were evaluated for rooting. Root number, length of the longest root, percent of healthy leaves, and stem rot were noted. Rooted plants were transplanted. After a seven to eight week period of establishment plants were moved to a cold-frame greenhouse to harden off.
| DNG 1000, Hormodin 1, and Hormodin 2 treatments had similar rooting effect. DNG 3000 did not root as well as the other treatments that had less hormone. Less cuttings with stem rot occurred when Hormodin 1 was used. High concentration of rooting hormone in DNG3000 and Hormodin 2 produced more roots. Hormodin 2 tended to promote root growth as indicated by the larger number of the length of the longest root.
| 7 to 8 weeks | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: http://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2017/08/14). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.
“Snowbrush Ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus).” MPG North, www.mpgnorth.com/field-guide/rhamnacea/shiny-leaf-ceanothus. Accessed 16 Aug. 2017. | 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Ceanothus velutinus</i> Douglas ex Hook. Cuttings Utah State University Logan, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2906 | Ceanothus (velutinus) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Ceanothus | velutinus | Dougl. | CEAVEL | Lodgepole Forest, Apgar, 1100m elev. | <i>C. velutinus</i> occurs from B.C to California, east to Idaho and western Montana in open wooded slopes from 1100 to 3000 meters elevation. It grows in many soil types but prefers coarse textured, well drained soils. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper:8 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Deer brush ceanothus | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer semi-hardwood stem cutting collected in late April to early June. | Cuttings were cut into 20-30 cm lengths, 1 cm in caliper. Cuttings were treated with 2000 ppm liquid IBA, and struck in mist bed with bottom heat.<br> Rooting %: 99% in 8 weeks late April<br> 31% in 8 weeks late June Cuttings taken in late April had the highest rooting percentages. Roots are susceptible to excessive moisture; cuttings should be uppotted into a well drained media and carefully storedoverwinter. Cuttings produce callus before root initiation. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks. Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the bottom cut below the surface of the rooting media. | 8 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers. Growing media used is 50% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% perlite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. This species produces a deep taproot. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 years from cuttings <br> Harvest Date: Spring Planting is preferred. It requires frequent watering after planting the first year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter under foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ceanothus velutinus</i> Dougl. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2907 | Cerbera (dilatata) | Apocynaceae | Plumeria family | Cerbera | dilatata | Markgraf. | CERDIL | Guam | Chiute is an endemic species to the Mariana islands; found on Guam, Saipan,Rota, Tinian and Pagan. It inhabits moist forests and may be foundon limestone soils. It is a very attractive native with large, showy plumeria-like flowers. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) containers | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Chiute | Collect softwood stem cuttings when the leaves have expanded and the stems are firm. During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Each cutting must have a healthy, terminal shoot bud. Stems are cut to 15 cm (6.0 in) lengths, and all mature leaves are removed except the terminal leaves. Leaf buds in the axils of leaves are not removed and will form new leaves once the cuttings are well rooted. Cuttings are directly stuck into containers filled with moistened, well aerated medium. We do not use rooting hormones. | The Guam Forestry nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of shade structures and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. | Cuttings begin to form roots about 4 weeks after sticking. We plant them in polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, commerical medium, and crushed rock. Cuttings are kept evenly moist during establishment. | 4 weeks | Once cuttings are well rooted, new leaves from the axillary leaf buds begin to form. We keep cuttings in the shelterhouse during active growth to protect them from wind and heavy rains. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. We move cuttings to open growing compound at this stage. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Limtiaco, David. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cerbera dilatata</i> Markgraf. plants 3L (1 gal) containers; USDA FS - Guam Division of Forestry and Soil Resources Mangilao, Guam. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2908 | Cerbera (manghas) | Apocynaceae | Plumeria Family | Cerbera | manghas | CERMAN | Chuuk state | Cerbera manghas inhabits lowland swamp forest adjacent to mangrove forests. it is found on several islands of the Carolines. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybag | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug. | native plumera | Stem cuttings that are 15 to 20 cm long are collected throughout the year, but preferably, before or after the flowering period. Thus, we collect cuttings 4 times per year. Stems produce a milky sap.<br> During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Leaves are removed from the stems. Cuttings are stuck into containers same day of collection. cuttings will root 90% or greater without the use of rooting hormones. We use a well drained medium of 2:1 (v:v) sand and compost. | The Chuuk State nursery is located and has an average year round growing season with periods of high rainfall (up to 6400 mm).<br> The facility is comprised of a greenhouse, shade structures, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand.<br> We only use organic fertlizers and pesticides or pest control methods. | Cuttings begin to form roots 2 to 4 weeks after sticking into containers. Medium is kept evenly moist during rooting, but not wet. | 4 weeks | After cuttings are well established and new leaves emerge, we irrigate and fertilize as needed. Cuttings remain in greenhouse for another 4 weeks. They are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during of intense summer heat. Containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 weeks prior to outplanting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Sared, Sleeper. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cerbera manghas</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybag; Chuuk State Nursery Weno, Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2909 | Cerbera (manghas) | Apocynaceae | Plumeria Family | Cerbera | manghas | CERMAN | Chuuk state | Cerbera manghas inhabits lowland swamp forest adjacent to mangrove forests. It is found on several islands of the Carolines. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybag | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug. | native plumeria | Stem cuttings that are 15 to 20 cm long are collected throughout the year, but preferably, before or after the flowering period. Thus, we collect cuttings 4 times per year. Stems produce a milky sap.<br> During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Leaves are removed from the stems. Cuttings are stuck into containers same day of collection. cuttings will root 90% or greater without the use of rooting hormones. We use a well drained medium of 2:1 (v:v) sand and compost. | The Chuuk State nursery is located and has an year round growing season with periods of high rainfall (up to 6400 mm).<br> The facility is comprised of a greenhouse,shade structures, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand.<br> We only use organic fertlizers and pesticides or pest control methods. | Cuttings begin to form roots 2 to 4 weeks after sticking into containers. Medium is kept evenly moist during rooting, but not wet. | 4 weeks | After cuttings are well established and new leaves emerge, we irrigate and fertilize as needed. Cuttings remain in greenhouse for another 4 weeks. They are moved to the open growing compound that is covered with a 55% shadecloth during of intense summer heat. Containers are watered daily with occasional deep irrigation to leach out accumulated salts. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 weeks prior to outplanting. The shadecloth is removed from the open growing compound | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Sared, Sleeper. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cerbera manghas</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybag; Chuuk State Nursery Weno, Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2910 | Chrysothamnus | Asteraceae | Chrysothamnus | CHRYS9 | Colorado, Hollowell (98-061c) | cuttings | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Rabbitbush | Hollowell (98-061c) collected on 6/30/98. | Hollowell (98-061c) treatment with root hormone. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with misters. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Chrysothamnus</i> cuttings USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2911 | Clematis (columbiana) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup family | Clematis | columbiana | (Nutt.) T & G | CLECOL | Subalpine fir/ Beargrass habitat, Many Glacier, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 1585m elevation. | <i>C. columbiana</i> occurs east of the Cascades, from B.C. to northern Oregon, east to Alberta, Montana, and Wyoming. It inhabits open forests and slopes in the montane and subalpine zone. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br>
Height: 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in containers. | Columbia virgin's bower | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cuttings collected from healthy plants in early June. | Stem cuttings were 3 cm in length and 0.4 cm in diameter, taken in late June during flowering. Cuttings were recut just above the node and internode length was shortened to 1 to 3 cm. Cuttings were treated with 8000 ppm Hormex rooting powder and placed in 1:1 (v:v) sand and perlite medium under mist with bottom heat for 7 weeks. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First average frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Rooting %:38%<br> Time to Transplant: 7 weeks<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. 50% of the cuttings produced well branched roots that were 4 cm in length. Cuttings were potted in 800 ml pots but were not root tight at the end of the growing season. | 7 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.3 years from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: September of the second year.<br> Storage conditions: Overwinter under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clematis columbiana</i> (Nutt.) T & G plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2912 | Clematis (ligusticifolia) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup | Clematis | ligusticifolia | Nutt. | CLELIG | Prosser, WA | British Columbia south to southern California, east of the Cascades in Washington, in the Columbia River Gorge and both sides of Cascades in Oregon, east to the Dakotas and New Mexico | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch containers | 16 Weeks | Weeks | firm root plug with enough cohesiveness to hold potting mix together | western clematis | Leafy cuttings are collected in June or July. Cuttings should be firm, not soft and approximately 3/16 inch in diameter at a minimum. Cut stems below a node at a length to facilitate planting in the rooting media. It may be useful to trim one of the leaves off near the node to decrease the amount of space the cuttings occupy. | Treat with a 30 second or so fungicide drench prior to applying rooting hormone. Rooting hormone is applied to the fresh basal cut, 1/4 to 1/2 inch up the stem. We used .3% Indole-butyric acid rooting hormone as a powder. Cuttings were stuck in coarse perlite. | The indoor mist facility is set for 15 seconds of mist every 15 minutes. 24 hr/day 1000 watt metal halide light is used. Plants are rooted in 4 inch deep flats with bottom drain holes and bottom heat mats. The rooting media is kept at 75 to 77 deg F. Air temperature is kept around 68 deg F. | Move plants from rooting mist to hardening mist, without bottom heat after plants have a minimum of 3 to 4 roots at least 1/4 inch long. Plant in potting mix that is well drained, such as Sunshine #4. Increase interval between mistings to harden plants prior to placing in general growth facility. Plants generally take about 90 days to produce an adequate plug. | 1 to 2 weeks in hardening mist | Hitchcock, C.L. and A. Cronquist. 1981. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle.<p> Macdonald, B. 1986. Practical woody plant propagation for nursery growers. Volume 1. Timber Press, Portland, OR | Crowder, Wayne. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clematis ligusticifolia</i> Nutt. plants 10 cubic inch containers; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2913 | Clematis (virginiana) | Ranunculaceae | Buttercup Family | Clematis | virginiana | CLEVIR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky | Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Grows in moist soil. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plug | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Plug<br> <b>Height:</b> Vine<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full plug. | Virgin's bower | Collected in Cumberland Gap, Lee County, Virginia by J. Englert, 10/5/96. | Seeds were stratfied from 8/22 to 10/28/99.<p> <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Seeds are stratified in mesh bags in moist sand 60 days in cooler @ 40 F 35% relative humidity.<p> Triathlon fungicidal drench prior to stratification to prevent mildew of seed. (Seeds have been sown in germination mix in 392 plug trays, drenched with fungicide, wrapped in plastic and stratified as above with satisfactory results). | Grown in a greenhouse with alternating day night temperatures. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Stratified seed was sown 10/28/99.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> 2,000 stratified seeds were hand-sown into 392 plug trays.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds were sown in 392 plug trays. Seedlings were transplanted to Ropak multipots and then bumped up to quarts.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Fafard Germinating Mix for 392's; Sunshine #5 with 180 day Nutricote SR 18-8-6 for multipots; woody mix (2:1 Sunshine #1:pine bark plus above Nutricote) for quarts.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> 392 trays were given 10 days of mist after sowing and placed on greenhouse bench. (bottom heat and mist have also yielded good results) Monitor water needs carefully. Seedlings were ready for transplant to multipots in approximately 28 days. | 1 month | <b>Emergence and Date:</b> All of the seedlings that germinated (18%) emerged in 12 days.<br> <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> During the growth phase, plugs will need periodic cutbacks when foliage begins to tangle. Spacing plugs in trays may be required if growth becomes dense and leaves develop fungus. Seedlings benefit from fertilization (Technigro 16-17-17, 100 ppm applied weekly to bi-weekly). <br>In early summer, plugs were transplanted to quarts. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Plugs were moved outdoors in early spring to harden off and then summered outdoors in a shade house. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Scheduled for delivery to the park in spring of 2001.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Quarts will be overwintered in cool storage. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 2-3 months | Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clematis virginiana</i> plants 1+0 container plug; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2914 | Clinopodium (douglasii) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Clinopodium | douglasii | (Benth.) Kuntze | Satureja | douglasii | (Benth.) Briq. | CLIDOU | Presidio, California | <i>C. douglasii</i> is found below 3,000 feet elevation; from British Columbia to southern California and Santa Catalina Island. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 2 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Yerba Buena | Herbaceous stem cuttings are collected May 21st.<br> Cutting length is 4 inches. | Cuttings are struck in flats containing 1:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> Cuttings are struck 0.5 inch deep in flats. Lay cuttings horizontally ensuring that each internode is covered with media.<br> % Rooting: 80% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. Flats are placed on a heated bench. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:N/A Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2" pots containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Clinopodium douglasii</i> (Benth.) Kuntze plants 2 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2915 | Commersonia (brevipetiolata) | Sterculiaceae | Sterculia family | Commersonia | brevipetiolata | COMBRE | Yap islands | Wapof is found in the central Pacific islands south to Australia. It inhabits wet coastal floodplain forests. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 0 | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Wapof | Collect softwood stem cuttings when the leaves have expanded and the stems are firm. During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Each cutting must have several shoot buds. These are cut to 15 cm (6.0 in) lengths, and all mature leaves are removed except the terminal leaves. Leaf buds in the axils of leaves are not removed and will form new leaves once the cuttings are well rooted. Cuttings are directly stuck into containers filled with moistened medium. We do not use rooting hormones. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Cuttings begin to form roots about 4 weeks after sticking. We plant them in polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. Cuttingsare kept evenly moist during establishment. | 4 weeks | Once cuttings are well rooted, new leaves from the axillary leaf buds begin to form. We keep cuttings in the shelterhouse during active growth to protect them from wind and heavy rains. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. | 4 weeks | Containerized cuttings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Commersonia brevipetiolata</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2916 | Coreopsis (tripteris) | Asteraceae | Aster | Coreopsis | tripteris | Jefferson County, Alabama The original progeny was collected from a plant growing in part shade on severe drought conditions of the sandstone outcrop; plants are found in the crevices of rock or depressions of organic debris. | Native to North America, Coreopsis tripteris is found in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. In the United States it ranges from the eastern edge of Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, east to Pennsylvania and south to Florida. Also including Southeast New York and southern Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon (potted from divisions), 1-3 months old when cuttings taken. | 9 to 13 weeks | Well-rooted 1 quart container. | tall tickseed | Cuttings collected during summer (May - July) from non-flowering shoots. Zone 7A/6B. | Tip cuttings are 10-15 cm (4-6 in) in length, 2-3 nodes, Hormodin 1, IBA 0.1%. Cuttings are recut at base and the lower leaves removed. Extended internodal length can result in only a single node above and below the soil.
100% horticulture grade perlite is the preferred rooting medium. Peat based media stays too moist and results in fewer, healthier roots. We obtained 100% rooting for cuttings taken in May and 93 - 97% rooting for cuttings taken in July. Rooting percentages greatly declined when stock had formed flower buds, 27-39%. | Cuttings are placed in a propagation house with intermittent mist, cycling every 6 minutes with 12-15 seconds of mist time. 4 weeks after sticking cuttings, frequency of the mist interval is increased to 12 minute intervals. Bottom heat is provided by hot water, in tubes, underneath the flats at 18-24˚C (65-75˚F).
Air temperature is set at 17˚C (62˚F) night temperature (minimum). Evaporative coolers circulate cooled air during days were the air temperature is above 27˚C (80˚F), keeping greenhouse air temperature below 32˚C (92˚F). | Cuttings begin to form roots 2-3 weeks after sticking. 5 weeks after sticking, rooted cuttings are removed from mist. | 5 weeks | After cuttings are well established with multiple roots (approximately 5 weeks after sticking) they are transplanted into 1 quart pots using a commercial potting media. Plants are put in a shaded greenhouse for 1-2 weeks adjustment to light, before moving to a full sun exposure in a glass greenhouse. | 3 to 5 months | Pots are overwintered in a cold but above freezing greenhouse 6˚C (42˚F). Plants can be hardened off in several weeks in spring, and planted in early May. | 3 to 5 weeks | Cullina, W. (2000). Growing and propagating wildflowers of the United States and Canada. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Illinois wildflowers. (2015) Tall tickseed. Retrieved from http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/index.htm Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.) Coreopsis tripteris. Retrieved from http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g470 U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.) Coreopsis tripteris. Retrieved from http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=cotr4 Weakley, A. S. (2015, May 21). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Retrieved from http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/FloraArchives/WeakleyFlora_2015-05-29.pdf | French, Shelby J.. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Coreopsis tripteris</i> Plants 1 gallon (potted from divisions), 1-3 months old when cuttings taken.; Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, Delaware. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2917 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Michx. | CORSER | Cheney, WA | Alaska to Yukon Territory east to Laborador and Newfoundland. It extends south to Virginia in the east, to Kansas, northern Mexico in the Rocky Mountains and through California to the West Coast. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch container | 15 Weeks | Weeks | Cohesive root plug | redosier dogwood | Collect semi-hardwood tip cuttings in late May or early June. Cuttings should be about 6 to 8 inches long, with at least 1 node, or possibly 2. Cut far enough below the last node to allow for insertion in the rooting media. Leave all leaves on the top node of the cutting. | Treat cuttings with a fungicide drench. Allow cuttings to drain moisture somewhat prior to treating with rooting hormone. We use 0.3% Indole-butyric acid rooting powder to treat the cut end about 1/2 inch up the stem. Cuttings are stuck in coarse horticultural perlite. | Plants are rooted in 4 inch deep metal flats with bottom drain holes. Flats are set on rubber heating mats which are regulated to keep rooting media temperature at around 78 deg F. Misting is set for 15 seconds of mist every 15 minutes. 24 hr/day metal halide lamps are used. Room air temperature is kept at about 68 deg F. | Move plants to hardening mist table without bottom heat after the cuttings have 3 to 4 roots at least 1/4 inch long. Plant in a well drained potting mix, such as Sunshine #4. Increase interval between mistings to harden plants prior to placing in a general growth facility. | 1 to 2 weeks | Crane, M.F. 1989. Cornus sericea. IN: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fire Sciences Laboratory. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis [2006, Sept. 11] Hitchcock, C.L. and A. Cronquist. 1981. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle <p> Macdonald, B. 1986. Practical woody plant propagation for nursery growers. Vol. 1. Timber Press, Portland, OR. | Crowder, Wayne. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants 10 cubic inch container; USDA NRCS - Pullman Plant Materials Center Pullman, Washington. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2918 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood Family | Cornus | sericea | Sub-species | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Michx. | COSE | Taos County, New Mexico | Dogwood is found throughout North America from Canada south through the U. S. into Mexico. In New Mexico, dogwood is commonly found in cool, moist, montaine canyons, often adjacent to rivers and streams. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 30 to 45 cm Caliper: 4 to 6 mm Root System: Firm root plug | Mountain dogwood, dogwood, redosier dogwood | Stem cuttings are taken from dormant trees growing in riparian areas throughout north central New Mexico from March through April. Cuttings are taken from the previous season's growth, and are at least 18 cm in length. Cuttings are put in self-sealing, polyethylene bags to prevent desiccation, and brought to the nursery on ice in coolers. Cuttings are then placed in a walk-in cooler (2 - 4<sup>o</sup>C) for storage. Note: the earlier the cuttings are taken (March) the longer the cuttings can be stored before bud burst occurs during storage. Once bud burst occurs, rooting success drops quickly. Once placed in a growing environment, these propagules grow to target height specifications quickly, so holding dormant cuttings as late as possible helps reduce the occurrence of "oversized" seedlings. | Cuttings are stuck to a depth of 10 cm. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Cuttings are watered in and kept moist throughout the rooting period using an intermittent misting schedule. Mist is provided via an irrigation system using mini-sprinklers. Cuttings are rooted on standard greenhouse benches. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). Cuttings are stuck in early May and after 12 to 14 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 30 cm in height are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Intermittent mist is maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (8 to 12 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigatedas needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the first two weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse, plants are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid-based, foliar feed fertilizer (27-15-12; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. During the remaining 8 weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized every other irrigation with a liquid-based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (~25 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks of growth occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 12 to 14 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as-needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 3 December 2008).<br><br> Weber W.A. and R.C. Wittmann. 1996. Colorado Flora, Eastern Slope, revised edition. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. 524 pp. | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus sericea</i> plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||
2919 | Cornus (sericea) | Cornaceae | Dogwood family | Cornus | sericea | L. | Sub-species | sericea | L. | Cornus | stolonifera | Michx. | CORSER | Aspen Forest, Saint Mary, 1250 m elev. Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>C. sericea</i> ssp. <i>sericea</i> occurs from Alaska to Newfoundland, south through the Rockies to Mexico; also south through the Cascades and Sierras to southern California and Nevada; further east in Missouri and Pennsylvania. It is found in mixed, open coniferous and aspen forests, riparian zones, wetlands, flood plains, and is invasive of wet meadows.ÿ | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L (1 gal) containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 30 cm<br> Caliper: .5 to 1 cm<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Red stem dogwood | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting or Direct Sticking<br> Type of Cutting: Spring hardwood and summer softwood stem cuttings.<br> Hardwood cuttings are collected in April andearly May before budbreak.<br>Softwood cuttings are collected in June and July before or after flowering.<br> Cuttings are collected from healthy field plants. Cuttings average 20 to 30 cm in length and .5 to 1 cm in caliper. | Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were cut into 20 to 30 cm lengths, with the base recut and 1/3 of leaves or buds removed. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. <br> Softwood cuttings were treated with 2000 ppm liquid Quick Dip IBA, and stuck in an intermittent mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium.<p> Hardwood cuttings were treated with 2,000 ppm liquid IBA and directly stuck into 3L (1 gallon) containers filled with medium.<br> Rooting %: 80 to 95% in 4 to 6 weeks for Softwood (Pre-Rooting)Cuttings.<p> Rooting %: 65 to 88% in 8 weeks for Hardwood (Direct Sticking)Cuttings.<br> High rooting percentages are easily obtained with both softwood and hardwood cuttings treated with 2000 ppm IBA rooting hormone.<p>This species roots so readily that dormant hardwood cuttings (direct sticking in containers) with no IBA treatment had a rooting percent range of 65 to 80%. There are latent root initials present in the stems. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings have rooted, they are moved to the shadehouse for 4 weeks. Later, they are moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Softwoood cuttings that were prerooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequete root systems were formed.<br> Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | 8 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers.<br> Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per container.<br> Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year from cuttings in 3L (1 gallon) containers.<br> Harvest Date: June or September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T.,unpublished.<p> 1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Kimball, S,unpublished.<br> | Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Cornus sericea</i> L. plants 3 L (1 gal) containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2920 | Corylus (cornuta) | Betulaceae | Birch Family | Corylus | cornuta | (A. DC.) Sharp | Variety | californica | (A. DC.) Sharp | Corylus | californica | (A. DC.) Rose | CORCOR | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>C. cornuta</i> var. <i>californica</i> is found on moist slopes and banks below 7,000 feet elevation, in the coast ranges and Sierras; from British Columbia to Santa Cruz County, California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Treeband #10 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Hazelnut | Semi-Hardwood cuttings are collected between July 1st and November 1st.<br> Cutting diameter is 1.2 cm (0.5 inch).<br> Cutting length is 12.5 cm (5 inches) with at least 3 nodes. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds.<br> Cuttings are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 30 Cuttings are struck 2 inches deep per flat.<br> % Rooting:50% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system untilroots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:50 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 4"x4"x 10"tubes (Treeband #10) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Corylus cornuta</i> (A. DC.) Sharp plants Treeband #10; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2921 | Crataegus (viridis) | Rosaceae | Rose | Crataegus | viridis | Alluvial woods and swamp forests. | cuttings | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Green Hawthorne | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Cold stratification prior to planting. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Seedbeds and container. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> <u>Flowers:</u> March-May. <u>Fruits:</u> September-October.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Limited tests indicate that dry nutlets can be stored for 2 or 3 years if kept at 41§F, but optimum storage requirements have not been determined (ibid.).<br> <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Green Hawthorne develops a long taproot early and should not be kept in seedbeds more than a year. | U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974. | Fine, Gary. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Crataegus viridis</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Golden Meadow Plant Materials Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2922 | Crescentia (linearifolia) | Bignoniaceae | Bignoniafamily | Crescentia | linearifolia | Miers | CRELIN | Only one was known by the author in St. Thomas. It was killed during development of swimming association and FEMA temporary housing. | Wild calabash is native to Hispanola, Puerto Rico and the Virgin islands. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Wild Calabash | Two branches were used to make roughly 8 cuttings. | Took woody branch cuttings, cut to 0.5 inch below the nodes. Cuttings were roughly 6 to 7 inches long. Rootone used to initiate rooting. | Cuttings were planted in a light,commercial soilless mix. | Roughly 50% percent mortality. New leaves in 4 weeks, roots in 4 to 6 weeks. | Very slow growing in pots.5 year old plants are 40 inches tall. | Thomas, Toni. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Crescentia linearifolia</i> Miers plants Database of Restoration Research on the Colorado Plateau St. Thomas, USVI, Virgin Islands. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2923 | Dennstaedtia (punctilobula) | Dennstaedtiaceae | Bracken Family | Dennstaedtia | punctilobula | DENPUN | National Capital Parks-East , Washington, D.C. | Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas. Mostly in open woods, clearings, rocky slopes. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 1 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 10-12 inches with a well-formed crown, multiple stems and fiddleheads.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Root ball is fibrous and firm, but does not always fill out container completely. | Hay-scented fern | Collected in National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway by J. Kujawski, M. Norman 7/28/97; spores and/or fertile fronds are collected into paper bags or envelopes. | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Jiffy 7 peat pellets in sealed plastic containers for germination, then into open flats with rigid plastic humidity domes and larger containers for finishing.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Jiffy 7 peat pellets, transplant into peat pellet medium in flats, then into Promix BX for finishing. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Summer.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</B> Prothalli begin to develop over a month-long period.<BR> <B>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Spores are sprinkled by hand over Jiffy 7 peat pellets; pellets are placed into sealed clear plastic containers (such as hinged salad containers) and maintained in the lab at 72-77 F with a 16 hour light, 8 hour dark light cycle. This part of the process is also feasible in the greenhouse.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Once prothalli develop on the peat pellets, plugs are kept moist to allow for sporophyte production. Prothalli may require thinning if they become too crowded on pellets. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Once sexual reproduction on the prothalli occurs, small sporophytes begin to develop. These tiny ferns are transferred to flats with humidity domes containing loose peat pellet mix and maintained for approximately 2 months during which they develop many stems and roots. Moisture is maintained by handwatering and misting. Larger ferns are transplanted to trays containing Promix BX and for plants with several sets of true leaves, 1/4 strength 20-20-20 fertilizer is applied. These flats are moved from the lab to the greenhouse to begin hardening off plants. Again, this process could be done entirely in the greenhouse with attention to temperature and moisture. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Young ferns in Promix trays are exposed to open air in the greenhouse by removal of humidity domes after they have reached approximately 1-2 inches in height. Misting willhelp prevent dehydration of plants as they acclimate. These ferns can be transplanted into quart size containers after they reach a height of 2-3 inches. Ferns in larger containers should be moved outside to a shade house from the greenhouse in summer. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Ferns are ready approximately 1-1« years after spore germination.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size containers are stored outside on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a group of containers. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | Kujawski, J. 1997 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Norman, C.M. 1998. Fern production quarterly reports. Anne Arundel Community College, Arnold, MD.<p> Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dennstaedtia punctilobula</i> plants 1 gallon container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2924 | Dichanthelium (clandestinum) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Dichanthelium | clandestinum | (L.) Gould | DICCLA | Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, Skyline Drive | <i>Dichanthelium clandestinum</i> ranges from Nova Scotia and Quebec west to Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, and south to northern Florida and Texas; it prefers moist conditions but somewhat sandy soils and is found in thickets and wooded areas. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Container plugs | 3 Months | Months | <b>Height:</b> 4-6"<br> <b>Root System:</b> Full, firm plug which leaves no loose soil when pulled. | Deertongue | Collected in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, by J. Englert on 8/20-21/92 and the National Plant Materials Center, Maryland, by D. Dusty on 10/1/96, 10/24/97, and 9/28/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day/night temperatures (75/68F) and 12-14 hours of daylight extended with high-pressure sodium lights.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Seeds are sown in 392 plug trays. Seedlings are transplanted to 72 plug trays.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Seeds are sown in Fafard Germinating Mix. Seedlings are transplanted into Sunshine #5 plug mix with 180 day Nutricote (16-8-8) SR fertilizer incorporated @ 0.15lb/cu ft. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> February for spring planting; July for fall planting.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Seed is surface-sown on germination mix in 392 plug trays, placed on heat mats (set @ 7SF) and misted for 5-7 days. Trays are then moved from mist to bench and seeds are lightly covered with germination mix.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Seedlings are transplanted to 72 plug flats. Appear to prefer well-drained media. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> 2-3 weeks prior to out-planting, fertilization is stopped, water is decreased and greenhouse temperatures are reduced or plugs are moved outdoors. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> About 80 days from germination to finished plug.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Out-planted in spring or fall.<br> <b>Seed storage:</b> Seed bags in seed cooler held at 40 F and 35% relative humidity Seed dormancy: Germination is improved with 5-7 days of bottom heat and mist. | Manual of the Grasses of the United States, Hitchcock, 2nd edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dichanthelium clandestinum</i> (L.) Gould plants Container plugs; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2925 | Dryas (octopetala) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Dryas | octopetala | L. | Sub-species | hookeriana | (Juz.) Hult. | DRYOCT | Subalpine meadow on exposed bedrock, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 2032m elevation. | <i>D.octopetala</i> is a circumpolar species that is found from mid-montane to the alpine zone; from Alaska to the Rocky Mountains and Cascades, and east to southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon, and east across Canada to Labrador, Asia and Europe. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 160 ml conetainers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 3 cm, multiple leaves<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Arctic Dryad | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cuttings in late July. | Cuttings were recut at base to 7 cm lengths with 1/3 of basal leaves removed. Cuttings were then placed in a Domain fungicide bath for 2 minutes. 1000 ppm IBA rooting hormone was used before striking cuttings in sand:perlite rooting media with intermittent mist and bottom heat at 21C. Cuttings were overwintered directly in the mistbed and uppotted the following spring.<br> Rooting %: 80%, initial rooting occurred at 4 weeks | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br> Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand.<br> Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Cuttings generate roots in 4 to 5 weeks. | 4 to 5 weeks | After cuttings are potted from the mistbed, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Careful attention is needed to irrigation frequency since this species is suseptible to overwatering.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. Growing Medium used is 1:1:1 (v:v:v)peat:soil/sand:perlite medium. | 12 weeks | Cuttings are root tight the following summer and outplanted to site. | 2 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter outdoors under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory andPractice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, National Park Service, Hassell, Wendel, April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Dryas octopetala</i> L. plants 160 ml conetainers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2926 | Elaeagnus (commutata) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster Family | Elaeagnus | commutata | Bernh. Ex Rydb. | ELACOM | Pondera Floodplain Germplasm, Pondera County, Montana; Dupuyer Streambank Germplasm, Pondera County, Montana; and a Bridger PMC source, Wheatland County, Montana. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Containerized material in 40-cubic-inch to 2-gal containers | 0 | Silverberry | Collect dormant hardwood cuttings in December through February, 8 to 10 inches long, basal end of pencil diameter (~0.25 inches). Store in plastic bags with light moisture in a cooler or refrigerator until processing. | Trim all cuttings to a 6- to 8-inch length. Remove all buds, leaves, and branches from the basal 2 to 3 in. of each cutting. Remove all flowers and fruit,when present, as well. Store the cuttings in moistened paper towels during processing. Recut the base of each stem cutting at an angle with a sharp knife and wound the basal end of the stem with a shallow 1- to 1.5-inch wound just below the cambium layer. Dip the entire cutting in a broad spectrum fungicide and allow to dry. Lightly spray the wound with water from a mist bottle, shake off excess water, and then insert the base into rooting compound containing 3,000 to 5,000 ppm of IBA. Remove excess hormone by lightly tapping the end of the cutting on the side of a hard surface. | Prepare a well drained sterile media of 100% sand, 50:50 sand:perlite, 50:50 sand:vermiculite, or 50:50 perlite:vermiculite. Use bottom heat (70 to 80øF) for the root initiation stage (first 4 to 6 weeks), overhead intermittent mist controlled by a Mist-o-maticT, 16-hour photoperiods, in a greenhouse maintained at 75 to 80øF days and 60 to 65øF nights. | Cuttings are well rooted in 12 to 16 weeks. Pot up into 40-cubic-inch to 2-gal pots into a well drained peat-lite mix with baseline nutrition. Cuttings taken from wildland plants typically root 80 percent or better. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months since germination or rooting) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Fully dormant containerized plants store well for several weeks at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> Bernh. Ex Rydb. plants Containerized material in 40-cubic-inch to 2-gal containers; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2927 | Elaeagnus (commutata) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster family | Elaeagnus | commutata | Bernh. ex Rydb. | Elaeagnus | argentea | Pursh, non Moench | ELECOM | Open rocky slopes, Saint Mary, 1600m elevation, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>E. commutata</i> occurs from B.C. to Quebec, south through the Rocky Mountains to Idaho,Montana and Utah. It is frequently found in moist soils and riparian areas from mid to low elevations. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 30 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Silverberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Spring hardwood and Softwood stem tip cuttings.<br>Cuttings are collected in mid May. Cuttings collected in mid-May were fully leafed but without flower bud development. | Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were cut into 20 to 30 cm lengths, with the base recut and 1/3 of leaves or buds removed. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 4000 ppm Hormex powder and stuck in a mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. Rooting quality was excellent with this treatment.<br> Rooting %: 75% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequete root systems were formed. Roots generate from the basal cut. | 8 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 grams of Micromax per 800 ml container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: May<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art. Vol. 1: Shrubs, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT., U.S.F.S. General Technical Report INT-103.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> Bernh. ex Rydb. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2928 | Elodea (canadensis) | Hydrocharitaceae | Frog's bit family | Elodea | canadensis | Michx. | ELOCAN | Gunpowder River near Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD | Common waterweed is a perennial submerged aquatic that grows in fresh to slightly saline water throughout much of North America. It grows best in loamy soil and quiet water. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Bareroot plants (grown in containers, but used as bareroot transplants or with little soil clinging to roots and stolons) | 3 Months | Months | Plants are considered to be transplant ready when new roots have spread throughout the pot and new shoots are developing. | common waterweed | We take cuttings from stock plants maintained in our greenhouse; material for stock plants was originally collected as wrack (floating plant parts) in the field. Cuttings are collected from any part of the redhead grass stem (main shoots, sideshoots, flowering stems, stem tips, and midsections) from stock plants. Cuttings can be taken from greenhouse stock plants any time of year. Cuttings that are at least 7.5 cm long form new roots and shoots more quickly than smaller cuttings. | Cuttings (as well as stock plants) are grown in a 5130 L freshwater tank in a greenhouse. Water is continuously flushed through a 2 sponge filter and is maintained in the tank at the depth of 45 cm (which is the maximum depth available in the tank) with the addition of tap water as needed. Water temperature fluctuates with the surrounding air temperature in the greenhousebetween 20 and 25C. Daylength is kept fairly constant, around 14 h. Natural daylength is augmented during the winter months by 5 hours of light supplied by four 1000 watt sodium lamps suspended along the center tank, 2.6 meters apart and 1.8 meters above the tank. The greenhouse is covered with a whitewash solution that provides 30% sunlight shading from mid-April to October. Growing media for rooted cuttings used is inexpensive topsoil (enough to fill 5 cm wide x 10 cm deep pots to within 1 cm of top, packed) mixed with 1.2 grams of Nutricote slow release fertilizer (18:6:8, 180 day release rate at 25 C). This soil-fertilizer mix is covered with a minimum of 6 mm of washed play sand to cut down on algae formation on growing surface. Filamentous algae tends to be a problem in the tank, and is removed with a hand net when the sponge filter does not adequately capture it. | Cuttings do not require rooting hormone. Cuttings 7.5 cm long generate new roots in 2 weeks and cuttings 2.5 cm long generate roots in 4 weeks. | 2 to 4 weeks | Cuttings continue to generate additional root mass and shoots and rhizomes after establishment. | 10 weeks | Plants generated from cuttings are ready for outplanting on revegetation sites in 12 weeks. | Propagation of Redhead Grass (Potamogeton perfoliatus) Transplants for Restoration Projects, Kujawski, J. and Thompson, R., Native Plants Journal, Fall 2000, 1:124-127. | Kujawski, Jennifer; Thompson, Randy. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Elodea canadensis</i> Michx. plants Bareroot plants (grown in containers, but used as bareroot transplants or with little soil clinging to roots and stolons); USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2929 | Erythrina (variegata) | Fabaceae | Legume | Erythrina | variegata | L. | Cultivar | `Tropic Coral' or `Tall Erythrina' | humid and semiarid tropics and subtropics, 0 to 1500 m elevation | Native to India and Malaysia, widely distributed in coastal areas of Southeast Asia, northern Australia, possibly an aboriginal introduction to areas of Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Also introduced to the New World, in use as an ornamental in Florida and other areas of tropical America. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | It takes 3-4 weeks for cuttings to produce axillary shoots. In good conditions, cuttings are well-established after about 4 months in the ground. <p> | tropical coral, Indian coral tree, India coralbean, coral tree, tiger's claw, dadap, wiliwili; drala dina (Fiji); ngatae; gatae (Tonga, Samoa); 'atae (Cooks; Societies); natae (Marquesas); wiliwili-haole (Hawaii) | This species is most commonly propagated for live fences, windbreaks, and establishment in areas where livestock are present (who eat shoots from low-growing cuttings). Large-size branch cuttings are used, usually around 5-15 cm diameter and 1.5-2.5 m long. Smaller cuttings may be used, a minimum of 30 cm in length and a diameter of 4-5 cm. However, larger cuttings at least 1.5 m long will establish more quickly, survive better against competition from weeds, and be less susceptible to damage or destruction from grazing animals. It is best to retain the terminal bud of branch cuttings to ensure the trees will have straight, columnar form. However, in many cases growers cut one branch into several cuttings and therefore this is not always feasible. | Cuttings are stood upright in the shade in dry conditions for a minimum of 24 hours, and a maximum of 2 weeks. This standing time allows the cuttings to dry just a little and prevents rotting and fungi problems after outplanting. | For larger stakes 2-2.5 m tall, the lower portion of the cutting is buried 20-40 cm deep. For smaller cuttings, generally about 20% of the cutting's length should be underground. Planters should make sure to plant cuttings correct side down! The planting holes may be sprinkled with VAM mycorrhizal fungi inoculant (a great aid to establishment and growth in P-deficient soils) and Rhizobia bacteria inoculant. Make sure the soil is firm around the base of the cutting. Soil should be moist during early establishment, but not overly wet. If soil is poorly drained, small incisions are sometimes made in the bark of the part of the cutting that will be underground in order to improve rooting. It takes about a month for axillary shoots to appear. | 1 month | Removing weeds from the base and root zone around cuttings is essential to establishment. A weed barrier mulch (such as a sheet of cardboard or other decomposing material) can make weed control around trees easy. If conditions are very dry, supplemental water may be supplied once or twice a week until cuttings are established (in about 4-6 months). Once established, very little maintenance is required. | If transporting cuttings, they should be kept in the shade, upright if possible. They should not be allowed to dry out, and should not be stored longer than 2 weeks. Protect cuttings from bruising during transport. | Hegde, N.G. 1994. Erythrina variegata. NFT Highlights. NFTA, Paia, HI. <p> Kass, D.L. 1994. Erythrina Species-Pantropical Multipurpose Tree Legumes. In: R.C. Gutteridge and H.M. Shelton, eds. Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture. CAB International, Oxford, U.K. <p> Thorpe, P., ed. 1999. Pacific Agroforestry: An Information Kit. Pacific Regional Agricultural Programme, Suva, Fiji. <p> Westley, S.B. and M. Powell, eds. 1993. Erythrina in the New and Old Worlds. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, NFTA, Paia, HI. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Erythrina variegata</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2930 | Fragaria (chiloensis) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Fragaria | chiloensis | (L.)P. Mill. | FRACHI | Marin County, California | F. chiloensis is a found in coastal communities, from San Luis ObispoCounty, California, north to Alaska. It is also found in Hawaii and South America. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Beach Strawberry | Stolons with plantlets are collected between September 15th and November 15th.<br> | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds. <br> Cuttings are treated with Hormex (1000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 30 Cuttings are struck per flat.<br> % Rooting:80% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system and kept on a heated bench until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant: 80 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers (4 inch pots) containing 3:1standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand to 1 part perlite. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fragaria chiloensis</i> (L.)P. Mill. plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2931 | Fragaria (vesca) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Fragaria | vesca | L. | Fragaria | bracteata | Heller | FRAVES | Cedar/Hemlock forest margin, Avalanche, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.,1100m elevation | <i>F. vesca</i> occurs in open woods and meadows to streambanks; throughout North America and Europe. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | Bareroot plants | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Bareroot nursery stock<br> Height: 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Bareroot plant with well developed root system. | Woods strawberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Spring or Fall Divisions<br> Type of Cutting: Divisions. 30 to 50 plants with stolons are placed in a raised bed. | Transplants are planted into raised bed for increase of plants. | Outdoor nursery in raised bareroot bed. | Soil in raised bed is equal parts: well rotted cow manure, sand, and soil mix. Hundreds of plants can be generated in one growing season. | 2 weeks | These are outplanted as bareroot material or can be potted into containers. | 12 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: Spring or Fall<br> Plants are lifted from raised bed with shovel and outplanted as bareroot plants.<br> Storage Conditions: Plants overwinter in raised bed in outdoor nursery under snow cover. | 4 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 3: Forbs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Technical Report, 1982.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Fragaria vesca</i> L. plants Bareroot plants; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2932 | Fragaria (vesca) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Fragaria | vesca | L. | Sub-species | californica | (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt | Fragaria | californica | Cham. & Schlecht. | Cham. & Schlecht. | FRAVES | Presidio, California | <i>F. vesca</i> var. <i>californica</i> is found in moist places below 7,000 feet elvation, in the Sierra Nevada and coast ranges from Del Norte County south to Lower California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 2 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Strawberry | Stolons with plantlets are collected between May 21st and August 15th.<br> Cutting length is 37 cm(16 inches). | Cuttings are struck in flats containing 1:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 40 Cuttings are struck 0.25 inch deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: 90% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2" pots containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fragaria vesca</i> L. plants 2 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2933 | Fragaria (vesca) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Fragaria | vesca | L. | FRAVES | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>F. vesca</i> is found in moist woods | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Woods Strawberry | Stolons with plantlets are collected between November 1st and May 1st.<br> Cuuting length is 10 cm (4 inches). | Cuttings are struck in flats containing 3:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 20 Cuttings are struck 1.5 inch deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: 90% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant: 90 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers (4 inch pots) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 85%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Fragaria vesca</i> L. plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2934 | Fragaria (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Fragaria | virginiana | Duchesne | FRAVIR | Lodgepole Forest margin, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>F. virginiana</i> occurs in open woods and meadows to streambanks, plains and mountains; from Alaska to California, east to the Atlantic Coast.ÿ | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | Bareroot plants | 1 Years | Years | Height: 5 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Bareroot transplant with well developed root system. | Wild strawberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Spring or fall divisions<br> Type of Cutting: Divisions. 30 to 50 plants with stolons are placed in a raised bed. | none | Outdoor nursery in raised bed that is equal parts: well rotted cow manure, sand, and soil mix. | Transplants establish in raised bed in 2 weeks. | 2 weeks | Hundreds of plants can be generated in one growing season. These are outplanted as bareroot material or can be potted into containers. | 16 weeks | None; plants are lifted from bed and planted as bareroot material. | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: Spring or fall<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in raised bed in the outdoor nursery under snow cover. | 4 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Growing Colorado Plants from Seed, A State of the Art, Vol. 3: Forbs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NTIS General Technical Report, 1982.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Potter, Rachel; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Johnson, Kathy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Fragaria virginiana</i> Duchesne plants Bareroot plants; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2935 | Frangula (californica) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn Family | Frangula | californica | (Eschsch.) Gray | Sub-species | californica | (Eschsch.) Gray | Rhamnus | californica | Eschsch. | FRACAL | Tennessee Valley, California | F. californica ssp. californica is found in sandy and rocky places alng the coast, below 3,500 feet elevation; from Siksiyou County south to Orange County, California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Buckthorn | Hardwood cuttings are collected between November 1st and January 31st.<br> Cutting diameter is 0.25 inches.<br> Cutting length is 4 inches with at least 4 nodes. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds.<br>Make a 45 degree angle cut just below last node at the base of the cutting. Cut top leaving one leaf above the top node. Cuttings should be 3 nodes in length.<br> Cuttings are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 50 Cuttings are struck 2 inches deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: 60% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant: 60 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Frangula californica</i> (Eschsch.) Gray plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2936 | Fraxinus (anomala) | Oleaceae | Olive family | Fraxinus | anomala | Torr. | ex. S. Watson | Singleleaf ash is native to the southwestern United States from Wyoming, South to New Mexico and west to California. In Utah it is common on the Colorado Plateau and as far north as the Uintah basin and west to Washington County. | Singleleaf ash is not invasive. | Cuttings | Vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | 7 | Rooted cuttings | Singleleaf Ash | Cuttings were collected on 11 June 2014 early in the morning from field-grown plants. | Cuttings were sorted for uniformity (average of 77 mm in length), lower leaves stripped, stems wounded with a 1 cm side scrape, and dipped 15 mm deep in 2000 ppm IBA and 1000 ppm NAA as Dip-n-Grow in 25% ethanol for 5 seconds with no shake. Cuttings were stuck in 4:1 perlite:peat rooting substrate in containers (6.5 X 6.5 X 8.9 cm). | Cuttings were randomly assigned to either a glass greenhouse or a Nearing frame. Bottom heat was supplied in both environments at 22°C. The greenhouse was misted with a Phytotronics VPD controller set at 30 VPD with 12 second misting time. The Nearing frame was misted every 10 minutes for 15 seconds. Mist systems ran from 6:00 AM to 9:00 PM. Greenhouse temperatures were at 65/60ºF DT/NT while Nearing frames were at ambient temperatures with no covering (except for the bottom heat). | After roughly 5 weeks, cuttings in both the greenhouse and Nearing frame were 25% rooted and the Nearing frame plants were healthier in appearance. At 7 weeks, 50% of the cuttings in the Nearing frames were rooted while only 41% of those in the greenhouse were rooted (data not statistically analyzed). After 5 weeks cuttings averaged a little more than 2 roots per cutting. | 7 weeks | Van Buren, R., J.G. Cooper, L.M. Schulz, and K.T. Harper. 2011. Woody Plants of Utah: A Field Guide with Identification Keys to Native and Naturalized Trees, Shrubs, Cacti, and Vines. Utah State University Press. | 2015. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Fraxinus anomala</i> Torr. Cuttings Utah State University Logan, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2937 | Gaultheria (shallon) | Ericaceae | Heath | Gaultheria | shallon | GASH | Mt Hood and Siuslaw National Forests, Oregon | USA: AK , CA , OR , WA
Native Distribution: Coastal areas from Santa Barbara County, CA to British Columbia Native Habitat: Coastal woods or brushy places below 760 m (2500 ft) | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 262 ml (16 in3) container | 10 to 16 months | Stock Type: Container steckling
Root System: Firm plug in container. | salal | Collect in mid winter or late spring/early summer. Collect newest woody material when plants are dormant, or collect fresh green cuttings when new growth has just begun to suberize. | Dormant cuttings: The base of the stem is cut at a 45° angle and immediately dipped in 1000 ppm IBA. The cutting is then inserted into a pre-dibbled hole in well-drained rooting medium.
Green cuttings: The base of the stem is cut at a 45° angle and immediately dipped in 500 ppm IBA. The cutting is then inserted into a pre-dibbled hole in well-drained rooting medium. Rooting medium used is 30:20:30:20 peat:composted fir bark:perlite:pumice with no fertilizer added. | Rooting chamber.
Stecklings are placed in a climate-controlled rooting chamber, maintained at 100% RH with mist; bench temperature maintained at 21 °C; air temperature maintained at 18 °C. When rooting has occurred, cells are moved to the greenhouse to continue culturing. Greenhouse growing facility. Cells are fertilized with Nutricote controlled release fertilizer (18N:6P2O5:8K2O with minors; 180-d release rate at 21C) at the rate of 1.5 gram Nutricote per 262 ml container. | Rooting is very slow, and can take up to 4 months before cells are ready to be moved to a greenhouse facility. Following rooting, plants are fertilized with soluble 12-2-14-6Ca-3Mg at 75 to 100 ppm for 4 weeks. | 3 to 4 months | Plants are slow-growing, sometimes requiring 2 full growing seasons depending on when cuttings were collected. However, plants can reach target specifications if fertilized heavily throughout the growing season. Soluble fertilizer (20-9-20 NPK, 20-18-18 NPK, or 17-5-24 NPK) at 150 ppm is applied weekly throughout the growing season. | 18 to 19 weeks | No dry-down is done to induce dormancy. Seedlings are moved to an outdoor growing area in late September. | 3 weeks | Harvest Date: Late October
Storage Conditions: Seedlings are usually outplanted in fall. No storage except in outdoor growing area. Plants are well irrigated prior to shipping and shipped in containers. | Dorena Genetic Resource Center Propagation Records, unpublished.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. nd. Gaultheria shallon Pursh. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=GASH (accessed 8 Oct 2018). | Riley, Lee E.; Klocke, Allison. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gaultheria shallon</i> Plants 262 ml (16 in3) container; USDA FS - Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2938 | Gliricidia (sepium) | Fabaceae | Legume | Gliricidia | sepium | (Jacq.) Walp. | Native to lowland dry forests from 0-1,200 m elevation. Native to areas with a distinct dry season, but can grow in wetter climates with no pronounced dry season. Found in forest vegetation but also on coastal sand dunes, riverbanks, and floodplains. | Native to Mexico and Central America, an aboriginal introduction naturalized in West Indies and Puerto Rico. Also naturalized in Hawaii, West Africa, Asia and Australia. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Normally large cuttings are used for quick establishment of live fence posts; in pasture, cuttings 1-2.5 meters long are planted. Minimum size for high survival should be 30 cm in length and 4 cm in diameter. | Gliricidia, mother of cocoa, madre de cacao, quick stick, Mexican lilac. When propagated from cuttings, this species of often called "quick stick." | Cuttings can be taken any time of year, although the ideal time for deciduous trees like Gliricidia sepium is when the new growth is appearing, usually at the onset of the rainy season. Gliricidia is highly variable in form and productivity; select cuttings from trees with more upright form for best performance. | At planting time, the lower portion of the cuttings are usually "wounded" using a knife or clippers to make a few small incisions in the bark to promote rooting. | Field planting. | For larger stakes 2-2.5 m tall, the lower portion of the cutting is buried 20-40 cm deep. For smaller cuttings, generally about 20% of the cutting's length should be underground. Planters should make sure to plant cuttings correct side down! The planting holes may be sprinkled with VAM mycorrhizal fungi inoculant (a great aid to establishment and growth in P-deficient soils) and Rhizobia bacteria inoculant. Make sure the soil is very firm around the base of the cutting. Soil should be moist during early establishment, but not overly wet. Irrigation is necessary during dry spells until the cuttings are established. | 4 months | Removing weeds from the base and root zone around cuttings is essential to establishment. A weed barrier mulch (such as a sheet of cardboard or other decomposing material) can make weed control around cuttings easy. If conditions are very dry, supplemental water may be supplied once or twice a week until cuttings are established (in about 4 months). Once established, very little maintenance is required. | If transporting cuttings, they should be covered or kept in the shade, upright if possible. They should not be allowed to dry out, and should not be stored longer than 3 days. Protect cuttings from bruising during transport by padding with a blanket. | FACT-Net Staff. 1998. Gliricidia sepium-thequintessential agroforestry species. NFT Highlights. Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. <p> FACT-Net Staff. 1998. Growing Gliricidia. Winrock International (formerly NFTA), Morrilton, AR. <p> Glover, N. 1986. Gliricidia-Its Names Tell Its Story. NFT Highlights. Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. <p> Parrota, J.A. 1992. Gliricidia sepium. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR. <p> Simons, A.J. and A.J. Dunsdon. 1992. Evaluation of the Potential for Genetic Improvement of Gliricidia Sepium. ODA Forestry Research Project R4525, Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. <p> Steward, J.L., G.E. Allison and A.J. Simons. 1996. Gliricidia sepium: Genetic resources for farmers. Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. <p> Thorpe, P., ed. 1999. Pacific Agroforestry: An Information Kit. Pacific Regional Agricultural Programme, Suva, Fiji. <p> | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gliricidia sepium</i> (Jacq.) Walp. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2939 | Gordonia (lasianthus) | Theaceae | Tea family | Gordonia | lasianthus | (L.) Ellis | GORLAS | Carolina bay ecosystem in North Carolina | Lobolly bay is a small, broad-leaf evergreen, single-stemmed tree of unsurpassed beauty. It normally grows in wet, acid, nutrient-poor soils of the southeastern US coastal plain and is an important component of pocosin and Carolina bay ecosystems. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1+0 containers | 9 Months | Months | Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper:n/a<br> | Loblolly bay | <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i> produces seeds in quantity from its large, fragrant white flowers that appear through much of the summer. Seeds (300,000/kg (135,000/lb); USDA NRCS (1999)) germinate readily, but seedlings are rarely observed in the wild. The mechanism of natural regeneration is unclear. It is possible that the species depends on fire clearing the ground for most regeneration; vegetative reproduction in the field after severe injury to the parent plant also seems quite strong.<p> My observation that seedling survival in the wild appears poor gave me an ethical basis for vegetatively propagating the tree, rather than collecting seeds. For this I was quite grateful, because: 1) flowers are usually high up on the tree, rarely abundant, and bloom sporadically throughout the season; 2) the branches supporting flowers always break when one stands in the tree and attempts to put a collection device over the bloom; and 3) pocosins, where our donor trees live, are considered impenetrable (one could drop a lunch box at one's feet in a pocosin and never find it again, let alone a <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i> seed), and there is no place to stand a ladder. To compensate for what might have become a limited pool of genetic material, I collected cuttings from a large number of wild growing trees (I stopped counting after tree number 50). | I experimented with a number of ways to prepare cuttings; in the end, tip cuttings of crisp green wood, stripped of all but 2 to 3 firm leaves near the apical meristem, dipped 5 sec in a 1:10 dilution of Wood's liquid rooting compound (Earth Science Products, PO Box 327, Wilsonville, Oregon 97070) rooted the most consistently. Clipping off the apical meristem had no influence; all cuttings had at least 1, and usually 2, nice growth spurts before winter set in. Cuttings were stuck into individual Spin-Out-treated (The Lerio Corporation, PO Box 2084, Mobile, Alabama 36652) containers filled 1.5:1 perlite:sphagnum peat moss medium so that subsequent roots would be pruned by the copper-coating and prevented from spiralling.<p> Most containers held about 125 ml (8 in3) of medium; this was clearly too small-root systems were many-branched and filled the containers well, but cuttings in 10 X 10 X 10 cm (4 X 4 X 4 in) square containers had much more robust top growth. Overall, 77% of the cuttings were saleable 9 mo after being stuck. | Rooting took place under mist governed by a Mist-a-MaticT (EC Geiger Inc, Box 285, Harleysville, Pennsylvania 19438) controller in raised outdoor tables covered with a lightweight porous, polypropylene, row cover (19 g/m2 [0.55 oz/yd2]). With this system, protection from the hot afternoon sun was essential. Most cuttings had protection of dappled shade produced by scattered tall trees; those without such protection were provided 30% to 50% shade with cloth and even then suffered during especially hot days. | <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i> carries a wetland indicator status of FACW (facultative wetland; the species occurs in wetlands 67% to 99% of the time)), but in our nursery its motto was clearly "hydrate or die." As foliage grew thick and lush, watering the small containers became very difficult, and the slightest spot of dryness in a plants' medium caused its irreversible demise within a few hours. | The soils<i>Gordonia</i> normally grows in are quite nutrient-poor and acidic, and it does not tolerate much fertilizer under cultivation. Plants, once well-rooted, were fertilized during each irrigation. I found that feeding with a 20N:10P2O5:10K2O liquid fertilizer, diluted to provide 25 ppm nitrogen, gave lush growth as long as irrigation water had a pH of 4.2 to 4.5. I used 35% sulfuric acid to keep pH of irrigation water this low. I didn't apply any pesticides to the plants. I found many predatory insects in the beds during the first few weeks after cuttings were stuck; the insects probably arrived on the cuttings. Some leaves were disfigured by insects (particularly cranberry cutworms (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), which entered the unprotected bottoms of the tables from the ground at night), but damage was no more than cosmetic. | In my area, winters are fairly mild, and the plants only had to survive a few -9 øC (15ø F) nights at the nursery before their final outplanting in February. To provide some protection, I covered beds with a heavyweight porous, polypropylene, row cover (51 g/m2) [1.5 oz/yd2]) that maintained an interior temperature > -2 øC (28ø F). | Harvesting/Shipping:<br> Transporting 15,000 broad leaf evergreen plants to the remote restoration site was a daunting task for the planting contractor. Because the species' root systems seemed as fragile as its branches, it was necessary to leave medium on the root balls intact, making transport even more difficult. I did remove the containers for the trip, however, with no adverse consequences. | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2000. Biological names. Version 4.0 [on-line database]. URL: http://www.itis.usda.gov/plantproj/itis/itis-query.html (accessed 3 Nov 2000).<p> USDA NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database, Version 3.0. URL: http://plants.usda.gov/plants (accessed 15 Aug 2000). Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. | Colodney, Ellen J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i> (L.) Ellis plants 1+0 containers; Coastal Plain Conservation Nursery Edenton, North Carolina. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2940 | Hackelia (venusta) | Boraginaceae | Borage family | Hackelia | venusta | (Piper) St. John | HAVE | Dry, eastern slopes of Cascade Mtn range with ponderosa pine. | This species of <i>Hackelia</i> is only found in Chelan County in the Washington Cascade Mountain Range. | other propagules | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | micropropagated plantlets | 12 Weeks | Weeks | Our goal was to multiply explants and obtain microshoots that were at least 2 cm in height and ready to be rooted. | Showy stickseed | We excised 1.5 to 2.5 cm long shoot tips from newly emerging plants just after the snow melted in the Cascade Range. Shoot tips were refrigerated and transported to the micropropagation lab in Moscow, Idaho. | Upon reaching the lab, shoot tips were immediately defoliated and surface sterilized for 20 min in a 1% solution of NaClO. They were then rinsed3 times in sterile distilled water. | Shoot tips (explants) were placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in glass test tubes covered with cotton plugs. Explants were incubated on shelves under cool-white fluorescent light with an 18h:6h (light:dark) photoperiod. Temperatures were kept at 22 degrees C (night) and 27 degrees C (day). | Explants were grown on the MS medium for 1 month. This gave them time to acclimate to a new growing environment and begin elongating. | 1 month | After the 1 month establishment phase, explants were removed from test tubes, and any new shoots were excised and placed on fresh MS medium containing 0.04 micromolar benzyl adenine (BA). This procedure was repeated every 4 weeks for 2 months until we had the desired number of shoots. | 2 months | Shoots were excised from the cultures and transferred to glass tubes containing MS medium with 2 micromolar of indole acetic acid (IAA) added. Rooted shoots were then ready to be acclimated to greenhouse conditions. | 1 month | If necessary, shoots can be stored in a refrigerater until ready for rooting. We found that they could be stored up to 5 months in a dark cooler with minimal damage. It is best, though, if shoots can go directly into the next phase, whether it be additional multiplication or rooting. | Edson, J., Leege-Brusven, A., Everett, R., and Wenny, DL. Minimizing growth regulators in shoot culture of an endangered plant, <i>Hackelia venusta</I> (Boraginaceae). In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. -Plant 32:267-271; 1996.<p> Murashige, T. and Skoog, FL. A revised medium for raped growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15:473-497; 1962. | Brusven, Annette D.L.; Edson, John L.; Everett, Richard L.; Wenny, David L. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Hackelia venusta</i> (Piper) St. John other propagules micropropagated plantlets; University of Idaho - Center for Forest Nursery and Seedling Research Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2941 | Hackelia (venusta) | Boraginaceae | Borage family | Hackelia | venusta | (Piper) St. John | HAVE | Dry, eastern slopes of Cascade Mtn range with ponderosa pine. | This species of <i>Hackelia</i> is only found in Chelan County in the Washington Cascade Mountain Range. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 165 ml capacity Hillson Rootrainers | 16 Weeks | Weeks | 15-cm-long, firm root plug | Showy stickseed | Propagules were rooted microshoots. | Rooted propagules were removed from sterile, glass tubes. The roots were gently washed under running water to remove any remaining agar. | Rooted propagules were planted in rootrainers containing a 1:1 volume of Sunshine peat and perlite. Relative humidity was 90% and progressively decreased to ambient over the course of 4 weeks. Plantlets were kept in 70% shade and slowly acclimated to normal greenhouse sunlight over 4 weeks. | 1 month | Acclimated plantlets were then fertilized with 20:20:20 (N:P2O5:K2O) at 200 ppm N twice a week for 8 weeks. | 2 months | Edson, JL., Leege-Brusven, A., Everett, RL., and Wenny, DL. 1996. Minimizing growth regulators in shoot culture of an endangered plant, <i>Hackelia venusta</i> (Boraginaceae). In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. - Plants 32:267-271. | Brusven, Annette D.L.; Edson, John L.; Everett, Richard L.; Wenny, David L. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hackelia venusta</i> (Piper) St. John plants 165 ml capacity Hillson Rootrainers; University of Idaho - Center for Forest Nursery and Seedling Research Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2942 | Heteranthera (dubia) | Ponteridaceae | Pickerelweed Family | Heteranthera | dubia | (Jacq.) MacM. | HETDUB | Gunpowder River near Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD | Water stargrass is a freshwater perennial submerged aquatic that grows throughout most of the United States in streams and quiet bodies of water, such as lakes and ponds. It will tolerate up to 5 parts per thousand salinity (Chesapeake Bay Foundation, 2001). The species tends to grow in clay and mud soils, but has also been documented growing in gravelly sediment (Hurley, 1992). Water stargrass has attractive yellow flowers that typically appear on wild plants during the summer months; on our greenhouse grown plants (under supplemental lighting), flowers are produced year-round. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Plants are grown in containers, but are used as bareroot transplants or with little soil clinging to roots and stolons. Plants are considered to be transplant ready when roots have spread throughout the pot and new shoots are developing. We do not have a target plant height, although many plants, when ready for transplanting, have stems longer than 40 cm. | Water stargrass | We take cuttings from stock plants maintained in our greenhouse because of state restrictions on harvesting material in the wild; material for stock plants was originally collected as wrack (floating plant parts) in the field prior to implementation of a permitting process. Cuttings approximately 15 cm long are collected from any part of the stem (main shoots, sideshoots, flowering stems, stem tips, and midsections). Cuttings can be taken from greenhouse stock plants any time of year. | We grow cuttings (as well as stock plants) in a 5130 L freshwater tank in a greenhouse. Water is continuously flushed through a 2 sponge filter and is maintained in the tank at the depth of 45 cm (which is the maximum depth available in the tank) with the addition of tap water as needed. Water temperature fluctuates with the surrounding air temperature in the greenhouse between 20 and 25C. Daylength is kept fairly constant, around 14 h. Natural daylength is augmented during the winter months by 5 h of light supplied by four 1000 watt sodium lamps suspended along the center tank, 2.6 m apart and 1.8 m above the tank. The greenhouse is covered with a whitewash solution that provides 30% sunlight shading from mid-April to October. <p> Growing media for cuttings used is inexpensive topsoil (enough to fill 5 cm wide x 10 cm deep pots to within 1 cm of top, packed) mixed with 1.2 g of Nutricote slow release fertilizer (18:6:8, 180 day release rate at 25 C). This soil-fertilizer mix is covered with a minimum of 6 mm of washed play sand to reduce algae formation on the growing surface. <p> Filamentous algae tends to be a problem in the tank, and is removed with a hand net when the sponge filter does not adequately capture it. Barley straw bales were unsuccessful in controlling algae, although bacterial treatments were partially successful in breaking down algae. | Cuttings do not require rooting hormone, and are stuck 2 per container, either vertically with the bottom inch of the cutting anchored into the soil mix, or laid in a coil completely covered by the sand layer. When started in February, cuttings 15 cm long generate new roots in 1 week. | 1 week | Cuttings continue to generate additional root mass and shoots and rhizomes after establishment. | 5 weeks | Plants generated from cuttings are ready for outplanting on revegetation sites in 5 weeks when started in February. Plants may be placed in coolers of water or covered with wet newspaper for local transport (either same day or overnight). | Chesapeake Bay Foundation. 2001. Guide to Underwater Grasses. Chesapeake Bay Foundation. Annapolis, MD. URL: http://www.cbf.org (accessed 3 February 2003). <p> Godfrey, Robert K. and Jean W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States: Monocotyledons. University of Georgia Press. Athens, GA. <p> Hurley, Linda M. 1992. Field Guide to the Submerged Aquatic Vegetation of Chesapeake Bay. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Annapolis, MD. <p> Maryland Department of Natural Resources Submerged Aquatic Restoration Research Center Plant Sources. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Annapolis, MD. URL: http://mddnr.chesapeakebay.net/savrrc/plant_source_information.html (accessed 3 February 2003). <p> Smart, R. Michael and Gary O. Dick. 1999. Propagation and Establishment of Aquatic Plants: A Handbook for Ecosystem Restoration Projects. Technical Report A-99-4. Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. Vicksburg, MS. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Thompson, Randall. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Heteranthera dubia</i> (Jacq.) MacM. plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2943 | Hibiscus (tiliaceus) | Malvaceae | Mallow | Hibiscus | tiliaceus | L. | coastal areas, riverbanks, lowlands and mesic forests 0 to 500 m elevation | Classified as native to Pacific Islands including Hawaii, although in some areas it may be an aboriginal introduction. Now pantropical in distribution. | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 Months | Months | Cutting height: 20-45 cm, stem diameter: 1-3 cm for direct field outplanting. If plants are to be propagated from cuttings in the nursery, smaller sized cuttings may be used. | beach hibiscus tree; beach mallow; vau (Fiji); fau (Tonga, Samoa); 'au (Cooks); purau (Societies); fau; hau (Marquesas); hau (Hawaii) | Cuttings can be collected any time of year. Make a clean cut with a sharp pruner or saw. Remove leaves. On wet sites, branches of H. tiliaceous may bend down and take root; if desired, cuttings with roots attached can be collected from prostrate branches. | Medium-strength rooting hormones such as rootoneF or #3 Hormex may be applied as a pretreatment; however, it is not required. | Cuttings are buried 1/2 to 2/3 of their length deep in moist soil. Make sure the soil is firm around the base of the cutting. | 4 weeks | Removing weeds from the base and root zone around cuttings is essential to establishment. A weed barrier mulch (such as a sheet of cardboard or other decomposing material) can make weed control around trees easy. If conditions are dry, supplemental water may be supplied once or twice a week until cuttings are established (in about 4 months). Once established, very little maintenance is required. | 2 months | Allen, J.A. 2002. Hibiscus tiliaceus. in: Vozzo, J.A. (Ed). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Agriculture Handbook 721.<p> Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a How-to Guide for the Gardener. The Bess Press, Honolulu.<p> Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. <p> Little, Elbert L. and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawai`i (Native and Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 679. <p> Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. <p> Weaver, P.L. and J.K. Francis. 1989. Hibiscus elatus Sw. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR. | Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hibiscus tiliaceus</i> L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2944 | Hibiscus (tiliaceus) | Malvaceae | Hibiscus Family | Hibiscus | tiliaceus | L. | HIBTIL | Yap islands | Gaal' is a pantropical, coastal strand plant that is found on muddy or sandy coasts, limestone rocks, mangrove swamps and inland along estuaries. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybag | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Gaal' | Collect softwood stem cuttings when the leaves have expanded and the stems are firm. During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Each cutting must have several shoot buds. These are cut to 15 cm (6.0 in) lengths, and all mature leaves are removed except the terminal leaves. Leaf buds in the axils of leaves are not removed and will form new leaves once the cuttings are well rooted. Cuttings are directly stuck into containers filled with moistened medium. We do not use rooting hormones. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Cuttings begin to form roots about 4 weeks after sticking. We plant them in polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. Cuttings are kept evenly moist during establishment. | 4 weeks | Once cuttings are well rooted, new leaves from the axillary leaf buds begin to form. We keep cuttings in the shelterhouse during active growth to protect them from wind and heavy rains. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. | 4 weeks | Containerized cuttings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hibiscus tiliaceus</i> L. plants 3L (1 gal) polybag; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2945 | Hierochloe (odorata) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Hierochloe | odorata | (L.) Beauv. | Torresia | odorata | (L.) A.S. Hitchc. | HIEODO | Moist meadows, Sweet Grass Hills, Liberty Co., MT. | Sweetgrass is a fragrant, rhizomatous perennial with culms that are usually red to purple at the base. Two types of leaf blade are present: 3-cm-long fertile stems that emerge early in the growing season, and 30- to 60-cm-long sterile stems that appear later in the summer. Sweetgrass seldom produces flowering stalks. The pyramidal shaped inflorescence appears in spring and early summer and consists of several shiny, bronze-colored spikelets. Each spikelet is surrounded by transparent, membranous glumes, which fall soon after maturation. Three flowers are borne in each spikelet but only one produces a seed. It is a circumboreal species that grows in moist prairie grasslands and montane to subalpine meadows, wetland margins, sloughs and streambanks. In North America, it is found from Alaska to Labrador, south to Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico; also east to South Dakota, Indiana, and Pennsylvania. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 6 Weeks | Weeks | Stock Type: Container divisions<br> Height: 6 to 10 true leaves; 23 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in container. | Sweet grass | Rhizome divisions were separated from established nursery plants. | Rhizome divisions with at least 3 leaf bud shoots per rhizome are divided from nursery stock and planted into individual containers. | Vegetative Propagation Method: Divisions.<br> Outdoor nursery growing facility.<br> Divisions are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First average frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Rhizome sections are divided in June and transplantd into using 800ml (49 cubic inch) square containers using Promix #1 potting media (3:1 peat:perlite) with 4 grams of 13:13:13 N:P:K (Osmocote) controlled release fertilizer and 2 grams of micronutrient fertilizer per 800 ml container. | 2 weeks | Plants are irrigated frequently throughout the growing season and are root tight 6 weeks after initial division. | 5 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 6 weeks from divisions.<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hierochloe odorata</i> (L.) Beauv. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2946 | Holodiscus (discolor) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Holodiscus | discolor | (Pursh) Maxim. | Sericotheca | discolor | (Pursh) Rydb. | HOLDIS | Douglas-fir forest, Fish Creek, 1100m elev. | <i>H. discolor</i> occurs from B.C. to southern California, east to western Montana, Idaho, and northeastern Oregon; from coastal bluffs to lower elevation mountains. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 17 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cuttings<br> Height: 22 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Ocean-spray | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cuttings collected in early July. | Cuttings are cut into 15 cm lengths with 1/3 basal leaves removed. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens and treated with 2000 ppm IBA powder, placed into the mistbed with bottom heat.<br> Rooting %:33%<br> | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br>Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks to rooting.<br> Cuttings that were prerooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | 8 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.5 years from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Holodiscus discolor</i> (Pursh) Maxim. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2947 | Hydrangea (arborescens) | Hydrangeaceae | Hydrangea Family | Hydrangea | arborescens | HYDARB | CumberlandGap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | South New York to Ohio, Missouri and Oklahoma, south to Georgia, Lousiana, and Arkansas. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Woody plug, container shrub.<br> <b>Height:</b> Varies depending on container, use and site. 2-3 gallon container specimen: 36-48"; 2" plug: 4-5".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Roots of finished plant should fill container. | Hills-of-snow hydrangea | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2948 | Ipomoea (indica) | Convolvulaceae | Morning Glory Family | Ipomoea | indica | (Burm. f.) Merr | Ipomoea | indica | (Burm. f.) Merr | Variety | acuminata | (Vahl) Fosberg | IPOIND | Lisianski | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Pantropical. In Hawai'i, common in low elevation, dry, often disturbed areas, usually below 150-1,250 m elevation, on Kure and Midway Atolls, Lisianski, Laysan, Nihoa, and all of the main islands. On Midway Atoll, previously known from Sand and Eastern Islands, but not seen there in 1999. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Koali 'awa | This plant was not seen during the 1999 botanical inventory and may no longer exist on Midway Atoll or may return with winter rains. It is abundant on Lisianski, where it occurs in habitats similar to that of beach morning glory (I. Pes-capre) on other Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Cuttings could be collected from plants growing on Lisianski.<br> For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6-8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75-80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will be successful. Rooting hormone may be used for certain species while other species do not need it. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. Plants will begin to develop roots as early as a couple weeks and will be ready for out- planting from 2-6 months, depending on the species. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Cuttings will form root in 1 to 2 weeks. | 2 months | 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ipomoea indica</i> (Burm. f.) Merr plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2949 | Ipomoea (pes-caprae) | Convolvulaceae | Morning Glory Family | Ipomoea | pes-caprae | (L.) R. Br. | IPOPES | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Pantropical, found on all the major high archipelagoes of Polynesia and all the low and high archipelagoes of Micronesia. It is one of the most abundant species on rocky and sandy beaches of high islands, sometimes forming almost pure stands, but is uncommon on atolls. On sandy beaches, its creeping stems extend almost down to the high-tide mark. In Hawai'i, occurring on beaches, occasionally inland, 0-460 m, on Midway Atoll, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Nihoa, and all of the main islands. On Midway Atoll, during the 1995 botanical inventory, pohuehue was listed as occasional from Sand Island only. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Pohuehue | For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag.Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6-8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75-80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will be successful. Rooting hormone may be used for certain species while other species do not need it. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Plants will begin to develop roots as early as a couple weeks. | 2 months | 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ipomoea pes-caprae</i> (L.) R. Br. plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2950 | Iris (douglasiana) | Iridaceae | Iris Family | Iris | douglasiana | Herbert | Iris | douglasiana | Herbert | Variety | oregonensis | R.C. Foster | IRIDOU | Marin County, California | <i>I. douglasiana</i> is found on grassy slopoes and open places; from Oregon to Santa Barbara County, California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon (3L) | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Douglas Iris | Rhizome divisions are collected in the fall.<br> | Rhizomes are cut into pieces and diractly potted into 1 gallon cans. | Shadehouse.<br> | 1 gallon cans are filled with standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cans are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Iris douglasiana</i> Herbert plants 1 gallon (3L); San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2951 | Juniperus (communis) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | communis | L. | JUNCOM | Ecotypes from the Firehole and Old Faithful Overlook areas of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 4.5-inch azalea pots | 0 | Common juniper | Collect summer cuttings in early August back to 1- and 2-y wood. Take 6- to 8-inch long cuttings with a basal diameter of at least 0.25 inches. Place cuttings inside a ziplock bag moistened with water, and then store in a portable cooler packed with ice. Store the cooler in a shaded location such as the back of a pickup with a camper top. Minimize storage time. The cuttings we collected were held in the cooler less than 16 hours before being moved to a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. Inspect each bag periodically to assure high humidity and re-moisten as necessary. We collect cuttings from numerous individual plants in an attempt to sample to the diversity of the ecotype. Our use of summer cuttings reflects limited access to plants in the winter months in Yellowstone National Park. Cuttings collected at other times of the year may propagate as well or better. | Trim all cuttings to a 5- to 6-inch length. Remove all buds, leaves, and branches from the basal 2 to 3 in. of each cutting. Remove all fruit, when present, as well. Store the cuttings in moistened paper towels during processing. Recut the base of each cutting at an angle with a sharp knife and wound the basal end of the stem. This is accomplished by holding a knife perpendicular to the stem, flat side of the knife against the round surface of the stem, and then making a slicing cut downward to produce a 1- to 1.5-inch wound just below the cambium. Lightly spray the wound with water from a mist bottle, shake off excess water, and then insert the base into rooting compound. Remove excess hormone by lightly tapping the end of the cutting on the side of a hard surface. Our treatments included 1- or 2-y wood treated with 16,000 ppm IBA or summer hardwood cuttings (3-y or older wood) treated with 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,400 ppm ThiramT (fungicide). The number of cuttings per treatment ranged from 13 to 59. Rooting ranged from 51% (59 2-y wood cuttings + 16,000 ppm IBA) to 92% (13 summer hardwood cuttings + 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,400 ppm ThiramT). All rooted cuttings in all treatments were surviving at the time of transplanting. | A 100% coarse perlite propagation media was used in our trial, although any sterile, highly drained media, such as sand or vermiculite, should work equally well. Moisten the media and make holes to receive each cutting. Use hot water heat to maintain the propagation media at 70øF for the first 12 to 16 weeks in the bed (root initiation phase) and then turn it off. We use overhead intermittent mist activated by a Mist-o-maticT controller. Firm the media around each cutting after sticking to assure good cutting:media contact. Maintain the greenhouse at 70 to 75øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. | Cuttings initiate roots within 12 to 16 weeks, and are well rooted after 24 weeks. This species produces medium to coarse textured roots. Fertigate the cuttings once or twice each week with 150 to 250 ppm of 9-45-15 as soon as budbreak occurs. Because we let these plants remain active in the greenhouse over the winter, we waited until late January to transplant them into pots in a commercial peat-lite mix. The plants were moved to a shade house in May for hardening off and finishing. | Allow 6 months from time of sticking before potting up. | No experience. | No experience. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus communis</i> L. plants 4.5-inch azalea pots; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2952 | Juniperus (communis) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Juniperus | communis | L. | JUNCOM | Rock outcroppings, Sun Point, 1600 m elevation, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>J. communis</i> occurs in lowland forests to mountain valleys and open rocky slopes; from Alaska to California, east to Newfoundland and Greenland. It is found throughout Europe, northern Asia and Japan. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 15 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml container. | Common juniper | Cuttings are collected from healthy field plants in early to mid May. | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-rooting.<br> Type of Cutting: Semi-hardwood stem cuttings<br>Cuttings were recut after collection, with 1/2 of basal leaves removed. This provides some wounding that promotes rooting.Terminal buds are removed and cuttings are treated with 2 minute Domain fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 8000 ppm IBA and placed in mist bed with bottom heat set at 21C. Cuttings were 13 cm in length, 5 mm in diameter.<br>Cuttings taken in fall (October to November) or winter (January or February) treated with 3000 to 8000 ppm IBA have been rooted to high percentages by many commercial growers.<p>Rooting of <i>Juniperus communis</i> is considered best after stock plants have been subjected to several hard frosts or freezes.<br> Hand watering rooting medium is preferable to using intermittent mist to avoid fungal development on the needle-like leaves.<br> Rooting %: Semi-hardwood stem cuttings: 26%<br> Hardwood stem cuttings: 17% to 35% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Time to Transplant: 12 weeks<br. Cuttings that were pre-rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequete root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting media.<br> Cuttings were not misted frequently as this causes needle decay. | 12 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.3 years for cuttings<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus communis</i> L. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2953 | Juniperus (communis) | Cupressaceae | Juniperus | communis | JUCO6 | Colorado, GMV (98-101c), Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-109c), MPCG (98-114c) | plants | vegetative | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | Common Juniper | Collected at GMV (98-101c) on 8/28/98; Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-109c) on 10/21/98; MPCG (98-114c) on 12/2/98. | <b>Cutting Treatments:</b> GMV (98-101c) treated with 1:10rh; Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-109c) treated with 1:10rh; MPCG (98-114c) treated with 1:8. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> GMV (98-101c) in per/ver media, 3% root, located under mister, transplanted on 11/20/98; Long's Peak Parking Lot (98-109c) in per/ver media, located under mister; MPCG (98-114c) in per/ver media, located under mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Juniperus communis</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2954 | Juniperus (horizontalis) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Juniperus | horizontalis | Moench | JUNHOR | Road cut adjacent to prairie and aspen parkland on exposed ridge, Many Glacier, Glacier National Park, MT. | <i>J. horizontalis</i> occurs in dry foothills to dry montane ridges; Alaska and central B.C. to Montana, south to Wyoming and Colorado, east to Minnesota, Iowa, and Maine. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 15 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 7 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Creeping juniper | Cuttings are collected from healthy field plants in early to mid May. Cuttings taken in late summer, fall, and winter have also been successfully rooted to high percentages. | Vegtative Propagation Method: Pre-rooting<br>Type of Cutting: Semi-hardwood stem cuttings<br> Cuttings were recut after collection, with 1/2 of basal leaves removed. This provides a wound that promotes rooting. Terminal buds are removed and cuttings are treated with 2 minute Domain fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 8000 ppm IBA and placed in mist bed with bottom heat. Cuttings were 13 cm in length, 5 mm in diameter.<br> Rooting %: 55% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After rooting cuttings are placed in outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | Intermittent mist is not necessary for rooting. Hand watering the rooting medium periodically is preferable to prevent fungal development on the needle-like leaves.<br> Time to Transplant: 12 weeks<br> Cuttings that were pre-rootedwere lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | 12 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 50% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 0.5 grams of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.3 years<br> Harvest Date:September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus horizontalis</i> Moench plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2955 | Juniperus (osteosperma) | Cupressaceae | Juniper family | Juniperus | osteosperma | JUNOST | Collected in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Root System:</b> Consolidated root mass sufficient to prevent root ball disintegration during outplanting. | Utah Juniper | <b>Seed Treatment:</b> Have tried long warm stratification followed by long cold stratification with very little success. Presently examining scarification techniques that will be followed by warm stratification and then cold stratification. | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> One-Gallon Tree Pot, 4"x4"x14".<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Commercial nursery canning mix of aged screened softwood bark, pumice, and sphagnum peat moss. | <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> The treepots are filled with media and dibbled with a Super Cell planting dibble. Controlled release fertilizer is topdressed at planting or soon thereafter. Osmocote Plus or Sierrablen CRF has been used. For pots transplanted in late spring, a 5 to 9 month release CRF is used. Seedlings transplanted later in the summer will receive 3 to 4 month release CRF. The treepots are supported in cages 36"x36"x8" constructed of 4" galvanized steel fence, which hold 81 pots.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Watering frequency in this phase in usually once or twice a week. Plants are grown without shade cloth or with (30% shade). The shade is not required to produce any of the species thus far. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> Watering frequency can be as often as every day for large plants of certain species with substantial leaf areas. The most xeric species may only require once a week watering even in mid-summer. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> The watering frequency is reduced in late September to early October to promote hardening-off. The treepot cages are surrounded by straw bales before winter to lessen temperature fluctuations and provide some insulation for the root systems. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> The fastest growing species can be ready in one year after transplanting, if transplanting occurs in May. The slowest growing species can take 3 or more years. | Dreesen, Dave. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2956 | Juniperus (scopulorum) | Cupressaceae | Juniper Family | Juniperus | scopulorum | Sarg. | JUNSCO | Northern Idaho | Rocky Mountain juniper occurs throughout the drier mountains and foothills of British Columbia and Alberta and south through the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains to Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas; and north across eastern Colorado, western Nebraska, North Dakota, Montana, and into Saskatchewan. It is common in lower-elevation coniferous forests. It also occurs in montane chaparral, mountain shrub communities, and is common in the high elevation pinyon-juniper forests. In Great Plains grasslands, it mostly occurs in wooded draws, grassland-woodland interfaces, and riparian zones. It forms pure stands at middle and low elevations in the northern part of its range. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 Years | Years | Rocky Mountain juniper | In mid-November, leaders were cut from 150 dormant 2 and 4 year old stock plants chosen at random. To assess the effect of length on rooting, cuttings were randomized to alternative lengths, 50 cuttings/length of 4, 8, and 23 cm. We recorded percentage rooting, callus formation, basal stem necrosis, average root number and mean maximum root length after 4 and/or 12 months. Subsequent experiments used 12 cm long cuttings collected in October.<p> | Containers and trays used for propagation must be sterilized. Wesubmerge containers in hot water (75 to 85øC [167 to 185øF]) for 15 to 30 seconds to remove pathogens.<p>Cuttings were re-cut at the base at an angle of 45ø to the stem axis. Cuttings were soaked for 30 seconds in 1g/L benomyl and dipped in commercial auxin concentrations of IBA and NAA. Treated cuttings were inserted into 1.5 cm deep dibble holes in a 3:1:1 (v:v:v) mixture of peat, perlite, and vermiculite.<p> During our auxin treatment trials, rooting experiments were conducted with 2,3,4, and 5 year old greenhouse grown and 12 and 40 year old field grown cuttings. Cuttings were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: control, Hormex rooting powder containing 0.1,0.3,0.8,1.6,3.0,or 4.5% IBA, Rootone (powder mixture containing 0.2% NAA,0.1% IBA, and Thiram), Dip and Grow, a liquid formulation containing 1% IBA and 0.5% NAA diluted to 0.1% IBA and 0.05% NAA).<p>Auxin treatment typically increased rooting success in all age classes of cuttings, however, rooting percentages generally decreased with increasing age of donor plants. After 12 months, Juvenile wood (2 year old) cuttings 12 cm long, treated with 1.6 or 3.0% IBA yielded the highest rooting percentages(up to 82%).<p> | Trays were placed on benches under 60% shade in a greenhouse. Minimum humidity was 86% and diurnal air temperatures ranged from 15 to 25ø C (59 to 77ø F).<p>Rooting medium was periodically misted to keep it moist, but the cuttings were not fertilized. | Roots usually emerge 2 months after treatment.<p> Treatment of cuttings with 1.6 or 3.0% IBA accelerated rooting by several months and increased overall rooting success by up to 36%.<p>During the first 6 months after treatment, both 1.6% and 3.0% IBA accelerated rooting of the 2 year old cuttings. Rooting of the controls was initially delayed but accelerated sharply between 6 and 9 months, whereas rooting of auxin treated cuttings declined or remained unchanged. Rooting slowed and ceased by 12 months.<p>Twelve cm long (4.7 in) stem cuttings from 2 year old ortets, rooted up to 82 percent.
The longest cuttings (12 cm long) of both 2 and 4 year old ortets rooted at the highest rate and developed the most callus, the largest number of roots per cutting, and the longest roots.<p> | 1 year | Dumroese RK, James RL, Wenny DL. 2002. Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon and increase Douglas-fir seedling growth. HortScience 37:943-947.<p>Edson JL, Wenny DL, Dumroese RK, Leege-Brusven A. 1996. Mass propagation of Rocky Mountain juniper from shoot tip cuttings. Tree Planters' Notes 47(3):94-99.<p>Wenny DL, Leege-Brusven A, Dumroese RK, Edson JL, Morrison S. 1996. Production of container-grown juniper for conservation plantings. In: Ehrenreich JH, Ehrenreich DL, Lee HW, editors. Growing a sustainable future; proceedings: Fourth North American Agroforestry Conference; 1995 Jul 23-26; Boise, ID. Moscow (ID): University of Idaho. p 97-99. | Dumroese, Kasten. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg. plants USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
2957 | Juniperus (scopulorum) | Cupressaceae | Cedar family | Juniperus | scopulorum | Sarg. | JUNSCO | Lodgepole pine forest, 1100m elevation, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>J. scopulorum</i> occurs in coastal islands to inland valleys and lower mountains; B.C. south to Oregon, east to the Dakotas, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, and Nebraska. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 15 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml container. | Rocky Mountain Juniper | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Early Summer semi-hardwood stem tip cuttings.<br>Early summer semi-hardwood cuttings were collected in early June from healthy field plants growing in full sun. Donor plants were just emerging from winter dormancy with only a small amount of new needle growth evident. Cuttings were 12 cm in length and 5 mm in caliper. | Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were cut into 12 cm lengths, with the base recut and 1/2 of leaves or buds removed. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 8000 ppm IBA rooting powder, and stuck in mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium.<br> Rooting %:68% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are lifted from mistbed, they are potted and placed in outdoor shadehouse for 2 weeks. Plants are later moved to outdoor nursery in full sun. | Time to Transplant: 12 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequete root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | 12 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 0.5 gram of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 2 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.3 years<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> Sarg. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2958 | Kalmia (microphylla) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Kalmia | microphylla | (Hook) Heller | Kalmia | microphylla | (Hook) Heller | Variety | occidentalis | (Small) Ebinger | KALMIC | Subalpine streambank, Sperry Chalet, 2035m elev. | <i>K. microphylla</i> occurs from southern Alaska through the Cascades to California, east to the Rockies from Alberta to Colorado in high elevation bogs and streambanks. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 7 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml (4.5 inch) pot. | Alpine laurel | Cuttings were collected in early September. Cuttings were selected from stems that were buried by duff or accumulated organic matter. The cuttings were 6 centimeters in length, branched, with a portion of older wood buried beneath duff surface at the base. | The cuttings were 6 centimeters in length, branched, with a portion of older wood at the base. A 4000 ppm liquid IBA treatment was used. Bottom heat of 22C greatly enhanced rooting in the mist bed. A high humidity chamber rather than mist is advisable since leaves are semi-evergreen. A peat/perlite rooting media is preferred. | Fall cuttings are rooted in trays filled with 50% peatand 50% perlite rooting medium placed in a greenhouse on a heated propagation mat. Cuttings are misted once a day. | Rooting %: 20% in 4 to 5 months. | 4 to 5 months | Cuttings are lifted and transplanted into pots in the spring. Cuttings do not reach root tightness until the fall of the second year. | 16 weeks | Plants are given a thorough irrigation prior to overwintering. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 years<br>Harvest Date: September of the second year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery for 5 months under insulating cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Kalmia microphylla</i> (Hook) Heller plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
2959 | Koeleria (cristata) | Poaceae | Koeleria | cristata | KOCR | cuttings | vegetative | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | June Grass | Collected at Museum on 7/13/98. | <b>Cutting Treatment:</b> None. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Museum in ger/ps media, located to greenhouse with mist. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Koeleria cristata</i> cuttings USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2960 | Ledum (glandulosum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Ledum | glandulosum | Nutt. | LEDGLA | Lodgepole pine forest, Camas, Glacier National Park, Flathead County, MT.,, 1050 m. | <i>L. glandulosum</i> occurs from B.C. to Marin County, California; east through the Rocky Mountains from B.C. to Idaho, Montana, and northern Wyoming, and northeastern Oregon. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 18 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cuttings<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml(4.5 inch) pot. | Labrador-tea | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Spring semi-softwood stem cuttings<br>Cuttings are collected in early May. | Cuttings were 15 cm in length and were re-cut at the base. Terminal buds were removed.<br>Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 2000 ppm liquid IBA, and placed in mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21 Cwith heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Rooting %: 60%<br> Semi-hardwood cuttings taken in early spring had well developed roots without callus formation. Cuttings should be closely monitored during the rooting process.<br> Ideally, the air temperature around the cuttings should be maintained 17 to 21C. Cuttings were potted with 5:1 (v:v)growing medium to soil/root mass collected from the rhizosphere of field plants. Growing medium must be well aerated and acidic.<br>Cuttings developed rapid root development the following spring.<br>Cuttings taken in June failed to root with the same treatment. Dormant semi-hardwood cuttings taken in early spring or fall give the highest rooting percentages.<br> Time to Transplant: 10 weeks | 10weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.5 gram of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 12 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.5 years<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Evans, Jeff. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ledum glandulosum</i> Nutt. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2961 | Ledum (glandulosum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Ledum | glandulosum | Nutt. | LEDGLA | Ecotype from water treatment plant area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | One gallon and 4.5 inch azalea pots, depending on plant size. | 0 | Western Labrador tea | Collect summer cuttings in early August back to 2- and 3-year wood. Take 6- to 10-inch long cuttings with a basal diameter of at least 0.25 inches. Place the cuttings inside a ziplock bag moistened with water, and then store in a portable cooler packed with ice. Store the cooler in a shaded location such as the back of a pickup with a camper top. Minimize storage time. The cuttings we collected were held in the cooler less than 16 hours before being moved to a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. Inspect each bag periodically to assure high humidity and re-moisten as necessary. We collect cuttings from numerous individual plants in an attempt to sample to the diversity of the ecotype. Our use of summer cuttings reflects limited access to plants in the winter months in Yellowstone National Park. Cuttings collected at other times of the year may propagate as well or better. | Trim all cuttings to a 6- to 8-inch length. Remove all buds, leaves, and branches from the basal 2 to 3 in. of each cutting. Remove all flowers and fruit, when present, as well. Store the cuttings in moistened paper towels during processing. Recut the base of each cutting at an angle with a sharp knife and wound the basal end of the stem. This is accomplished by holding a knife perpendicular to the stem, flat side of the knife against the round surface of the stem, and then making a slicing cut downward to produce a 1- to 1.5-inch wound just below the cambium. Lightly spray the wound with water from a mist bottle, shake off excess water, and then insert the base into rooting compound. Remove excess hormone by lightly tapping the end of the cutting on the side of a hard surface. Our trial treatments included softwood, 1-y heel, 2-y heel, 1-y wood treated with 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,400 ppm ThiramT (fungicide), as well as, summer hardwood (any age 2-y or older) and 3-y wood treated with 16,000 ppm IBA. The number of cuttings per treatment ranged from 5 to 24. Rooting ranged from 20% (5 softwood cuttings treated with NAA + ThiramT) to 100% (13 summer hardwood cuttings treated with IBA and 18, 3-y cuttings treated with IBA). | A 100% coarse perlite propagation media was used in our trial, although any sterile, highly drained media, such as sand or vermiculite, should work equally well. Moisten the media and make holes to receive each cutting. Use hot water heat to maintain the propagation media at 70øF for the first 8 to 12 weeks in the bed (root initiation phase) and then turn it off. We use overhead intermittent mist activated by a Mist-o-maticT controller. Firm the media around each cutting after sticking to assure good cutting:media contact. Maintain the greenhouse at 70 to 75øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. | Cuttings initiate roots at 8 weeks, are well rooted at 12 weeks, and heavily rooted after 16 weeks. This species produces abundant, fine roots. Fertigate the cuttings once or twice each week with150 to 250 ppm 9-45-15 as soon as budbreak occurs. Because we let these plants remain active in the greenhouse over the winter, we waited until late January to transplant them into pots in a commercial peat-lite mix. The plants were moved to a shade house in May for hardening off and finishing. | Allow 3 to 4 months from time of sticking before potting up. | No experience. | No experience. | No experience. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ledum glandulosum</i> Nutt. plants One gallon and 4.5 inch azalea pots, depending on plant size.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2962 | Lepidium (bidentatum) | Brassicaceae | Mustard Family | Lepidium | bidentatum | Variety | owaihiense | (Cham. & Schlecht.) Fosberg | LEPBID | Pearl and Hermes Atolls | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Widely distributed from Hawai'i nearly throughout the south, central, and eastern Pacific islands and in New Caledonia. In Hawai'i, in coastal sites and low elevation, dry, steep, rocky slopes near the coast, 0-240 m, on Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Kure Atoll (not known if still present), extirpated from Midway Atoll and Laysan, on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. On Midway Atoll, historically known from Eastern Island and last collected there from a single colony located at the southeastern corner in 1980 by D. Herbst and W. Takeuchi. Previous collections were also made in the central plain of Eastern Island. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Anaunau | Cuttings can be collected from Pearl and Hermes Atolls or from established seedling stock at the nursery.<br>For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | For propagation by cuttings, any part of the plant can be used (tips, side branches). Remove all foliage. No rooting hormone is required.<br> Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6-8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75 to 80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will besuccessful. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Plants will develop roots in as little as 2 to 3 weeks. | 1 month | 5 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lepidium bidentatum</i> plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2963 | Linnaea (borealis) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Linnaea | borealis | L. | LINBOR | Lodgepole forest, West Glacier, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT.1100m elevation | <i>L. borealis</i> is a circumboreal species, that occurs south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, South Dakota, Indiana, and West Virginia in open to dense woods. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 15 Months | Months | Height: 2 to 3 runners, 2.5 cm height and 15 cm long<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in containers. | Twinflower | Cuttings were taken in late June from healthy field plants in partial sun exposure. Cuttings were 30 cm in length. | Cuttings were pinned in 50% perlite and 50% sand rooting medium under mist with bottom heat maintained at 21 C for 7 weeks. 28 cuttings produced 248 plants that rooted at the nodes along the donor stems.<br> Rooting %: 100%<br> Time to Transplant: 6 weeks | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After rooting cuttings are moved to shadehouse for the rest of the growing season. | Cuttings had rooted after 6 weeks in the mistbed. | 8 weeks | The cuttings were lifted from mistbed and each rooted nodal section was potted into 800 ml pots in a well drained medium of 50% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 4 grams of Osmocote and 2.0 grams of Micromax per container. Plants were grown in the shadehouse. Plants had multiple runners and were flowering the following spring. Plants reach root tightness in 800 ml pots 15 months. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation ia appled prior to winterization. | 6 weeks | Total time to Harvest: 1.5 years<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Aspects of the Seed Ecology of Woody Plants of the Alaska Taiga and Tundra, Densmore, R., PhD Thesis, Department of Botany, Duke University, 1979.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Johnson, Kathy; Keating, Rose. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Linnaea borealis</i> L. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2964 | Lonicera (hispidula) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Lonicera | hispidula | (Benth.) Gray | Variety | vacillans | (Benth.) Gray | LONHIS | Presidio, California | <i>L. hispidula</i> var. <i>vacillans</i> is found along streams and wooded slopes, mostly below 2,500 feet elevation in the coast rnages and the Sierran foothills; from Southern oregon to Riverside County, and Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands, California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 4 inch pot | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pink Honeysuckle | Cutting length is 10 cm (4 inches). | Cuutinga are struck in flats containing 1:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 200 Cuttings are struck 0.25 inch deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: N/A | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system and on a heated bench until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers (4 inch pots) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera hispidula</i> (Benth.) Gray plants 4 inch pot; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2965 | Lonicera (involucrata) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Lonicera | involucrata | Banks ex Spreng. | Sub-species | LONINV | Marin County, California | <i>L. involucrata</i> is found from Alaska south to California and Mexico, east to Montana to New Mexico, and irregularly to Michigan and Quebec. It is found from sea level to valley bottoms to subalpine zone in moist to wet soils. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Black Twinberry Honeysuckle | Hardwood cuttings are collected between November 1st and January 15th.<br> Cutting diameter is 0.5 inches.<br> Cutting length is 10 inches with at least 5 nodes.<br> Cuttings should be collected before any sign of bud break. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds. <br> Cuttings are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 50 Cuttings are struck 2.5 inch deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: 50% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant: 50 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera involucrata</i> Banks ex Spreng. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2966 | Lonicera (involucrata) | Caprifoliaceae | Lonicera | involucrata | Colorado, GMV (98-031c, 98-089c) | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Twinberry | Collected at GMV (98-031c) on 6/19/98; GMV (98-089c) 7/28/98. | <b>Treatment:</b> GMV (98-031c) treated with rootinghor; GMV (98-089c) treated 15:1 rh. | <b>Sowing/planting technique:</b> GMV (98-031c) media per/ver and located with mister; GMV (98-089c) media ver/per/germ with 25% root, transplanted 8/28/98 and located with mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera involucrata</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2967 | Lonicera (utahensis) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Lonicera | utahensis | Wats. | LONUTA | Lodgepole Forest, Many Glacier, 1500m elev. | <i>L. utahensis</i> occurs from southern B.C. east to Alberta and south to California, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. This species occurs in a variety of forest habitats that are vernally moist. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 15 Months | Months | Height: 30 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L(1 gallon) container. | Utah Honeysuckle | Cuttings were collected in May and June from healthy field plants.<br> Type of Cutting: Spring semi-softwood and softwood stem cuttings.<br> | Cuttings were re-cut and terminal buds were removed. Cuttings were given a 2 minute Domain fungicide bath. Cuttings are treated with 2000 ppm liquid IBA rooting hormone.<br>Cuttings were cut into 15 centimeters length with an average caliper of 7mm.<br> Rooting %: 16% to 75%<br>Cuttings collected at leafbud break in early spring had the highest rooting percentage. Fully dormant hardwood cuttings may yield higher rates of rooting. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot.Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting media is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Cuttings were well rooted after 8 weeks and were transplanted into 3L (1 gallon) containers using 50% 6:1:1 spaghnum peat, vermiculite, perlite and 50% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer(13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 4 grams of Osmocote and 2.0 grams of Micromax per container. | 8 weeks | Growth is very rapid following transplanting. Plants were fertilized bi-weekly with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants were multi-stemmed and root tight in 1 gallon containers in 4 months. Plants reached reproductive maturity 1 year after germination in the nursery. | 16 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during September and October and given one final irrigation before overwintering. | 6 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 15 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lonicera utahensis</i> Wats. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2968 | Lycium (fremontii) | Solanaceae | Nightshade | Lycium | fremontii | Gray | There are actually three species that occur along the Lower Colorado River in SW Arizona. L. Andersonii, L. fremontii and L. torreyi. Protocol is for all, as they are similar and difficult to tell apart. Fremontii has the smallest distribution, occurring in arid regions of Southern California and Arizona. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon | 12 Months | Months | As plants are taken from multi branched cuttings and grow slowly, specifications are that the plant is alive and has an established root system. Much of the following information is based on natural history and guesswork. More research is needed. | Wolfberry, many others | Take cuttings in spring or fall, when plant looks healthy and has leaves. Lycium will drop leaves and look dead under drought/high heat conditions, only to resprout with precipitation or lower temperatures. | Keep cuttings moist until ready to plant. | All plants in our nursery are grown outside under 68% shade cloth or in full sun. (Plants grown under shade will be more leggy, but soil temperatures will be lower during the summer heat. Its a trade off.) Therefore, outside temperature dictates when to plant. Pots are the typical 7 in diameter x 7 in high black plastic pots such as the ones made by Nursery Supply. However, we reuse and buy back pots, so they are often a mix of slightly different sizes, styles and brands. No additional cleaning is done. Soil mixture is approximately 50% local soil (sand) and 50% inexpensive wood mulch (mostly to lighten up the pots for shipping) | After trimming cuttings up for planting, dip end in .1% IGA. Push stem into pot and snug soil around it. Keep soil moist but not soggy. Overplant by about 50%. We have only had moderate success propagating Lycium from stem cuttings. Root cuttings are supposed to easily propagate. It would be worth trying this also. | minimum 2 months. | Lycium growth varies depending upon location. SW Arizona varieties seem to leaf out in March/April, flower about a month later, and then set seed. Pollination and seed distribution are by birds. Seeds are generally thought to sprout in the fall, taking advantage of winter rains. It is not uncommon for species in our area to drop all leaves and look dead for about 6 month out of the year, starting in late May, early June. They will sometimes green up again in the fall with the monsoon rains. Very opportunistic based on precipitation. | Spring and Fall? | It is difficult to tell if cuttings are still alive, as they sometimes don't have leaves. Check for good root growth by upending pot. Be careful not to overwater, or cuttings will rot out. In nature this is a very drought tolerant plant with an extensive root system. | None. | After plants are found to have adequate root growth, they can be outplanted. It wouldseem to make the most sense to plant in the spring or fall. All of our plants are hand loaded and shipped via truck to the planting sites. | None | NRCS Plants Database, USFS FEIS Database, Sonoran Desert Plants: an Ecological Atlas, Raymond M. Turner, R. M. Turner, Tony L. Bergess (Editor). (For distribution information). | Kleffner, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Lycium fremontii</i> Gray plants 1 gallon; Lower Colorado River Prop. Specialist Bayfield, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2969 | Magnolia (virginiana) | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia Family | Magnolia | virginiana | MAGVIR | National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway | Florida to Texas, north to Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Long Island, and eastern Massachusetts. Grows primarily on the Coastal Plain, in wet woods and on edges of swamps. | plants | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | container stock | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> quart size rooted cuttings.<br> <b>Height:</b> 12-18 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> full, firm rootball in container. | Sweetbay magnolia | Propagated in National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C., Oxon Run Parkway by K. Davis and J. Kujawski in the Spring. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Summer greenhouse, temperatures alternating between 90s daytime and 60-70s nighttime.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> large sturdy plastic flats for cuttings, quarts for transplants.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> perlite for cuttings, woody mix (2:1 Sunshine Mix #1 and shredded pine bark plus 180 day Nutricote 18-8-6) for transplants. | <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> materials propagatedvegetatively because few seeds found on plants growing in shade. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once rooted cuttings have been transplanted into quarts in the summer, containers are moved outside to a shadehouse. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Quarts may be planted 1 year after rooting.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March | Kujawski, J. 1999 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<P> Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> plants container stock; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2970 | Mahonia (repens) | Berberidaceae | Barberrry Family | Mahonia | repens | (Lindl.) G. Don | MAHREP | Ecotype from the Old Faithful Overlook area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 or 2 gallon containers | 1 Years | Years | Creeping Oregon grape | Stem cuttings collected in mid-summer in Yellowstone National Park because access to dormant cuttings limited in the winter months. | Recut base of cutting at an angle with a sharp knife and then wound base of cutting with a shallow 1-inch tangential slice by holding knife perpendicular to stem. Treat trimmed cuttings with a broad spectrum fungicide, then allow to surface dry. Treat with 1,000 to 3,000 ppm IBA. | Use a well drained media that includes sand, vermiculite, and/or perlite. Small amounts of peat moss (<20% v/v) can be added for moisture holding and nutrient exchange. Treat entire propagation bench with a broad spectrum fungicide prior to sticking the cuttings if the media was not pasteurized. | Cuttings are usually well rooted in 12 to 16 weeks and can be transplanted to a well drained peat-lite mix with little transplanting shock. Under cultivated conditions, this species will grow quickly so we transplant directly to 1- or 2-gal pots. Allow at least 30 days of greenhouse conditions after rooting before moving to an outdoor environment. We do not outplant rooted cuttings unless they have overwintered in a coldframe for at least one season. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow containerized material a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. We allow rooted cuttings to harden off for a full 60 days prior to killing frost. | We have only hand delivered our rooted cuttings in the past, but it is assumed that they can be shipped as dormant stock the same as bareroot plants. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mahonia repens</i> (Lindl.) G. Don plants 1 or 2 gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2971 | Mahonia (repens) | Berberidaceae | Barberry family | Mahonia | repens | (Lindl.)G. Don | Berberis | repens | Lindl. | MAHREP | Lodgepole Forest, 1000m elev. West Glacier, Gl | <i>M. repens</i> is found from eastern Washington south to northeastern California, east to Alberta, South Dakota, Texas, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada; in foothills and lower montane forest, from near sea level to 3050 meters elevation. It grows on a variety of soils, including coarse, rocky soils and glacial outwash. Soils range from well to poorly drained. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 490 ml containers | 18 Months | Months | Height: 7 cm<br> Caliper: 9 mm of main stem<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Creeping Oregon Grape | Oregon grape can be propagated by heel, nodal, and tip cuttings. Vegetative regeneration via rhizomes appears to be the most prevalent mode of regeneration follwing fire or other disturbances.<p> Method: Pre-Rooting.<br> Type of Cutting: 1. Spring Hardwood tip cuttings with basal wood<br> 2. Summer Softwood tip cuttings with basal wood<br> Hardwood tip cuttings are collected in April to early May, Softwood tip cuttings are collected from late May to mid June from healthy disease free plants growing on forest margin in full sun exposure. | Both hardwood and softwood tip cuttings were cut into 10 to 15 cm lengths, 0.5 to 0.7 cm diameter, with a section of basal wood; 1/3 of leaves removed from the base of stem, and treated with 1000 ppm Domain fungicide rinse for 2 minutes. Cuttings were then treated with 1000 or 2000 ppm liquid IBA rooting hormone. Cuttings were placed in outdoor mistbed with bottom heat maintained at 21C. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting media is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Hardwood cuttings with 1000 ppm IBA had 57% to 80% rooting.<br> Softwood Cuttings with 1000 ppm IBA had 20% to 56% rooting.<br> Time to Transplant: 5 to 8 weeks in mist bed. | 8 weeks | After cuttings have rooted, they are potted into 490 ml containers using 50% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S ,0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 0.85 gram of Micromax per 490 ml conetainer. Cuttings are grown in the shade house throughout the active growth phase. Care should be given not to overwater rooted cuttings. Allow media to dry to 50% dry weight between irrigation applications. | 16 weeks | Cuttings are moved to full sun exposure in early fall and given 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm weekly until mid October. Irrigation is gradually reduced. Plants are given one final irrigation prior to overwintering. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.6 years<br> Harvest Date:September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June, 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B. and Funk, T. unpublished.<p> 1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Potter, Rachel; Wick, Dale; Keating, Rosemary. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Mahonia repens</i> (Lindl.)G. Don plants 490 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2972 | Maianthemum (stellatum) | Liliaceae | Lily family | Maianthemum | stellatum | (L.) Link | Smilacina | stellata | (L.) Desf. | MAISTE | Cedar/Hemlock forest margin, Avalanche, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT | <i>M. stellatum</i> is found from Alaska to California, east to the Atlantic coast,and south in the mountains to Colorado, Arizona, and Nevada. It is found in moist woods and streambanks to rocky, well-drained hillsides. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 15 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container plant by division<br> Height: 25 cm.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainers. | Starry False Solomon's Seal | Vegetative Propagation Method: Divisions<br> Type of Cutting: Rhizome cuttingstaken in mid June from healthy field plants. | Rhizome cuttings were 20 cm in length and were taken in late June after flowering.<br>Cuttings were placed in a heated vermiculite propagation bed for 1 year. The following spring, rhizomes had produced 3 leafy shoots per cutting on average. These were divided and potted into 800 ml containers and were root tight in 12 weeks.<br> Rooting %: 100% | Outdoor nursery growing facility. | After cuttings were lifted from the bed, they were potted into 800 ml containers.<br>Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse. | 4 weeks | Divisions were root tight in containers 10 weeks after transplanting. | 10 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 15 months<br> Harvest Date: Spring or Fall<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Maianthemum stellatum</i> (L.) Link plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2973 | Meehania (cordata) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Meehania | cordata | MEECOR | West Virginina | <i>M. cordata</i> is found from southwest Pennsylvania to North Carolina and northeast Tennessee. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1+0 container | 12 Months | Months | Height: 8 cm<br> Caliper: n/a <br> Root Mass: Firm plug in container.<br> | Meehan's mint | Cuttings are collected from field plants in spring and summer. | Cuttings are 7.5 cm long.<p> Treat with liquid rooting hormone(Wood's rooting compound: 1.0% IBA and 0.5% NAA and bury in propagation media with at least 2 nodes below the surface.<p> Rooting media used is 3:1 pine bark:perlite.<p> Cuttings root to 100% without any bottom heat in 6 to 8 weeks. | Cuttings are placed under intermittent mist during rooting. | After cuttings have rooted, they are potted into 160 ml, 6.25 cm deep pots filled with 4:2:1 composted pine bark:peat moss: perlite:vermiculite medium. | After cuttings are well established, they are fertilized once every 4 to 6 weeks with Peter's Peat Lite Special (15N:16P2O5:17K2O) at 375 ppm N. | Cuttings are overwintered in a poly-tunnel. | Total Time To Harvest: 1 year. | Meehania cordata: A Great Ground Cover for the Landscape, Glick, B., Native Plants Journal, Spring 2000, 1:30-31. | Glick, Barry. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Meehania cordata</i> plants 1+0 container; Sunshine Farm and Gardens Renick, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2974 | Morella (californica) | Myricaceae | Myrtle Family | Morella | californica | (Cham. & Schlecht.) Wilbur | Myrica | californica | Cham. & Schlecht. | MORCAL | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>M. californica</i> is found in canyons and moist slopes below 500 feet elevation; from Washington to the Santa Monica Mountains, California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Wax Myrtle | Hardwood cuttings are collected between November 1st and January 31st.<br> Cutting diameter is 0.5 inches.<br> Cutting length is 10 inches with at least 8 to 10 nodes. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds. <br> Cuttings are recut to 5 nodes in length and are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 50 Cuttings are struck 4 inches deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: 40% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant: 40 days.<br> Cuttings aretransplanted to individual containers 2"x20" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 60%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Morella californica</i> (Cham. & Schlecht.) Wilbur plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2975 | Muhlenbergia (montana) | Poaceae | Muhlenbergia | montana | MUMO | Colorado, Nursery (98-076c) | cuttings | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Mountain Muhly | Collected at Nursery (98-076c) on 7/10/98. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Nursery (98-076c) media was germ, 50% root, transfered in 1 month. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Muhlenbergia montana</i> cuttings USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2976 | Najas (guadeloupensis) | Najadaceae | Water Nymph Family | Najas | guadeloupensis | (Spreng.) Magnus | NAJGUA | Gunpowder River near Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD | American wild celery is a perennial submerged aquatic, commonly found primarily in fresh water throughout eastern North America, from Canada west to Minnesota and South Dakota and south to the Gulf of Mexico. It grows on soils from gravel to hard clay, but does best on silty sand in water with anywhere from slight to vigorous currents. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Bareroot plants (grown in containers, but used as bareroot transplants or with little soil clinging to roots and stolons) | 3 Months | Months | Plants are considered to be transplant ready when roots have spread throughout the pot and new shoots are developing. | southern naiad | We take cuttings from stock plants maintained in our greenhouse; material for stock plants was originally collected as wrack (floating plant parts) in the field. Cuttings are collected from any part of the redhead grass stem (main shoots, sideshoots, flowering stems, stem tips, and midsections) from stock plants. Cuttings can be taken from greenhouse stock plants any time of year. Cuttings that are at least 7.5 cm long form new roots and shoots more quickly than smaller cuttings. | Cuttings (as well as stock plants) are grown in a 5130 L freshwater tank in a greenhouse. Water is continuously flushed through a 2 sponge filter and is maintained in the tank at the depth of 45 cm (which is the maximum depth available in the tank) with the addition of tap water as needed. Water temperature fluctuates with the surrounding air temperature in the greenhouse between 20 and 25C. Daylength is kept fairly constant, around 14 h. Natural daylength is augmented during the winter months by 5 hours of light supplied by four 1000 watt sodium lamps suspended along the center tank, 2.6 meters apart and 1.8 meters above the tank. The greenhouse is covered with a whitewash solution that provides 30% sunlight shading from mid-April to October. Growing media for rooted cuttings used is inexpensive topsoil (enough to fill 5 cm wide x 10 cm deep pots to within 1 cm of top, packed) mixed with 1.2 grams of Nutricote slow release fertilizer (18:6:8, 180 day release rate at 25 C). This soil-fertilizer mix is covered with a minimum of 6 mm of washed play sand to cut down on algae formation on growing surface. Filamentous algae tends to be a problem in the tank, and is removed with a hand net when the sponge filter does not adequately capture it. | Cuttings do not require rooting hormone. Cuttings 7.5 cm long generate new roots in 2 weeks and cuttings 2.5 cm long generate roots in 4 weeks. | 2 to 4 weeks | Cuttings continue to generate additional root mass and shoots and rhizomes after establishment. | 10 weeks | Plants generated from cuttings are ready for outplanting on revegetation sites in 12 weeks. | References: Propagation of Redhead Grass (Potamogeton perfoliatus) Transplants for Restoration Projects, Kujawski, J. and Thompson, R., Native Plants Journal, Fall 2000, 1:124-127. | Kujawski, Jennifer; Thompson, Randy. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Najas guadeloupensis</i> (Spreng.) Magnus plants Bareroot plants (grown in containers, but used as bareroot transplants or with little soil clinging to roots and stolons); USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2977 | Oplopanax (horridus) | Araliaceae | Carrot Family | Oplopanax | horridus | Miq. | Oplopanax | horridum | (Smith) Miq. | OPLHOR | Cedar/Devil's Club habitat, 1000 m elev., Avalanche, Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>O. horridus</i> occurs in moist forests from Alaska to Oregon, east and west of the Cascades, east to Idaho and Montana, and in Michigan and Ontario. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 18 Months | Months | Height: 10 cm<br> Caliper: 1.5 cm<br> Root System: Firm plug in 3L (1 gal)container. | Devil's Club | Semi-softwood stem cuttings were collected at bud break in early June. Cuttings averaged 20 centimeters in length and were 1.5 cm in diameter. Cuttings must be kept cool an moist during collection and transport to the nursery. | Cuttings were treated with Domain fungicide rinse for 3 minutes prior to pre treatment.<br>Cuttings were recut at the base to 20 cm lengths. Stem cuttings were treated with 3000 ppm IBA rooting powder and were stuck with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium in an outdoor mistbed.<br>Cuttings were rooted in a 50% perlite/50% sand rooting media with bottom heat (22C) and intermittent mist.<br> | Outdoor mistbed and shadehouse. | Rooting %: 100%<br> Cuttings were in the mist bed for 8 weeks and produced multiple roots that emerged from the nodes; averaging 4 cm in length at time of lifting.<br> There was no callus formation at the base of the cutting. | 8 weeks | Cuttings were upotted to 3 L containers and were kept in shadehouse throughout the active growth phase. Growing medium used is milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 3 grams of Osmocote and 0.60 gram of Micromax per container. | 10 weeks | One final irrigation is applied before overwintering. | 8 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.5 years in 3L (1 gallon) containers.<br> Harvest Date: September of the second year.<br> Storage Conditions:Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1981.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seeds of Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, N., published June,1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oplopanax horridus</i> Miq. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2978 | Opuntia (littoralis) | Cactaceae | Cactus | Opuntia | littoralis | (Engelm.) Cockerell | OPLI3 | coastal sage scrub, chaparral | Opuntia littoralis is native to southern California and Baja California. Plants occur in dense clumps and can occupy a variety of habitats including coastal sage scrub and chaparral. | Horticultural varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica are known to be invasive in Australia. | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | Shallow 8" Pot | 6 - 8 months | Our goal was to propagate 7000 rooted Opuntia individuals approximately 2 ft (with at least three pads) for the purpose of restoration outplanting in San Diego County to augment nesting habitat for the coastal cactus wren. | coast prickly pear | We removed pads from mature plants by twisting at the joint of two pads with tongs. We collected pads from native source populations of O. littoralis from a variety of locations around San Diego County. We selected young, fully expanded pads from near the top of the plant as propagules. | We stored pads horizontally in bins until processing. To heal the wound created by collection, we "calloused" pads by laying them in the sun on shade cloth for week to dry. Longer drying times may be necessary in high humidity environments. Note that if pads are left to callous for too long, they will begin to root in the ground or curve toward the sun. | Growing Environment: We constructed an open air nursery for growing cactus in pots. We installed weed cloth beneath pots to prevent the plants from rooting and to prevent weeds from invading the pots.
Growth Media: Sunshine mix #4 with additional perlite. Any well drained potting soil would likely be appropriate. A previous project at our institution did not have success growing Opuntia directly in decomposed granite substrate. Potting Procedure: We planted pads vertically in shallow 8" pots with the callous pointing toward the bottom of the pot. We planted pads to a depth that allowed the pot to stay upright. Pot Spacing: We placed pots immediately adjacent to each other on the weed-cloth covered ground of the nursery, a practiced which helped support top heavy cactus as they grew. For inventory purposes, we organized pots in groups of 50. Watering: During establishment (while plants were rooting), we watered pots once weekly, always allowing pots to dry fully between waterings. After cactus were established, we watered biweekly. We used overhead watering techniques, as drip-line watering seemed to increase the frequency of cochineal scale in past projects. Pest Control: When cochineal scale was present, we used high-pressure overhead spraying for both watering the cactus and removing any cochineal scale. A previous project that used drip-line rather overhead watering had a larger problem with cochineal scale. We also established a four-meter-wide, weed-free barrier surrounding all sides of the cactus growing area at the nursery to reduce the chance of weed seeds germinating in cactus propagule pots, and discourages snails from invading the nursery area. Other Maintenance: When present, we removed flowers from pads to promote pad growth. | Opuntia pads should be well-rooted within 2 months (often much sooner). | 2 months | Opuntia pads will grow to the size of their pot and transplanting large pads may be difficult. Therefore, be sure to select the size of pot that is consistent with the size of plant you wish to plant out. In our case, the cactus in our shallow 8" pots grew to be as big as 0.5 m tall. | 4-6 months | We grew cactus in open air nursery, so hardening was not a prominent concern. We decreased watering after rooting/establishment to better simulate natural conditions. | Opuntia can be stored in original pots with maintenance for an extended period of time. Pads may break off larger plants during transport process - so take care when loading and unloading from your truck or transport vehicle. | For optimal restoration performance, clear the planned site of thatch or heavy weeds before planting. During planting, dig holes to the depth of potting soil, and create basins around plants to retain moisture. Tongs can be used to avoid spines while planting and handling cactus. After planting, cactus will typically dry out relative to their condition in the nursery. Of 7000 opuntia planted for our project, we observed higher than 80% survivorship after the first year of outplanting across a dozen sites. Outplanted individuals should put on the new pads and flowers within the first year. | 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Opuntia littoralis</i> (Engelm.) Cockerell Plants Shallow 8" Pot; San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2979 | Oreobatus | Rosaceae | Oreobatus | Colorado, Alluvial Fan (98-070c), Lily Lake (98-081c), McGraw Ranch (98-099c), Lily Ridge Trail (98-104c) | plants | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Boulder Raspberry | Collected at Alluvial Fan (98-070c) on 7/5/98; collected at Lily Lake (98-081c) on 7/15/98; collected at McGraw Ranch (98-099c) on 8/7/98; collected at Lily Ridge Trail (98-104c) on 8/3/98. | <b>Treatment:</b> Plants at all of the following locations were treated with rootinghor: Alluvial Fan (98-070c), Lily Lake (98-081c), McGraw Ranch (98-099c), Lily Ridge Trail (98-104c) | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Alluvial Fan (98-070c) used per/ver media, 10% root, transplanted 7/25/98, located under mister; Lily Lake (98-081c) used per/ver, located under mister; McGraw Ranch (98-099c) used per/ver mdeia, 30% root, transplanted 9/15/98, located under a mister; Lily Ridge Trail (98-104c) used per/ver media, 15% root, transplanted 9/22/98, located under a mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Oreobatus</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2980 | Osmunda (cinnamomea) | Osmundaceae | Royal Fern Family | Osmunda | cinnamomea | OSMCIN | National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C. | Labrador to Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas, New Mexico and tropical America. Found in swamps, streambanks, and moist, acidic soil. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gal container | 18 Months | Months | <b>Height:</b> 10-12 inches with a well-formed crown, multiple stems and fiddleheads.<br> <b>Root System:</B> root ball is fibrous and firm, but does not always fill out container completely. | Cinnamon fern | Collected in National Capital Parks-East, Washington, D.C. by J. Kujawski, M. Norman 5/19/97, 6/6/97; spores and/or fertile fronds are collected into paper bags or envelopes. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Lab, greenhouse, outdoor shade house.<br> <b>Spore Propagation Method:</b> dusted over expanded Jiffy 7 peat pellets.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Jiffy 7 peat pellets in sealed plastic containers for germination, then into open flats with rigid plastic humidity domes and larger containers for finishing.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Jiffy 7 peat pellets, transplant into peat pellet medium in flats, then into Promix BX for finishing. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> Early summer.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Prothalli develop over a month-long period.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Spores are sprinkled by hand over Jiffy 7 peat pellets; pellets are placed into sealed clear plastic containers (such as hinged salad containers) and maintained in the lab at 72-77 F with a 16 hour light, 8 hour dark light cycle. This part of the process is also feasible in the greenhouse.<br> <b>Establishment Phase:</b> Once prothalli develop on the peat pellets, plugs are kept moist to allow for sporophyte production. Prothalli may require thinning if they become too crowded on pellets. | <b>Rapid Growth Phase:</b> After 10-12 weeks (once sexual reproduction on the prothalli occurs), small sporophytes begin to develop. These tiny ferns are transferred to flats with humidity domes containing loose peat pellet mix and maintained for approximately 2 months during which they develop many stems and roots. Moisture is maintained by handwatering and misting. Larger ferns are transplanted to trays containing Promix BX and for plants with several sets of true leaves, 1/4 strength 20-20-20 fertilizer is applied. These flats are moved from the lab to the greenhouse to begin hardening off plants. Again, this process could be done entirely in the greenhouse with attention to temperature and moisture. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Young ferns in Promix trays are exposed to open air in the greenhouse by removal of humidity domes after they have reached approximately 1-2 inches in height. Misting will help prevent dehydration of plants as they acclimate. These ferns can be transplanted into quart size containers after they reach a height of 2-3 inches. Ferns in larger containers should be moved outside to a shade house from the greenhouse in summer. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> Ferns are ready approximately 1-1« years after spore germination.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size containers are stored outside on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of a group of containers.<br> <b>Spore storage:</b> Dry, cool storage is best until spores are ready to use. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | Kujawski, J. 1997 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Norman, C.M. 1998. Fern production quarterly reports. Anne Arundel Community College, Arnold, MD.<p> Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i> plants 1 gal container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
2981 | Oxalis (oregona) | Oxalidaceae | Wood Sorrel Family | Oxalis | oregona | Nutt. | Oxalis | oregana | Nutt. | Variety | tracyi | Jeps. | OXAORE | Muir Woods, California | <i>O. oregana</i> is found mostly in shaded sites in coastal redwood and Douglas-fir forests; from Monterey County, California, north to Washington. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 4 inch square pots | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Redwood Sorrel | Propagule increase is from established nursery stock.<br> Divisions are made in mid September. | None. | Shadehouse.<br> Vegetative Propagule Type: Divisions<br> Stock plants are divided into sections; each with a root and rhizome mass and a few leaves. Divisions are transplanted to individual containers 4 inch pots containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Plants are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxalis oregona</i> Nutt. plants 4 inch square pots; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2982 | Oxalis (oregona) | Oxalidaceae | Wood Sorrel Family | Oxalis | oregona | Nutt. | Oxalis | oregana | Nutt. | Variety | tracyi | Jeps. | OXAORE | Muir Woods, California | <i>O. oregana</i> is found mostly in shaded sites in coastal redwood and Douglas-fir forests; from Monterey County, California, north to Washington. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 4 inch square pots | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Redwood Sorrel | Propagule increase is from established nursery stock.<br> Divisions are made in mid September. | None. | Shadehouse.<br> Vegetative Propagule Type: Divisions<br> Stock plants are divided into sections; each with a root and rhizome mass and a few leaves. Divisions are transplanted to individual containers (4 inch pots) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand.<br> Plants are watered in with an automatic irrigation system.<br> Transplant Survival averages 90%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Oxalis oregona</i> Nutt. plants 4 inch square pots; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
2983 | Pandanus (tectorius) | Pandanaceae | Screw Pine Family | Pandanus | tectorius | PANTEC | Yap Islands | Choy is found on Pacific islands in the rest of Polynesia, in Micronesia, in Melanesia, and as far west as northern Australia. It grows in moist coastal locations and valley slopes to an elevation of 2,000 feet. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybag | 5 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Choy | Pandanus tectorius trees are either male or female. Female trees produce a large, segmented fruit somewhat resembling a pineapple. Male trees produce large clusters of tiny, fragrant flowers surrounded by white to cream colored bracts. Collect uttings from male and female trees.<br>Collect softwood stem cuttings in early summer when the leaves have expanded and the stems are firm. During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Each cutting must have a healthy terminal shoot bud. Stems are cut to 15 to 20 cm (6.0 to 8 in) lengths, and all mature leaves are removed except the terminal leaves. Leaf buds in the axils of leaves are not removed and will form new leaves once the cuttings are well rooted. Cuttings are directly stuck into containers filled with moistened medium. We do not use rooting hormones. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, andprovide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Cuttings begin to form roots about 4 weeks after sticking. We plant them in polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. Cuttings are kept evenly moist during establishment. | 2 months | Once cuttings are well rooted, new leaves from the axillary leaf buds begin to form. We keep cuttings in the shelterhouse during active growth to protect them from wind and heavy rains. | 2 months | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. | 1 month | Containerized cuttings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pandanus tectorius</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybag; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2984 | Paxistima (myrsinites) | Celastraceae | Bittersweet family | Paxistima | myrsinites | (Pursh) Raf. | Pachystima | myrsinites | Pursh | PAXMYR | Open slopes in Douglas fir forest, Fish Creek, 1100m elev. | <i>P. myrsinites</i> occurs from B.C. to California, east to the Rocky Mountains.<p> This species has a very broad ecological amplitude; occurring from the coast to the subalpine, in dry to moist habitats. It grows on well drained, shallow, gravelly clay and silt loams. It grows in sun or shade. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 16 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Mountain boxwood | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Softwood stem cuttings are collected in late May from healthy field plants in full to partial sun exposure.<br>Cuttings are collected prior to or just after flowering. | Cuttings were cut into 15 to 20 cm lengths, 5 mm in caliper. Cuttings were recut at the base with 1/3 of basal leaves removed and treated with a 2 minute Domain fungicide bath. Cuttings are treated with 2000 or 3000 ppm IBA rooting hormone.<br> Cuttings are struck with at least 2 nodes below the rooting medium surface. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Cuttings generate good root systems in 6 to 7 weeks. Roots generate from the nodes. | 7 weeks | After cuttings have rooted, they are lifted from the mistbed and potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat ,perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2.0 grams of Osmocote and 1.0 gram of Micromax per container. Cuttings are irrigated and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. Cuttings are then moved to full sun for the remainder of the growing season. Care should be given not to overwater rooted cuttings.<br> Cuttings must generate as much root mass as possible before over-winter storage. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are leached with clear water once prior to winterization. If possible, cuttings should be stored in an unheated greenhouse or cold frame for the winter. | 5 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 16 months<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records,unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb,B., and Funk, T., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy; Johnson, Kathy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Paxistima myrsinites</i> (Pursh) Raf. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2985 | Penstemon (ellipticus) | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | ellipticus | Coult. & Fisch | PENELL | Talus and scree slide, Logan Pass, 2038 m elev. | <i>P. ellipticus</i> is a northern Rocky Mountain species; occurring in subalpine to alpine areas in cliffs, talus and scree. It is found in B.C. and Alberta and Idaho and Montana. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | StockType: Container cutting.<br> Height: 7 cm, 6 to 10 true leaves.<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Elliptic-leaved penstemon | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Spring hardwood and softwood stem tip cuttings collected after snowmelt at high elevations. | Cutting Treatments: Both semi-hardwood and softwood cuttings were cut to 10 cm lengths, with 1/3 leaves and leafbuds removed.<br>Cuttings were placed in Domain fungicide bath for 2 minutes and treated with 1000 ppm liquid IBA.<br>Cuttings were placed in 50:50 Sand/Perlite rooting medium in mist beds with bottom heat set at 21 C.<br> Rooting: 67%:semihardwood cuttings.<br> Rooting: 92% softwood cuttings. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium.<br> Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: Cuttings produced well branched root systems in 4 weeks. Cuttings are taken in late summer; thus, it is best to keep cuttings overwinter in mist beds and uppot the following spring. Cuttings are root tight in pots 2 months after potting. | 4 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed the following spring, they were potted into 800 ml containers.<br>Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.25 gram of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. Plants are ready for outplanting in July. | 12 weeks | Plants are leached with water, and irrigation frequency is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied before covering for the winter. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year from cuttings.<br> Harvest Date: Late August and Early September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow cover. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, Deno, Norman, publ. 1993.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, National Park Service and National Resources Conservation Service, April 1996.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report,Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Penstemon ellipticus</i> Coult. & Fisch plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2986 | Pentaphylloides (fruticosa) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Pentaphylloides | fruticosa | (L.) Schw. | Potentilla | fruticosa | L. | PENFRU | Idaho fescue grassland, Saint Mary, 1371m elevation, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>P. fruticosa</i> is a circumboreal species that occurs from Alaska to Labrador, south to California, throughout the Rockies and New Jersey and Pennsylvania. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 17 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: firm plug containers. | Shrubby cinquefoil | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cuttings collected in June and July. | Cutting Treatments: Softwood cuttings are recut to 15 cm lengths, with 1/3basal leaves removed, and are treated with 1000 ppm liquid IBA. Cuttings are struck in mistbed with bottom heat.<br> Rooting %: 51% to 76%<br> Softwood cuttings taken from May to late July have the highest rooting percentages.<br>Cuttings are very susceptible to rot due to excessive water. Misting frequency should be closely monitored during rooting. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | 8 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery.<br>Root tight 3L (1 gallon) containers can be produced in 1 year from cuttings. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Pots are flushed with clear water before winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year from cuttings.<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr, M., Varsity Press, 1987.<p> 1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Johnson, Kathy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Pentaphylloides fruticosa</i> (L.) Schw. plants 3L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2987 | Philadelphus (lewisii) | Hydrangeaceae | Hydrangea family | Philadelphus | lewisii | Pursh | PHILEW | Open Rocky slope, Middle Fork of Flathead River, Glacier National Park | <i>P. lewisii</i> is found on open rocky slopes from low to mid elevations; from British Columbia and Alberta south to Montana, Idaho, and California. It is found from sea level to 2100 m elevation. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 18 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in Containers. | Lewis' Mock Orange | Cuttings are collected in mid June from healthy field plants. | Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were re-cut and terminal buds were removed. Cuttings were dipped into Domain fungicide bath for 2 minutes to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 2000 ppm liquid IBA rooting hormone. Cuttings were struck in rooting medium with bottom heat with at least 2 nodes below the surface.<br> Rooting %:70% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting media is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br>After cuttings have rooted they are potted into 800 ml containers using 50%6 :1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1.0 grams of Micromax per container and placed in shadehouse for the rest of the growing season. | 8 weeks | Growth is moderate following transplanting from the mistbed to 1.5L containers. Plants were multi-stemmed and root tight in 1.5 years. | 8 weeks | Plants were given one final irrigation before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.5 years<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p>Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation records, unpublished. | Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Philadelphus lewisii</i> Pursh plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2988 | Phlox (amplifolia) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Phlox | amplifolia | Native to North America, is found in the U.S. ranging from Indiana south to Alabama, from Missouri and Arkansas east to Virginia.
| Cuttings | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 quart container | 4-5 months | Well-rooted 1 quart containers
| largeleaf phlox | Cuttings collected week 1 in January and week 7 in February, from non-flowering new shoots.
| "Tip cuttings 2.5-3.8 cm (1-1.5 in) in length. 3 nodes, with 1 node below soil. Rooting hormone Dip 'n Grow IBA/NA at 20X dilution rate (1% Indole-3-butyric Acid; 0.5% 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid), 5 second dip.
Pro-Mix PGX, plug and germination media. Cuttings stuck one per cell in 72 plug tray 5.7 x 7.6 cm (2.25 x 2.3 in)." | Cuttings are placed in a propagation house with intermittent mist, cycling every 6 minutes with 8 seconds of mist time. 2 weeks after sticking cuttings, frequency of the mist interval is increased to 12 minute intervals. Bottom heat is provided by hot water, in tubes, underneath the flats at 18-24˚C (65-75˚F). Air temperature is set at 17˚C (62˚F) night temperature. Day temperature ranges from 17 - 22˚C (62 - 72˚F).
| 4 weeks after sticking, rooted cuttings are removed from mist and bottom heat. 5 weeks after sticking moved from propagation greenhouse to a greenhouse with shade covering, heat set at 15-21˚C (60-70˚F), under 16 hour long-day length high pressure sodium lights.
| 5 weeks | January cuttings potted 12 weeks from sticking; February cuttings potted 9 weeks from sticking. 98% rooting success. Transplanted into 1 quart fiber pots using a commercial potting media with added synthetic fertilizer. Returned to the shaded, warm greenhouse for 1-2 weeks transplant adjustment, before moving to a full sun exposure in a glass greenhouse. Plants continued to grow all season.
| 5 months | "Due to a potting time of February and March, transplants kept in a warm greenhouse at 15-21˚C (60-70˚F) until early summer.
Plants then moved outside in summer and overwintered in an unheated poly-house the following year." | Plants ready to be outplanted 8 weeks after first potting, 16-20 weeks from sticking. Plants could likely be pushed to be ready sooner.
| Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. (2017-11-16). Retrieved from https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PHAM7
Missouri plants. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.missouriplants.com/blueopp/Phlox_amplifolia_page.html Mt. Cuba Center research report. (2017). Retrieved from https://1x848d9mftq5g9wx3epiqa1d-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/MtCuba-Phlox-Report.pdf Nature Serve Explorer. (2018) Retrieved from http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Phlox+amplifolia U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.) Phlox amplifolia. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PHAM7 "Weakley, A. S. (2015, May 21). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Retrieved from http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/FloraArchives/WeakleyFlora_2015-05-29.pdf" | French, Shelby J.; Kniola, Ryan. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phlox amplifolia</i> Cuttings 1 quart container; Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, Delaware. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2989 | Phlox (amplifolia) | Polemoniaceae | Phlox | Phlox | amplifolia | Native to North America, is found in the U.S. ranging from Indiana south to Alabama, from Missouri and Arkansas east to Virginia.
| Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | field grown | 3 months | Well-rooted 1 quart containers
| largeleaf phlox | Divisions collected in mid-October; Zone 7A/6B
| "Plant has a rhizomatous habit which produces underground runners that slowly spread to form a large mass, though not aggressive, is easily separated.
Divisions approximately 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. Potted into a 1 quart pot using basic potting media with added synthetic fertilizer. Any stems without foliage cut back to 5 cm (2 in). Stems with foliage, but less than 12.5 cm (5 in), were left intact." | Divisions placed into a warm greenhouse with additional shade covering. Heat set at 15-21˚C (60-70˚F). Under 16 hour long-day length, high pressure sodium lights.
| Roots reached the sides of pots after 5-7 weeks of potting.
| 5 weeks | New growth observed at 5 weeks from the base, continued to emerge until 10 weeks. Any old growth that had been left during initial division was removed at the base once new growth emerged.
| 3 months | Plants were grown in a warm greenhouse at 15-21˚C (60-70˚F) until exhibiting dormant characteristics. March 1 moved to a cool greenhouse for remaining winter stratification, 4˚C (40˚F).
| Plants ready to be outplanted in May, 7 months from dividing and 2 months from winter dormancy. 10 of 58 plants failed to break dormancy and were discarded.
| Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. (2017-11-16). Retrieved from https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PHAM7
Missouri plants. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.missouriplants.com/blueopp/Phlox_amplifolia_page.html Mt. Cuba Center research report. (2017). Retrieved from https://1x848d9mftq5g9wx3epiqa1d-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/MtCuba-Phlox-Report.pdf Nature Serve Explorer. (2018) Retrieved from http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Phlox+amplifolia U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.) Phlox amplifolia. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PHAM7 "Weakley, A. S. (2015, May 21). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Retrieved from http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/FloraArchives/WeakleyFlora_2015-05-29.pdf" | French, Shelby J.; Kniola, Ryan. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phlox amplifolia</i> Plants field grown; Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, Delaware. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
2990 | Phyllodoce (empetriformis) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Phyllodoce | empetriformis | (SW.) D. Don | PHYEMP | Subalpine meadow, Logan Pass, 2032m elevation,Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>P. empetriformis</i> occurs from Alaska to California, east to Alberta and south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. ÿ | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 4.6 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml (4.5 inch) pot. | Pink Mountain-heath | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer semi-hardwood Stem Cuttings collected in late June.<br> Semi-hardwood cuttings taken in September and October using 8000 ppm IBA under mist in a greenhouse during the winter may be the best method for obtaining higher rooting percentages.<br> As is the case with many cultivated genera of the Heath family, fall propagation, peat/perlite rooting medium and air temperatures maintained at 17C are the best conditions for growing high elevation ericaeous species.<br>Mycorrhizal inoculation of cuttings and seedlings is necessary for optimum growth and vigor. | Stem tip cuttings and Stem cuttings with a heel of sunbterraenean wood.<br> Cuttings were treated with 1,000 ppm liquid IBA. Cuttings benefit be incorporating field collected inoculum into the rooting medium. Rooting medium used is 1:1 (v:v) peat:perlite medium containing root/soil material collected from the rhizosphere of field plants. Rooting %: Stem heel cuttings had higher rate of rooting (37%) than stem tipcuttings (17%).<br> Roots appeared 8 weeks after treatment.<br> Stem heel cuttings were more vigorous and produced a greater root mass (15 cm2) than the tip cuttings (8 cm2) after 1.5 years.<br> The low rooting percentage is most likely due to the low concentration of IBA (1000 ppm). 8000 ppm IBA talc is recommended. | Outdoor nursery. The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br>Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium.<br> Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% peat. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. | Time to Transplant: 10 weeks. | 10 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 grams of Osmocote and .5 gram of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery.<br>Cuttings were overwintered outdoors after potting from mistbed and resumed active growth the following spring. | 6 weeks | Cuttings were irrigated thoroughly prior to winterization. | 4 weeks 1st year, 16 weeks 2nd year | Total Time to Harvest: 2 years.<br> Harvest Date: July of the second year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Phyllodoce empetriformis</i> (SW.) D. Don plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
2991 | Physocarpus (opulifolius) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Physocarpus | opulifolius | PHYOPU | Shenandoah National Park, Virginia | Quebec to Minnesota, South Dakota, Colorado, south to North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Found in moist, sandy or rocky soil; along streambanks, rivers and shores. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 liter containers | 18 Months | Months | <b>Stock Type:</b> Quart size containers.<br> <b>Height:</b> 12 inches.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Extensive fibrous root system; firm when pulled from containers. | Common ninebark | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Cuttings are started in large 14" w x 22" l x 4" d flats; once rooted, they are transferred to quart containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Cuttings are stuck in straight perlite. Transplants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once cuttings are transferred to quarts in late summer, they are moved outside to a shade house for acclimation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> It takes about 1« years to get a quart container ready for the field.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants are stored in a cold house @ 40§ F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland,. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> Kujawski, J. 1997. Annual Report to the National Park Service for Shenandoah National Park. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Physocarpus opulifolius</i> plants 1 liter containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
2992 | Platanus (wrightii) | Platanaceae | Plane-tree family | Platanus | wrightii | Wats. | PLAWRI | Gila River riparian zone, southwestern New Mexico | P. wrightii is found along streams from 600 to 2000m in elevation, from northern Mexico to southern New Mexico and Arizona. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Height: 2 to 3 meters Caliper: 3 to 5 cm Root System: Firm root ball without excessive circling in large nursery container (5 gallon pot). | Arizona sycamore | Propagation Method: Mound layering of stock plants established in field nursery. Stock Plants: Seedlings in 1 gallon pots were planted into sandy loam soil. Plants were heavily fertilized in May. Surface soil was amended with sulfur to prevent chlorosis; alkalinity of irrigation water is 150mg/L as CaC03 with a ph of 8.0. During establishment, stock plants were flood irrigated on a weekly basis during the growing season. | Mounding Method: The stems layered during the previous year are harvested just above the soil surface (2 to 5 cm) while dormant in early spring (March). Any residual media from the prevoius years mound is removed to allow new stems to emerge from the crown of stock plants. By late May, new stems are 0.5 m high and the mounding process is initiated. Soilless media is used and is composed of pumice, peat and bark mix, and commercial peat and perlite mix, and pumice alone. To minimize the amount of media required for mounding, a method of using inverted bottomless containers is employed to contain the mound. For smaller stock plants,(fewer than 5 stems), a bottomless 5 gallon container is used; for larger stock plants (5 to15 stems) a bottomless 20 gallon container is used. The bottomless container is placed over the stems and filled with medium. | Outdoor nursery. A Roberts Mini-flow Spot Spitter is inserted into the top of the mounded medium to wet most of the mound surface. Mounds are irrigated daily during the growing season. Mounds are irrigated every 2 weeks during the winter if no precipatation has occurred. Mounds are fertilized during June with 50 to 100 grams of 17-6-12 NPK controlled release fertilizer (3 to 4 month plus minors). | Number of stems per stock plant: Average number of large stems (>1.5 cm caliper) produced by 3 year old stock plants was 4 per plant. Out of 73 large stems produced in 1997, 34% had good to excellent rooting,27% had fair to poor rooting, and 39% were etiolated with few to no fine roots. During the winter, all side shoots are removed to ease harvest and to remove potential leaf area of the propagule.In early spring, mounds are disassembled by removing bottomless container and removing media by hand. Stems are severed 2 to 5 cm above soil surface with loppers or pruning saw. Large stems are planted into 5 gallon containers coated with copper hydroxide and small stems are potted into 1 gallon pots. | 9 to 10 months | Transplanted stems exhibit slow growth until the new root system is well developed. Soil sulfur and controlled released fertilizer are applied in late spring. each 5 gallon pot is placed in a pot-in-pot system with copper coated fabric (Tex-R-Insert) between the 2 pots to limit emergence of roots from the growing pot. a Spot spinner inserted into each pot provides daily micro-irrigation of the newly transplanted stems; after roots are well established, the large leaf area requires daily watering. Vigor of large transplants 3 months after transplanting was as follows: 74% good to excellent vigor 18% fair to poor vigor 8% dead. | Total Time in Mound Layering System: 9 to 10 months. Total Time in Pots: 10 months | Arizona Flora,Kearney and Peebles, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1984. | 2000. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Platanus wrightii</i> plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
2993 | Polygonum (davisiae) | Polygonaceae | Knotweed | Polygonum | davisiae | Brewer ex Gray | Polygonum | newberryi | Small | PODA | Crater Lake National Park at 5,000 to 7,500 ft elevation | Pacific Northwest to Idaho and California; on open slopes and ridges; well drained soil. Found in abundance on pumice flats at Crater Lake. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1-yr crowns in 6 | 1 Years | Years | Healthy crowns with feeder roots throughout pots; 1 or more crowns with healthy top growth | Davis's knotweed; Klamath knotweed; Fleeceflower | Large root pieces dug down to 8" deep from pumice flats and stored in moist peat at 3 t0 5 C. Seed collection was also attempted; but in some years seed is very scarce; and when seeds were collected, many shriveled during storage / stratification attempts. | Not known for seed (see comments above) Root pieces propagated successfully after nearly a year in cold moist storage (3 to 5 C in moist peat / sand) Some of the crown pieces with visible buds were beginning to show signs of sprouting by mid April. Crowns were divided into pieces containing at least one of these visible buds or "eyes". | Crown pieces were planted into a soil-less mix containing one part horticultural sand with one part peat / perlite mix , with added 3-month Slow-release Osmocote N-P-K fertilizer and Micromax trace elements. Pieces were planted with the "eyes" just at soil level, and pots were kept in a poly greenhouse that was fairly warm (up to 80 +F on sunny days) and 55 to 65 F night temps. | Within 3 weeks, larger root crowns had sprouted; some of the smaller root pieces took longer. No shoots emerged from root pieces plantedwithout visible buds or "eyes". Soil was kept lightly moist during initial growth but was not allowed to become soggy. | 3 to 6 weeks. | Crown development continued slowly throughout the summer; and were kept in the poly greenhouse which was coated with "white-out" shade compound over the summer. Temperatures occasionally reached around 100 F in the poly house which was left open to cool to ambient night temperatures until early October. Pots were allowed to become fairly dry between waterings once plant growth was established. | 4 months | No special steps were taken to harden plants off; most were completely senescent by early November. Crown die back to soil level at dormancy. | ? 4 to 6 weeks | Plants shipped at the end of summer in refrigerated truck up to Crater Lake National Park fared well; although top growth soon died off, healthy crowns remained. | As noted before, dormant crowns survived nearly a year in cold moist storage. | Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa. <p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Polygonum davisiae</i> Brewer ex Gray plants 1-yr crowns in 6; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
2994 | Populus (angustifolia) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | angustifolia | James | Populus | balsamifera | Variety | angustifolia | (James) S. Wats. | POPANG | <i>P. angustifolia</i> is found from Alberta south through the Great Plains states to Texas and west to California and Oregon. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Narrowleaf cottonwood | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to cutting beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Cuttings are root pruned after they are well established in June. Test an area to see if cuttings can handle root pruning. If excessive wilting occurs, do not prune. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during mid November when cuttings are completely dormant. Cuttings are hand lifted after the beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is heeled into a field bed of course sandy loam.<br>They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Populus angustifolia</i> James plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
2995 | Populus (angustifolia) | Salicaceae | Poplar or Willow Family | Populus | angustifolia | James | POAN | Mora County, New Mexico | Narrowleaf cottonwood is widely distributed throughout western North America from southern Alberta and Saskatchewan into northern Mexico. In New Mexico, this species is found along streams and in other moist areas at elevations ranging from 1500 to more than 2700 meters (5000 to 9000 ft.). | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 164 ml container | 0 | Height: 30 to 45 cm Caliper: 4 to 6 mm Root System: Firm root plug. | Narrowleaf cottonwood | Stem cuttings are taken from dormant trees growing in stooling blocks in March (or anytime January to late April) grown in the Mora River Valley in north central New Mexico. Cuttings are taken from the previous season's growth, and are at least 18 cm in length. Cuttings are sealed in polybags to prevent desiccation, and brought to the nursery on ice in coolers. Cuttings are then placed in a walk-in cooler (2 - 4<sup>o</sup>C) for storage. Note: the earlier the cuttings are taken (late February through March) the longer the cuttings can be stored before bud burst occurs during storage. Once bud burst occurs, rooting success declines quickly. Once placed in a growing environment, these propagules grow to target height specifications quickly, so holding dormant cuttings as late as possible helps reduce the occurrence of "oversized" seedlings. | Cuttings are stuck to a depth of 10 cm. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 - 4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Cuttings are watered in and kept moist throughout the rooting period using an intermittent misting schedule. Mist is provided via an irrigation system using mini-sprinklers. Cuttings are rooted on standard greenhouse benches. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). Cuttings are stuck in early May. After 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 30 cm in height, the plants are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed, which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, whichutilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Intermittent mist is maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26<sup>o</sup>C and no supplemental light is provided. | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the first two weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse, plants are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid-based, foliar feed fertilizer (27-15-12; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. During the remaining 8 weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized every other irrigation with a liquid-based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (~25 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26<sup>o</sup>C and during the night 18 to 22<sup>o</sup>C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J.L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO. 534 pp.<br><br>[ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov (accessed 3 December 2008.). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus angustifolia</i> James plants 164 ml container; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
2996 | Populus (balsamifera) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | balsamifera | L. | Sub-species | trichocarpa | (T. & G.ex Hook.) | Populus | trichocarpa | POPTRI | Lake Shore of Saint Mary, 4250' elevation. | <i>P. trichocarpa</i> occurs from Alaska to Baja California, east to southwest Alberta, Montana, Wyoming and Utah. It is abundant in riparian forests and gravel bars along river and streams, montane and lower subalpine avalanche slopes and aspen groves. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 18 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 25 cm<br> Caliper: 9 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Black Cottonwood | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Hardwood and softwood tip cuttings<br> Hardwood cuttings: Late March, early April.<br> Softwood cuttings: May, June, July.<br> | Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were cut into 15 to 20 cm lengths, with the base recut and 1/3 of leaves or buds removed. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 1000 to 2000 ppm liquid IBA or none, and stuck in mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. High rooting percentages are easily obtained with both softwood and hardwood cuttings treated with 1000 to 2000 ppm IBA rooting hormone.<br> Rooting %: 95 to 100% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br>Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Softwood cuttings were pre rooted and were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the stem nodes below the surface of the rooting medium.<br> Hardwood cuttings were directly stuck into 3 l (1 gal) containers filled with growing medium. | 8 weeks | After softwood cuttings are rooted, they were potted into 3L containers.<br>Both softwood and hardwood cuttings are planted in growing medium of 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.5 years.<br>Cuttings rooted directly into 172 ml conetainers are root tight in 15 weeks.<br>Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. One final irrigation is applied prior to overwintering. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices, 6th edition, Hartman, Kester, Davies,Jr. and Geneve, Prentice-Hall Press inc.,1997.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished. | Lapp, Joyce; Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus balsamifera</i> L. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
2997 | Populus (balsamifera) | Salicaceae | Willows | Populus | balsamifera | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1,2,3 and 4 gallon containers | 1 Years | Years | Seedlings have reached target when roots have fully occupied the container but not to the amount where seedlings are root-bound. | Black cottonwood | Seedlings are started from cuttings collected from either stooling beds or from the wild. Collections are made after leaves have fallen from the stems in late fall or early winter and before buds begin to swell in the spring. Only current years growth is collected from stems that have diameters between 3/8 and 5/8 inch diameters. Stems with healthy, intact vegetative buds are collected, while those with broken buds and obvious disease and insect damage are avoided. Cuttings/stems sections are sealed in plastic and stored at temperatures slightly below freezing (28 to 30 degress F). Care is taken to collect material from equal numbers of male and female parents representing as many individuals as possible or required in genetic standards. | Prior to sticking stems are cut into 4 to 6" long sections with at least 2 buds. The stem is cut so that a terminal bud is within 1/2 " from the top of the cutting. | Containers used are TreepotsTM distributed through Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Sizes used are 1, 2, 3, 4 gallon capacity. Media is Grower's Gold Mix #1 (from SunGro Horticulture), which is composed of 40% composted pine/fir bark (fine 3/8" minus), 35% Canadian sphagnum peat moss (growers grade) and 25% screened volcanic pumice (3/8"minus). The media is pre-moistened and contains a starter fertilizer (6-10-6 with fritted trace elements). Containers are filled with media prior to sticking and lightly tamped to reduce large pores spaces, then filled to 1" below the top of the container. The containers are used more than once but pressure washed at 160 oF to remove media and clean containers between crops. Most seedlings are grown outside without shade on drivable-gravel surfaced pads. The surface is graded and sloped to allow rain or irrigation water to not puddle. Climate at the nursery is hot and dry in the summer with average maximum temperatures in July and August of 87.5oF. Spring temperatures are moderate with frost in the upper 20's uncommon. Fall temperatures are warm with average maximum highs in October of 67oF and maximum lows of 37.5oF. Frosts in the low 20's is uncommon in October. | Cuttings are pushed into the media with only the terminal bud just above the media surface. Containers are placed on transportable steel racks (6.5' by 3.5'). The racks include a hardware cloth for the bottom of the container to rest on and a wire mesh top with 4" by 4" openings to support the one-gallon containers. 8" by 8" openings are used for three and four-gallon containers. Eight-gallon containers are free standing and do not require support. Nearly all containers are placed so that there is a space or opening between every container. The lower density gives seedlings more light and space for growth. Several weeks after seedlings have been transplanted, a isobutylidene diurea top dressing is applied toeach container. Wil-Gro (Wilbur-Ellis), a 18-6-12 with Mg, S and Fe elements, is applied as follows: 1/16 cup for 1-gallon containers, 1/8 cup for 2, 3 and 4-gallon containers. Seedlings are only fertilized one time per year. If a seedling is held over for a second year, controlled-release fertilizer is again applied as a topdress in the spring. During the establishment phase, seedlings are irrigated 1 to 2 times per week. Watering is accomplished through overhead fixed irrigation system. Sprinkler head nozzles are a Rainbird BR5 and are placed on 5 to 7 foot-high risers to accommodate tall seedlings. Risers are on a square grid pattern with a 20' by 30' spacing. | 1 month | Seedlings are irrigated in the early morning when the wind is at a minimum. Irrigation scheduling is based on the moisture content of the plug. Generally, the plug is not allowed to dry down much below field capacity. With maximum summer temperatures in the high 80's, seedlings are irrigated every 2 to 3 days for up to 4.5 hours per irrigation. Seedlings are not cooled in the afternoon with overhead irrigation. Seedlings are monitored for pests but generally insects and diseases do not occur in this species and stocktype. Seedlings must be hand-weeded every 6 weeks. | 3 months | Hardening begins in the late summer with a reduction in the frequency of irrigations. Generally seedlings are hardy to any nighttime low temperatures that are encountered in the fall and winter months. For winter freezes where temperatures reach into the low teens, seedlings are either brought into unheated greenhouses or tree storage facilities until the event has passed. Roots will circle and amass at the bottom of the containers due to the container design. Per client request, the bottom inch of the root plug will be pruned during the hardening phase. This is accomplished by pulling the plug from the container and cutting off the end of the plug with an industrial-strength paper cutter. Clients with containers that will remain for two years will often chop the bottom inch of the container off using a chop saw with an abrasive blade. This leaves the bottom of the container completely open, which prevents spiraling the second year but makes the container unusable after extraction. | 3 months | Seedlings are not extracted from their container or stored prior to shipping. Containers are stood up in cardboard are transported in enclosed refrigerated and non-refrigerated trucks. Many orders are simply shipped on the transportable steel racks. Empty containers are returned in the summer after the seedlings have been planted. | NA | Forest Nursery Notes Winter 2003 | Steinfeld, David. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus balsamifera</i> plants 1,2,3 and 4 gallon containers; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
2998 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | deltoides | Bartr. ex Marsh | Cultivar | Siouxland | POPDEL | <i>P. deltoides</i> is found from the Atlantic coast west to Utah, Arizona and eastern Montana. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Eastern cottonwood | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to cutting beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Cuttings are root pruned after they are well established in June. Test an area to see if cuttings can handle root pruning. If excessive wilting occurs, do not prune. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during mid November when cuttings are completely dormant. Cuttings are hand lifted after the beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br> Lifted nursery stock is heeled into a field bed of course sandy loam.<br>They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Populus deltoides</i> Bartr. ex Marsh plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
2999 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | deltoides | Bart. ex Marsh | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | South Central Missouri | Eastern cottonwood is found from Quebec to southern Alberta and south through the Great Plains states to Texas, and throughout the eastern United States from Maine to Florida. It is found in riparian habitats, along rivers and lakeshores and in upland open forest in the mountains and plains. Our cuttings are from south central Missouri. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 6 ft<br> Caliper:0.50 to 1.0 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Eastern cottonwood | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed aroundstems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1-2 months | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those cuttings that have been established for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped.Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Populus deltoides</i> Bart. ex Marsh plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
3000 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3001 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3002 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3003 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3004 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3005 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3006 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3007 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3008 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3009 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3010 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3011 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3012 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3013 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3014 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3015 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3016 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3017 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3018 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3019 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Populus | deltoides | Populus | angulata | Ait. | POPDEL | plants | vegetative | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | 2005. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Populus deltoides</i> plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3020 | Populus (deltoides) | Salicaceae | Poplar or willow family | Populus | deltoides | Bartr. ex Marsh. | PODE | Plains cottonwood is widely distributed throughout western and central North America from central Alberta and Saskatchewan south into central Texas. In New Mexico, this species is found along streams and drainages in eastern Colfax and Quay counties and in the eastern portion of the state where it had been planted along natural and man-made waterways. It occurs primarily at elevations less than 1500 meters (5000 ft.). | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 Weeks | Weeks | Height: 30 to 45 cm; Caliper: 4 to 6 mm; Root System: Firm root plug | Plains cottonwood, eastern cottonwood | Stem cuttings are taken from dormant trees growing in stooling blocks in February (or anytime from January to late March) grown in the Middle Rio Grande Valley in central New Mexico. Cuttings are taken from the previous season's growth, and are at least 18 cm in length. Cuttings are sealed in polybags to prevent desiccation, and brought to the nursery on ice in coolers. Cuttings are then placed in a walk-in cooler (2 - 4<sup>o</sup>C) for storage. Note: the earlier the cuttings are taken (January thorough February) the longer the cuttings can be stored before bud burst occurs during storage. Once bud burst occurs, rooting success declines quickly. Once placed in a growing environment, these propagules grow to target height specifications quickly, so holding dormant cuttings as late as possible helps reduce the occurrence of "oversized" seedlings. | Cuttings are stuck to a depth of 10 cm. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Cuttings are watered in and kept moist throughout the rooting period using an intermittent misting schedule. Mist is provided via an irrigation system using mini-sprinklers. Cuttings are rooted on standard greenhouse benches. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). Cuttings are stuck in early May. After 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 30 cm in height, the plants are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed, which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Intermittent mist is maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26<sup>o</sup>C and no supplemental light is provided. | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks, then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the first two weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse, plants are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid-based, foliar feed fertilizer (27-15-12; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. During the remaining 8 weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized every other irrigation with a liquid-based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (~25 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26<sup>o</sup>C and during the night 18 to 22<sup>o</sup>C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks of the growth phase occur in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses are applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling readily. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperaturein the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, JL. 1997. Trees and shrubs of New Mexico. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books. 534 pp.<br><br> [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2009. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov/ (accessed 3 February 2009).<br><br> Van Haverbeke, D.F. 1990. Populus deltoides var. occidentalis Rydb. Plains Cottonwood. In (R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala eds.) Silvics of North America. Vol. 2, Hardwoods. URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/populus/deltoides.htm (accessed 3 February 2009). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus deltoides</i> Bartr. ex Marsh. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
3021 | Populus (fremontii) | Salicaceae | Willow | Populus | fremontii | S. Wats | Sub-species | fremontii | Southwestern New Mexico westward through Arizona and California, extending north into southern and western Nevada, and southern and eastern Utah. Note that Fremont Cottonwood does not occur in Colorado. The Colorado species, which looks similar, is the RioGrand Cottonwood (Populus deltoides var. wislizeni). | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon | 4 Months | Months | From whip plantings, tree should have an established root system and be leafed out and actively growing. | Fremont Cottonwood | Cottonwoods are best rooted from semi-hardwood cuttings of the current season's growth. Ideally, an equal percentage of male and female cuttings are taken, but this is sometimes difficult to determine unless you have seen the tree while in bloom. Be aware that many 'landscape' cottonwoods are purposely male, to avoid the mess of the female seed fluff. Prune lower side shoots (whips) with base measurements of at least one inch from larger trees. Cuttings can be taken at any time, but the best times are either as the tree is going dormant in the late fall (November) or when it is actively growing (June/July). Poles can be anywhere from « inch in diameter and up, but seem to do best when measuring about 1 inch across. | Cut poles can be held in water tanks for up to a week with no ill effects. Treat with .1% IBA (rooting hormone) for higher rooting percentages and faster root development. While this may not be completely necessary, I've never wanted to risk it. | All plants in our nursery are grown outside under 68% shade cloth or in full sun. (Plants grown under shade will be more leggy, but soil temperatures will be lower during the summer heat. Its a trade off.) Therefore, outside temperature dictates when to plant. Pots are the typical 7 in diameter x 7 in high black plastic pots such as the ones made by Nursery Supply. However, we reuse and buy back pots, so they are often a mix of slightly different sizes, styles and brands. No additional cleaning is done. Soil mixture is approximately 50% local soil (sand) and 50% inexpensive wood mulch (mostly to lighten up the pots for shipping) | Push each pole into a one gallon pot so that half of the pole is covered with soil. Firm soil around pole to ensure continuous soil contact and keep soil very moist. Winter cuttings are easier as the pots are less likely to dry out between watering. Plant 20% over number needed to allow for some unrooted cuttings. We fertilize with Best-Tab slow release 20-10-5 fertilizer, one per pot, at time of planting. | rooting-3 weeks, leaf out-one to two months | Cuttings will start to root within three weeks. Leaves will begin to emerge when trees normally break dormancy, or within two weeks for summer cuttings. There are many different phenotypes of Fremont Cottonwood in the SW Arizona area, and depending upon the water shed in which they evolved, they bloom anytime from February to July. The leaf out is also staggered accordingly. | 4 months. | Whips planted in November/December will be ready for outplanting by mid April. Trees can be held over for up to a year if necessary, as long as they continue to receive adequate water. However, they do become quite rootbound, and have a tendency to root out of the bottom of the pot. | None | Plants are hand loaded onto trucks and delivered to the outplanting site. Care is taken to ensure that trees do not dry out during this critical move, watering right before loading and right after unloading. | None. | For information on ongoing cottonwood/willow revegetation projects, contact Cibola and Imperial National Wildlife Refuges in Arizona, the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico, and refer to research by Julie Stromberg of Arizona State University on the Nature Conservancy Hassayampa River Preserve in Arizona. Also, much restoration work has been done by Dr. Bertin Anderson of Revegetation and Wildlife Management in Blythe California. (760) 922-2541. Dr. Anderson has been doing work in the Southwest for over 20 years, and while sometimes a bit prickly to deal with, is well worth knowing. Read his papers first. | Kleffner, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus fremontii</i> S. Wats plants 1 gallon; Lower Colorado River Prop. Specialist Bayfield, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3022 | Populus (fremontii) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | fremontii | S. Wats. | POPFRE | <i> P. fremontii</i> is found through the Desert Southwest and Great Basin east to western Texas. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Fremont cottonwood | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizondeeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to cutting beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Cuttings are root pruned after they are well established in June. Test an area to see if cuttings can handle root pruning. If excessive wilting occurs, do not prune. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during mid November when cuttings are completely dormant. Cuttings are hand lifted after the beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter. Lifted nursery stock is heeled into a field bed of course sandy loam.<br>They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted seedlings in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Populus fremontii</i> S. Wats. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
3023 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | tremuloides | Michx. | POPTRE | Aspen Forest, Saint Mary, 1585 elev. | <i>P. tremuloides</i> occurs from Alaska to Labrador south to California, Arizona, and northern Mexico, through the Rocky Mountains to Texas, the Great Basin states, and from the Dakotas and Nebraska east across the upper Mid-West and south through New England to Virginia. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cuttings<br> Height: 30 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm <br> Root System: firm plug in containers. | Aspen | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Root cutting. | Roots are cut into 10 to 20 centimeter sections> The ends of each root cuttings are sealed with paraffin, and root cuttings are placed in a 2 minute Domain fungicide bath to kill surface pathogens.<br>Root sections are placed in a mist bed with bottom heat set at 21C until shoots emerge and are are 5 cm tall.<br> Shoots are excised with a razor blade from the root cuttings and treated with 2000 ppm IBA rooting hormone powder before sticking shoot cuttings in the mist bed with bottom heat setat 21C for 8 weeks until an adequate root system is generated.<br> Rooting %: 95% of excised shoots produce roots. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br> Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium.<br>Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th.<br> | Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | 8 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers.<br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 10 weeks | Containers are leached with clear water to remove excess salts prior to winterization of nursery stock. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 2 years<br> Harvest Date: September of the second year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Vegetative Propagation of Rocky Mountain Aspen, Schier, G., U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-44, August 1978.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Johnson, Kathy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> Michx. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3024 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Populus | tremuloides | (Michx.) | POPTRE | Taos County (north-central), NM, 8000 ft. to 9500 ft. elevation. | P. tremuloides is found from Alaska to Labrador, south to California, northern Mexico,Tennessee and New Jersery. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Height: 30 cm. Caliper: 3 mm. Root System: Firm plug. | Quaking aspen | VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: Root Cuttings. Rationale for Vegetative Propagation from Nursery Stock Plants: Seed of local ecotypes is not available. The propagation of clones native to the mine site is preferred. Stock plants have to be grown in a nursery because wild stands can not provide sufficient root cuttings and these stands are inaccessible during the winter months. Nursery Stock Plant Establishment: Root cuttings were collected in October from wild stands by wrenching suckers out of very rocky soils. | Root Cutting Collection from Stock Plants: Root cuttings were collected from stock plants during March. When cuttings were harvested within 2 cm of the periphery of the root ball, individual stock plants yielded from 22 to 36 cuttings per pot. Average caliper ranged from 4 to 6 mm, the average length ranged from 8 to 9 cm. Cuttings were harvested with a slant cut on the distal end and a perpendicular cut on the proximal end. Root cuttings were soaked in a Captan suspension (1:125 volumetric ratio, i.e., 2 tbs./gal) immediately after harvesting for 15 to 30 minutes, placed in polyethylene bags containing moist Spaghnum peat moss, and stored at 4§ C for 6 to 12 weeks before planting. The growth of all tested aspen clones showed an overall trend with small caliper-long cuttings having the best growth and large caliper-short cuttings having the poorest growth. The overall survival trend for all clones indicates that the longer cuttings were superior. Long cuttings averaging 10 cm in length are preferable. Cutting caliper as small as 3 to 4 mm is not detrimental and in some cases may be beneficial. | Greenhouse Propagation: Cuttings were stuck vertically in 164 ml Super Cell Cone-tainers. Media was 2 parts Sunshiner #1 mix to 1 part perlite with controlled release fertilizer 17-6-12 plus minors (3-4 months) added at a rate of 2 kg/cubic meter. Root cuttings were inserted into dibbled holes until the proximal end was just below the media surface. Ramets were fertilized once a week with 100 mg/l N from soluble fertilizer (20-10-20 plus minors). | Eight weeks after sticking, 45 to 55 % of the ramets of the better growing clones had total stem lengths greater than 22 cm (9 inch). | Dreesen, D.R.; Harrington, J.T. 1998. Vegetative propagation of aspen, narrowleaf cottonwood, and riparian trees and shrubs. In: Landis, T.D., tech. coord. National Proceedings, Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-25. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 129-137. | Dreesen, David. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> (Michx.) plants USDA NRCS - Los Lunas Plant Materials Center Los Lunas, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
3025 | Populus (tremuloides) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Populus | tremuloides | L. | POPTRE | Alberta | <i>P. tremuloides</i> is the most widely distributed tree species in North America and is found from Alaska across Canada to Newfoundland and south to Virginia. It isfound throughout the western United States south to northern Mexico. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Containerized Plugs | 12 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Plug in styroblock container. | Aspen | We use a well established nursery stock plant growing in a 3L (1 gallon) container as the propagule for increasing aspen plugs. | Aspen propagules are increased in a climate controlled greenhouse. | Roots will grow down through all the cells of the styroblock. Once roots emerge at the bottom of the block, we add another block underneath filled with medium. | We have stacked up to 6 or 7 styroblocks in a single season using this method.<br> Stacked stryoblocks can be difficult to irrigate. The simplest method is to secure the blocks together and submerge them in a tank of water until completely saturated. | At the end of the growing season, trays are separted by using a sharp knife. Plugs can be extracted from the cavities or left in the styroblock trays. | Extracted plugs or the entire styroblock trays are placed into cooler storage for the winter months.<br> We have successfully stored both extracted plugs or entire blocks. | LaFleur, Larry. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Populus tremuloides</i> L. plants Containerized Plugs; Coast to Coast Reforestation Edmonton, Alberta. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
3026 | Portulaca (lutea) | Portulacaceae | Purslane Family | Portulaca | lutea | Soland.ex G. Forst | PORLUT | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Widespread in the Pacific from New Caledonia to Pitcairn Island north to Polynesia and Micronesia. In Hawai'i, occurring in coastal and strand habitats, 0-40 m, on lava, raised coralline reef, sand dunes, and in soil pockets or cracks, on all of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands except Kure Atoll and Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and windward, occasionally leeward coasts of O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. On Midway, P. lutea, P. oleraceae, and the hybrid have been observed. Often flowers were not observed on plants and were indistinguishable. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Ihi | plants should only be propagated by cuttings due to the presence of the alien species and the hybridization of it with this species.<br>Plants will need to be positively identified, then cuttings will be the appropriate way to propagate the plant. Propagation by seeds can not be done because of the hybridization problem. or collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6-8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75-80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will be successful. Rooting hormone may be used for certain species while other species do not need it. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers aremisters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Plants will form roots in 2 to 3 weeks. Care should be given not to over water this species. | 1 month | 5 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Portulaca lutea</i> Soland.ex G. Forst plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
3027 | Potamogeton (perfoliatus) | Potamogetonaceae | Potamogeton | perfoliatus | L. | POTPER | Severn River, MD and Chesapeake Bay near Kent Island, MD | Redhead grass is a perennial submerged aquatic, commonly found in fresh to brackish water up to 20 parts per 1000 salinity throughout eastern North America, from Canada west to Ohio and south to Florida and Louisiana. It is generally found on muddy or sandy soil in water with mild currents. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | Bareroot plants (grown in containers, but used as bareroot transplants or with little soil clinging to roots and rhizomes) | 0 | Plants are considered to be transplant ready when roots have spread throughout the pot and new shoots are developing. We do not have a target height for plants, although we've gotten plants with shoot lengths of 40 cm and greater. | Redhead grass | We take cuttings from stock plants maintained in our greenhouse because of state restrictions on harvesting wild plants; material for stock plants was originally collected as wrack (floating plant parts) in the field during midsummer. Cuttings are collected from stock plants along any part of the redhead grass stem with nodes (main shoots, sideshoots, flowering stems, stem tips, and midsections). Cuttings can be taken from greenhouse stock plants any time of year. Cuttings that are at least 7.5 cm long begin to form new roots and shoots more quickly than smaller cuttings. | Cuttings (as well as stock plants) are grown in a 5130 L freshwater tank in a greenhouse. Water is continuously flushed through a 2 sponge filter and is maintained in the tank at the depth of 45 cm (which is the maximum depth available in the tank) with the addition of tap water as needed. Water temperature fluctuates with the surrounding air temperature in the greenhouse between 20 and 25C. Daylength is kept fairly constant, around 14 h. Natural daylength is augmented during the winter months by 5 hours of light supplied by four 1000 watt sodium lamps suspended along the center tank, 2.6 meters apart and 1.8 meters above the tank. The greenhouse is covered with a whitewash solution that provides 30% sunlight shading from mid-April to October.<br> Growing media for rooted cuttings used is inexpensive topsoil (enough to fill 5 cm wide x 10 cm deep pots to within 1 cm of top, packed) mixed with 1.2 grams of Nutricote slow release fertilizer (18:6:8, 180 day release rate at 25 C). This soil-fertilizer mix is covered with a minimum of 6 mm of washed play sand to cut down on algae formation on growing surface.<br> Filamentous algae tends to be a problem in the tank, and is removed with a hand net when the sponge filter does not adequately capture it. Barley straw bales were unsuccessful in controlling algae, although bacterial treatments were partially successful in breaking down algae. | Cuttings do not require rooting hormone. Cuttings 7.5 cm long generate new roots in 2 weeks and cuttings 2.5 cm long generate roots in 4 weeks. | 2 to 4 weeks | Cuttings continue to generate additional root mass and shoots and rhizomes after establishment. | 10 weeks with one cutting per container, although may be faster with more than one cutting per container. | For mid- to late-summer plantings, cuttings are ready for shipping to restoration sites in 12 weeks. Plants may be placed in coolers of water or covered with wet newspaper for local transport (either same day or overnight). | Propagation of Redhead Grass (<i>Potamogeton perfoliatus</i>) Transplants for Restoration Projects, Kujawski, J. and Thompson, R., Native Plants Journal, Fall 2000, 1:124-127. | Kujawski, Jennifer; Thompson, Randy. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Potamogeton perfoliatus</i> L. plants Bareroot plants (grown in containers, but used as bareroot transplants or with little soil clinging to roots and rhizomes); USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
3028 | Premna (obtusifolia) | Verbenaceae | Verbena Family | Premna | obtusifolia | Premna | serratofolia | PREOBT | Yap Islands | Arr is a common coastal strand plant found throughout Malaysia and the Pacific islands. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 6 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Arr | Collect softwood stem cuttings when the leaves have expanded and the stems are firm. During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Each cutting must have several shoot buds. These are cut to 15 cm (6.0 in) lengths, and all mature leaves are removed except the terminal leaves. Leaf buds in the axils of leaves are not removed and will form new leaves once the cuttings are well rooted. Cuttings are directly stuck into containers filled with moistened medium. We do not use rooting hormones. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Cuttings begin to form roots about 4 weeks after sticking. We plant them in polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. Cuttings are kept evenly moist during establishment | 4 weeks | Once cuttings are well rooted, new leaves from the axillary leaf buds begin to form. We keep cuttings in the shelterhouse during active growth to protect them from wind and heavy rains. | 12 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeksprior to outplanting. | 1 month | Containerized cuttings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Premna obtusifolia</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3029 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Prunus | virginiana | L. | PRUVIR | ecotype from the Old Faithful Overlook area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Rooted cuttings produced in 4.5-inch azalea to 1-gallon pots | 0 | Common chokecherrry | Collect summer cuttings in early August from semi-hardwood sprouts. Take 6- to 8-inch long cuttings with a basal diameter of at least 0.25 inches. Place cuttings inside a ziplock bag moistened with water, and then store in a portable cooler packed with ice. Store the cooler in a shaded location such as the back of a pickup with a camper top. Minimize storage time. The cuttings we collected were held in the cooler less than 16 hours before being moved to a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. Inspect each bag periodically to assure high humidity and re-moisten as necessary. We collect cuttings from numerous individual plants in an attempt to sample to the diversity of the ecotype. Our use of summer cuttings reflects limited access to plants in the winter months in Yellowstone National Park. Cuttings collected at other times of the year may propagate as well or better. | Trim all cuttings to a 5- to 6-inch length. Remove all buds, leaves, and branches from the basal 2 to 3 in. of each cutting. Remove all fruit, when present, as well. Store the cuttings in moistened paper towels during processing. Recut the base of each stem cutting at an angle with a sharp knife and wound the basal end of the stem with a shallow 1- to 1.5-inch wound just below the cambium. Lightly spray the wound with water from a mist bottle, shake off excess water, and then insert the base into rooting compound. Remove excess hormone by lightly tapping the end of the cutting on the side of a hard surface. Our treatments included semi-hardwood cuttings treated with 16,000 ppm IBA, 30,000 ppm IBA, or 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,400 ppm ThiramT (fungicide). The number of cuttings per treatment ranged from 10 to 68. Rooting ranged from 58% (26 cuttings, 16,000 ppm IBA) to 87% (68 cuttings, 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,400 ppm ThiramT). | A 100% coarse perlite propagation media was used in our trial, although any sterile, highly drained media, such as sand or vermiculite, should work equally well. Moisten the media and make holes to receive each cutting. Use hot water heat to maintain the propagation media at 70øF for the first 12 to 16 weeks in the bed (root initiation phase) and then turn it off. We use overhead intermittent mist activated by a Mist-o-maticT controller. Firm the media around each cutting after sticking to assure good cutting:media contact. Maintain the greenhouse at 70 to 75øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. | Cuttings initiate roots within 12 to 16 weeks, and are well rooted after 24 weeks. Thisspecies produces medium to medium-fine textured roots. Fertigate the cuttings once or twice each week with 150 to 250 ppm of 9-45-15 as soon as budbreak occurs. Because we let these plants remain active in the greenhouse over the winter, we waited until late January to transplant them into pots in a commercial peat-lite mix. The plants were moved to a shade house in May for hardening off and finishing. | Allow 6 months from time of sticking before potting up. | Move containerized seedlings or rooted cuttings started (or held) in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in an outdoor hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to10øF. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> L. plants Rooted cuttings produced in 4.5-inch azalea to 1-gallon pots; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
3030 | Prunus (virginiana) | Rosaceae | Prunus | virginiana | Colorado, Hollowell Park (98-062c) | cuttings | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Chokecherry | Hollowell Park (98-062c) collected on 7/1/98. | <b>Treatment:</b> Hollowell Park (98-062c) treated with rootinghor. | Hollowell Park (98-062c) used per/ver media to location with mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Prunus virginiana</i> cuttings USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3031 | Purshia (tridentata) | Rosaceae | Purshia | tridentata | Colorado, Hollowell Park (98-059c, 98-113c), Moraine Park Campground (98-064c, 98-095c, 98-115c), McGraw Ranch (98-097c) | cuttings | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Antelope Bitterbrush | Collected at Hollowell Park (98-059c, 98-113c) on 6/30/98; Moraine Park Campground (98-064c) on 6/21/98; Moraine Park Campground (98-095c) on 8/4/98; and Moraine Park Campground (98-115c) on 12/2/98; McGraw Ranch (98-097c) on 8/7/98 | <b>Treatment:</b> Hollowell Park (98-059c, 98-113c), Moraine Park Campground (98-064c, 98-095c, 98-115c), McGraw Ranch (98-097c) all treated with rootinghor. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Hollowell Park (98-059c, 98-113c) grown in per/ver media, located under mister; Moraine Park Campground (98-064c) grown in per/ver media, located under mister; Moraine Park Campground (98-095c) grown in per/ver media, less than 1% root, located under mister, transplanted 9/22/98; Moraine Park Campground (98-115c) grown in per/ver media, located in heated greenhouse, McGraw Ranch (98-097c) grown in per/ver media, located under mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Purshia tridentata</i> cuttings USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3032 | Rhamnus (alnifolia) | Rhamnaceae | Buckthorn family | Rhamnus | alnifolia | L'Her | RHAALN | Gravel bar of stream; adjacent to Pine/ Fir forest, Many Glacier, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. 1585m elevation. | <i>R. alnifolia</i> occurs east of the Cascades, from B.C. to California, east to Quebec and Maine, and to Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 15 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 7 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in conetainers. | Alder buckthorn | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cutting collected in late June. | Cuttings were 17 cm in length and were taken in late June. Cuttings were treated with 8000 ppm Hormex rooting powder and struck in sand media under mist with bottom heat for 7 weeks. Cuttings produced well branched roots. Cuttings were potted in 800 ml pots and were root tight in 4 weeks.<br> Rooting %: 50% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting media is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First average frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were prerooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting media. | 7 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 8 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.3 years from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Evans, Jeff. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rhamnus alnifolia</i> L'Her plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3033 | Ribes (bracteosum) | Grossulariaceae | Currant family | Ribes | bracteosum | RIBR | Riparian forest | West Coast, CA to AK | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | D60 tubes. 14" X 2.7". 60 cubic inches of volume. | Out planted after 10-12 months in nursery. | Stink Currant | Whips are collected after RIBR sheds its leaves in the late fall and early winter and range from 2-5 feet long. Target new growth with relatively few lateral branches and bright, consistent bark. | Keep cut ends of whips submerged in water or wrapped in wet burlap until planting. Dip in indole-3-butyric acid and sow 2 cuttings per tube. | Soil mixture is made up of 50% grower grade peat moss, 15% coarse perlite, 20% fine bark, 15% vermiculite, and 21-4-8 Osmocote 12-14 month slow-release fertilizer at 2.5 cups/wheelbarrow. | Cuttings sown in November were placed in a greenhouse (35F - 65F) and watered through overhead misters for ten minutes, twice daily. After three months, 80% of tubes had at least one rooted cutting. In March they were spaced and transferred into shaded wetland beds and watered with impact sprinklers for 50 minutes, three times weekly until they were out planted in December. More than 91% of rooted plants survived the Summer to be out planted. | 2 months | Plants lignified after 3 months of growth. | Outplant with auger into wetlands. Cage for the first three years to limit flood damage. | Seebacher, L. (2003, June 5). Plant Propagation Protocol for Ribes bracteosum. courses.washington.edu. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from Protocol URL:
https://courses.washington.edu/esrm412/protocols/RIBR.pdf | Skinner, Asa M A. 2022. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes bracteosum</i> Plants D60 tubes. 14" X 2.7". 60 cubic inches of volume. ; Garibaldi, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
3034 | Ribes (cereum) | Grossulariaceae | Ribes | cereum | Colorado, Hollowell Park (98-060c), Moraine Park Campground (98-063c, 98-094c), Alluvial Fan (98-069c) | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Wax Currant | Hollowell Park (98-060c) collected on 6/30/98; Moraine Park Campground (98-063c) collected on 6/21/98; Moraine Park Campground (98-094c) collected on 8/4/98; Alluvial Fan (98-069c) collected on 7/5/98. | <b>Treatment:</b> Hollowell Park (98-060c), Moraine Park Campground (98-063c, 98-094c), Alluvial Fan (98-069c) all were treated with rootinghor. | Hollowell Park (98-060c) grown in per/ver media, located to mister; Moraine Park Campground (98-063c) grown in per/ver, located to mister; Moraine Park Campground (98-094c) grown in per/ver media, 3% root, located to mister, transplanted 9/15/98; Alluvial Fan (98-069c) grown in per/ver media, 40% root, located to mister, transplanted 8/4/98. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes cereum</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3035 | Ribes (inerme) | Grossulariaceae | Ribes | inerme | RIIN2 | Colorado, Endovalley (98-056c) | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Whitestem Gooseberry | Endovalley (98-056c) collected on 6/14/98. | <b>Treatment:</b> Endovalley (98-056c) treated with rootinghor. | Endovalley (98-056c) grown in peat/per media, 0% root, located under mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes inerme</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3036 | Ribes (sanguineum) | Grossulariaceae | Gooseberry Family | Ribes | sanguineum | Pursh | Variety | glutinosum | (Benth.) Loud. | RIBSAN | Muir Woods, California | <i>R. sanguineum</i> var. <i>glutinosum</i> is found in the Coast Rnages from Del Norte and Humboldt counties south to Santa Barbara and San Luis Obsipo counties, California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 16 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Blood Currant | Semi-hardwood cuttings are collected between July 10th and August 10th.<br> Cutting length is 3 to 4 inches. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds. <br> Cuttings are treated with Hormex (1000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> Cuttings are struck 1.5 inch deep in deep flats.<br> % Rooting: 90% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automaticmist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:90 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x7" tubes (Deepot 16) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Ribes sanguineum</i> Pursh plants Deepot 16; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
3037 | Robinia (hispida) | Fabaceae | Pea | Robinia | hispida | L. | ROHI | southern Appalachian | Bristly locust is found throughout most of the continental United States, except for Idaho, Montana, North and South Dakota, Colorado, Nevada and Arizona. | None | Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 1-0 | 12 months | A second spring seedling ranging in height from 6" to 12" and having a compact, well developed root system. | bristly locust | Roots (rhizomes) are collected by digging and severing from the parent plant typically in late winter or early spring while the parent shrub is still dormant. Preferred root diameter is pencil sized or about 1/4" diameter. Roots suitable for propagation are generally found at shallow soil depths which eases collection. | Root suckers (stems) begin to emerge within 2-3 weeks after roots are placed in the vermiculite propagation beds. Once sufficient top growth has developed, the new plants along with a 2" minimum segment of root are removed from the propagation bed, the root segment is dipped in a rooting hormone solution and the new plant is transplanted into a nursery trade sized 1 quart pot filled with coarse processed bark and composted pine bark growing medium. Transplants are then placed on a misting table to encourage new root development. A typical misting cycle is 20 seconds of misting at 2 minute intervals. Plants remain on the misting table until a moderate density, fibrous root system has developed. | 3-4 months | Once an adequate root system has developed, the potted plants may be placed in standard greenhouse or outdoor growing conditions. In either case, plants are maintained under natural lighting and may benefit from artificial or natural shade. In either case, shade should not exceed 50%. Optimal soil moisture levels are typically maintained via automatic watering systems during daylight hours. | 4-6 months | Plants grown outdoors typically do not require acclimation. Plants grown in greenhouse environments may be acclimated by placing the plants outdoors in a protected location for a minimum of two weeks. | 2 weeks | Dirr, Michael A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Champaign, Illinois. Stipes Publishing, LLC.<p>USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 17 August 2016). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
| Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Robinia hispida</i> L. Plants 1-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
3038 | Robinia (hispida) | Fabaceae | Pea | Robinia | hispida | Plants can be found on dry, well-drained, moist, sunny or shaded areas. In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, plants were found on ridges of cliffs on fairly dry soils. | seeds | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Hairy Locust | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> None. | <b>PROPAGATION METHOD:</b> Rhizome cuttings. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Success of the following root cutting (rhizomes) method is not known at this time. Rhizome and root material was cut into 2-inch lengths (diameter of material approximately pencil size), sprinkled with a fungicide (Captan/Vitavax), and planted horizontally, approximately 1-inch deep in flats in the greenhouse. Growing medium is 1:1:1 peat, perlite, vermiculite. If successful, rooted material will be planted to a raised bed in the field in the spring of 1993. | <b>UNUSUAL OR UNIQUE HARVESTING OR DIGGING REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data un-available at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Root material needs to stay damp and cool for transport and storage.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Estimate of 1 to 5 days, depending on how it is packaged. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Robinia hispida</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3039 | Rosa | Rosaceae | Rosa | Colorado, GMV (98-032c), Endovalley (98-057c), Alluvial Fan (98-067c), Lily Lake (98-082c), MPCG (98-085c, 98-093.5c), McGraw (98-091c) | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Rose | GMV (98-032c); Endovalley (98-057c) collected on 6/14/98; Alluvial Fan (98-067c)collected on 7/5/98; Lily Lake (98-082c) collected on 7/15/98; MPCG (98-085c, 98-093.5c) collected on 7/27/98; McGraw (98-091c) collected 7/28/98. | <b>Treatment:</b> GMV (98-032c), Endovalley (98-057c), Alluvial Fan (98-067c), Lily Lake (98-082c), MPCG (98-085c, 98-093.5c), McGraw (98-091c) all treated with rootinghorm. | GMV (98-032c) grown in per/ver media, located to mister; Endovalley (98-057c) grown in peat/per media, 10% root, located to mister, transplanted on 6/30/98; Alluvial Fan (98-067c) grown in per/ver media, 50% root, located to mister, transplanted on 7/25/98; Lily Lake (98-082c) grown in per/ver media, located to mister; MPCG (98-085c, 98-093.5c) grown in per/ver media, located to mister, transplanted on 8/26/98; McGraw (98-091c) grown in per/ver media located to mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rosa</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3040 | Rosa (carolina) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rosa | carolina | L. | ROCA4 | Native range extends from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. | plants | vegetative | Container(plug), Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Containerized.<br> <b>Height:</b> 0.3 to 1 meter (1 to 3 feet). | Carolina rose | Collected in Natchez Trace Parkway close to Jackson, Mississippi by PMC staff in July 1991 and June 1992 (root suckers); Janet Grabowskil in 1993, 1994, and 1995 (seeds). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Scarification in concentrated sulfuric acid for 45 minutes followed by cold stratification in moist growing medium for 3 months. Some rose species also require a period of warm stratification before cold stratification (Dirr and Heuser, 1985); however, germination of this seed appeared to be fairly good without warm stratification. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field (division) and greenhouse (seeds).<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Division of plants was the main propagation method, however, some seedlings were also produced in the greenhouse.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> 2-gallon plastic containers were the final planting container for the 3X section. Plants to be planted on the other sections needed to be held longer so they were moved from a 2 to a 3-gallon in 1995. Seedlings were initially planted in 4-inch pots before moving up to the 2-gallon size.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Media was mixed by PMC staff and ranged from a 3:1 to 6:1 pine bark to sand medium throughout the production years. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> February.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Percentage not determined. Seedlings had sufficient growth within 2 to 3 months to be transplanted. <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Sow seed/growing medium mixture on the surface of the planting flat and then cover with 6 mm (1/4 inch) of additional medium. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> August. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> 2 to 4 years. | Dirr, M.A. and Heuser, C.W, Jr. 1985. The reference manual of woody plant propagation from seed to tissue culture. Varsity Press, Inc., Athens, GA. 239 p.<p> U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook 450, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container(plug), Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Rosa carolina</i> L. plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3041 | Rubus (idaeus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | idaeus | L. | RUBIDA | Ecotype from the Old Faithful Overlook area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | One-gallon and 4.5-inch azalea pots, depending on plant size. | 0 | American red raspberry | Collect semihardwood summer cuttings in early August. Take 6- to 10-inch long cuttings with a basal diameter of at least 0.25 inches. Place the cuttings inside a ziplock bag moistened with water, and then store in a portable cooler packed with ice. Store the cooler in a shaded location such as the back of a pickup with a camper top. Minimize storage time. The cuttings we collected were held in the cooler less than 16 hours before being moved to a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. Inspect each bag periodically to assure high humidity and re-moisten as necessary. We collect cuttings from numerous individual plants in an attempt to sample to the diversity of the ecotype. Our use of summer cuttings reflects limited access to plants in the winter months in Yellowstone National Park. Cuttings collected at other times of the year may propagate as well or | Trim all cuttings to a 5- to 8-inch length. Remove all buds, leaves, and branches from the basal 2 to 3 in. of each cutting. Remove all flowers and fruit, when present, as well. Store the cuttings in moistened paper towels during processing. Recut the base of each stem cutting at an angle with a sharp knife and wound the basal end of the stem with a shallow 1- to 1.5-inch cut just below the cambium layer. Lightly spray the wound with water from a mist bottle, shake off excess water, and then insert the base into rooting compound. Remove excess hormone by lightly tapping the end of the cutting on the side of a hard surface. Our trial treatments included semihardwood tissue treated with 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,400 ppm ThiramT (fungicide) or 16,000 ppm IBA. The number of cuttings per treatment ranged from 16 to 26. Rooting ranged from 27% (22 cuttings treated with 16,000 ppm IBA) to 69% (13 cuttings treated with 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,400 ppm ThiramT). A substantial percentage of rooted cuttings perished before transplanted, apparently succumbing to rot. | A 100% coarse perlite propagation media was used in our trial, although any sterile, highly drained media, such as sand or vermiculite, should work equally well. Moisten the media and make holes toreceive each cutting. Use bottom heat to maintain the propagation media at 70øF for the first 8 to 12 weeks in the bed (root initiation phase) and then turn it off. We use overhead intermittent mist activated by a Mist-o-maticT controller. Firm the media around each cutting after sticking to assure good cutting:media contact. Maintain the greenhouse at 70 to 75øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. | Cuttings initiate roots within 12 weeks, and are heavily rooted after 16 to 20 weeks. This species produces medium to fine textured roots. Fertigate the cuttings once or twice each week with 150 to 250 ppm 9-45-15 as soon as budbreak occurs. Because we let these plants remain active in the greenhouse over the winter, we waited until late January to transplant them into pots in a commercial peat-lite mix.The plants were moved to a shade house in May for hardening off and finishing. | Allow a minimum of 4 months from time of sticking before potting up. | Move containerized rooted cuttings grown in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter.In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | We overwinter rooted cuttings in 1- to 2-gal containers in an outdoor hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | This species overwinters well in 1-gal pots as previously described and has stored well in a cooler for approximately 4 weeks prior to shipping as dormant stock. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus idaeus</i> L. plants One-gallon and 4.5-inch azalea pots, depending on plant size.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
3042 | Rubus (parviflorus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | parviflorus | Nutt. | RUBPAR | Muir Woods, California | <i>R. parviflorus</i> is found from Alaska to southern California and inland to the Great Lakes region, through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and northern Mexico. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Thimbleberry | Semi-Hardwood cuttings are collected between June 1st and July 31st.<br> Cutting length is 5 inches. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds. <br> Cuttings are treated with Hormex (1000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 4:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> Cuttings are struck 2 inches deep in flats.<br> % Rooting:60% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. Bottom heat is used. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:60 days Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 30%. high Moratlity after transplanting; recommend a very well drained media. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus parviflorus</i> Nutt. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3043 | Rubus (spectabilis) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | spectabilis | Pursh | RUBSPE | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>R. spectabilis</i> is found from in moist woods, mostly below 100 feet elevation; from Alsaka to Central California in the coast ranges. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Salmonberry | Hardwood cuttings are collected between November 1st and January 31st.<br> Cutting length is 10 inches with a diameter of 3/8 to 1/2 inch including at least 8 nodes. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds.<br>Cuttings are recut to 4 inch lengths including 3 nodes each. Cuttings are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 perlite/vermiculite. <br> 100 Cuttings are struck 2 inches deep per flat.<br> % Rooting:50% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:50 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 50%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus spectabilis</i> Pursh plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3044 | Rubus (ursinus) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Rubus | ursinus | Cham. & Schlecht. | RUBURS | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>R. ursinus</i> is found from Oregon to Lower California, in waste places, fields, and canyons, below 3,000 feet elevation. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | California Blackberry | Hardwood cuttings are collected between and Decmber 15th and January 31st.<br> Cutting diameter is 1/8 inch.<br> Cutting length is 15 inches including at least 15 nodes. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds.<br>Cuttings are re cut to 5 inch lengths of 4 nodes each. Cuttings are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 perlite/vermiculite. <br> 100 Cuttings are struck 3 inches deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: 70% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. Flats are placed on a heated bench. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:70 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 70%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Rubus ursinus</i> Cham. & Schlecht. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3045 | Salix | Salicaceae | Salix | Colorado, Sprague Lake (98-029c, 98-066c, 98-072c), Green Mountain Vault (98-030c, 98-088c) Endovalley (98-071c), Fisherman's Access (98-103c, 98-105c) | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Willow | Sprague Lake (98-029c) collected 5/26/98; Spague Lake (98-066c) collected 6/22/98; Sprague Lake (98-072c) collected 7/5/98; Green Mountain Vault (98-030c) collected 6/19/98; Green Mountain Vault (98-088c) collected 7/28/98; Endovalley (98-071c) collected on 7/5/98; Fisherman's Access (98-103c) collected on 8/28/98; Fisherman's Access (98-105c) collected 10/14/98. | Sprague Lake (98-029c, 98-066c, 98-072c), Green Mountain Vault (98-030c, 98-088c) Endovalley (98-071c), Fisherman's Access (98-103c) all treated with rootinghor, Fisherman's Access (98-105c) treated with 15:1 rh. | Sprague Lake (98-029c) grown in per/ver media, 50% root, located to mister, transplanted 6/18/98; Sprague Lake (98-066c) grown in per/ver media, 40% root, located to mister, transplanted 7/5/98; Sprague Lake (98-072c) grown in per/ver media, located to mister, transplanted 8/14/98; Green Mountain Vault (98-030c) grown in per/ver media, 0% root, located to mister; Green Mountain Vault (98-088c) grown in ver/per/germ media, 20% root, located to mister, transplanted 9/19/98; Endovalley (98-071c) grown in per/ver media, 50% root, located to mister, transplanted 7/18/98; Fisherman's Access (98-103c) grown in per/ver media, 0% root, located to mister; Fisherman's Access (98-105c) 0% root, located to mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3046 | Salix (amygdaloides) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | amygdaloides | Anderss. | SALAMY | <i>S. amygdaloides</i>is found throughout northern and western North America south to Texas. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Peachleaf willow | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to cutting beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Cuttings are root pruned after they are well established in June. Testan area to see if cuttings can handle root pruning. If excessive wilting occurs, do not prune. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during mid November when cuttings are completely dormant. Cuttings are hand lifted after the beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted stock are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted stock in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> Anderss. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
3047 | Salix (arctica) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | arctica | Pall. | SALART | Alpine meadows, Logan Pass, 2032m elev., | <i>S. arctica</i> is a circumboreal species, occurring south in North America through the Cascades and Rocky Mountains to California and New Mexico in alpine and subalpine zones. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cuttings<br> Height: 3 cm in height<br> Caliper: 4 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Arctic willow | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Spring semi-softwood stem tip cuttings<br> Semi-softwood stem tip cuttings are collected when leaf buds have just begun to break dormancy after snowmelt at high elevations. | Cuttings are 4 to 6 cm in length and 5 mm in caliper and are treated with 1000 ppm IBA powder. Cuttings are struck in mistbed with bottom heat for 2 to 4 weeks.<i>Salix arctica</i> is easily produced by cuttings. <i>Salix</i> has latent preformed root initials present in the stem and initial rooting is seen in cuttings in one week.<br> Rooting %: 95% to 98% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br> Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media.<br>Rooting media is 50% perlite and 50% sand.<br> Mistbed is covered with a shadecloth during rooting.<p>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 4 to 6 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were prerooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting media. | 4 to 6 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 490 ml containers. Growing media used is 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite 30%sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. One final irrigation is applied prior to overwintering. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<pr> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, N. Deno, published June 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1999 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Brenneman, B., unpublished. | Evans, Jeff. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix arctica</i> Pall. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3048 | Salix (boothii) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | boothii | Dorn | Variety | Salix | myrtillifolia | auct. non Anderss. | SALBOO | <i>S. boothii</i> is found throughout western United States and Canada in montane and subalpine riparian areas. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Booth's willow | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to cutting beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Cuttings are root pruned after they are well established in June. Test an area to see if cuttings can handle root pruning. If excessive wilting occurs, do not prune. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p>Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is duringmid November when cuttings are completely dormant. Cuttings are hand lifted after the beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted stock are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted stock in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Salix boothii</i> Dorn plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3049 | Salix (commutata) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | commutata | Bebb | Salix | commutata | Variety | denudata | Bebb | SALCOM | Subalpine streambank, Oberlin Bend, 2025m elev., Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>S. commutata</i> grows from mid-montane to barely above tree line; from southern Alaska and Yukon south to northern California, east to western Montana, Idaho, western Wyoming, and northern Utah. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 1.0 cm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Undergreen Willow | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Spring hardwood or summer softwood stem cuttings. | Spring Hardwood or Summer Softwood Stem Cuttings.<br>Cuttings are 10 to 15 cm in length and 9 mm in caliper and are treated with 1000 ppm IBA rooting hormone powder.<br> Cuttings are stuck in mistbed with bottom heat for 2 to 4 weeks.<br> Rooting %: 90% to 98% <br> <i>Salix commutata</i> is easily produced by cuttings.<br><i>Salix</i> has latent preformed root initials in the stem and root emergence occurs within 1 week of treatment. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand.<br> Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. | 2 to 4 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocoteand 1 gram of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: September to October.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, N. Deno, published June 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix commutata</i> Bebb plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
3050 | Salix (drummondiana) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | drummondiana | Barratt. | SALDRU | Subalpine streambank, Oberlin Bend, 2020m elev., | <i>S. drummondiana</i> occurs in moist places to open slopes, from foothills to the subalpine; from B.C. and Alberta south to Sierran California, Nevada and Utah, south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and east across Canada and the northern U.S. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: 6 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Drummond's willowÿ | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Spring hardwood or summer softwood stem cuttings.<br> Hardwood tip cuttings are collected before bud break. Softwood cuttings can be collected any time of year after flowering. | Cuttings are 15 to 20 cm in length and 7 mm in caliper. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 1000 ppm liquid IBA, and struck in mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting media.<br>Cuttings are grown in mistbed with bottom heat for 2 to 4 weeks.<br> <i>Salix drummondiana</i> is easily produced by cuttings.<br> Rooting %: 98% to 100% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting media is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 2 to 4 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting media. | 4 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers.<br>Growing media used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S ,0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 4 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, N. Deno, published June 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix drummondiana</i> Barratt. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3051 | Salix (exigua) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | exigua | Nutt. | SALEXI | Sandbar along the North Fork of the Flathead River, 1100m elev., Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>S. exigua</i> grows from the plains and foothills to mid-montane elevations; from southern Alaska and Yukon south to northern Mexico, throughout the Great Plains, Great Basin and east of the Cascades, south through the Rocky Mountains, and east to Quebec. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 6 mm <br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Sandbar willow | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Hardwood or softwood tip cuttings<br> Hardwood tip cuttings are collected before bud break. Softwood cuttings can be taken any time after flowering. | Cuttings are 20 cm in length and 7 mm in caliper. Cuttings were cut into 20 to 30 cm lengths, with the base recut and 1/3 of leaves or buds removed. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 1000 ppm liquid IBA, and stuck in mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. Cuttings are stuck in mistbed with bottom heat for 2 to 4 weeks.<br> Rooting %:100%<br> <i>Salix exigua</i> is easily produced by either softwood or hardwood cuttings. <i>Salix</i> has latent preformed root initials present in the stems. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in earlymorning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 2 to 4 weeks <br> Cuttings that were prerooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the stem below the surface of the rooting medium. | 4 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 6 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: June<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the WoodyPlants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier National Park Propagtion records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix exigua</i> Nutt. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3052 | Salix (exigua) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | exigua | Nutt. | SALEXI | <i>S. exigua</i> is a common component of disturbed floodplains and sandbars along rivers and streams throughout the western United States south to Texas. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Coyote willow | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to cutting beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Cuttings are root pruned after they are well established in June. Test an area to see if cuttings can handle root pruning. If excessive wilting occurs, do not prune. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 2 months | Lifting window is during mid November when cuttings are completely dormant. Cuttings are hand lifted after the beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted stock are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted stock in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Salix exigua</i> Nutt. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
3053 | Salix (gooddingii) | Salicaceae | Willow or Poplar Family | Salix | gooddingii | Ball | SAGO | Valencia County, New Mexico | In New Mexico, this species is found throughout riparian areas below the coniferous forests in all but the far northeast portion of the state (Carter 1997). | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 30 to 45 cm Caliper: 3 to 5 mm Root System: Firm root plug | Goodding's willow; Goodding's black willow | Stem cuttings are taken from dormant plants growing in stooling blocks in March (or anytime January to early April) grown in the middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico. Cuttings are taken from the previous season's growth and are at least 18 cm in length. Cuttings are sealed in polybags to prevent desiccation, and brought to the nursery on ice in coolers. Cuttings are then placed in a walk-in cooler (2 - 4<sup>o</sup>C) for storage. Note: the earlier the cuttings are taken (late January through February) the longer the cuttings can be stored before bud burst occurs during storage. Once bud burst occurs, rooting success drops quickly. Once placed in a growing environment, these propagules grow to target height specifications quickly, so holding dormant cuttings as late as possible helps reduce the occurrence of "oversized" seedlings. | Cuttings are stuck to a depth of 10 cm. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Cuttings are watered in and kept moist throughout the rooting period using an intermittent misting schedule. Mist is provided via an irrigation system using mini-sprinklers. Cuttings are rooted on standard greenhouse benches. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). Cuttings are stuck in early May and after 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 30 cm in height, are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Intermittent mist is maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase occurs in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the first two weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse, plants are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid-based, foliar feed fertilizer (27-15-12; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. During the remaining 8 weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized every other irrigation with a liquid-based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain thetarget shoot height (~25 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks is performed in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. Nosupplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | Carter, J.L. 1997. Trees and Shrubs of New Mexico. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO. 534 pp. <br><br> [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov. (accessed 3 December 2008). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix gooddingii</i> Ball plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
3054 | Salix (interior) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | interior | Rowlee | SALINT | South Central Missouri | Sandbar willow is found throughout the north central and north eastern United States south to Louisiana and Mississippi. Our cuttings are native to south central Missouri. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 6 ft<br> Caliper:0.50 in<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Sandbar willow | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.<br> The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those cuttings that have been established for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week ofJuly. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 1+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<br> TOP PRUNING PROCEDURES: We top prune only to keep seedlings from being damaged by the mechanical lifter. Our clients prefer seedlings that have not been severely shoot pruned. | 4-5 months | Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 3 months | Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. We try to lift when the majority of leaves have dropped. Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February. | 3 months | Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Salix interior</i> Rowlee plants 1+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3055 | Salix (lasiolepis) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | lasiolepis | Benth. | SALLAS | Tennessee Valley, California | <i>S. lasiolepis</i> is found below 7,000 feet elevation and is common along streams, from Washington soth to California and east to Idaho and New Mexico. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Arroyo Willow | Hardwood cuttings are collected between Decmber 15th and January 31st.<br> Cutting diameter is 3/8 inch to 1/2 inch.<br> Cutting length is 10 inches. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds. <br> Cuttings are recut to inclde 3 nodes (5 inches long) and are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 Perlite/Vermiculite. <br> 50 Cuttings are struck 3 inches deep per flat.<br> %Rooting: 90% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:70 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 70%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix lasiolepis</i> Benth. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3056 | Salix (lucida) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | lucida | Benth. | Sub-species | lasiandra | (Benth.) E. Murr. | Salix | lasiandra | Benth. | SALLUC | <i>S. lucida ssp. lasiandra</i> is found throughout western North America to the Rocky Mountain states. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Pacific willow | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to cutting beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring and rapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Year 1: Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Cuttings are root pruned after they are well established in June. Test an area to see if cuttings can handle root pruning. If excessive wilting occurs, do not prune. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during mid November when cuttings are completely dormant. Cuttings are hand lifted after the beds have been undercut at a depth of 12 inches using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted stock are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted stock in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Salix lucida</i> Benth. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
3057 | Salix (lutea) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | lutea | Nutt. | SALUT | <i>S. lutea</i> is found in riparian areas from Alberta south to Missouri, Colorado and Kansas. It ranges west from Oregon and Idaho south to California and Arizona. | plants | vegetative | Bareroot (field grown) | 1+0 | 1 Years | Years | Height: 12 in.<br> Caliper: 3/16 in.<br> Root System: Root system must balance top growth. | Yellow willow | Cuttings are collected from stooling beds that are hedged to maintain juvenile wood that is straight and for ease of handling and sticking in field beds. Wild collections are also grown at our nursery and kept separated according to source. | Soils: Our field soils are Taylorsville Sandy clay loam with Cca horizon shallower than 12", Taylorsville sand clay loam variant with Cca deeper than 12",Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon shallower than 12" and Taylorsville Clay loam variant with Cca horizon deeper than 12".<br> Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed; and apply 0-45-0 (N:P:K) in April. 2 to 3 inches of compost are applied to cutting beds prior to sowing. Sulfur is applied during May. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.<br> Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch aluminum pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from a canyon stream to the north of here and is very good quality water. | Cuttings are stuck by hand in prepared field beds during early spring to a depth of 6 inches. Soil is firmed around stems after sticking to remove air pockets and irrigated after planting. Beds are irrigated as surface begins to dry. Rooting occurs when field soils warm in later spring andrapidly produce root growth. | 1 month after rooting in the spring. | Fertilization: We apply Morgro 21-0-0 (N:P:K) with the Gandy spreader (setting 18, speed 2 mph, rpm 1100 to 1200) the second week of each month during the growing season; from April to August. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 120 lbs/acre. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone. Fertilizer is not applied when foliage is wet. All sulfur and 0-45-0 (N:P:K) applications must be mechanically incorporated since these amendments are not mobile in the soil.<br> ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES: Cuttings are root pruned after they are well established in June. Test an area to see if cuttings can handle root pruning. If excessive wilting occurs, do not prune. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.<p> Top Pruning: Top pruning is typically done with sickle bar mower attached to the 656. Operational speed varies, but is not done above 1200 rpm. Cut at the desired height; constantly checking and adjusted the cut during the process. Keep field workers behind the cutting head.<br> | 4 months | Hardening begins during the third week of August or when dormancy is induced. No fertilizer is applied after August 28th. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed. | 1 month | Lifting window is during mid November when cuttings are completely dormant. Cuttings are hand lifter using a lifter.<br>Fall lifted stock are "heeled in" in sandy soils after we have graded and bundled them in bundles of 25. They are lifted in spring before they break dormancy then stored in our cooler on stacked pallets. We keep lifted stock in our cooler at between 36 to 42 degrees F and at a relative humidity of 92 to 98% with good air circulation. | Zeidler, Scott; Justin, John. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Salix lutea</i> Nutt. plants 1+0; Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Land - Lone Peak Nurse Draper, Utah. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||
3058 | Salix (nigra) | Salicaceae | Poplar or willow family | Salix | nigra | Marsh. | SANI | Black willow can be found throughout the eastern United States west to Minnesota and south central Texas to the border with Mexico. The species naturally occurs along waterways but has been successfully established in more upland positions throughout its range, provided there is an adequate supply of moisture (Pitcher and McKnight 1990). | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 164 ml conetainer | 0 | Height: 30 to 45 cm; Caliper: 4 to 6 mm; Root System: Firm root plug | Black willow | Stem cuttings are taken from dormant trees growing in stooling blocks in March (or anytime January to late April) grown in the Mora River Valley in north central New Mexico. Cuttings are taken from the previous season's growth and are at least 18 cm in length. Cuttings are sealed in polybags to prevent desiccation, and brought to the nursery on ice in coolers. Cuttings are then placed in a walk-in cooler (2 - 4<sup>o</sup>C) for storage. Note: the earlier the cuttings are taken (late February through March) the longer the cuttings can be stored before bud burst occurs during storage. Once bud burst occurs, rooting success drops quickly. Once placed in a growing environment these propagules grow to target height specifications quickly, so holding dormant cuttings as late as possible helps reduce the occurrence of "oversized" seedlings. | Cuttings are stuck to a depth of 10 cm. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Cuttings are watered in and kept moist throughout the rooting period using an intermittent misting schedule. Mist is provided via an irrigation system using mini-sprinklers. Cuttings are rooted on standard greenhouse benches. | Propagation (Establishment phase) occurs in a greenhouse and the active growth phase occurs in both a greenhouse and a shade house. The hardening phase occurs in the shade house and the dormant seedlings are over-wintered in a cold frame (small poly-topped greenhouse). Cuttings are stuck in early May and after 8 to 10 weeks in the greenhouse and once they reach 25 - 30 cm in height are moved outside to the shade house facility. Seedlings are kept here until dormant and leaves have been shed which typically occurs in late October in northern New Mexico. At this point the seedlings are moved into the cold frame for over wintering. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Shade house and cold frame irrigation is provided via a sub-irrigation system. In the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. Seedlings are not fertilized in the shade house or cold frame. | (Greenhouse) Intermittent mist is maintained until vigorous shoot and root growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures range from 18 to 26øC and no supplemental light is provided. | 2 to 4 weeks | (Greenhouse/Shade house) The first portion (4 to 10 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. Containers are irrigated as needed, which progressively increases as the seedlings grow. Typically, irrigation intervals involve irrigating once every 3 to 4 days for the first two weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the next several weeks then once every one to two days for the remainder of the active growth period in the greenhouse. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the first two weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse, plants are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid-based, foliar feed fertilizer (27-15-12; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. During the remaining 8 weeks of the active growth phase in the greenhouse seedlings are fertilized every other irrigation with a liquid-based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (~25 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26øC and during the night 18 to 22øC. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks is performed in the shade house. Seedlings are irrigated once every other day using a sub-irrigation system. No supplemental fertilizers are used during this portion of the active growth phase. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Shade house) This phase begins in late summer (end of August typically) to early fall as soon as seedlings attain their target shoot height. A series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Mora, NM, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm but nights begin cooling markedly. The interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to seedlings becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Seedlings are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. Seedlings are considered "hardened" once buds have formed and leaves have been shed. | 8 to 10 weeks | (Cold Frame) Seedlings are moved from the shade house into a cold frame (low-tech, twin-walled poly-topped greenhouse) in late October to early November. This step is necessary as the diurnal fluctuations in temperatures throughout the winter can result in daily freeze/thaw episodes which can damage the seedlings. The temperature in the cold frame ranges from 2 to 4<sup>o</sup>C day and night. Seedlings are irrigated on an as needed basis based on moisture levels in the root plug. No supplemental light is provided. Seedlings are kept in the cold frame until shipped which is typically in late February or early March. | 5 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2009. (On-line database). URL: http://www.itis.gov/ (accessed 3 February 2009).<br><br> Pitcher, J.A., and J.S. McKnight 1990. Black Willow. In (R.M. Burns & B.H. Honkala Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Hardwoods. URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/populus/deltoides.htm (accessed 3 February 2009). | Loveall, Mark W.; Harrington, John T. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix nigra</i> Marsh. plants 164 ml conetainer; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3059 | Salix (nigra) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | nigra | Marsh. | SANI | Buckhorn Area | Banks of streams, shores and rich low woods. New Brunswick to North Dakota, south to south New England; Long Island, New York; North Carolina, locally to Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, etc. | plants | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Container seedling.<br> <b>Height:</b> 3 ft.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Long taproot. | Black willow | N/A. | N/A. | <b>Vegetative Propagation Method:</b> Cuttings are at least 8 inches long and potted in 3 gallon containers with soil media in the greenhouse.<br> <b>Propagator:</b> Rudy G. Esquivel. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | Manual of Botany, 504; Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas, 451; How to Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest, 313-314; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information <br> ECS-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Salix nigra</i> Marsh. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||
3060 | Salix (orestera) | Salicaceae | Willow | Salix | orestera | Schneid. | SAOR | Crater Lake National Park, 6,500 ft elevation, along edges of streams and wet meadows near park headquarters | Oregon, California and Nevada in moist meadows and stream sides | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1-gallon containers | 1 Years | Years | multi-stemmed shrubs with well-developed root system. | Sierra willow | Summer softwood cuttings; new growth collected after flowering has completed. | none | A "standard" potting mix of Fisons' Sunshine #1 potting mix amended with small amounts of bark compost, and Osmocote 3-month slow release fertilizer plus Micromax trace elements in 1-gallon cans was used to grow these container plants. Extensive root and shoot pruning was needed for plants held over a second summer. | Our cuttings were rooted under mist in late summer in a light, soil-less peat and perlite mix in 1-gallon cans. Stored cuttings rooted later in the fall were also given bottom heat. Cuttings held until February for the propagation bench dropped leaves shortly after "sticking time" but rooted easily and vigorously with new bud break following soon after. | Fairly fast at rooting: 3 to 7 weeks depending on greenhouse temperatures and length of cold storage. | During the growing season, they were held in a shade house with drip irrigation and fertilized every 2 weeks during May and June with Peters' Triple-20 NPK at half-strength. Shoot pruning for height control and to encourage stem branching was done in June. An infestation of caterpillars one year was easily controlled with an application of Bacillus thuringiensis. | May to July | fertilizer ceased at end of June; watering intervals gradually lengthened; and shade cloth removed in late August to encourage good stem maturity. | 2 months | Plants shipped in their containers via refrigerated van to Crater Lake at the end of August of the 2nd year where they were held in a sheltered area for a few weeks of acclimation before outplanting. | Plants outgrow their pots after 1 season; could be root / shoot pruned; or, cuttings taken at the end of the growing season and stored in cooler to repropagate the following spring. | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix orestera</i> Schneid. plants 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3061 | Salix (reticulata) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | reticulata | L. | Sub-species | nivalis | Hook. | Salix | nivalis | Hook. | SALRET | Talus slopes, Siyeh Pass, 2362m elev., Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>S. reticulata</i> ssp. <i>nivalis</i> occurs from southern B.C. and Alberta to California, Utah and south through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico at high elevations in meadows, talus and scree slopes. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cuttings<br> Height: 2 cm<br> Caliper: 3 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Snow willow | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Hardwood or summer softwood stem cuttings collected after snowmelt at high elevations. | Hardwood tip cuttings are collected before leaf buds break dormancy.<br>Softwood cuttings are collected when stems are fully leafed.<br> Cuttings are 3 to 5 cm in length and 4 mm in caliper and are treated with 1000 ppm IBA. Cuttings are struck in mistbed with bottom heat for 2 to 4 weeks.<br>Rooting %: 100%<br><i>Salix</i> has latent preformed root initials in the stem and initial rooting occurs in 1 week. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21 C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 2 to 4 weeks<br> Cuttings that were prerooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the stem below the surface of the rooting media. | 4 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers.Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 6 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date: July<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix reticulata</i> L. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
3062 | Salix (scouleriana) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | scouleriana | Barratt. ex Hook. | SALSCO | Forest margin, Lake McDonald, 1100m elev., Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>S. scouleriana</i> grows from the lowlands and foothills to mid-montane elevations; from southern Alaska and Yukon east to Manitoba and South Dakota and south through the Cascades and Rockies to California, Arizona, and New Mexico. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 18 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cuttings<br> Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Scouler willowÿ | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-rooting or Direct Sticking<br> Type of Cutting: Spring hardwood or summer softwood stem cuttings. Hardwood tip cuttings are collected before bud break. Softwood cuttings can be taken any time after flowering. | Rooting %: 94% rooting was obtained in hardwood cuttings without the use of IBA.<br> 84% to 100% rooting was obtained in both hardwood and softwood cuttings treated with 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm IBA. Generally, softwood stem tip cuttings root more quickly than hardwood cuttings.<br><i>Salix</i> has latent preformed root initials present in the stem and initial rooting occurs in 1 week. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 4 weeks<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the stem below the surface of the rooting medium. | 4 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 3L containers.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 12 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.5 years<br> Harvest Date: Fall<br>Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished. | Lapp, Joyce; Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix scouleriana</i> Barratt. ex Hook. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3063 | Salix (sericea) | Salicaceae | Willow family | Salix | sericea | SASE | Monongahela National Forest | Widely distributed in the eastern half of the US and eastern Canada. | Not known to be invasive. | Cuttings | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 year | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting by hand with at least 12" top growth and a healthy root system. | Silky willow | Healthy whips of silky willow were collected in the spring from within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest near Bartow, WV. | The bottom end of each cutting was dipped in a solution of Dip N Grow rooting hormone. The solution was made by combining 1 part liquid rooting compound with 10 parts water. This is the ratio typically used for medium hardwoods cuttings. | A mist table in the greenhouse was prepared by covering the top of the table with clear plastic and creating sides to hold the growing media using 2" x 4" boards. Once prepared, equal parts of perlite and coarse sand, by volume, were added to a depth of 3 1/2". The perlite and sand mixture was wetted thoroughly before being planted. | The silky willow cuttings were placed upright into the perlite and sand growing media. They were inserted to a depth of about 3". | 2 months | The silky willows were kept in the mist table until they developed adequate root systems sufficient enough to allow them to be transplanted. They were then transplanted into 1 gallon containers filled with Metro-Mix 510 growing media. | 9 months | Plants were placed in the shade house to allow for plant hardening. | 1 month | Plants with sufficient top growth and root development were shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest for transplanting. Trailer was covered with tarps to prevent excessive wind burn. | 1 day | Silky willows prefer moist soil and are commonly found along streams, rivers and in springy places. They perform best in full sunlight but can tolerate some shading. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix sericea</i> Cuttings USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3064 | Salix (spp.) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | spp. | L. | SALSPP | Northern Idaho | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 336 ml (20.5 cu. in) containers | 0 | Height = 41 cm<br>
Firm root plug | Willow | We took 150 one-year old rooted cuttings and established a stooling bed at the University of Idaho nursery. After 1 growing season, the bed yielded 4500 microcuttings that rooted at a 99%+ rate. | Generally, we strike cuttings in late May to early June. About 3 d before starting, we begin soaking the cuttings in a running tapwater bath, keeping them in the shade.
An acceptable cutting must have a healthy-looking bud within the top 2.5 cm (1 in) of the cutting and a second bud somewhere on the cutting. Our experience is that any lower buds generally abort or begin growing and rot away without consequence. | Cuttings are struck into 336 ml [20.5 cu. in) containers filled with a 1:1 (v:v) <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss and vermiculite medium .<p> Once struck, the medium is saturated and allowed to drain to field capacity. Containers are placed inside an open-sided, polycarbonate-roofed growing structure. We use traveling boom irrigation. | As soon as leaves begin appearing, we begin fertilizing using Peters Conifer Starter (7N:40P2O5:17K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 42 ppm N, and add 1.5 ppm B (Solubor) and 24 ppm MgSO4. Cuttings are fertilized twice per week. | 2 weeks | After 2 wk, we apply Peters Excel Cal-Mag (15N:5P2O5:15K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 114 ppm N twice each week.<p> During the growing season, cuttings are pruned 3 or 4 times, depending on growth and available workers to do the pruning. As soon as shoots reach 20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 in) in height, we prune them back to 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in). We let them grow another 15 cm (6 in) or so, and then remove half of the new growth achieved since the last pruning, repeating this process as needed. In early September, cuttings are pruned the last time to about 41 cm (16 in). | 4 weeks | Every other week the cuttings receive 1 dose of Peters Professional Conifer Finisher (4N:25P2O5:35K2O; The Scotts Company, Marysville, Ohio) to supply 24 ppm N. This rotation continues until mid August. Then we alternate Finisher with CAN-17 (liquid calcium ammonium nitrate [17N]) at 77 ppm N for the twice per week fertilization.<p> Because the cuttings are grown in an opensided structure, they receive mostly ambient temperatures-leaves begin turning color and dropping in mid to late October and at that point we stop fertilization. | 12 weeks | In late November after the leaves have dropped, crews extract the rooted cuttings by hand and place 5 inside a 1.8 L, 30 x 60 cm (12 x 24 in) plastic bag. A narrow, self-locking plastic tag printed with species common name is used to seal the bag. Acceptable plants have a firm root system, shoot diameter above the original cutting > 6 mm, and a healthy-looking stem. Because the cuttings have been top-pruned, height is not a factor. Often, cutting shoots extend above the sealed bag. We place 25 bags of seedlings (125 total) inside a stack-and-nest tote box (76 cm long x 51 cm deep x 38 cm wide [30 x 20 x 15 in]). Totes are stacked inside the cooler (1øC [34øF]). | 4 to 5 months | Dumroese RK, Wenny DL, Morrison SJ. 2003. Propagation protocol for container willows and poplars using mini-cuttings. Native Plants Journal 4: 137-139. | Morrison, Susan J.; Wenny, Dave L.; Dumroese, Kasten. 2009. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix spp.</i> L. plants 336 ml (20.5 cu. in) containers; USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station Moscow, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3065 | Salix (vestita) | Salicaceae | Willow Family | Salix | vestita | Pursh | Salix | vestita | Variety | erecta | Anderss. | SALVES | Talus slopes, Highline trail, 2032m elev., | <i>S. vestita</i> occurs from southern B.C. and Alberta to Washington, northeastern Oregon, and central Montana in meadows, talus and scree near or above treeline. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 1 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 18 cm<br> Caliper: 7mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Rock Willow | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood tip cuttings.<br> | Cuttings are 10 cm in length and 1.0 cm in caliper. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens.<br>Cuttings were treated with 1000 ppm liquid IBA, and struck in mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. Cuttings are stuck in mistbed with bottom heat and pre-rooted for 2 to 4 weeks before transplanting to container.<br> Rooting %: 76 to 98%<br><i>Salix vestita</i> is easily produced by either softwood or hardwood cuttings. <i>Salix</i> has latent preformed root initials in the stem and initial rooting occurs in one week. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 2 to 4 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. | 4 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers.<br>Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe ,2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per conetainer.<br>Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks.<br>After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1 year<br> Harvest Date:July<br>Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salix vestita</i> Pursh plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
3066 | Salvia (apiana) | Lamiaceae | Mint Family | Salvia | apiana | Jepson | SALAPI | Catalina Island, California | White sage is found throughout southern California and the Channel islands. On Catalina Island, it inhabits dry, rocky slopes and ridges and coastal sage shrub communities. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | #1 Treepot | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container. | White Sage | We collect softwood tip cuttings during late April. | We recut cuttings at the base and remove lower leaves. We dip cuttings into a Physan disinfectant. We treat cuttings with Hormex #3 rooting powder and place them under an intermittent mist system. Ideal rooting medium is 1:1 (v:v) perlite and vermiculite. We have obtained up to 91% rooting using this medium. Do not use peat based rooting medium as it keeps cuttings too wet during rooting.<br> Cuttings should only be misted at short intervals; too frequent misting promotes stem rot. | The James H. Ackerman Native Plant Nursery is located on Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. From 1993 to 2004, the average maximum and minimum temperatures have been 75.4 F and 46 F, with an average of 361 frost free days per year and annual rainfall of 14 inches.<br> The facility is comprised of shade houses, mist propagation house, and an outdoor growing area. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to provide for the variance in temperature and shading requirements needed during the growing season. We irrigate all containers with an overhead emitter system in the shadehouses and use a drip system or hand water in the outdoor nursery. | Cuttings begin to form roots 2 to 4 weeks after treatment. We remove flats from mist and the shadehouse 4 weeks after treatment. | 1 month | After cuttings are well established with multiple roots, they are transplanted into into #1 Treepots (173 cubic inches) filled with a4:1:1 (v:v:v) peat, perlite, and compost. We incorporate Osmocote time release fertilizer (9 month release rate) (14 N:14P2O5:14K2O) at the rate of « cup per 0.75 cubic yard of medium. Containers are watered with an overhead emitter system as needed.<br> Following transplanting, seedlings are moved to another shadehouse with more temperature variance where they remain for several weeks.<br> | 4 months | Any nursery stock grown under shadehouse conditions are hardened by placing them in full sun exposure for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to outplanting. | 2 to 4 weeks | Containerized cuttings are over wintered directly in the open growing area. | Variable; depends on out planting date. | Herrera, Mike; Takara, Janet. 2006. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Salvia apiana</i> Jepson plants #1 Treepot; Catalina Island Conservancy Avalon, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||
3067 | Sambucus (canadensis) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Sambucus | canadensis | SAMCAN | Shenandoah National Park, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Nova Scotia, Quebec, Manitoba to South Dakota; Eastern U.S. south to Georgia. Found moist woods, fields, fence-rows, or dry pastures, roadsides. Prolific. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | <B>Stock Type:</B> Container plant, usually 1 gallon.<br> <b>Height:</b> 24-48 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Extensive fibrous root system fills container. | Elderberry | Cuttings collected at George Washington Parkway by J. Kujawski on 7/23/96. | N/A | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Greenhouse with alternating day night temperatures, under mist for cuttings. Shadehouse during summer months for one quart containers and above.<br> <b>Vegetative Propagation Method:</b> Materials are propagated vegetatively because soft wood cuttings root quickly and well.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Cuttings are started in sturdy plastic flats, then transplanted to quart and gallon containers. <b>Growing Media:</b> Perlite is used for rooting cuttings; transplants are planted into 2:1 Sunshine Mix #1 and shredded pine bark, with 180 day Nutricote 18-8-6. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once rooted cuttings have been transplanted into quarts in the summer, containers are moved outside to a shadehouse. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> It takes about 2 years to get gallon-size material.<br> <b>Harvest Date:</b> Container plants generally are sent for park planting in the spring, 2 years after cuttings were started.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house at 40§F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size and larger containers are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side in a block on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of the block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | Woody Plants of Maryland, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> Manual of Vascular Plants, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963.<p> Kujawski, J. 1997. 1996 Annual Report to the National Park Service for George Washington Memorial Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD. | Davis, Kathy M.; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus canadensis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3068 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Sambucus | racemosa | L. | Sambucus | racemosa | L. | Sub-species | pubens (Michx) House var arborescens (Torr. And Gray) | SARA2 | Crater Lake National Park, 6,000 to 6,500 ft elevation on moist soils at base of cliffs; protected areas | Widely distributed across Northern north America; except for southern and south-central plains states; more commonly at low to moderate elevations | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 2-year 1-gallon containers | 2 Years | Years | multi-stemmed with healthy, dark green foliage; roots reaching to bottom of container | red elderberry | 1-year wood collected well after flowering and berry ripeness; late September at Crater Lakes; placed into cool moist peat/ leaves trimmed back at collection time with just a little foliage retained | no special treatment; in our experience none of the rooting hormones enhanced success | Cuttings stuck into a light-textured, soil-free rooting medium (vermiculite) and placed into cool, shaded (60% shadecloth) greenhouse propagation bed, no bottom heat, under low rates of intermittent mist. | Cuttings took several weeks to begin rooting; ultimately about 60% rooted with this method and were ready for transplanting by January | 3 months | Well-rooted cuttings were potted up into one-gallon pots containing an organic-rich mixture of peat / perlite / compost amended with small amounts of Osmocote slow-release N-P-K and Micromax trace elements; and moved to an outdoor lathhouse for overwintering. Pots should be held up off the ground for drainage and periodically we had to remove liverwort and moss growth in early spring. During active growth phase (May to August of the 2nd year) plants were moved to the shadehouse with drip irrigation; fertilized every 2 weeks during May and June with half-strength Peters' Triple-20. Generally by June pots needed to be spread out a bit to provide room for the developing foliage | April to August | Fertilizer stopped in July; periods between waterings gradually lengthened in August and shade cloth removed at end of August for full-sun acclimation. Plants were generally showing good bud set and at least some stem suberization by the end of August. | 2 months | Plants were well-watered just prior to shipping via refrigerated van to Crater Lake at the end of August; if needed they could be held over winter in the lathhouse or in a walk-in cooler but may need some fresh compost / soil mix by the following spring. | see above | Hitchcock , C.L. and A. Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle Wa.<p> Kruckeberg, Aurthur R. 1982. Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Guide. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press. <p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823 <p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> L. plants 2-year 1-gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
3069 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Sambucus | racemosa | L. | Variety | melanocarpa | (Gray) McMinn. | Sambucus | melanocarpa | (Gray) McMinn. | SAMRAC | Subalpine forest, Avalanche Lake,1100m elev., Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>S. racemosa</i> is found from B.C. east throughout Canada and the northeastern U.S., south from B.C. to California and through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3 L containers | 16 Months | Months | Height: 25 cm<br> Caliper: 1.0 cm<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) containers. | Black elderberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Semi-softwood stem cutting.<br> Semi-softwood tip cuttings are collected in May when leaf buds are fully swollen but before the leaf tissue has expanded. <br>Cuttings are 15 to 20 cm long and 1 cm in caliper. | Cuttings are treated with Domain fungicide bath for two minutes. Cuttings are recut at the base and treated with 2000 ppm IBA rooting hormone. Cuttings are stuck in mistbed with bottom heat at 21 C for 8 weeks.<br> Rooting %: 66% to 85%<br> Cuttings are successful if taken at the correct physiological stage. Woody stem tip cuttings collected when buds were fully swollen but not expanded resulted in the highest rooting percentages. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cablesburied 12 cm beneath rooting medium.<br> Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Cuttings root in 8 weeks and are lifted and transplanted after an adequate root mass has been formed. | 8 weeks | Cuttings are transplanted into 3L (1 gallon) containers using 70% 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2 grams of Micromax per 3 L container. | 16 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Pots are leached with clear water before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 16 months in 1 gallon containers.<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, N. Deno, published June 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Lapp, Joyce; Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> L. plants 3 L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||
3070 | Sambucus (racemosa) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Sambucus | racemosa | L. | Variety | racemosa | L. | Sambucus | callicarpa | Greene | SAMRAC | Muir Woods, California | <i>S. racemosa</i> var. <i>racemosa</i> is found from British Columbia to San Mateo California. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Red Elderberry | Semi-Hardwood cuttings are collected between June 1st and June 30th.<br> | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds. <br> Cuttings include 2 nodes leaflets are trimmed back to 1/2 length. Cuttings are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 4:1 perlite/vermiculite. <br> 25 Cuttings are struck per flat.<br> % Rooting: 90% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept inthe greenhouse and watered with an automatic mist system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant:90 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 80%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sambucus racemosa</i> L. plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3071 | Scaevola (sericea) | Goodeniaceae | Goodenia Family | Scaevola | sericea | Vahl. | SCASER | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Naupaka is distributed from India to Hawai'i, and is found on all the major archipelagoes of Polynesia and Micronesia. It is one of the most common littoral shrubs, often forming dense thickets on rocky and sandy coasts throughout the area. In Hawai'i, common in coastal sites throughout the Hawaiian archipelago, except on Gardner Pinnacles, Necker and Nihoa. On Midway Atoll, naupaka is common in coastal sites and some sites inland. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Naupaka kahakai | For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | For cuttings, choose use stems that are at least 1
cm in diameter. Fairly large branches can be used, about 30 to 50 cm long or longer.
Collect portions from young growth with at least 3 nodes. Rooting hormone can be used.
Mortality should be minimal.
Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «"
pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. <br>Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this
can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Plants will begin to develop roots as early as a couple weeks. | 1 month | 5 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scaevola sericea</i> Vahl. plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
3072 | Scaveola (taccada) | Goodeniaceae | Goodenia Family | Scaveola | taccada | SCATAC | Yap islands, coastal strand | Found throughout the central and southern Pacific.It is one of the most common littoral shrubs, often forming dense thickets on rocky and sandy coasts throughout the area. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 4 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container. | Thoth | Collect softwood stem anu time of year. During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Each cutting must have several shoot buds. These are cut to 15 cm (6.0 in) lengths, and all mature leaves are removed except the terminal leaves. Leaf buds in the axils of leaves are not removed and will form new leaves once the cuttings are well rooted. Cuttings are directly stuck into containers filled with moistened medium. We do not use rooting hormones. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Cuttings begin to form roots about 4 weeks after sticking. We plant them in polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. Cuttings are kept evenly moist during establishment. | 4 weeks | Once cuttings are well rooted, new leaves from the axillary leaf buds begin to form. We keep cuttings in the shelterhouse during active growth to protect them from wind and heavy rains. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. Nursery stock is top pruned at this stage. | 4 weeks | Containerized cuttings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Scaveola taccada</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3073 | Sedum (roseum) | Crassulaceae | Stonecrop family | Sedum | roseum | (L.)Scop. | Sedum | integrifolium | (Raf.) Nels. | SEDROS | Alpine fellfield, cliff face, Scenic Point, Two Medicine,Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT., 2300 m | <i>S. roseum</i> grows on cliffs, talus, and ridges, generally where it is moist during early summer, in the subalpine to alpine zones. It is found from B.C. to California, east to Alberta, Montana, the Great Lakes region, Maine, and Colorado, Asia and Greenland. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 490 ml containers | 5 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 4 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in container. | Kings crown stonecrop | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Herbaceous stem cuttings taken in late August. Cuttings are 2 to 4 cm in length. | Succulent stem cuttings can be taken any time of year. Cuttings are treated with 1000 ppm Hormex rooting powder and struck in moist sand. Intermittent mist is not necessary. Cuttings generate roots along the stem in 2 weeks.<br> Rooting %: 100% | Greenhouse and outdoor nursery<br>Use a well aerated rooting medium of 50% sand and 50% perlite. Trays are kept in a greenhouse and watered by hand to keep rooting medium evenly moist. Because this is a succulent, frequent intermittent mist should not be used. | After cuttings are well rooted in 2 to 4 weeks, they can be moved to the outdoor nursery. | 4 weeks | <br>Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.25 grams of Micromax per container.<br>Cuttings were irrigated after potting. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 5 months from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: August<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Evans, Jeff. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sedum roseum</i> (L.)Scop. plants 490 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
3074 | Sesuvium (portulacastrum) | Aizoaceae | Ice Plant Family | Sesuvium | portulacastrum | (L.) L. | Portulaca | portulacastrum | L. | SESPOR | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Pantropical in distribution. In Hawai'i, 'akulikuli can be found in coastal habitats on Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Lisianski, Laysan, Necker, Midway Atoll, and all of the main islands. It grows well on rocky shores, sea cliffs, and in salt marshes, and is one of the most salt-tolerant of the littoral species; it grows in and dominates wave-splashed or saline habitats, where few other species can survive. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | `Akulikuli | For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand. No rooting hormone is needed. Survival rate is close to 100%. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Plants will form roots in 2 to 3 weeks. | 2 month | 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sesuvium portulacastrum</i> (L.) L. plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3075 | Shepherdia (canadensis) | Elaeagnaceae | Oleaster family | Shepherdia | canadensis | Nutt. | SHECAN | Aspen forest, Saint Mary, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>S. canadensis</i> is found from Alaska to Oregon, and east to the Atlantic coast in Canada and the northern U.S. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 15 to 20 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml containers. | Canadian Buffaloberry | Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting.<br>Type of Cutting: Semi-softwood stem tip cuttings.<br> Cuttings are collected in May when leaf buds have just begun to break dormancy. Cuttings are 15 to 20 cm in length and 7 mm in caliper. | Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were cut into 20 to 30 cm lengths, with the base recut and 1/3 of leaves or buds removed. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens.<br> Cuttings were treated with 8000 ppm IBA rooting hormone, and stuck in a mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium.<br>Rooting %: 67%<br>Semi-softwood cuttings gave the highest rooting percentages when treated with 8000 ppm IBA.<br>Softwood cuttings treated with 1000 to 3000 ppm IBA had a rooting percentage of 15 to 27%. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br>Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand.<br>Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 2 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First avereage frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Time to Transplant: 8 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequete root systems were formed. Roots generate from the basal cut below the surface of the rooting media. | 8 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% coarse sand and perlite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 1 gram of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 2 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 12 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200 ppm during August and September. Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 8 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 years from cuttings<br>Harvest date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow.<br> Storage Duration: October to April | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, N. Deno, published June 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Shepherdia canadensis</i> Nutt. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3076 | Shepherdia (canadensis) | Elaeagnaceae | Shepherdia | canadensis | SHCA | Colorado, GMV (98-033c, 98-090c) | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Buffaloberry | GMV (98-033c) collected 6/19/98; GMV (98-090c) collect 7/28/98. | <br>Treatment:</b> GMV (98-033c) treated with rootinghor; GMV (98-090c) treated with 1:15 rootinghor. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> GMV (98-033c) grown in per/ver media, located to mister; GMV (98-090c) grown in per/ver/germ, located to mister. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Shepherdia canadensis</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3077 | Sida (fallax) | Malvaceae | Hibiscus Family | Sida | fallax | Walp. | SIDFAL | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Widespread on Pacific islands to China. In Hawai'i, occurring on rocky or sandy coasts or raised limestone reefs, also open arid lava fields and dry forest to diverse mesic forest and rarely low elevation wet forest, 0-1,980 m, on Midway Atoll, Nihoa and on all of the main islands. This plant has not been seen in recent surveys on Midway. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Ilima | This plant is no longer found on Midway Atoll, but is relatively abundant on the main islands. Material for propagation would have to be secured from any of the main islands.<br> For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6-8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75-80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will be successful. Rooting hormone increase rooting percentages of this species. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | 2 months | 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sida fallax</i> Walp. plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
3078 | Solanum (nelsonii) | Solanaceae | Nightshade Family | Solanum | nelsonii | Dunal | SOLNEL | Midway Atoll | Endemic to Hawai'i. Occurring from coastal sites up to 150 m in coral rubble to pure sand. Historically known from Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Laysan, Nihoa, Ni'ihau, Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. Popolo is a federally listed species of concern and has declined dramatically in the Hawaiian islands. It is currently not known from many of the islands mentioned above. It was recently relocated on Midway Atoll. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Popolo | Collecting cuttings: For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | For cuttings, use green tip, 5-6 " inches in length, remove lower foliage, keeping tip and new leaves. No rooting hormone is necessary. Place in medium under mist. Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about 1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Plants will form roots in 2 to 3 weeks. | 2 months | 4 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Solanum nelsonii</i> Dunal plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
3079 | Sorbus (scopulina) | Rosaceae | Rose family | Sorbus | scopulina | Greene | Variety | scopulina | Greene | SORSCO | Two Medicine, 1585m elevation, Glacier National Park, Glacier Co., MT. | <i>S. scopulina</i> occurs from Alaska to northern California, east to western Alberta, and south to North and South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 17 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 30 cm<br> Caliper: 1.0 cm<br> Root System: firm plug in container. | Cascade Mountain-ash | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Late summer semi-hardwood stem cutting collected in early August.<br>Cuttings were taken from nonflowering stem tip shoots. | Semi-hardwood tip cuttings were 15 to 25 cm in length and .3 to 1.3 cm in diameter. <br>Cuttings were treated with 4000 ppm Hormex rooting powder and placed in 1:1 (v:v)sand and perlite medium in a mistbed with bottom heat.<br> Rooting %: 47% after 6 weeks in mistbed.<br> Cuttings with stem caliper of 9 mm to 1.2 cm rooted. Cuttings with smaller stem calipers failed to root.<br> Time to Transplant: 6 weeks. Cuttings overwintered in mistbed and were potted the following spring. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br>Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | After lifting from the mistbed the following spring, cuttings were upotted into 800 ml containers. | 4 weeks | Plants are fertilized with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm during the active growth phase. | 16 weeks | Cuttings overwinter in mistbed the first year. Plants are outplanted the second year. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.5 years estimated from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in the United States, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2 nd Edition, N. Deno, published June 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<br> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancyand Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press,1998. | Luna, Tara; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sorbus scopulina</i> Greene plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
3080 | Sphaeralcea (ambigua) | Malvaceae | mallow | Sphaeralcea | ambigua | Gray | SPHAMB | Las Vegas Valley, Mojave Desert, southern Nevada | <i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i> occurs in desert scrub communities from 150-2500 m (492-8200 ft) elevation in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah (Baldwin et al. 2002). | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 11 Weeks | Weeks | Firm root mass in container and active vegetative growth. | desert globemallow | On a privately owned salvage site at the corner of Buffalo/Warm Springs roads at an elevation of 780 m (2558 ft) in the Las Vegas Valley, 33 individuals were dug up with as much native soil and root mass as could be excavated and fit in a 4-L (1 gallon) container. Containers were 18 cm (7 in) tall and 15 cm (6 in) diameter at top. The plants were dug up by hand with a shovel on December 25, 2006. | Baldwin, B.G., S. Boyd, B.J. Ertter, R.W. Patterson, T.J. Rosatti, and D.H. Wilken (eds.). 2002. The Jepson desert manual: vascular plants of southeastern California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. | Abella, Scott R.. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i> Gray plants 1 gallon container; University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
3081 | Sphagnum (sp) | Sphagnaceae | Peat Moss Family | Sphagnum | sp | Cumberland Gap NHP, KY | The greatest diversity exists primarily in the northern hemisphere in peat bogs and moist tundra. Relatively few species are found in the Southern hemisphere in New Zealand, Tasmania, and southernmost Chile and Argentina. | None | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | stem fragments | 4 Months | Months | 14" x 20" trays with 4" of densely growing moss. | SphagnumMoss, Peat Moss | Vegetative propagation is usually preferred as Sphagnum does not produce spores reliably or often and growth can be slow. Collected living plant fragments from upper 4 to 6 inches. We minimized the impact to the existing population by collecting only small (handful sized) samples from each thick hummock of moss and we spread out the collections over a wide area. We pushed the remaining moss back together to fill in the resulting holes to minimize evaporative moisture loss of remaining plants. | Living sphagnum moss fragments were sorted to remove plant debris and other living plants including other species of moss. Sphagnum fragments were kept long and were not chopped into smaller pieces. Fragments do not require rooting hormone or other treatment. | A one inch layer of hydrated peat moss was placed into 14" x 20" x 4" Kadon trays with drain holes. These trays were placed into equal sized Kadon trays with no drainage holes to hold water and minimize wateringdemand. Water was added to the doubled trays to a level of one inch deep in the upper tray. Before use, the water was left to stand overnight to remove chlorine as sphagnum may be harmed by chlorinated water. These trays were allowed to sit overnight if the peat moss had not already been saturated enough to prevent floating. The sphagnum fragments were placed horizontally on the surface of the wet peat moss. About 25 fragments 2" to 4" long were placed in each tray. Either the lower ends of the fragments were pushed into the peat moss or an additional thin sprinkling of wet peat moss was added over the fragments and de-chlorinated water was watered over the trays to ensure good contact and moisture wicking with the wet peat moss. | Trays were watered overhead with de-chlorinated water using a watering can. Water was maintained at a depth of ¬" to 1" in the upper trays. Trays were maintained in a greenhouse with daylength kept fairly constant, around 14 h. Natural daylength is augmented during the winter months by light supplied by 1000 watt sodium lamps. The greenhouse is covered with a whitewash solution that provides 30% sunlight shading from mid-April to October. Temperatures were maintained between 65 and 85 degrees F. | 1 to 2 weeks | Fragments continue to grow from tips and branch at leaf axils. | 10 weeks | trays of sphagnum were not hardened prior to outplanting. | Plants were transported to planting site in the upper growing trays without the lower water holding tray. Trays were wrapped in plastic to prevent drying and were kept out of direct sunlight. | Boudreau, S. and Rochefort, L. (1998) Restoration of post-mined peatlands: effect of vascular pioneer species on sphagnum establishment. In: Peatland Restoration and Reclamation, 14-18 July 1998, 39-43. Grosvernier, P.H., Matthey, Y. and Buttler, A. (1995) Microclimate and physical properties of peat: new clues to the understanding of bog restoration processes. In: B.D. Wheeler, S.C. Shaw, W.J. Fojt and R.A. Robertson (eds.) Restoration of temperate wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester: 435-450. Petranka, J.W. (2003) Assessment of function of a wetland mitigation site at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Annual report for 2003. University of North Carolina at Asheville, 24p. Rochefort, L., Quinty, F. and Campeau, S. (1997) Restoration of peatland vegetation: the case of damaged or completely removed acrotelm. International Peat Journal, 7: 20-28. | Ugiansky, Richard Jay. 2007. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sphagnum sp</i> plants stem fragments; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
3082 | Spiraea (betulifolia) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Spiraea | betulifolia | Pallas | SPIBET | Open Lodgepole forest, Lake McDonald, Glacier National Park, MT 1000 meters elevation. | <i>S. betulifolia</i> is found from B.C. to northeastern Oregon, east to Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming, and east across Canada to Saskatchewan. It is also found in Asia. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1.5L containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting.<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in Container. | Birchleaf Spiraea | Cuttings are collected from healthy field plants in early to mid June. | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br>Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem tip cuttings.<br> Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were re-cut and terminal buds were removed. Cuttings were dipped into Domain fungicide bath for 2 mintues to remove surface pathogens.<br>Cuttings were treated with 2000 ppm liquid IBA rooting hormone and were struck in the mist bed with bottom heat.<br>Rooting %: 80% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media.<br>Rooting media is 50% perlite and 50% sand.<br>Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Time to Transplant: 4 weeks. After cuttings have rooted they are potted into 1.5 L containers using 50% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 50% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2.0 grams of Micromax per container and placed in shadehouse for the rest of the growing season. | 4 weeks | Growth is rapid following transplanting from the mistbed to 3L containers. Plants were multi-stemmed and root tight in 1.5 L containers in 1 year. | 8 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPKat 200 ppm during September and October and given one final irrigation before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 years from cuttings<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p>Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier National Park Poropagation Records, unpublished. | Wick, Dale; Johnson, Kathy. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Spiraea betulifolia</i> Pallas plants 1.5L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3083 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Rose Family | Spiraea | splendens | Baumann ex K. Koch | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | Nutt. ex Greenm. | SPISPL | Subalpine fir forest, Two Medicine, 2000 meters elevation. | <i>S. splendens</i> var. <i>splendens</i> is found from British Columbia to Sierran California, east to southeast B.C., Idaho, Montana, and eastern Oregon. It is found mostly in higher elevation forests. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L containers | 16 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 20cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in Container. | Subalpine spiraea | Summer softwood stem tip cuttings were collected in late May after snowmelt. | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were cut into 15 to 20 cm lengths and 8 mm in caliper.<br>Cuttings were treated with 5000 ppm liquid IBA, and struck in mist bed with bottom heat.<br> Rooting %: 84% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting media is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Time to Transplant: 4 weeks. After cuttings have rooted they are potted into 3L containers using 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat,perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2.0 grams of Micromax per 3L container and placed in shadehouse for the rest of the growing season. | 4 weeks | Growth is rapid following transplanting from the mistbed to 3L containers. Plants were fertilized bi-weekly with 20-10-20 liquid NPK at 100 ppm. Plants were multi-stemmed and root tight in 3L (1 gallon) containers in 4 months. | 12 weeks | Plants were fertilized with 10-20-20 liquid NPK at 200ppm during September and October and given one final irrigation before overwintering. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.3 years<br> Harvest Date: September<br>Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Wick, Dale. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Spiraea splendens</i> Baumann ex K. Koch plants 3L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||
3084 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3085 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3086 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3087 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3088 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3089 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3090 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3091 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3092 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3093 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3094 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3095 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3096 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3097 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3098 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3099 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3100 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3101 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3102 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3103 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3104 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3105 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3106 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3107 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3108 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3109 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3110 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3111 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3112 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3113 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3114 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3115 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3116 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3117 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3118 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3119 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3120 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3121 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3122 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3123 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3124 | Spiraea (splendens) | Rosaceae | Spiraea | splendens | Variety | splendens | Spiraea | densiflora | SPISPL | plants | vegetative | 16 Months | Months | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Spiraea splendens</i> plants USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3125 | Sporobolus (virginicus) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Sporobolus | virginicus | (L.) Kunth. | Agrostis | virginica | L. | SPOVIR | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Native to sandy, usually coastal sites in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. In Hawai'i, common on coastal dunes and other coastal sites, from just above the high-tide mark, 0-15 m elevation. Historically known from Midway Atoll and Laysan but currently not known from there. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 6 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | 'Aki 'aki | Because plants are no longer found in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, plant material will need to be shipped from the main islands. | Individual rhizome sections can be transplanted into pots filled with potting media. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Rhizome sections with a leaf bud will sprout leaves in a few weeks. | 1 month | 5 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p> Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7, 1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p> Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island. Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication Number 7, Honolulu.<p> Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p> Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Sporobolus virginicus</i> (L.) Kunth. plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
3126 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | SYMALB | Numerous Glacier National Park seed sources as well as western Montana and Wyoming ecotypes. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Common snowberry | Take 6- to 8-inch long dormant hardwood stem cuttings from December through February. The base of the cutting should be at least pencil diameter in size. Store cuttings in ziplock back lightly moistened with water and store in a cooler or refrigerator slightly above freezing. Cuttings store well for several weeks under proper conditions. It is reported that softwood and greenwood cuttings propagate as well, but the author has no experience. | Trim all cuttings to a 5- to 6-inch length. Remove all buds, leaves, and branches from the basal 2 to 3 in. of each cutting. Remove all flowers and fruit, when present, as well. Store the cuttings in moistened paper towels during processing. Recut the base of each stem cutting at an angle with a sharp knife and wound the basal end of the stem with a shallow 1- to 1.5-inch wound just below the cambium layer. Dip the entire cutting in a broad spectrum fungicide and allow to dry. Lightly spray the wound with water from a mist bottle, shake off excess water, and then insert the base into 1,000 to 3,000 ppm IBA talc rooting compound. Remove excess hormone by lightly tapping the end of the cutting on the side of a hard surface. | Prepare a well drained sterile media of 100% sand, 50:50 sand:perlite, 50:50 sand:vermiculite, or 50:50 perlite:vermiculite. Use bottom heat (70 to 80øF) for the root initiation stage (first 4 to 6 weeks), overhead intermittent mist controlled by a Mist-o-maticT, 16-hour photoperiods, in a greenhouse maintained at 75 to 80øF days and 60 to 65øF nights. | Snowberry propagates easily from dormant hardwood cuttings taken in December - February. Rooting success often exceeds 80 percent. | Stem cuttings are usually well rooted in 16 weeks and are then transplanted into 40-cubic-inch to 1-gal pots (depending on the size of the rooted cutting) in a commercial peat-lite mix. The plants are grown in the greenhouse for an additional 2-months prior to moving to a shade house for hardening off. | Move containerized material (at least 2 months old) started in the greenhouse that winter to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Another option is to finish container plants and rooted cuttings in the greenhouse and then move them to the shadehouse in late summer, allowing 30 to 60 days of hardening prior to winter. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Since nearly all containerized stock is shipped dormant from Bridger in the spring, we overwinter containers in a hoophouse. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. Containers as small as 10 cubic inch overwinter well this way. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake plants USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3127 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | Variety | laevigatus | (Fern) Blake | SYMALB | Lodgepole pine forest, West Glacier, 1000m elev., Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>S. albus</i> is found from Alaska east across Canada to Quebec, south to California, Nevada, and Utah, and south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. It is also found east through the northern Midwestern into New England states. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L containers | 18 Months | Months | Height: 30 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 3L (1 gallon) container. | Common Snowberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Hardwood and softwood stem cuttings.<br> Hardwood cuttings are collected late March to April.<br> Softwood cuttings are collected May to late June.<br>Cuttings must be collected from healthy donor field plants.<br>Stem tip cuttings average 15 cm in lengthand 5 mm in caliper. | Cuttings were re-cut at the base and terminal buds and 1/3 of basal leaves or buds were removed. Cuttings are dipped into a fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens.<br>Cuttings were treated liquid IBA (5 second quick-dip)and stuck into rooting medium with at least 2 nodes below the surface.<br> Hardwood cuttings are treated with 2000 ppm liquid IBA (5 second quick-dip).<br> Softwood cuttings are treated with 8000 ppm liquid IBA (5 second quick-dip).<br> Hardwood cuttings treated with 2000 ppm IBA average 50 to 71% rooting in 4 to 5 weeks.<br> Softwood cuttings treated with 8000 ppm IBA average 91 to 98% rooting in 4 weeks. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot.<br>Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand.<br>Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Time to Transplant: 5 weeks from mistbed. Cuttings generate roots at the nodes. | 5 weeks | After cuttings have well developed root systems, they are lifted from mistbed and transplanted into 3L (1 gallon) containers.<br>Growing medium used is 70% is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer 12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 5 grams of Osmocote and 2.0 grams of Micromax per container. Cuttings are also fertilized weekly with 13-13-13 liquid NPK at 100 ppm.<br>Potted cuttings are placed in shadehouse for 4 weeks and are then moved to full sun exposure for the remainder of the growing season. It is important to obtain as much root growth as possible prior to overwinter storage. | 16 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. One final irrigation is applied prior to overwintering. | 6 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 18 months from cuttings in 3L (1 gallon) containers.<br> Harvest Date: Fall<br> Storage Conditions: Cuttings require additional protection by placing them in an unheated greenhouse to promote additional root growth in late fall and to protect stems from breakage from heavy snowload. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p>1996 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J., Lamb, B., and Funk, T., unpublished.<p>1998 Revegetation Monitoring Report, Glacier National Park, Asebrook, J. and Kimball, S., unpublished. | Lapp, Joyce; Luna, Tara; Potter, Rachel; Corey, Susan; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale; Hosokawa, Joy. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake plants 3L containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
3128 | Symphoricarpos (albus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | Variety | laevigatus | (Fern.) Blake | Symphoricarpos | albus | (L.) Blake | Sub-species | laevigatus | (Fern.) Blake | SYMALB | Marin county, California | <i>S. albus</i> var. <i>laevihgatus</i> is found from Alaska to Nova Scotia south to California, Colorado, Nebraska and Vermont. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Deepot 40 | 0 | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Common Snowberry | Hardwood cuttings are collected between November 1st and January 15th.<br> Cutting diameter is 0.5 inches.<br> Cutting length is 10 inches including at least 5 nodes. | Cuttings are dipped in a mild bleach solution for 30 seconds. <br> Cuttings are treated with Hormex (3000 ppm IBA) rooting powder and struck in flats containing 3:1 perlite/vermiculite. <br> 50 Cuttings are struck 2.5 inches deep per flat.<br> % Rooting: 85% | Fully Controlled Greenhouse.<br> Flats are kept in the greenhouse and watered with an automatic irrigation system until roots are fully developed. | Planting Method: Transplanting Cuttings.<br> Time to Transplant: 35 days.<br> Cuttings are transplanted to individual containers 2"x10" tubes (Deepot 40) containing standard potting mix of peat moss, fir bark, perlite, and sand. Cuttings are placed in the shadehouse.<br> Transplant Survival averages 75%. | A California Flora and Supplement, Munz, P., University of California Press,Berkeley and London, 1973. | Young, Betty. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i> (L.) Blake plants Deepot 40; San Francisco, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||
3129 | Symphoricarpos (orbiculatus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Symphoricarpos | orbiculatus | SYMORB | Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, George Washington Memorial Parkway. | Connecticut to North Carolina and Louisiana, west to Michigan and Colorado. Found in rocky soil, wood margins, waste places and dry banks. | plants | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 1 liter containers | 18 Months | Months | <b>Stock Type:</b> Quart-size to half-gallon container plants from cuttings.<br> <b>Height:</b> 12 to 36 inches.<br> <b>Caliper:</b> N/A.<br> <b>Root System:</b> Extensive fibrous root system; firm, almost root-bound when pulled from containers. | Coralberry | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Cuttings are started in large 14" w x 22" l x 4" d flats; once rooted, they are transferred to quart containers and possibly half-gallon, depending on planting needs.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Cuttings are stuck in straight perlite. Transplants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pinebark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. endo-mycorrhizae). | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once cuttings are transferred to quarts in late summer, they are moved outside to a shade house for acclimation. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> It takes about 1« years to get a quart container ready for the field.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants are stored in a cold house @ 40§ F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. | <b>Storage Duration: </b> 2-4 months. | Brown and Brown. 1992. Woody Plants of Maryland,. Port City Press, Inc.<p> Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden.<p> Kujawski, J. 1997. Annual Report to the National Park Service for George Washington Memorial Parkway.USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Beltsville, MD. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i> plants 1 liter containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3130 | Symphoricarpos (oreophilus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Symphoricarpos | oreophilus | Gray | SYOR | Mountain Snowberry occurs throughout montane regions of western North America from BritishColumbia to Montana, south to California, New Mexico, and northern Mexico at elevations of 1200 to 3200 meters (McMurray 1986). | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Copperblock 77/170 (Beaver Plastics Ltd.) cell volume: 170 mL | 0 | Height: 15 to 20 cm Caliper:2 to 3 mm Root System: Firm root plug | mountain snowberry | Stem cuttings are taken from dormant plants in March (or anytime January to April) from the previous season's growth. Cuttings are at least 18 cm in length. Cuttings are sealed in polybags to prevent dessication, and brought to the nursery on ice in coolers. Cuttings are then placed in a walk-in cooler and stuck as soon as possible-within 48 hours. | Cuttings are given a 5-second quick dip in a 500 parts per million (ppm)IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid)/NAA (napthaleneacetic acid) solution consisting of equal parts IBA and NAA dissolved in 50% isopropyl alcohol. Rosner et al. (2000) found that 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm solutions were equally effective. Cuttings are dipped to a depth of 2 centimeters, allowed to air dry, and stuck to a depth of 10 cm. Cuttings are watered in and kept moist throughout the rooting period. Cuttings are rooted on greenhouse benches providing intermittent mist and bottom heat set at 20C. | Propagation occurs in a greenhouse and outdoor nursery (shadehouse) facility. During rooting and the initial portion of the active growth period plants are kept in the greenhouse. During the later portion of the active growth period through the storage period plants are kept in the shadehouse. Rooted cuttings are moved into the shadehouse in June when plants are between 7 and 10 cm tall. Growing media is a 2:1:1 (v:v:v) peat:perlite:vermiculite mixture. Controlled release fertilizer 14-14-14 (N-P-K) 3 -4 month is incorporated into the media at the rate of 4 kg/m3. Greenhouse and shadehouse irrigation is provided via computer controlled irrigation system utilizing RainBird plastic MPR nozzles. Irrigation heads are spaced to provide head to head coverage. Plants are fertilized using a fertigation system, which utilizes the irrigation system. | Intermittent mist and bottom heat are maintained until vigorous growth is apparent. Containers are irrigated periodically to keep the media evenly moist. Greenhouse night and day temperatures typically range from 18 to 26 C and no supplemental light is provided. | 7 to 8 weeks | The first portion (7 to 8 weeks) of the active growth phase is performed in the greenhouse. The remaining 12 to 14 weeks is performed in the shade house. Containers are irrigated as needed, which usually involves irrigation once every 4 to 5 days for the first several weeks after rooting is complete, then once every 2 to 3 days through the remainder of the active growth period. Containers are allowed to dry down to a moderate state between irrigations. This irrigation regime is used to help minimize root disease problems. All irrigations are done early in the morning, which allows foliage to sufficiently dry before nightfall, minimizing foliar disease problems. During the active growth phase, plants are fertigated every other irrigation with a liquid based fertilizer (20-10-10; N-P-K) at a rate of 50 ppm N until they attain the target shoot height (15 to 18 cm). During the greenhouse portion of the active growth period greenhouse temperatures during the day are 21 to 26 C and during the night 18 to 22 C. Ambient photoperiod is supplemented with 5 min light interruptions every 2 hours throughout the night from 75 watt incandescent lights suspended 2 meters above greenhouse benches. Once transferred outside, ambient temperature and light regimes are utilized. | 15 to 18 weeks | This phase begins in late summer to early fall as soon as plants attain their target shoot height. Containers are leached with a heavy irrigation and a series of incrementally increasing water stresses is applied to restrict any further height growth. In Las Cruces, ambient day temperatures are still quite warm, but the interval between irrigations becomes progressively longer due to plants becoming acclimated to water deficits and the gradual cooling associated with the onset of fall. Plants are fertilized every third irrigation (fertigated) with a liquid based fertilizer (10-30-20; N-P-K) at a rate of 25 ppm N. | 4 to 6 weeks | Plants are overwintered in the shadehouse and are usually shipped in late February to early March. Irrigation intervals are extended during this period and fertilizer is provided every fourth irrigation as described above. | 5 months | [ITIS] Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2001. (On-line database). http://www.itis.usda.gov. Accessed 11 November 2002. McMurray, N.E. 1986. Symphoricarpos oreophilus. In: Fischer WC, compiler. The Fire Effects Information System (Online Data base). Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Science Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis.html. Accessed 15 July 2001. Rosner, L.S,, Harrington, J.T. and D.R. Dreesen. 2000. Preliminary evaluation on adventitious rooting hardwood stem cuttings of Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Ribes cereum, and Cercocarpus montanus from throughout New Mexico. In: Proceedings Plains and Prairie Forestry Meeting. August 7-10, 2000, Las Vegas, NM; Section 5; 24-42. | Rosner, Lee S.; Harrington, John T. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i> Gray plants Copperblock 77/170 (Beaver Plastics Ltd.) cell volume: 170 mL; New Mexico State University-Mora Research Center Mora, New Mexico. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3131 | Symphoricarpos (oreophilus) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Symphoricarpos | oreophilus | Variety | utahensis | (Rydb.) A. Nels. | SYMORE | Ecotype from water treatment plant area of Yellowstone National Park. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Forty-cubic-inch, 4.5-inch azalea, or 1-gal pots, depending on plant size. | 0 | Utah snowberry | Collect summer cuttings in early August from current season's growth back to 1- to 3-year wood.Take 6- to 8-inch long cuttings with as large of a basal diameter as possible (this species has fairly thin stems). Place the cuttings inside a ziplock bag moistened with water, and then store in a portable cooler packed with ice. Store the cooler in a shaded location such as the back of a pickup with a camper top. Minimize storage time. The cuttings we collected were held in the cooler less than 16 hours before being moved to a walk-in cooler maintained at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. Inspect each bag periodically to assure high humidity and re-moisten as necessary. We collect cuttings from numerous individual plants in an attempt to sample to the diversity of the ecotype. Our use of summer cuttings reflects limited access to plants in the winter months in Yellowstone National Park. Cuttings collected at other times of the year may propagate as well or better. | Trim all cuttings to a 5- to 6-inch length. Remove all buds, leaves, and branches from the basal 2 to 3 in. of each cutting. Remove all flowers and fruit, when present, as well. Store the cuttings in moistened paper towels during processing. Recut the base of each cutting at an angle with a sharp knife and wound the basal end of the stem. This is accomplished by holding a knife perpendicular to the stem, flat side of the knife against the round surface of the stem, and then making a slicing cut downward to produce a 1- to 1.5-inch wound just below the cambium. Lightly spray the wound with water from a mist bottle, shake off excess water, and then insert the base into rooting compound. Remove excess hormone by lightly tapping the end of the cutting on the side of a hard surface. Our trial treatments included semihardwood (current season) treated with 2,000 ppm NAA + 40,400 ppm ThiramT (fungicide), as well as, summer hardwood (back to 2-y and 3-y wood) treated with 16,000 ppm IBA. The number of cuttings per treatment was28 and 24 for the semihardwood and summer hardwood, respectively. Percentage rooting was 79 and 87% for the semihardwood and summer hardwood, respectively. | A 100% coarse perlite propagation media was used in our trial, although any sterile, highly drained media, such as sand or vermiculite, should work equally well. Moisten the media and make holes to receive each cutting. Use hot water heat to maintain the propagation media at 70øF for the first 8 to 12 weeks in the bed (root initiation phase) and then turn it off. We use overhead intermittent mist activated by a Mist-o-maticT controller. Firm the media around each cutting after sticking to assure good cutting:media contact. Maintain the greenhouse at 70 to 75øF days and 60 to 65øF nights on 14- to 16-hour photoperiods. | Cuttings initiate roots at 8 weeks, are well rooted at 12 weeks, and heavily rooted after 16 weeks. This species produces medium fine roots. Fertigate the cuttings once or twice each week with 150 to 250 ppm 9-45-15 as soon as budbreak occurs. Because we let these plants remain active in the greenhouse over the winter, we waited until late January to transplant them into pots in a commercial peat-lite mix. The plants were moved to a shade house in May for hardening off and finishing. | Allow 4 to 5 months from time of sticking before potting up. | : Stem cuttings are usually well rooted in 16 weeks and are then transplanted into 40-cubic-inch, 4.5-in azalea, or 1-gal pots (depending on the size of the rooted cutting) in a commercial peat-lite mix. The plants are grown in the greenhouse for an additional 1 to 2 months prior to moving to a shade house for hardening off. | We overwinter cuttings taken in midsummer in the greenhouse and move to an outdoor hoophouse in late spring/early summer (i.e. "finish" the plants in the hoophouse). The hoophouse is ventilated but not cooled, and the containers are usually exposed to full sunlight for 2 to 4 weeks early in the season. The hoophouse is then covered with a 50% shade cloth until temperatures cool in the fall. Cuttings can be taken in early summer or as winter hardwood cuttings in order to avoid maintaining them in active growth in the greenhouse during the winter months. The shade is usually removed in late summer/early fall and replaced with clear plastic. The plants harden-off gradually in the hoophouse prior to winter. Bridger is characterized by a high number of solar days that keeps the environment inside the hoophouse relatively mild until winter. In the case of premature and severely cold weather, a small propane heater is used at keep temperatures above freezing. | As a standard practice, we allow a minimum of 30 days of hardening off prior to killing frost, 60 days is preferred. | Rooted cuttings overwinter well in a hoophouse in various size containers. The hoophouse is ventilated when temperatures reach 35 to 40øF and heated to maintain a temperature of 5 to 10øF. The containers are placed on 2 inches of pea gravel and arranged in a side-by-side pattern. The stock is watered over the fall and winter as needed. If temperatures in the spring are too warm to assure dormancy, plant material that is designated for dormant spring planting is moved to a walk-in cooler (34 to 37øF, 80+% relative humidity) until shipping. Plants may be shipped with or without containers in heavy waxed boxes by priority ground mail (avoid weekend holdover at post offices). | Fully dormant plants store well for several weeks at 34 to 37øF and 80+% relative humidity. | Scianna, Joe. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i> plants Forty-cubic-inch, 4.5-inch azalea, or 1-gal pots, depending on plant size.; USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||
3132 | Taxus (brevifolia) | Taxaceae | Yew family | Taxus | brevifolia | Nutt. | TAXBRE | Cedar/Hemlock forest, 1100m elev., Avalanche | <i>T. brevifolia</i> occurs in moist forests, from Alaska to Sierran California, east to eastern B.C., Idaho, and northwest Montana. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 16 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 15 cm<br> Caliper: 8 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in container. | Pacific yew | Type of Cutting: Cuttings are collected in mid-May just after leafbud break. Cuttings have 2nd year wood at base.<br> | Cutting Treatments: Semi-hardwood stem cuttings with a base of 2nd year wood. Cuttings were 12 cm in length and 8 mm in diameter. 1/3 of leaves are removed and cuttings are treated with 8000 ppm liquid IBA. Cuttings were placed in mist beds with bottom heat at 21C.<br> Rooting %: 36% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting media. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to partial sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant:20 weeks<br> Cuttings which received greater exposure to direct sun while in the mist bed were the cuttings that rooted and had greatest overall root production.<br>Roots averaged 9 centimeters in length when removed from mistbed 5 months after treatment. | 5 months | Cuttings are lifted from the mist bed in September and potted into 800 ml containers. Active growth continues the following spring after bud break. Cuttings are root tight in containers in September of the second year. | 2 weeks 1st year, 20 weeks 2nd year | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 1.4 years<br> Harvest Date: September of the second year.<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, Univ. of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1973.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Deno, Norman, published 1993.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants of the U.S., Agriculture Handbook #450, U.S.F.S., Washington D.C., 1974. | Evans, Jeff. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Taxus brevifolia</i> Nutt. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3133 | Telesonix (jamesii) | Saxifragaceae | Saxifraga family | Telesonix | jamesii | (Torr.) Raf | TELJAM | Alpine cliff faces, Crazy Mountains, Sweetgrass Co., MT., 3000 m elevation. | <i>T. jamesii</i> grows in moist rock crevices and talus slopes, often on limestone; from Alberta to South Dakota, south in the high mountains of Montana and east Idaho, Colorado, Utah, and southern Nevada. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 11 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting.<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in container. | Jame's saxifrage | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood herbaceous stem cutting collected in late July or early August. | Softwoodstem cuttings were 4 cm long with 4 to 6 leaves, and were treated with 1000 ppm Hormex powder. Cuutings were struck under mist for 4 weeks. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind.<br>Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium.<br>Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting.<br>After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br>Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots originated at the base of the cut and were 3 cm long when lifted for transplanting. | 4 weeks | Cuttings were potted into a well aerated medium of 1:1:1 potting mix:sand:perlite in 800 ml containers.<br> Rooting%: 75%<br> Time to Transplant: 4 weeks | 8 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 11 months from cuttings.<br> Harvest Date: June of 2nd year<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> Seeding Rate Statistics for Native and Introduced Species, Hassell, Wendel, U.S.D.I. and U.S.D.A., April 1996.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; DeSanto, Jerry; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Telesonix jamesii</i> (Torr.) Raf plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3134 | Thermopsis (divaricarpa) | Fabaceae | Thermopsis | divaricarpa | THDI4 | Colorado, Alluvial Fan (98-055c, 98-060c), MPCG (98-066.5c, 98-084c), McGraw (98-093c, 98-100c) | plants | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | Goldenbanner | <b>Type of Cutting:</b> root cutting, 3-4 inch shoots<p> Alluvial Fan (98-055c) collected on 6/14/98; Alluvial Fan (98-060c) collected on 7/5/98; MPCG (98-066.5c) collected on 6/21/98; MPCG (98-084c) collected on 7/5/98; McGraw (98-093c) collected on 7/28/98; McGraw (98-100c) collected on 8/7/98. | <b>Treatments:</b> Alluvial Fan (98-055c, 98-060c), MPCG (98-066.5c, 98-084c), McGraw (98-093c, 98-100c) were treated with rootinghorm. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Alluvial Fan (98-055c) grown in peat/per media, 50% root, transplanted on 6/30/98; Alluvial Fan (98-060c) grown in per/ver media, 50% root, located with mister, transplanted 8/10/98; MPCG (98-066.5c) grown in per/ver media, 50% root, transplanted 6/21/98; MPCG (98-084c) grown in per/ver media, 64% root, located with mister, transplanted 8/22/98; McGraw (98-093c) grown in per/ver media, 0% root, located with mister; McGraw (98-100c) grown in per/ver, less than 5% root, located with mister (too wet), transplanted on 9/1/98. | Butler, Jennifer; Frieswyk, Christin. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Thermopsis divaricarpa</i> plants USDI NPS - Rocky Mountain National Park Estes Park, Colorado. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3135 | Tournefortia (argentea) | Boraginaceae | Borage Family | Tournefortia | argentea | TOUARG | Yap Islands | Chen is a common coastal strand plant found throughout Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, tropical Australia and the Indian ocean region. It is introduced in Hawaii. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3L (1 gal) polybags | 5 Months | Months | Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm Root Plug in container | Chen | Collect softwood stem cuttings when the leaves have expanded and the stems are firm. During collection, stem cuttings need to be kept moist and cool, and must be treated immediately after collection. | Each cutting must have several shoot buds. These are cut to 15 cm (6.0 in) lengths, and all mature leaves are removed except the terminal leaves. Leaf buds in the axils of leaves are not removed and will form new leaves once the cuttings are well rooted. Cuttings are directly stuck into containers filled with moistened medium. We do not use rooting hormones. | The Yap Agroforestry nursery has a year round growing season with periods of high rainfall.<br> The facility is comprised of one large greenhouse, shade structures, and mist propagation beds, and an outdoor growing compound. All propagation environments are utilized at different stages of seedling growth to protect seedlings from heavy rains, and provide to temperature and shading variance during production. We irrigate all containers by hand, but are investigating a sub-irrigation system for the nursery. We use fertilizers if when they are available. | Cuttings begin to form roots about 4 weeks after sticking. We plant them in polybags filled with a growing medium of 2:1:1 (v:v:v) sand, seaweed compost, and topsoil. Cuttings are kept evenly moist during establishment. | 8 weeks | Once cuttings are well rooted, new leaves from the axillary leaf buds begin to form. We keep cuttings in the shelterhouse during active growth to protect them from wind and heavy rains. | 8 weeks | Irrigation frequency and duration is gradually reduced for 4 to 8 weeks prior to outplanting. | 4 weeks | Containerized seedlings are stored in the open growing compound until moved to outplanting site. | Variable; depends on outplanting date. | Liyagel, Pius. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tournefortia argentea</i> plants 3L (1 gal) polybags; Yap Forestry Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3136 | Tradescantia (ohiensis) | Commelinaceae | Spiderwort family | Tradescantia | ohiensis | Raf. | Tradescantia | ohiensis | Raf. | Variety | foliosa | (Small) MacRoberts | TRAOHI | Central Illinois, 650 feet msl elevation | <i>T. ohioensis</i> is found throughout the eastern united states west to the Great Plains; from eastern Nebraska to Texas. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1+0 container plugs | 0 | Height: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Caliper: n/a, herbaceous perennial.<br> Root System: firm root plug. | Ohio Spiderwort | In May and June, cuttings are taken from mature plants with white flowers. | Keep the cuttings misted and out of the sun so they do not dry out. | Propagation Environment: Fully controlled greenhouse.<br> Propagation Method: Succulent cuttings.<br>A unique form of Spiderwort appears with a white flower. This can only be kept through propagation of cuttings. It does not remain true to seed. One plant can be cut back to a few inches and still reflush and bloom the same season, while it may be used for cutting material.<br> Container Type and Volume: Multipot #3, #4, or #6 are used. Cell volumes are 6, 9, and 6 cubic inches, respectively. Cuttings may be stuck in a bottomless container. These containers facilitate air, root pruning. Cuttings may be stuck in a bark-mulch, peat moss mix with an added slow release fertilizer mixed in.<br> Total Time to Harvest: 7-11 months, depending on weather and plant/root development.<br>Before sticking the cuttings, make a fresh diagonal cut onehalf inch below the node and dip the basal portion of the cutting in Hormodin #3. Make a pencil type insertion into the media before sticking to prevent the powder form rubbing off. Remember to keep the materials as sterile as possible in the cutting process. | The first greenhouse crop will be moved to a hoop house in late January to February.<br>To acclimate the plants, the irrigation rate is reduced to 50 ppm before moving and greenhouse temperatures are decreased to 55 - 60 degrees day. The second and third crops are moved directly to the shadehouse in April and May.<br>Again, greenhouse controls and fertilization rates are adjusted in preparation for the move. Plants that reach 8-10 inches in the shadehouse will require pruning. | 1 month | Harvest Date: Flats may be unplugged in October or November as long as most of the tops have died down.<br> Storage Conditions: Plugs that are not shipped during this fall's planting season may be stored for spring planting in cold rooms above freezing, preferably 40-50 degrees. Try to remove most of the dead foliage as you can before bagging the root plugs for storage. Store them on plastic bags to ensure the roots do not dry out.<br> Storage Duration: Approximately 4 to 6 months. Plugs may be shipped at any time as long as the receiver has cold storage. | 4 to 6 months | Blessman, Gary; Flood, Roberta Mountz; Horvath, David J.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tradescantia ohiensis</i> Raf. plants 1+0 container plugs; Illinois Department of Natural Resources - Mason State Nursery Topeka, Illinois. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3137 | Tribulus (cistoides) | Zygophyllaceae | Creosote Bush Family | Tribulus | cistoides | L. | TRICIS | Midway Atoll | Indigenous to Hawai'i. Native to the Old World, now pantropical and widespread in Polynesia and in Micronesia. It usually grows on sandy shores, but is occasionally found inland in open places at up to 400 m elevation. In Hawai'i, occurring in coastal habitats, 0-50 m, on all of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands except Gardner Pinnacles and Necker, also on all of the main islands. One of the most common littoral species found on most of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Many seabirds nest in or use nohu for nesting materials. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 3.5 in containerized cutting | 5 Months | Months | Height: N/A<br> Caliper: N/A<br> Root System: Firm root plug in container.<br> | Nohu | Collecting cuttings: For collection of native plants to propagate by cuttings, you will need: gloves, clippers, zip-lock or plastic garbage bag for collection, and some water. Collect plants from the site, taking care to take only what you need. Collect from areas that have a large enough population so that damage will be minimal. Gently pull or cut strands of plants from main patch. Place in trash bag or plastic bag. Add a small amount of water to bag and store in a dry, cool, shady area. | Rooting Percentage: 75 to 85%.<br> Work in a shady area once back in the nursery. Use clean 3 «" pots arranged in tray. Use well drained potting mix. Fill pots about1/3 full. Cut plants into desired lengths, at least 3 nodes per strand (6-8 inches in length). Place about 3 strands in each pot. This is done because the success rate for cuttings is usually not 100% but more like 75-80% and so using a few strands per pot increases the likelihood that at least 1 strand per pot will be successful. Fill the rest of the pot with potting mix. Water daily. Cuttings need to be kept in a moist humid environment. In the nursery, this can be achieved by misting plants several times during the day to keep them moist. | The nursery's irrigation system is comprised of sprinkler heads which are manually operated. The sprinklers are misters and should be maintained so that they flow freely. Potted plants are watered daily, either in the morning or the evening. Potting media is Sunshine Mix potting soil, and is used in a 2 to 1 or 3 to 1 (v:v) potting soil to sand ratio. Diseases and insects are controlled by removing them manually off plants, sticky traps or using a solution of soapy water. Be sure to rinse soapy solution off plants after a few hours. Row covers physically prevent insects and birds from landing on plants. | Plants will form roots in 2 to 3 weeks. | 2 months | 2 months | Bornhorst, H. L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants, a how-to guide for the
gardener. The Bess Press, Inc., Hong Kong.<p>
Bruegmann, M. M. 1998. Report on a botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April 1-7,
1995. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<p>
Christophersen, E. and E. L. Caum. 1931. Vascular Plants of the Leeward Island.
Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81, Tanager Expedition Publication
Number 7, Honolulu.<p>
Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K. date unknown. Propagation techniques for native Hawaiian
plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden.<p>
Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island ecosystem restoration plan. University
of Hawai'i.<p> Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Press, special publication 50, Honolulu.<p> Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, Honolulu.<p> Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flowers of the Pacific island seashore. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. | Martz, Kim; Starr, Forest. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Tribulus cistoides</i> L. plants 3.5 in containerized cutting; USDI USFWS - Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Honolulu, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
3138 | Vaccinium (caespitosum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Vaccinium | caespitosum | Michx. | VACCAEÿÿ | Lodgepole pine forest, West Glacier, 1050mm elev., Glacier National Park, Flathead Co, MT. | <i>V. caespitosum</i> is found from Alaska to California and east through the Rocky Mountains from B.C. to Alberta, south to New Mexico. and east across Canada to the Atlantic coast. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml (4.5 inch) pot. | Dwarf huckleberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cuttings collected in late June. | Cuttings were re-cut and terminal buds were removed. Cuttings were treated with 2,000 ppm liquid IBA and placed in a mist bed with bottom heat. Cuttings were 4 cm in length and 5 mm cm in diameter.<br> Rooting %: 30% in 14 weeks<br> Softwood cuttings had significantly higher number and quality of roots compared to semi-softwood cuttings taken one month earlier. Softwood cuttings taken in mid June with a section of 2 yr old, subterranean wood had signficantly greater rooting than cuttings taken one month earlier and with older wood at the base. Higher concentrations of IBA should be tried. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% peat. Inoculation of rooting media with beneficial fungi may increase rooting vigor.<br> The mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached.<br> Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 15 weeks. | 15 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 70%6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 0.5 grams of Micromax per container. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in in the outdoor nursery. | 4 weeks 1st year, 16 weeks 2nd year | Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 years<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1987.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium caespitosum</i> Michx. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3139 | Vaccinium (caespitosum) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | caespitosum | Margins of wet meadows, mountain slopes; less than 11,000 feet. | seeds | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Dwarf Blueberry | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Collection and reestablishment were carried out by Yosemite National Park; data not available at the Lockeford Plant Materials Center. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium caespitosum</i> seeds USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3140 | Vaccinium (corymbosum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Vaccinium | corymbosum | L. | VACCOR | Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway | Nova Scotia to Michigan, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. Found in swamps, bogs and moist woods. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | Container Cuttings | 3 Years | Years | Root System: fine fibrous roots grow in a defined clump. Roots may not fill deeper pots. Height: 24 to 36" for 2-gallon container plants. | highbush blueberry | Cuttings were taken in late June to early July from Oxon Run. | Softwood blueberry cuttings are taken in late June or early July. Cuttings are trimmed to a size that has a node at the bottom of the cutting and several pairs of leaves at the top (each cutting is about 6 inches). They are dipped in a 1:10 solution of Dip n Grow, and stuck in flats of perlite under mist in the greenhouse. | Cuttings root in a few weeks and are then transplanted to quart containers with a mix of Sunshine Mix #1, fine pine bark chips, Nutricote, and endomycorrhizae. | Containers are moved outside in late summer-early fall for hardening off and overwintered in a cold storage room. If transplanted cuttings' roots do not fill quarts by fall, containers may be kept in greenhouse through winter and moved to an outdoor shade house the following spring. | Storage Conditions: Quart and half gallon containers are overwintered in a cold storage room at 40F. Larger container plants are overwintered outdoors under microfoam. Dead leaves and debris are removed from containers of dormant plants prior to storage. They are then watered, overlapped on their sides on weed barrier fabric and covered with a blanket of microfoam and white plastic. Rodenticide baits are placed at intervals under the blanket, which is then anchored with rope and rebar. Storage Duration: December to March | 4 months | Brown, Russell G. and Melvin L. Brown. 1992. <i>Woody Plants of Maryland.</i> Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.<br><br> Dirr, Michael A. and Charles W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. <i>The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.</i> Varsity Press, Inc., Athens GA.<br><br> Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. 1991. <i>Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.</i> 2nd. Edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.<br><br> USDA-NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container nursery plant records. Unpublished. | Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jen. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i> L. plants Container Cuttings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||
3141 | Vaccinium (elliottii) | Asteraceae | Vaccinium | elliottii | Chapman | VAEL | Elliott's blueberry is found from southeastern Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana. | plants | vegetative | Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> Containerized.<br> <b>Height:</b> 0.3 to 1.2 meter (1 to 4 feet). | Elliott's blueberry | Collected in Natchez Trace Parkway close to Jackson, Mississippi PMC personnel in June, 1991 (cuttings), February 1992 (cuttings), June 1992 (layered plants and seeds). | <b>Seed Treatments:</b> Many blueberry species require no pretreatment, while others require stratification for up to 3 months (Dirr and Heuser, 1987). Stratification is recommended for species where the level of dormancy is unknown (Dirr and Heuser, 1987; Nokes, 1986). Seeds of Elliott's blueberry were stratified for 3 to 4 months, but germination was minimal. Seeds germinated when exposed to a warm stratification followed by a cold stratification, however, seedlings grew very slowly under ambient greenhouse conditions. Potential causes for this might be the light levels in the greenhouse were excessive for this understory species, the potting medium used was not suitable, or the seedlings require mycorrhizal associations for proper growth which were lacking in the potting medium. | <b>Propagation Environment:</b> Field (divisions) and greenhouse (cuttings).<br> <b>Seed Propagation Method:</b> Had little success germinating seeds.<br> <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Commercial 2-gallon plastic containers were the final planting container for the 3X section. Plants to be planted on the other sections needed to be held longer so they were moved from a 2 to a 3-gallon in 1995.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Media was mixed by PMC staff. Either a 3:2:1 pine bark, peat moss, sand or a 6:1 pine bark to sand medium was used. | <b>Sowing Date:</b> February to March.<br> <b>Emergence and Date:</b> Very poor emergence.<br> <b>Sowing/Planting Technique:</b> Spread the stratified seed/growing medium mixture on the surface of a growing flat. | <b>Harvest Date:</b> May to June.<br> <b>Seed Storage:</b> Normal cool, dry storage. PMC cooler is maintained at 12.70 C (550 F) and 45% relative humidity.<br> <b>Seed Dormancy:</b> Blueberries generally have a shallowly dormant embryo (Dirr and Heuser, 1987; Nokes, 1986).<br> <b>Storage Duration:</b> Blueberry seeds can retain viability in storage for up to 12 years (USDA Forest Service, 1974). | <b>Storage Duration: </b> Up to 12 years. | Grabowski, Janet M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) <i>Vaccinium elliottii</i> Chapman plants USDA NRCS - Coffeeville/Jamie L. Whitten Plant Materials Center Coffeeville, Mississippi. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
3142 | Vaccinium (membranaceum) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Vaccinium | membranaceum | Dougl. Ex Hook. | Vaccinium | globulare | Rydb. | VACMEM | Lodgepole pine forest, West Glacier, 1050m elev. Glacier National Park, Flathead Co., MT | <i>V. membranaceum</i> is found from eastern Washington and Oregon, east to Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming at lower to mid elevations in the mountains. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: 4 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml (4.5 inch) pot. | Globe huckleberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cuttings are taken in late June. | Cuttings were re-cut and terminal buds were removed. Cuttings were 10 to 15 cm in length and 5 mm in diameter, and treated with 2,000 ppm liquid IBA. Cuttings were placed in 1:1 (v:v)peat: perlite rooting medium in mistbed with bottom heat.<br> Rooting %: 8%<br> Softwood cuttings had significantly higher number and quality of roots compared to semi-hardwood cuttings taken one month earlier. Semi-hardwood cuttings had 7% rooting average. No callus formation occurred on either cutting type. Higher concentrations of IBA should be tried using cuttings with 2 yr old wood.<br> <i>Vaccinium</i> species form relationship with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Cuttings may benefit from inoculation during rooting. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigatedwith Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First avereage frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequete root systems were formed. | 14 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 gram of Osmocote and 0.5 gram of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 4 weeks 1st year, 16 weeks second year | Plants are irrigated thoroughly prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 to 3 years<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium membranaceum</i> Dougl. Ex Hook. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||
3143 | Vaccinium (myrtillus) | Ericaceae | Heath Family | Vaccinium | myrtillus | L. | VACMYR | Lodgepole pine forest, Marias Pass, 5250' elev. | <i>V. myrtillus</i> is a circumboreal species; occurring from Alberta south to New Mexico, and east to Newfoundland and south to New England. It is also found across Eurasia. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 15 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: 4 mm<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml container. | Dwarf bilberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cuttings collected in mid June. | Cutting Treatments: Softwood cuttings were re-cut and terminal buds were removed. Cuttings were placed in a 2 minute fungicide bath to remove surface pathogens. Cuttings were treated with 2000 ppm liquid IBA, and placed in mist bed with at least 2 nodes below the surface of the rooting medium.<br> Rooting %: 48% in 14 weeks<br> Softwood cuttings had significantly higher number and quality of roots compared to semi softwood cuttings taken one month earlier. This species has responded well to nursery cultivation. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% peat. Rooting medium should be inocultated with beneficial fungi.<br>Mistbed is coveredwith shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehouse for 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. | Time to Transplant: 15 weeks.<br> Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequete root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | 15 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 1 grams of Osmocote and 0.5 gram of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks. After establishment in the shadehouse, plants were moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery. | 6 weeks 1st year, 12 weeks 2nd year | Potted cuttings were irrigated thoroughly prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 1.3 years<br> Harvest Date: September<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual Of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier Park Native Plant Nursery Plant Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium myrtillus</i> L. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3144 | Vaccinium (scoparium) | Ericaceae | Heath family | Vaccinium | scoparium | Leiberg. | VACSCO | Lodgepole pine forest, West Glacier, Flathead Co., MT. | <i>V. scoparium</i> occurs from Alaska to California, east to Alberta and South Dakota and south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. ÿÿ | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml container | 2 Years | Years | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 6 cm<br> Caliper: n/a<br> Root System: firm plug in 800 ml pot. | Grouse Whortleberry | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Type of Cutting: Summer softwood stem cuttings | Softwood Cuttings were re-cut and terminal buds were removed. Cuttings were treated with 2,000 ppm liquid IBA, and placed in 1:1 (v:v) peat: perlite rooting medium in the mist bed with bottom heat. Cuttings were 7 cm in length and 7 mm in diameter. Rooting %: 28% in 14 weeks<br> Softwood cuttings had significantly higher number and quality of roots compared to semi-hardwood cuttings taken one month earlier. Semi-hardwood cuttings had 20% rooting average. No callus formation occurred with either cutting type. Cuttings with a section of 2 year old wood at the base had the greatest density of roots. A higher concentration of IBA talc should be tried using cuttings with 2 yr old wood. | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Misting frequency is increased or decreased according to daily outdoor temperature and wind. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% peat. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. After cuttings are potted, they are moved to an outdoor shadehousefor 4 weeks. They are later moved to full sun exposure in the outdoor nursery and are irrigated with Rainbird automatic irrigation system in early morning until containers are thoroughly leached. Average growing season of nursery is from late April after snowmelt until October 15th. First average frost is September 5th, although freezing temperatures can be expected anytime in Glacier National Park. | Cuttings that were pre rooted were lifted out of mistbed after adequate root systems were formed. Roots generate from the nodes below the surface of the rooting medium. | 12 weeks | After cuttings were lifted from the mistbed, they were potted into 800 ml containers. Growing medium used is 70% 6:1:1 milled spaghnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite and 30% sand with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 0.5 gram of Micromax per conetainer. Cuttings were irrigated after potting and placed in the shadehouse for the remainder of the growing season. | 4 weeks 1st year, 16 weeks 2nd year | Plants were given one final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time to Harvest: 2 to 3 years<br> Storage Conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 7th printing, 1990.<p> Seeds of the Woody Plants in North America, Young and Young, Dioscorides Press, 1992.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed to Tissue Culture, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Glacier National Park Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara; Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium scoparium</i> Leiberg. plants 800 ml container; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3145 | Vaccinium (scoparium) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | scoparium | Leib. ex Coville | VASC | Crater Lake National Park at 6,600 feet elevation; in understory areas with well-developed duff layers; not found in exposed, windy areas. | Western North America and Rocky Mountains; east to South Dakota, usually at mid and higher montane elevations | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 2-year containers | 2 Years | Years | root growth and establishment more important for this species than a showy top | grouse whortleberry | slow and painstaking; our successful cuttings were actually carefully dug divisions with attached rhizomes from well-established plants in late summer. | no specific treatments; the divisions were held in a walk-in cooler until Mid February at Corvallis and checked monthly to ensure that peat was staying moist. | Divisions were careful lifted out of storage bagsand stuck without rinsing or shaking off peat / duff mix. Divisions were stuck into 5" deep rooting boxes containing Sunshine #4 Aggregate-plus with equal parts vermiculite to provide a light-textured but still moisture-retentive mix, and placed in a mist bench with mild bottom-heat to promote rooting. | These plants were very slow to establish and fragile. | 3 months | 1st year rooted divisions were potted up into 4" square pots containing a rich, organic soil mix. Containers were held in lathhouse over summer; acid-special fertilizer was applied during growing season. In the 2nd season they were upgraded to 1-gallon containers, and Aluminum Sulfate was applied during the 2nd growing season to reduce soil pH. Liverworts and mosses were a problem on container plants overwintered outdoors in the lathhouse; the top layers of the potting media were carefully scraped and replaced during repotting in late spring of the 2nd year. | April to July | these plants remained under shade unlike most of our Crater Lake plants; watering in August was less frequent to encourage plants to mature. | 4 weeks | Plants were shipped to a holding facility at Crater Lake in August of the 2nd year via refrigerated van. | see above | Corvallis Plant Materials Center Technical Report: Plants for Woodland and Rangeland Reclamation and Erosion Control 1980 - 1997 (includes Annual Reports to Mount Rainier National Park from 1990 - 1996<p> Link, Ellen, ed. 1993 Native Plant Propagation Techniques for National Parks Interim Guide; Compiled by Rose Lake Plant Materials Center 7472 Stoll Road East Lansing, MI 48823<p> Rose, Robin, C.E.C. Chachulski and D. Haase. Propagation of Pacific Northwest Native Plants 1998 Or. State U. Press, Corvallis, Oregon <p> USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. | Flessner, Theresa R; Trindle, Joan D.C.. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium scoparium</i> Leib. ex Coville plants 2-year containers; USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center Corvallis, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||
3146 | Vaccinium (ullginosum) | Ericaceae | Heath | Vaccinium | ullginosum | Bogs, wet meadows; less than 11,000 feet. | cuttings | vegetative | Container (plug) | 0 | Western Blueberry | Collected in the Yosemite National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Soft wood cuttings are best for most species. Some species can be propagated by leaf cuttings, while other species may best be pro-pagated by seed. | <b>SEED MATURITY DATE:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Data unavailable at date of publication. | Dyer, Dave. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Vaccinium ullginosum</i> cuttings USDA NRCS - Lockeford Plant Materials Center Lockeford, California. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3147 | Viburnum (acerifolium) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Viburnum | acerifolium | VIBACE | Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Quebec and New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Found in moist or dry deciduous woods. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon containers | 1 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 18-24 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> roots fill container, form a firm rootball. | Maple-leaf viburnum | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Cuttings are started in sturdy plastic flats, then transplanted to quart and gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Perlite is used for rooting cuttings; transplants are planted into 2:1 Sunshine Mix #1 and shredded pine bark, with 180 day Nutricote 18-8-6. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once rooted cuttings have been transplanted into quarts in the summer, containers are moved outside to a shadehouse. | <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size and larger containers are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side in a block on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of the block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March | <u>Woody Plants of Maryland</u>, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> <u>Manual of Vascular Plants</u>, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum acerifolium</i> plants 1 gallon containers; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3148 | Viburnum (acerifolium) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Viburnum | acerifolium | VIBACE | Shenandoah National Park, Kentucky, George Washington Memorial Parkway | Quebec and New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Found in moist or dry deciduous woods. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 1 Weeks | Weeks | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 18-24 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> roots fill container, form a firm rootball. | Maple-leaf viburnum | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Cuttings are started in sturdy plastic flats, then transplanted to quart and gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Perlite is used for rooting cuttings; transplants are planted into 2:1 Sunshine Mix #1 and shredded pine bark, with 180 day Nutricote 18-8-6. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once rooted cuttings have been transplantedinto quarts in the summer, containers are moved outside to a shadehouse. | <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size and larger containers are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side in a block on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of the block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | <u>Woody Plants of Maryland</u>, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> <u>Manual of Vascular Plants</u>, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum acerifolium</i> plants 1 gallon container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3149 | Viburnum (dentatum) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Viburnum | dentatum | VIBDEN | George Washington Memorial Parkway | Maine to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Found in moist or dry sandy soils. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gal container | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> container plant, usually 1 gallon.<br> <b>Height:</b> 24-36 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> plants should have firm root ball when pulled from container. | Arrowwood | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Cuttings are started in sturdy plastic flats, then transplanted to quart and gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Perlite is used for rooting cuttings; transplants are planted into 2:1 Sunshine Mix #1 and shredded pine bark, with 180 day Nutricote 18-8-6. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once rooted cuttings have been transplanted into quarts in the summer, containers are moved outside to a shadehouse. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> It takes about 2 years to get gallon-size material.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size and larger containers are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side in a block on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of the block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | <u>Woody Plants of Maryland</u>, Brown and Brown, Port City Press, Inc., 1992.<p> <u>Manual of Vascular Plants</u>, Gleason and Cronquist, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum dentatum</i> plants 1 gal container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
3150 | Viburnum (edule) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle | Viburnum | edule | (Michx.) Raf. | Viburnum | pauciflorum | VIBEDU | Fen margin, Lee Creek, Glacier National Park. | <i>V. edule</i> is a boreal American species, that grows in moist forests and swamps, extending south to northern Oregon, northern Idaho, Montana, and Colorado. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 800 ml containers | 10 Months | Months | Stock Type: Container cutting<br> Height: 20 cm<br> Caliper: 5 mm<br> Root System: Firm plug in 800 ml pots. | Moosebrush | Vegetative Propagation Method: Pre-Rooting<br> Typeof Cutting: Summer softwood stem cutting.<br> Cuttings are collected in mid June from healthy donor plants after flowering.<br> Cuttings are 20 cm long and 0.5 cm in caliper. | Cutting Treatments: Cuttings were recut at the base and 1/3 of the basal leaves were removed. Cuttings were given a 2 minute Domain fungicide bath.<br>Cuttings were treated with 3000 ppm Hormex rooting powder and stuck in rooting medium under mist with bottom heat for 7 weeks.<br> Cuttings produced well branched roots 8 cm long.<br> Rooting %: 100% | The outdoor mistbed has automatic intermittent mist that is applied at 6 second intervals every 6 minutes. Too frequent misting will result in leaf and stem rot. Bottom heat is maintained at 21C with heating cables buried 12 cm beneath rooting medium. Rooting medium is 50% perlite and 50% sand. Mistbed is covered with shadecloth during rooting. | Time to Transplant: 7 weeks | 7 weeks | After cuttiings were well rooted, they were lifted from the mistbed and potted in 800 ml pots. Growing medium used is 6:1:1 milled sphagnum peat, perlite, and vermiculite with Osmocote controlled release fertilizer (13N:13P2O5:13K2O; 8 to 9 month release rate at 21C) and Micromax fertilizer (12%S, 0.1%B, 0.5%Cu, 12%Fe, 2.5%Mn, 0.05%Mo, 1%Zn) at the rate of 2 grams of Osmocote and 0.5 grams of Micromax. Cuttings were placed in the shadehouse for 4 weeks and then moved to full sun exposure for the remainder of the growing season. Cuttings were root tight in 4 weeks after transplanting. | 5 weeks | Irrigation is gradually reduced in September and October. Plants are given 1 final irrigation prior to winterization. | 4 weeks | Total Time To Harvest: 10 months<br> Harvest Date: May or June<br> Storage conditions: Overwinter in outdoor nursery under insulating foam cover and snow. | 5 months | Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Hitchcock and Cronquist, 7th edition, University of Washington Press, 1973.<p> The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation, Dirr and Heuser, Varsity Press, 1987.<p> Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Baskin and Baskin, Academic Press, 1998.<p> Seed Germination Theory and Practice, Deno, Norman, Penn State University, 1993.<p> Glacier National Park Native Plant Nursery Propagation Records, unpublished. | Luna, Tara. 2008. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum edule</i> (Michx.) Raf. plants 800 ml containers; USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||
3151 | Viburnum (nudum) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle Family | Viburnum | nudum | VIBNUD | National Capital Parks-East, Washington, DC, Oxon Run Parkway | Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Found mostly in wet woods and swamps. | plants | vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container | 0 | <b>Stock Type:</b> 1 gallon container plants.<br> <b>Height:</b> 36-48 inches.<br> <b>Root System:</b> roots fill container, form a firm rootball. | Smooth witherod | <b>Container Type and Volume:</b> Cuttings are started in sturdy plastic flats, then transplanted to quart and gallon containers.<br> <b>Growing Media:</b> Perlite is used for rooting cuttings; transplants are planted into 2:1 Sunshine Mix #1 and shredded pine bark, with 180 day Nutricote 18-8-6. | <b>Hardening Phase:</b> Once rooted cuttings have been transplanted into quarts in the summer, containers are moved outside to a shadehouse. | <b>Total Time to Harvest:</b> It takes about 2 years to get gallon-size material.<br> <b>Storage Conditions:</b> Container plants smaller than 1 gallon are stored in a cold house @ 40 F for the winter; containers are periodically watered to prevent dehydration. Gallon size and larger containers are stored outside. Containers are laid on their side in a block on weed barrier fabric, and covered with 2 layers of a microfoam insulating blanket. The blanket is secured over plants by threading a rope over the blanket between rebar anchors on either side of the block of plants. | <b>Storage Duration:</b> December to mid-March. | Kujawski, J. 1997 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Kujawski, J. 1998 Annual Report to the National Park Service for National Capital Parks-East Oxon Run Parkway. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, MD.<p> Gleason and Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden. | Kujawski, Jennifer L.; Davis, Kathy M.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum nudum</i> plants 1 gallon container; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
3152 | Viola (walteri) | Violaceae | Violet family | Viola | walteri | Native to North America, specifically to the southeastern United States. Ohio being its Northern range, due south through Kentucky and east to Virginia, encompassing the entire southeastern quadrant.
| Plants | Vegetative | Container (plug) | 1 gallon container, 1 year old plants | 4 months | well rooted plug tray (50 cell or 72 cell)
| prostrate blue violet | Cuttings collected December through May from greenhouse stock plants, flowering and non-flowing stems.
| "Tip Cuttings, 5-7.6 cm (2-3 in) in length, with multiply nodes of short intervals, 2-4 sets of leaves removed from base. Rooting hormone Dip 'n Grow IBA/NA at 20X dilution rate (1% Indole-3-butyric Acid; 0.5% 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid), 5 second dip.
Cuttings stuck 2-3 per cell in 50 short plug tray 7.6 x 7.6 cm (2.3 x 2.3 in). Media: 2 parts Pro-Mix PGX, plug and germination media; 1 part coarse vermiculite (A4). Drenched with Essential Plus, biological root stimulant, immediately after sticking and at a 10 day interval. Neptunes Fish Emulsion applied at the recommended rate at signs of rooting. 100% rooting obtained for cuttings taken between December and March." | "Cuttings are placed in a propagation house with intermittent mist, cycling every 10-16 minutes with 8 seconds of mist time. Bottom heat is provided by hot water, in tubes, underneath the flats at 18-24˚C (65-75˚F).
Air temperature is set at 17˚C (62˚F) night temperature. Day temperature ranges from 17 - 22˚C (62 - 72˚F)." | 4 - 5 weeks after sticking, rooted cuttings are removed from mist and bottom heat. 5 - 6 weeks after sticking moved from propagation greenhouse to a greenhouse with shade covering, heat set at 15-21˚C (60-70˚F), under 16 hour long-day length high pressure sodium lights.
| 6-7 weeks | Approximately 7 weeks after sticking rooted cuttings transplant into 1 quart fiber pots using a commercial grade potting media amended with turface at a rate of 4:1 potting media/turface. Well drained media is critical. Plants are put back in the shaded, warm greenhouse.
| 8-10 weeks | Transplants were grown on continually through the winter in a temperate greenhouse, many were planted out that spring with signs of success. Those not planted in spring were kept outside over the summer.
| Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles and C.R. Bell. (1968). Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. "Viola walteri". United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VIWA. Accessed on 2/25/2019.
U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.) Viola walteri. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VIWA "Weakley, A. S. (2015, May 21). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Retrieved from http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/FloraArchives/WeakleyFlora_2015-05-29.pdf" | French, Shelby J.; Kniola, Ryan; O'Bryan, Spencer. 2020. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viola walteri</i> Plants 1 gallon container, 1 year old plants; Mt. Cuba Center Hockessin, Delaware. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||
3153 | Vitis (aestivalis) | Vitaceae | Grape | Vitis | aestivalis | Woods and thickets, vining trees | plants | vegetative | Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) | 0 | Summer grape | Collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. | <b>PRETREATMENT USED:</b> Fungicide (CaptanNitavax), Hormodin #3 (indolebutyric acid) rooting hormone. | <b>METHOD OF GROWING:</b> Attempts to root vine cuttings in a cold frame and directly in the field were unsuccessful. The age of cutting material and difficulty in controlling moisture and temperature conditions were contributing factors in their failure to root. The most successful method at Quicksand Plant Materials Center was greenhouse propagation. One-year-oldvine material was collected and cut into single-node pieces. The outer stem material was peeled back slightly near the base of the cutting, dipped in fungicide (Captan/Vitavax) and a rooting hormone (indolebutyric acid) - Hormodin #3), and stuck in flats and peat pots of 1:1:1 peat, perlite, vermiculite. Material was kept moist and warm. After material rooted, it was planted to the field. Collections made in the winter of 1993 will be rooted in the greenhouse and planted to a raised bed in the field. Estimated growth in woody beds will be one to two growing seasons, depending on the growth. | <b>STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:</b> Cool-moist conditions.<br> <b>ESTIMATED PROPAGULE STORAGE POTENTIAL:</b> Cuttings must be stored in cool, moist conditions such as wet newspaper, sphagnum moss, peat, or sawdust. Ideally, cuttings should be processed soon after harvest (within 2 to 3 days). If cuttings were to be sown directly outside, they could probably be stored for 2 to 3 months in moist sawdust or sphagnum in temperatures just above freezing. | 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Plug + (container-field grown hybrids) <i>Vitis aestivalis</i> plants USDA NRCS - Quicksand Plant Materials Center Quicksand, Kentucky. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3154 | Apocynum (cannabinum) | Apocynaceae | Dogbane family | Apocynum | cannabinum | L. | APCA | Yosemite National Park | Throughout North America | Plants | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | Healthy root development filling the 10 ci conetainer. | Indianhemp | Seed is stored in cool-dry conditions with temperatures of approximately 10° C (50° F) and relative humidity of 20 to 30%.
We placed the seed into finely woven mesh bags and then placed the mesh bags into gallon freezer bags filled with wet soil mix. These were placed in a cooler at 4.5° C (40° F) for 90 days. After stratification 3 to 5 seeds were planted onto the soil surface in 10 ci conetainers filled with Sunshine Mix #4. No fertilizer was added to the soil mix. | The soil surface is kept moist with short, intermittent 2 minute mistings at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00 and 17:00 from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Once each week the cones receive a longer duration misting of 40 to 60 minutes. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F). Seed was planted on March 22. Plants were fully established within 8 weeks. | wks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth.
The 10 ci conetainers were fully rooted within 3 months; however we maintained the plants until late August (about 5 months) when the outplanting site was ready. After about 4 months the plants showed signs of fungal infection and did not recover by the time of planting. | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 2 wks | Tilley, Derek. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> L. Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
3155 | Asclepias (spp.) | Asclepiadaceae | Milkweed | Asclepias | spp. | L. | ASCLE | Appalachian | Asclepias, both native and introduced, is indigenous throughout the coterminous United States and Canada. | None | Seeds | de-fluffed seed | Clean, de-fluffed seed suitable for planting in individual pots or nursery tray cells in a greenhouse and/or nursery setting. | milkweed | Asclepias seed is produced in a pod which splits open at maturity to release the seed. Seeds are covered in fine hairs which aid in natural windblown seed dispersal. Seed pods are collected by hand just prior to splitting open to release the seed and allowed to air dry indoors. Pods selected for harvest should have turned or begun to turn from a green to a brown color, but have not yet begun to open. | USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 August 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA | Vandevender, John. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Asclepias spp.</i> L. Seeds de-fluffed seed; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3156 | Astragalus (purshii) | Fabaceae | Legume Family | Astragalus | purshii | Douglas ex Hook. | ASPU9 | Gardiner Basin of Yellowstone National Park | Arid to semi-arid regions of western North America in cold-desert communities. California to Colorado and the Dakotas and north into Canada. | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Woolypod milkvetch | Pods grow low to the ground and must be hand collected. | Pickett, Terron. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Astragalus purshii</i> Douglas ex Hook. USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3157 | Carex (fracta) | Cyperaceae | Sedge family | Carex | fracta | Mack. | CAFR2 | Yosemite National Park | California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington | Plants | Container (plug) | 10 cubic inch conetainer | Fragile sheath sedge | The soil surface is kept moist with short, intermittent 2 minute mistings at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00 and 17:00 from overhead sprinklers for the first 30 days. Once each week the cones receive a longer duration misting of 40 to 60 minutes. Day time greenhouse temperatures range from 24 to 29° C (75 t 85° F). Night time temperatures average around 21° C (70° F).
Seed was planted on March 22. Plants were fully established within 8 weeks. | 8 wks | Our seed lot had very high viability and most cones had multiple plants in them that required thinning. After full establishment, plants are fertilized once per week with Miracle Grow All Purpose Plant Food (15-30-15). After 30 days the irrigation schedule is changed to 40 to 60 minutes every other day to encourage root growth. We had to trim our plants with an electric hedge trimmer periodically as they grew and began to affect the sprinkler distribution.
The 10 ci conetainers were fully rooted within 4 months; however we maintained the plants until late August (about 5 months) when the outplanting site was ready. | 4-5 months | We backed off the water to 60 minutes every 4 or 5 days. | 2 wks | Plants were deeply watered just prior to shipping. Plants were shipped in a 10° C (50° F) refrigerated truck for 2 days. | Tilley, Derek. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Carex fracta</i> Mack. Plants 10 cubic inch conetainer; USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||
3158 | Cathestecum (erectum) | Poaceae | Grass Family | Cathestecum | erectum | Vasey & Hack. | CAER2 | Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive, 4500 ft. elevation. | Dry hills, western Texas, southern Arizona, and northern Mexico. | plants | 0 | N/A. Seeds did not germinate and this grass species was discontinued. | False grama | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | N/A. | Gould 1978, 355; NRCS James E. `Bud' Smith Plant Materials Center, Knox City, Texas, Plant Collection Information, PM-580. | Esquivel, Rudy G.. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Cathestecum erectum</i> Vasey & Hack. plants USDA NRCS - James E. "Bud" Smith Plant Materials Center Knox City, Texas. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3159 | Grayia (spinosa) | Chenopodiaceae | Goosefoot Family | Grayia | spinosa | (Hook.) Moq. | GRSP | Gardiner Basin of Yellowstone National Park | Western US from New Mexico to Montana and west to the Pacific states | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Spiny hopsage | Seed is hand stripped or beaten from plants. | Pickett, Terron. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Grayia spinosa</i> (Hook.) Moq. USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3160 | Larix (occidentalis) | Pinaceae | Pine family | Larix | occidentalis | LAOC | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Cones ripen in August and September. Cones can be collected by using ladders, hydraulic lifts, or by climbing trees, usually just before cones open. Cones are put in burlap or mesh bags. | Herriman, Kayla . 2022. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Larix occidentalis</i> USDA FS - R6 Bend Seed Extractory Bend, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3161 | Oxydendrum (arboreum ) | Ericaceae | Heath | Oxydendrum | arboreum | (L.) DC. | OXAR | southern Appalachian | Found on well-drained soils on ridges rising above the banks of streams from New York South to Florida and Westward to Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi and Louisiana. | none | Plants | Bareroot (field grown) | 2-0 | 2 years | A seedling ranging in height from 6" to 12" with a 1/16" to 1/8" caliper stem and a compact, well developed root system suitable for mechanical transplanting. | sourwood | Seeds were collected from trees in the Southern Appalachian Region. Seeds were collected in the fall, from September to November.Seed is seed is small and not difficult to collect. Many seeds can be collected from one tree.
| Best germination and growth of seedlings is in raised beds or sandy soil with adequate moisture. Prepare beds by deep rototilling or other tillage methods that achieve thorough loosening and mixing of soil. | Germination typically occurs in the spring after an overwinter period of cool, moist natural stratification. | 4-6 months, including natural stratification period | Plants require little maintenance during active growth other than application of at least 1 inch of water per week during drought conditions and elimination of weed competition. Weeds must be removed during early growth phases to avoid uprooting the sourwood seedlings. | 16-18 months | Plants are grown outdoors and experience constant climatic acclimation. | none | Seedlings are harvested in late winter while dormant. The best harvesting method employs a nursery bed lifter/shaker which undercuts the seedlings and gently loosens the soil around the roots. Bare root seedlings are then plucked from the loosened soil by hand.
Refrigeration is employed to maintain seedling dormancy after harvest until shipping. Optimal temperatures for maintenance of dormancy are 35-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Root dessication during storage is prevented through packing in aged, moistened hardwood sawdust. | 1-2 months | Dirr, Michael A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Champaign, Illinois. Stipes Publishing, LLC.
USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 4 August 2016). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Young, James A., and Cheryl G. Young. 1992. Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press. | Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) <i>Oxydendrum arboreum </i> (L.) DC. Plants 2-0; USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | ||||||||||||||
3162 | Oxydendrum (arboreum ) | Ericaceae | Heath | Oxydendrum | arboreum | (L.) DC. | OXAR | southern Appalachian | Found on well-drained soils on ridges rising above the banks of streams from New York South to Florida and Westward to Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi and Louisiana. | none | Plants | sourwood | Vandevender, John. 2016. Propagation protocol for production of <i>Oxydendrum arboreum </i> (L.) DC. Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3163 | Oxytropis (lagopus) | Fabaceae | Legume Family | Oxytropis | lagopus | Nutt. | OXLA2 | Gardiner Basin of Yellowstone National Park | Central northern North America including Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota and into Alberta. | Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) | Haresfoot locoweed | Pods are hand-stripped from the plants. | Pickett, Terron. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cutings, poles, etc.) <i>Oxytropis lagopus</i> Nutt. USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Aberdeen, Idaho. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3164 | Viburnum (lentago) | Caprifoliaceae | Honeysuckle family | Viburnum | lentago | VILE | Monongahela National Forest | Widely distributed throughout the northeastern and northcentral United States and the eastern 2/3 of Canada. | Not known to be invasive. | Plants | Container (plug) | 2 years | A well developed plant suitable for transplanting with at least 12" of top growth and a healthy root system. | Nannyberry | Fruit was collected from multiple plants within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest from existing populations. The fruit was allowed to mature on the plant before harvesting as indicated by the bluish black color of the fruit. Fruit was collected in late October. Care should be taken to ensure the fruits do not overheat after collection because this could damage the embryo. | No pretreatment was necessary before planting. | Pro-mix BX with biofungicide was moistened thoroughly and placed in heavy plastic trays. The soil was compacted somewhat to prepare a firm seedbed. | Seed was spread evenly on the soil surface and then covered with 1/4 inch of additional moistened soil. The top layer was pressed down slightly to ensure good seed to soil contact. Seeds of nannyberry exhibit an apparent embryo dormancy and require stratification at different temperatures. Once seeded, the trays were placed in the greenhouse (approximately 70 degrees) for 5 months for warm stratification. Trays were kept moist during this phase. The seeds send out radicles during this phase of the germination process. The trays were then moved to the cooler (34 degrees) for 3 months to allow for cold, moist stratification which helps to break the dormancy in the epicotyl (shoot). | 8 months | After the cold stratification process, the trays were moved to the greenhouse to allow for shoot development. Seedlings began to emerge after 3-4 weeks in the greenhouse. Once the seedlings had developed sufficient root systems, they were transplanted into one gallon containers filled with Metro-mix 510 growing media. | 16 months | Plants were moved to the shadehouse to allow for hardening off before being shipped back to the Monongahela National Forest. | 1 month | Healthy plants were shipped using a trailer covered with a heavy tarpaulin to protect the plants reduce wind burn. | 1 week | Nannyberry prefers moist, well-drained soils but can tolerate drier conditions. Some common habitats include low woods, swamp borders and rich valleys along streambanks. They grow well in open sites and partial shade and can tolerate a wide variety of soil pH conditions. | Lester, Randall; Vandevender, John. 2018. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) <i>Viburnum lentago</i> Plants USDA NRCS - Appalachian Plant Materials Center Alderson, West Virginia. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2023/04/25). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. |